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opposition leaders continued to be arbitrarily arrested and opposition meetings and demonstrations were broken up (often brutally). Stroessner was nominated by the
Colorados once again, and was the only candidate who was allowed to campaign completely unmolested. Under these circumstances, the February 1988 election was no different from past elections, with Stroessner officially registering 89 percent of the vote — a margin that his rivals contended could have been obtained only through massive fraud.
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In April 1987, Stroessner lifted the state of siege as part of the run-up to elections the following spring. However, several draconian security laws remained in effect, meaning that the substance (if not the form) of the state of siege was still in place. As had been the case for over three decades,
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restored more cordial relations due to
Stroessner's staunch anti-communism, but by the mid 1980s relations cooled, largely because of the international outcry over the regime's excesses, along with its involvement in narcotics trafficking and money-laundering. In 1986, the Reagan administration added
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population of
Paraguay's eastern districts, largely as the result of U.S. and European corporations wanting access to the country's forests, mines and grazing lands. The Aché resided on land that was coveted and had resisted relocation attempts by the Paraguayan army. The government retaliated with
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Press freedom was also limited, constitutional guarantees notwithstanding. Any outcry about government mistreatment or attacks toward the
Colorado Party would result in destruction of the media outlets. Many media executives were sent to prison or tortured. Because of this, political opponents were
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As part of political persecution, Stroessner's regime was responsible for exiling 20,814 Paraguayans. Around 425 to 500 people were forcibly disappeared. The search for some bodies of the disappeared by families of the victims was still ongoing as of 2022. An estimated 18,000 to 20,000 people were
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Stroessner also promoted projects that purportedly developed the country's infrastructure. Amongst these were the improvement of highways and the issuing of 15–20 hectare land grants to military personnel upon completion of their service, provided that the land would be used for farming purposes.
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and 1988. He appeared alone on the ballot in 1958. In his other elections, he won by implausibly high margins; only once (1968) did he drop below 80 percent of the vote. That campaign was also the only time an opposition candidate got more than 20 percent of the vote. He served for 35 years, with
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Stroessner was married to Eligia Mora (26 December 1910 – 3 February 2006). They had three children. The couple were forcibly separated after his exile; she fled to the US, while he was given asylum in Brazil. Although they stayed in touch by phone and occasionally met, they were unable to live
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anyone indefinitely without trial, as well as forbid public meetings and demonstrations. It was renewed every 90 days until 1987, except for a brief period in 1959. Although it technically only applied to Asunción after 1970, the courts ruled that anyone charged with security offenses could be
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Stroessner engaged in extramarital affairs before and during his presidency. According to many sources he also engaged in child abuse with girls as young as 8 years old. As a result of this he may have fathered over 30 illegitimate children. The affairs and child abuse were divulged after his
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enacted in 1940. In the mid 1960s, in an attempt to placate growing international criticism, Stroessner began allowing some opposition parties to function, although these functioned as opposition in name only. Stroessner also fired the interior minister Ynsfrán in 1966, but his replacement,
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limits the president to a single five-year term with no possibility of reelection, even if nonsuccessive. The ban on any sort of reelection has become so entrenched in
Paraguayan politics that in 2017, when the legislature debated an amendment that would have allowed then-president
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According to a 2022 poll by the Centro Estratégico
Latinoamericano de Geopolítica (Latin American Strategic Centre for Geopolitics) of who Paraguayans viewed as their best president of the past three decades, Stroessner was the answer of 14.4% of respondents, above President
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alongside the
Americans. The United States played a "critical supporting role" in the domestic affairs of Stoessner's Paraguay. Between 1962 and 1975 the US provided $ 146 million to Paraguay's military government and Paraguayan officers were trained at the U.S. Army
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in the world at the time: although
Paraguay received only 15% of the contracts, it was a major factor in the country having the highest rate of growth in Latin America for most of the 1970s. The construction of the Itaipu Dam, as well as that of the subsequent
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Stroessner's rule brought more stability than most of the country's living residents had previously known. From 1927 to 1954, the country had had 22 presidents, including six from 1948 to 1954 alone. However, that stability came at a high cost.
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1845:). Every year, nostalgic Stronistas celebrate the anniversary of Stroesssner's birth. His supporters have asserted that "another Stroessner" is needed to govern modern Paraguay, and that his was a time of security and stability.
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According to testimony submitted by
Amnesty International to the Paraguayan Supreme Court in 1979, Miguel Angel Solar, Secretary of the Parguayan Communist Party, was methodically taken apart, dismembered alive by
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brought to the capital and charged under the state-of-siege provisions—even if the offense took place outside the capital. Apart from one 24-hour period on election days, Stroessner ruled under what amounted to
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Stroessner dedicated large proportions of the
Paraguayan national budget to the military and police apparatus, both fundamental to the maintenance of the regime. According to a 1963 article from
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On 5 February 1989, two days after the coup, Stroessner was exiled to Brazil, where he spent the last 17 years of his life. He died in August 2006 at the Santa Luzia Hospital in
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few and far between. Near the end of this presidency, he declared that he would remove the state of siege, but quickly recanted after students began protesting trolley fares.
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was a key factor in Stroessner's longevity as dictator of Paraguay. He maintained virtually unlimited power by giving a free hand to the military and to Minister of Interior
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emphasized a foreign policy that recognized human rights abuses, although both military and economic aid were allotted to the Paraguayan government in Carter's budgets. The
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enabling him to re-elect himself; in 1977 he modified that constitution to permit himself to be re-elected indefinitely. He was fraudulently re-elected seven times from
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On 3 February 1989, only six months after being sworn in for what would have been his eighth full term, Stroessner was ousted in a coup d'état led by General
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record was considered one of the poorest in South America. During Stroessner's regime, an estimated 3,000 to 4,000 people were murdered, 400 to 500 more "
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threatened Rodríguez with a grenade if he did not launch the coup. The two generals, Rodríguez and Oviedo, fought a brief artillery duel over Asunción.
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Stroessner was careful not to show off or draw attention from jealous generals or foreign journalists. He avoided rallies and took simple holidays in
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rule. Even when opposition parties were legalized in 1962, they were barely tolerated, and the repression continued. On 25 August 1967, he introduced
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were routine and systematic during the Stroessner regime. Following executions, many of the bodies of those killed by the regime were dumped in the
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and security operations officially implemented in 1975 which were jointly conducted by the military dictatorships of six South American countries (
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president, who called for special elections to complete Chávez's term. Stroessner became the nominee for the Colorado Party in that year's
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Stroessner was the second-longest serving leader of a Latin American country. His 35 year dictatorship was surpassed in length by only
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The eastern city of Puerto Flor de Lis, which had been renamed Puerto Presidente Stroessner in his honour, in 1989 was again renamed
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Stroessner reportedly listened on the phone as the secretary of the Paraguayan communist party was ripped apart with a chainsaw.
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stance earned it the support of the United States, with which it enjoyed close military and economic ties and supported the
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was rampant (Stroessner himself did not dispute charges of corruption at some levels in his government) and Paraguay's
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2703:"Alfredo Stroessner Biography - life, children, wife, school, mother, son, old, born, college - Newsmakers Cumulation"
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visited Paraguay in 1988, his visit bolstered what was already a robust anti-Stroessner movement within the country.
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and harboring of Nazi war criminals, foreign press often referred to his government as the "poor man's Nazi regime".
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Stroessner objected to President Federico Chávez's plans to arm the national police and threw him out of office in
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Bruneau, Thomas C. (December 1988). "Government and Politics". In Hanratty, Dannin; Meditz, Sandra W. (eds.).
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During Stroessner's rule, two special departments were organized under the Ministry of the Interior led by
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507:; 3 November 1912 – 16 August 2006) was a Paraguayan army officer, politician and dictator who served as
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excommunicated the minister of the interior and the chief of police, and proscribed the celebration of
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is the only reason Stroessner did not have absolute control over the country. After the destruction of
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2678:"Alfredo Stroessner Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Alfredo Stroessner"
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together, and neither Stroessner nor his son were able to return to Paraguay to attend her funeral.
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576:, he was overthrown in the coup d'état of 2 and 3 February 1989, led by his most trusted confidant,
3455:"Horacio Cartes: Millionaire. Criminal. Business titan. Homophobe. The next president of Paraguay?"
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and suspended civil liberties. The state-of-siege provisions allowed the government to arrest and
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Mora, Frank O. (1998). "The Forgotten Relationship: United States-Paraguay Relations, 1937-89".
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State Violence and Genocide in Latin America: The Cold War Years (Critical Terrorism Studies)
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having a longer tenure among 20th-century Latin American leaders; though Castro's tenure as
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After the coup, Stroessner fled to Brazil, where he lived in exile for the next 17 years.
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Under Stroessner, egregious human rights violations were committed against the indigenous
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Gen. Alfredo Stroessner, Colorful Dictator of Paraguay for 35 Years, Dies in Exile at 93
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Stroessner enacted several economic development projects, including the building of the
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2257:: Richard S. Sacks. "The Stronato". In Hanratty, Dannin M. & Sandra W. Meditz.
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magazine, Stroessner spent 33% of the 1962 annual budget on army and police, 15% for
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for nearly all of his tenure. A devoted anti-communist who brought Paraguay into the
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For the first 13 years of his rule, Stroessner ruled under a severely authoritarian
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massacres and forced many Aché into slavery. In 1974, the UN accused Paraguay of
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A History of Political Murder in Latin America: Killing the Messengers of Change
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Obituaries: "Alfredo Stroessner, 93, Old-Style Military Dictator of Paraguay"
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Leonard, Thomas M.; Buchenau, Jürgen; Longley, Rodney; Mount, Graeme (2012).
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Stroessner's supporters are known as "Stronistas", and they refer to him as "
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List of last surviving people suspected of participation in Nazi war crimes
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3491:"Nostálgicos de la dictadura recuerdan el cumpleaños de Alfredo Stroessner"
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2823:"Chapter 5: "Industrial repression" and Operation Condor in Latin America"
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The Myth of American Diplomacy: National Identity and U.S. Foreign Policy
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Soon after taking office, Stroessner placed the entire country under a
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2825:. In Esparza, Marcia; Henry R. Huttenbach; Daniel Feierstein (eds.).
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and on US soil. Strong Paraguayan-U.S. relations continued until the
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on 3 February 1989. His rule is commonly referred inside Paraguay as
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2613:"Stroessner, among South America's longest-serving dictators, dies"
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had diplomatic relations with Paraguay, with the sole exception of
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1973:"Stronistas hacen apología de la dictadura y recuerdan a su líder"
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subjected to torture and other abuses by Stroessner's government.
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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Alfredo Stroessner, 93, Old-Style Military Dictator of Paraguay
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Paradise Mislaid: In Search of the Australian Tribe of Paraguay
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2489:. Lcweb2.loc.gov (February 9, 1987). Retrieved on 2014-08-21.
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confirmed allegations of widespread human rights violations.
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Stroessner's speech during a signing of binational agreements
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At the Tomb of the Inflatable Pig: Travels Through Paraguay
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nbcnews.com: "Ex-Paraguayan dictator Stroessner dies at 93"
3250:. Economist.com (August 24, 2006). Retrieved on 2014-08-21.
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State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North in the South
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The Last Colonial Massacre: Latin America in the Cold War
2728:"Paraguay: Sabino Montanaro debe responder a la Justicia"
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in a sign of protest against the Stroessner regime. When
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Collars of the Order of the Liberator General San Martin
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his regime to its list of Latin American dictatorships.
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7 Fascist Regimes Enthusiastically Supported by America
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1676:
Over 10,000 soldiers took up this offer. By the end of
820:. The Stroessner regime even offered to send troops to
3367:"Enterraron a la ex primera dama Eligia de Stroessner"
3315:. NBC News (August 16, 2006). Retrieved on 2014-08-21.
3165:
Howard J. Wiarda; Harvey F. Kline (31 December 2013).
2943:"Edgar L. Ynsfran, ex ministro del Interior paraguayo"
2917:"Supuesta conspiración política y muerte de un cadete"
4188:
2989:"Files in Paraguay Detail Atrocities of U.S. Allies"
2069:"Alfredo Stroessner, el tirano de un país invisible"
594:. He was buried in the Campo da Esperança Cemetery.
3571:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
2354:. Washingtonpost.com. Retrieved on August 21, 2014.
2352:
Obituary: "Alfredo Stroessner; Paraguayan Dictator"
1368:
National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons
79:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3393:"Stroessner: Las amantes y su otra familia oculta"
2102:"Tod von Paraguays Ex-Diktator Alfredo Stroessner"
1602:Stroessner gave a written television interview to
1242:Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations
721:on 11 July. He won, as he was the only candidate.
2460:The Washington Connection and Third World Fascism
4724:
315:Mariscal Francisco Solano López Military Academy
4848:Recipients of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
3628:The Presidential Papers of Dwight D. Eisenhower
3197:. Lcweb2.loc.gov. Retrieved on August 21, 2014.
3158:
3155:. Lcweb2.loc.gov. Retrieved on August 21, 2014.
2342:. Lcweb2.loc.gov. Retrieved on August 21, 2014.
2309:Encyclopedia of U.S. - Latin American Relations
1852:In part due to Stroessner's abuses, Paraguay's
892:, connecting Brazil and Paraguay, 27 March 1965
873:," and thousands more imprisoned and tortured.
42: and the second or maternal family name is
3745:
3667:Stroessner, Paraguay's Enduring Dictator, Dies
3630:Official letter to President Stroessner (1959)
3588:Stroessner Era: Authoritarian Rule in Paraguay
3420:
3416:
3414:
3195:, "Interest Groups: The Roman Catholic Church"
2595:Stroessner, Paraguay's Enduring Dictator, Dies
2434:Paraguay and the United States: Distant Allies
1587:in 1972 by police, the Archbishop of Paraguay
884:Stroessner (right) greets Brazilian President
4843:Collars of the Order of Isabella the Catholic
4174:
4151:indicate acting, interim or provisional role.
3731:
2622:. Servihoo.com. Retrieved on August 21, 2014.
2566:
2564:
2453:
2035:"Hoy en la historia. Nace Alfredo Stroessner"
1865:forced the Colorados to abandon those plans.
1610:(UK: 7 April 1970) for the television series
1405:
2549:Ex-Paraguayan dictator Stroessner dies at 93
2497:
2495:
2004:
3411:
3331:(August 16, 2006). Retrieved on 2014-08-21.
2432:Mora, Frank O. and Cooney, Jerry W. (2007)
2242:
2062:
2060:
2058:
640:
4181:
4167:
3738:
3724:
3550:
3219:. Nysun.com. Retrieved on August 21, 2014.
2909:
2561:
2544:
2542:
2508:August 17, 2006. Retrieved August 6, 2015.
1800:Ningún perdón al dictador. No al silencio.
1412:
1398:
168:
4838:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Quetzal
3448:
3446:
3073:
2970:
2968:
2519:"Paraguay-U.S. Post-Stroessner Relations"
2492:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2340:, "International Factors and the Economy"
2005:Scardamaglia, Virginia (17 August 2006).
1379:Indictment and arrest of Augusto Pinochet
697:Learn how and when to remove this message
602:Alfredo Stroessner Matiauda was born in
198:15 August 1954 – 3 February 1989
139:Learn how and when to remove this message
3421:Grieco y Bavio, Alfredo (15 June 2022).
3325:BBC: "Ex-Paraguayan ruler dies in exile"
2935:
2857:
2817:
2055:
1785:
1778:downfall, further tarnishing his image.
1763:
879:
795:
3585:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3452:
3168:Latin American Politics and Development
2649:The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies
2539:
2217:
2129:
2127:
2125:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1742:Silvio Pettirossi International Airport
1728:
1293:Navy Petty-Officers School of Mechanics
818:U.S. invasion of the Dominican Republic
14:
4725:
3443:
3342:"Stroessner's family arrives in Miami"
2986:
2965:
2401:
2386:
2066:
2007:"Murió el dictador Alfredo Stroessner"
1880:
1747:Stroessner died on 16 August 2006, in
1424:Paraguay was a leading participant in
27:Dictator of Paraguay from 1954 to 1989
4813:Colorado Party (Paraguay) politicians
4162:
3719:
3590:. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
3566:
3106:
3039:
2463:. Black Rose Books Ltd. p. 115.
2203:
2201:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1623:box-set by the UK's Network imprint.
888:during the opening ceremonies of the
757:was shorter at 32 years (1976–2008).
572:; approximately six months after the
548:with the support of the army and the
502:
4763:Paraguayan people of Spanish descent
4758:Paraguayan people of Guarani descent
3474:
2363:
2122:
1952:
1773:Extramarital affairs and child abuse
1721:. A more outlandish rumour was that
679:adding citations to reliable sources
650:
77:adding citations to reliable sources
48:
4828:Far-right politics in South America
4808:20th-century presidents of Paraguay
4753:Paraguayan people of German descent
3012:Alex Henderson (February 4, 2015).
2897:1992: Archives of Terror Discovered
2194:Library of Congress Country Studies
2067:Amorós, Mario (18 September 2021).
1934:"Así murió Stroessner hace 10 años"
912:
24:
4858:Military personnel of the Cold War
3560:
2720:
2198:
2089:
1993:
1687:"), founded just 32 years before.
1616:. The programme was released in a
1226:Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional
886:Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco
713:. The National Assembly appointed
606:on 3 November 1912. His father, a
25:
4879:
4748:People from Encarnación, Paraguay
4189:Post-war flight of Axis fugitives
3610:
3553:Charlas con el general Stroessner
3171:. Westview Press. pp. 268–.
2287:from the original on 19 July 2019
2133:
1717:, a pilot, was loathed for being
1140:Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR)
1135:People's Revolutionary Army (ERP)
556:) against anyone who opposed his
4137:
3758:
3634:Paraguay seeks Stroessner return
3271:
2953:from the original on 27 May 2019
2923:from the original on 7 July 2019
2248:
2207:
1826:, but below Presidents Lugo and
1606:as part of a documentary called
1253:Argentine Anticommunist Alliance
724:He was reelected seven times—in
655:
583:, with the support of the army.
468:
414:
403:
392:
366:
349:
331:
53:
3519:
3385:
3359:
3334:
3318:
3306:
3294:
3265:
3253:
3238:
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3200:
3185:
3143:
3100:
3067:
3033:
3006:
2980:
2890:
2851:
2811:
2781:
2748:
2695:
2670:
2637:
2625:
2606:
2587:
2511:
2477:
2447:
2436:. University of Georgia Press.
2426:
2367:Journal of Contemporary History
2357:
2345:
2330:
2299:
2273:
2191:Security and Political Offenses
2184:
2156:
1914:(in Spanish). 23 September 2014
1881:Gunson, Phil (17 August 2006).
1248:Serviço Nacional de Informações
1012:National Reorganization Process
812:The Stroessner regime's strong
666:needs additional citations for
64:needs additional citations for
4853:Paraguayan emigrants to Brazil
4773:Leaders who took power by coup
3399:(in Spanish). 8 September 2016
3080:University of Queensland Press
2524:Council on Hemispheric Affairs
2027:
1926:
1900:
1874:
1579:It has been asserted that the
13:
1:
3525:
3499:(in Spanish). 3 November 2022
3453:Stocker, Ed (21 April 2013).
3300:
3259:
2974:
2172:(in Spanish). 6 November 2005
2043:(in Spanish). 3 November 2022
1981:(in Spanish). 3 November 2022
1868:
1545:During Stroessner's rule, no
629:at the age of 16. During the
597:
4573:Operation Osoaviakhim (USSR)
3623:Paraguay's archive of terror
3248:Obituary: Alfredo Stroessner
3107:Arens, Richard, ed. (1976).
2457:; Herman, Edward S. (1979).
1940:(in Spanish). 16 August 2016
1790:Anti-Stroessner graffiti in
1626:
1384:Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo
1236:Batallón de Inteligencia 601
504:[alˈfɾeðoesˈtɾosneɾ]
449:Paraguayan Civil War of 1947
34:, the first or paternal
7:
3586:Miranda, Carlos R. (1990).
3229:Dictator by Popular Request
2987:Schemo, Diana Jean (1999).
2765:University of Chicago Press
2577:Metro Books, 2008. p. 271.
2410:University Press of America
2110:(in German). 16 August 2006
1697:1989 Paraguayan coup d'état
1690:
1221:Central Intelligence Agency
775:World Anti-Communist League
633:, Stroessner supported the
496:Alfredo Stroessner Matiauda
480:(recorded 29 November 1979)
10:
4884:
4788:Paraguayan anti-communists
4783:Opposition to Fidel Castro
3605:CIA: Stroessner's Paraguay
2906:Retrieved August 11, 2018.
2707:www.notablebiographies.com
2502:General Alfredo Stroessner
1694:
1509:Paraguayan Communist Party
644:
511:from 15 August 1954 until
464:Alfredo Stroessner's voice
29:
4704:
4678:
4643:
4603:
4561:Operation Paperclip (USA)
4528:
4512:
4505:
4478:
4457:
4436:
4415:
4389:
4363:
4312:
4201:
4194:
4146:
4135:
3765:
3756:
3704:
3695:
3687:
3682:
3569:Paraguay Under Stroessner
3289:Federal Research Division
3282:Country profile: Paraguay
3193:Paraguay: A Country Study
3151:Paraguay: A Country Study
2787:Walter L. Hixson (2009).
2618:28 September 2007 at the
2485:Paraguay: A Country Study
2405:The Geography of Genocide
2402:Cooper, Allan D. (2008).
2338:Paraguay: A Country Study
2268:Federal Research Division
2260:Paraguay: a country study
2224:Federal Research Division
2220:Paraguay: A country study
1781:
1758:
1670:Paraguay–Argentina Border
1564:, the United States, and
1349:National Security Archive
1278:Estadio Nacional de Chile
1215:Organizations responsible
631:1947 Paraguayan Civil War
610:, was an accountant from
526:coup d'état on 4 May 1954
489:
457:
429:
385:
377:
362:
344:
339:
327:
308:
300:
283:
272:
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235:
230:
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202:
191:
183:
179:
167:
155:
4768:Leaders ousted by a coup
4585:Robert Leiber (Holy See)
4536:Colonia Dignidad (Chile)
3514:
3074:Whitehead, Anne (1998).
3030:Retrieved March 8, 2015.
2736:(in Spanish). 8 May 2009
2646:and A. Dirk Moses, eds.
1476:. The discovery of the "
1042:Margarita Belén massacre
903:Sabino Augusto Montanaro
641:Dictatorship (1954–1989)
581:Andrés Rodríguez Pedotti
552:(which also served as a
513:his overthrow from power
4798:People of the Chaco War
3567:Lewis, Paul H. (1980).
3526:Gimlette, John (2005).
3115:Temple University Press
3040:Green, W. John (2015).
2858:Blakeley, Ruth (2009).
2654:Oxford University Press
1861:to run for reelection,
1556:. Stroessner made many
1032:Operativo Independencia
791:Colorado Party militias
4803:People of the Cold War
4214:Ludolf von Alvensleben
3652:9 January 2009 at the
3215:9 January 2009 at the
2571:Simon Sebag Montefiore
2164:"Tomás Romero Pereira"
1842:
1803:
1799:
1466:extrajudicial killings
893:
827:School of the Americas
809:
4868:Deaths from pneumonia
4595:Stroessner (Paraguay)
3698:President of Paraguay
3153:, "Foreign Relations"
3019:14 March 2015 at the
2795:Yale University Press
2733:Amnesty International
2487:, "The United States"
1789:
1764:Marriage and children
1581:Roman Catholic Church
1462:forced disappearances
883:
839:Reagan Administration
835:Carter Administration
799:
590:after suffering from
574:1988 general election
542:1954 general election
509:President of Paraguay
378:Years of service
186:President of Paraguay
4686:Krunoslav Draganović
4224:Hermine Braunsteiner
3785:Rodríguez de Francia
3775:Rodríguez de Francia
3110:Genocide in Paraguay
2949:. 4 September 1991.
2819:McSherry, J. Patrice
2682:www.encyclopedia.com
2634:. cuchillodepalo.net
2593:Schemo, Diana Jean.
1854:current constitution
1729:Later life and death
1589:Ismael Rolón Silvero
1328:Archives and reports
1193:Luis Posada Carriles
1178:Stefano Delle Chiaie
1152:Principal operatives
1027:Night of the Pencils
929:Background histories
802:Juscelino Kubitschek
779:political repression
715:Tomás Romero Pereira
711:a coup on 4 May 1954
675:improve this article
538:Tomás Romero Pereira
528:with the support of
209:Tomás Romero Pereira
88:"Alfredo Stroessner"
73:improve this article
4793:Paraguayan soldiers
4479:Other nationalities
4294:Josef Schwammberger
3551:Santicaten (1973).
3286:Library of Congress
3235:, February 22, 1963
2902:National Geographic
2575:History's Monsters.
2527:. 25 September 2006
2265:Library of Congress
2228:Library of Congress
1585:Asunción University
1501:Antonio Campos Alum
1374:Trial of the Juntas
1188:Virgilio Paz Romero
1168:Hugo Campos Hermida
1107:Jorge Rafael Videla
288:Eligia Mora Delgado
4863:Deaths from sepsis
4823:Exiled politicians
4733:Alfredo Stroessner
4679:Disputed / dubious
4578:list of scientists
4566:list of scientists
4556:Videla (Argentina)
4486:Tscherim Soobzokov
3683:Political offices
3670:The New York Times
2993:The New York Times
2632:Historical Context
2600:The New York Times
1804:
1641:, and just 2% for
1513:Miguel Ángel Soler
1478:Archives of Terror
1334:Archives of Terror
1102:Alfredo Stroessner
1066:Government leaders
907:Cuatrinomio de Oro
905:(a member of the "
894:
810:
578:Lieutenant general
562:a new constitution
442:Battle of Boquerón
409:Lieutenant General
174:Stroessner in 1959
162:Alfredo Stroessner
4818:Paraguayan exiles
4720:
4719:
4639:
4638:
4626:Hans-Ulrich Rudel
4551:Perón (Argentina)
4529:State involvement
4501:
4500:
4355:Vjekoslav Vrančić
4335:Vjekoslav Luburić
4325:Andrija Artuković
4249:Walter Kutschmann
4202:German / Austrian
4156:
4155:
3747:Heads of state of
3714:
3713:
3705:Succeeded by
3597:978-0-8133-0995-8
3578:978-0-8078-1437-6
3178:978-0-8133-4904-6
3131:on 2 October 2016
2134:Smink, Veronica.
1608:The Last Dictator
1597:Pope John Paul II
1547:socialist nations
1480:" in 1992 in the
1422:
1421:
1316:Due obedience law
1119:Targeted militias
1092:Leopoldo Galtieri
1082:Basilio Lami Dozo
1017:Operation Colombo
890:Friendship Bridge
845:As leader of the
831:Panama Canal Zone
707:
706:
699:
608:German Paraguayan
524:Stroessner led a
493:
492:
473:
149:
148:
141:
123:
16:(Redirected from
4875:
4778:Operation Condor
4665:Simon Wiesenthal
4590:Banzer (Bolivia)
4510:
4509:
4402:Feodor Fedorenko
4284:Walter Schreiber
4279:Eduard Roschmann
4254:Johann von Leers
4199:
4198:
4183:
4176:
4169:
4160:
4159:
4141:
3762:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3717:
3716:
3708:Andrés Rodríguez
3688:Preceded by
3680:
3679:
3601:
3582:
3556:
3547:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3487:
3472:
3471:
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3408:
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3389:
3383:
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3378:
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3356:
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3322:
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3310:
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3298:
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3204:
3198:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3162:
3156:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3127:. Archived from
3104:
3098:
3097:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3037:
3031:
3010:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2984:
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2668:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2623:
2610:
2604:
2591:
2585:
2568:
2559:
2558:August 16, 2006.
2546:
2537:
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2270:(December 1988).
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2084:
2082:
2064:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
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2025:
2024:
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2020:
2002:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1969:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1878:
1863:massive protests
1707:Andrés Rodríguez
1568:, as well as to
1428:, a campaign of
1426:Operation Condor
1414:
1407:
1400:
1370:
1288:Colonia Dignidad
1244:
1231:Caravan of Death
1173:Manuel Contreras
1097:Augusto Pinochet
1022:Operation Charly
975:
972:1973 coup d'état
962:
944:
941:1976 coup d'état
921:Operation Condor
917:
916:
913:Operation Condor
800:Stroessner with
702:
695:
691:
688:
682:
659:
651:
546:harsh repression
506:
501:
475:
474:
418:
407:
396:
370:
355:
353:
352:
340:Military service
335:
323:
296:
262:
245:
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231:Personal details
221:Andrés Rodríguez
217:
205:
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153:
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81:
57:
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4674:
4655:Beate Klarsfeld
4651:Serge Klarsfeld
4635:
4599:
4524:
4497:
4474:
4470:Herberts Cukurs
4453:
4444:Aleksander Laak
4432:
4411:
4385:
4359:
4308:
4190:
4187:
4157:
4152:
4142:
4133:
4096:González Macchi
3953:González Navero
3920:González Navero
3763:
3752:
3744:
3710:
3701:
3693:
3654:Wayback Machine
3613:
3598:
3579:
3563:
3561:Further reading
3544:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3502:
3500:
3489:
3488:
3475:
3465:
3463:
3460:The Independent
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3311:
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3299:
3295:
3291:(October 2005).
3272:
3270:
3266:
3258:
3254:
3243:
3239:
3227:
3223:
3217:Wayback Machine
3205:
3201:
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3179:
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3159:
3148:
3144:
3134:
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3125:
3105:
3101:
3090:
3082:. p. 554.
3072:
3068:
3058:
3050:. p. 266.
3038:
3034:
3021:Wayback Machine
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1843:The Only Leader
1784:
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1738:Ciudad del Este
1731:
1699:
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1685:Ciudad del Este
1629:
1613:Whicker's World
1560:, including to
1535:with U.S. aid.
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1183:José López Rega
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1087:João Figueiredo
1067:
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1037:Ezeiza massacre
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600:
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4234:Adolf Eichmann
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2374:(3): 451–473.
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1859:Horacio Cartes
1835:El Único Líder
1828:Horacio Cartes
1824:Nicanor Duarte
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1695:Main article:
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847:Colorado Party
814:anti-communist
781:, threats and
762:state of siege
705:
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663:
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645:Main article:
642:
639:
635:Colorado Party
625:He joined the
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534:Colorado Party
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277:Colorado Party
274:
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263:(aged 93)
259:16 August 2006
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4670:Efraim Zuroff
4668:
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4660:Eli Rosenbaum
4658:
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4652:
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4631:Otto Skorzeny
4629:
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4376:Léon Degrelle
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4269:Erich Priebke
4267:
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4259:Josef Mengele
4257:
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4229:Alois Brunner
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4102:Duarte Frutos
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4046:J.N. González
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4012:Eusebio Ayala
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3662:The Economist
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3534:Vintage Books
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2074:La Vanguardia
2070:
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2014:
2013:
2008:
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1816:Fernando Lugo
1813:
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1658:hydroelectric
1655:
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1647:Latin America
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1493:Edgar Ynsfrán
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1344:Valech Report
1342:
1340:
1339:Rettig Report
1337:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1311:Full stop law
1309:
1308:
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1189:
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1179:
1176:
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1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1163:Orlando Bosch
1161:
1159:
1158:Alfredo Astiz
1156:
1155:
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1054:
1053:Desaparecidos
1050:
1048:
1047:Death flights
1045:
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1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
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868:
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858:
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852:
851:Josef Mengele
848:
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840:
836:
832:
828:
823:
819:
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803:
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794:
792:
788:
787:Edgar Ynsfrán
784:
780:
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772:
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763:
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735:
731:
727:
722:
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712:
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698:
690:
680:
676:
670:
669:
664:This section
662:
658:
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648:
638:
636:
632:
628:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
595:
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584:
582:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
558:authoritarian
555:
554:secret police
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
522:
520:
519:
514:
510:
505:
497:
488:
465:
456:
450:
447:
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438:
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432:
428:
421:
420:Major General
417:
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391:
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140:
132:
121:
118:
114:
111:
107:
104:
100:
97:
93:
90: –
89:
85:
84:Find sources:
78:
74:
68:
67:
62:This article
60:
56:
51:
50:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4696:Stille Hilfe
4594:
4488:(Circassian)
4407:Mykola Lebed
4340:Ante Pavelić
4330:Anton Geiser
4299:Franz Stangl
4274:Walter Rauff
4244:Aribert Heim
4219:Klaus Barbie
4148:
4124:Abdo Benítez
4111:
4094:
4074:
4067:
4050:
4038:
4029:Estigarribia
4016:
4002:Eligio Ayala
3994:
3989:Eligio Ayala
3987:
3980:
3968:
3951:
3944:
3937:
3930:
3918:
3906:
3899:
3887:
3870:
3843:
3831:
3819:
3800:Roque Alonso
3696:
3691:Tomás Romero
3669:
3661:
3642:The Guardian
3641:
3587:
3568:
3552:
3528:
3520:Bibliography
3501:. Retrieved
3494:
3466:19 September
3464:. Retrieved
3458:
3435:19 September
3433:. Retrieved
3431:(in Spanish)
3426:
3401:. Retrieved
3396:
3387:
3375:. Retrieved
3373:(in Spanish)
3370:
3361:
3349:. Retrieved
3345:
3336:
3320:
3308:
3296:
3267:
3255:
3245:
3240:
3232:
3224:
3208:New York Sun
3207:
3202:
3192:
3187:
3167:
3160:
3150:
3145:
3133:. Retrieved
3129:the original
3109:
3102:
3093:
3075:
3069:
3061:
3042:
3035:
3024:
3008:
2996:. Retrieved
2992:
2982:
2955:. Retrieved
2946:
2937:
2925:. Retrieved
2911:
2900:
2892:
2860:
2853:
2826:
2813:
2788:
2783:
2758:
2755:Greg Grandin
2750:
2738:. Retrieved
2731:
2722:
2710:. Retrieved
2706:
2697:
2685:. Retrieved
2681:
2672:
2647:
2639:
2627:
2608:
2598:
2589:
2574:
2552:
2529:. Retrieved
2522:
2513:
2505:
2484:
2479:
2459:
2449:
2433:
2428:
2404:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2347:
2337:
2332:
2308:
2301:
2289:. Retrieved
2275:
2259:
2244:
2219:
2186:
2174:. Retrieved
2167:
2158:
2146:. Retrieved
2144:(in Spanish)
2139:
2112:. Retrieved
2105:
2081:19 September
2079:. Retrieved
2077:(in Spanish)
2072:
2045:. Retrieved
2038:
2029:
2017:. Retrieved
2015:(in Spanish)
2010:
1983:. Retrieved
1976:
1942:. Retrieved
1937:
1928:
1916:. Retrieved
1911:
1902:
1890:. Retrieved
1887:The Guardian
1886:
1876:
1851:
1847:
1834:
1832:
1820:
1808:Fidel Castro
1805:
1776:
1767:
1746:
1735:
1732:
1704:
1700:
1679:
1674:
1666:Yacyretá Dam
1651:
1643:public works
1632:
1630:
1611:
1607:
1604:Alan Whicker
1601:
1578:
1574:West Germany
1570:South Africa
1558:state visits
1544:
1537:
1517:
1504:
1490:
1474:Río Paraguay
1444:, Paraguay,
1430:state terror
1423:
1271:
1198:Paul Schäfer
1101:
1052:
898:constitution
895:
875:
867:human rights
859:
844:
811:
783:death squads
759:
754:
751:Fidel Castro
723:
708:
693:
684:
673:Please help
668:verification
665:
624:
618:and Spanish
612:Hof, Bavaria
601:
585:
523:
516:
495:
494:
430:Battles/wars
261:(2006-08-16)
216:Succeeded by
193:
150:
135:
129:January 2017
126:
116:
109:
102:
95:
83:
71:Please help
66:verification
63:
43:
39:
32:Spanish name
4743:2006 deaths
4738:1912 births
4616:Alois Hudal
4449:Karl Linnas
4428:Carl Værnet
4381:René Lagrou
4371:Pierre Daye
4350:Dinko Šakić
4345:Ivo Rojnica
4239:Hans Eisele
4034:H. Morínigo
3872:M. Morínigo
3397:Última Hora
2658:pp. 493-494
2114:3 September
1912:bacn.gov.py
1810:'s rule of
1723:Lino Oviedo
1713:addict and
1661:power plant
1551:non-aligned
1454:kidnappings
1077:Hugo Banzer
1072:Jorge Anaya
871:disappeared
771:martial law
687:August 2023
647:El Stronato
604:Encarnación
518:El Stronato
318: [
291: [
279:(1951–1989)
249:Encarnación
204:Preceded by
4727:Categories
4506:Assistance
4075:Stroessner
3833:Jovellanos
3810:F.S. López
3805:C.A. López
3702:1954–1989
3496:La Tribuna
3135:6 February
3048:SUNY Press
2868:. p.
2833:. p.
2807:0300151314
2583:1435109376
2442:0820329320
1944:6 February
1892:24 October
1869:References
1719:homosexual
1654:Itaipu Dam
1554:Yugoslavia
1484:suburb of
1125:Montoneros
863:Corruption
598:Early life
345:Allegiance
310:Alma mater
251:, Paraguay
242:1912-11-03
99:newspapers
40:Stroessner
18:Stroessner
4494:(Finnish)
4423:Søren Kam
4390:Ukrainian
4195:Fugitives
4113:F. Franco
4080:Rodríguez
4018:R. Franco
3964:M. Franco
3878:Egusquiza
3856:Caballero
3428:El Diario
3371:ABC Color
3095:chainsaw.
2998:18 August
2866:Routledge
2831:Routledge
2740:8 January
2531:12 August
2169:ABC Color
2141:BBC Mundo
2012:Página 12
1978:ABC Color
1639:education
1627:Economics
1593:Holy Mass
1540:Patagonia
1438:Argentina
1361:Reactions
1272:Esmeralda
1265:Locations
1130:Tupamaros
1007:Dirty War
935:Argentina
755:president
622:descent.
592:pneumonia
437:Chaco War
381:1929–1989
328:Signature
194:In office
184:42nd
4705:See also
4520:Ratlines
4437:Estonian
4313:Croatian
4007:Guggiari
3959:Schaerer
3914:Ferreira
3889:Carvallo
3827:Rivarola
3815:Rivarola
3750:Paraguay
3659:Obituary
3650:Archived
3639:Obituary
3619:BBC News
3617:Obituary
3329:BBC News
3301:Gimlette
3262:, p. 277
3260:Gimlette
3213:Archived
3026:Alternet
3017:Archived
2975:Gimlette
2951:Archived
2921:Archived
2821:(2011).
2757:(2011).
2656:, 2013.
2616:Archived
2554:NBC News
2444:. p. 169
2314:CQ Press
2285:Archived
2236:89600299
1792:Asunción
1749:Brasília
1691:Downfall
1680:Stronato
1618:Region 2
1533:genocide
1529:genocide
1486:Asunción
979:Paraguay
806:Brasília
719:election
588:Brasília
532:and the
530:the army
500:Spanish:
357:Paraguay
301:Children
268:, Brazil
266:Brasília
44:Matiauda
30:In this
4644:Hunters
4458:Latvian
4364:Belgian
4149:Italics
4129:S. Peña
4085:Wasmosy
3970:Montero
3946:P. Peña
3895:Escurra
3861:Escobar
3851:Bareiro
3845:Uriarte
3821:Machaín
3503:30 June
3403:20 June
3377:20 June
3351:20 June
3303:, p. 29
2977:, p. 12
2947:El País
2291:19 July
2047:30 June
2019:30 June
1985:30 June
1918:28 June
1839:Spanish
1796:Spanish
1715:Gustavo
1711:cocaine
1668:on the
1525:slavery
1482:Lambaré
1472:or the
1458:torture
1446:Uruguay
1442:Bolivia
989:Uruguay
948:Bolivia
822:Vietnam
620:criollo
616:Guaraní
398:General
158:General
113:scholar
36:surname
4691:ODESSA
4653:&
4416:Danish
4119:Cartes
4069:Romero
4063:Chávez
4040:Frutos
3976:Gondra
3926:Gondra
3883:Aceval
3795:Medina
3780:Yegros
3770:Yegros
3594:
3575:
3540:
3280::
3175:
3121:
3086:
3054:
2957:7 July
2927:7 July
2880:
2872:&
2841:
2805:
2799:p. 223
2775:
2664:
2581:
2467:
2440:
2416:
2380:261125
2378:
2320:
2234:
2216:.
2176:1 July
2148:1 July
1782:Legacy
1759:Family
1753:stroke
1566:France
1505:pileta
1450:Brazil
1001:Events
968:
955:
953:Brazil
937:
855:Nazism
808:, 1958
766:detain
568:until
422:(1949)
411:(1951)
400:(1956)
354:
284:Spouse
115:
108:
101:
94:
86:
4090:Cubas
4058:Molas
4052:Rolón
4024:Paiva
3996:Riart
3939:Rojas
3901:Gaona
3790:Ortiz
3515:Notes
2769:p. 75
2712:7 May
2687:7 May
2376:JSTOR
1562:Japan
1470:Chaco
1434:Chile
966:Chile
959:1960s
749:only
322:]
295:]
120:JSTOR
106:books
4107:Lugo
3932:Jara
3908:Báez
3839:Gill
3592:ISBN
3573:ISBN
3538:ISBN
3505:2024
3468:2024
3437:2024
3405:2019
3379:2019
3353:2019
3233:Time
3173:ISBN
3137:2017
3119:ISBN
3084:ISBN
3052:ISBN
3000:2018
2959:2019
2929:2019
2878:ISBN
2839:ISBN
2803:ISBN
2773:ISBN
2742:2022
2714:2016
2689:2016
2662:ISBN
2579:ISBN
2533:2018
2465:ISBN
2438:ISBN
2414:ISBN
2318:ISBN
2293:2019
2232:LCCN
2178:2024
2150:2024
2116:2024
2083:2024
2049:2024
2021:2024
1987:2024
1946:2022
1920:2023
1894:2023
1812:Cuba
1678:the
1634:Time
1527:and
1520:Aché
1464:and
1448:and
1305:Laws
984:Peru
746:1983
742:1978
738:1973
734:1968
730:1963
726:1958
570:1988
566:1958
386:Rank
256:Died
236:Born
92:news
3346:UPI
2835:107
2107:WDR
2040:Hoy
1837:" (
1621:DVD
804:in
677:by
75:by
38:is
4729::
3536:.
3532:.
3493:.
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3457:.
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3425:.
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3395:.
3369:.
3344:.
3327:.
3284:.
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3092:.
3078:.
3060:.
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2991:.
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2899:.
2876:.
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2870:22
2864:.
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2771:.
2767:.
2730:.
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2370:.
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2166:.
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2071:.
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2037:.
2009:.
1995:^
1975:.
1954:^
1936:.
1910:.
1885:.
1841::
1830:.
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