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1966:
1956:
42:
2414:
209:
SPDX 3.0 allows users to communicate information at a much more granular level without having to package it as “envelope” data. A key design principle in SPDX 3.0 is that all elements may be expressed and referenced independent of any other element. This independence is required to support a variety
229:
to support the expansion of use cases beyond software, without increasing overall complexity. Profiles allow users to define data for the use cases they need, while also increasing the amount of information that can be gathered directly from the SPDX data. There are eight profiles defined by SPDX
200:
The SPDX 2.x standard defines an SBOM document, which contains SPDX metadata about software. The document itself can be expressed in multiple formats, including JSON, YAML, RDF/XML, tag–value, and spreadsheet. Each SPDX document describes one or more elements, which can be a software package, a
178:
The original purpose of SPDX was to improve license compliance, and it has since been expanded to facilitate additional use cases such as supply-chain transparency and security. SPDX is authored by the community-driven SPDX Project involving key industry experts, organizations, and open-source
210:
of content exchange and analysis use cases and makes it easier to communicate single elements of interest. The relationship structure has also been updated to be both more expressive and easier to understand compared to older versions of the spec.
167:(BOMs). First designed to describe software components, SPDX can describe the components of software systems, AI models, software builds, security data, and other data packages. SPDX allows the expression of components,
186:
The SPDX specification is recognized as the international open standard for security, license compliance, and other software supply chain artifacts as ISO/IEC 5962:2021. The current version of the standard is 3.0.
558:
In 2020, the
European Commission published its Joinup Licensing Assistant, which makes possible the selection and comparison of more than 50 licenses, with access to their SPDX identifier and full text.
217:(RDF). Data may be serialized in a variety of formats for storage and transmission, including formats defined in RDF 1.1 such as JSON-LD, Turtle (Terse RDF Triple Language), N-Triples, and RDF/XML.
317:
Introduced a comprehensive set of updates encompassing the model, specification, and license list, with the new addition of SPDX profiles to handle modern system use cases like security and AI.
551:
SPDX describes the exact terms under which a piece of software is licensed. It does not attempt to categorize licenses by type, for instance by describing licenses with similar terms to the
1012:
991:
1459:
1040:
686:
575:
meant "exactly GPL version 2.0" or "GPL version 2.0 or any later version". Thus, since version 3.0 of the SPDX License List, the GNU family of licenses got new names.
463:
658:
1538:
490:
Each license is identified by a full name, such as "Mozilla Public
License 2.0" and a short identifier, here "MPL-2.0". Licenses can be combined by operators
945:
1757:
1379:
1596:
458:
easier, but subsequent versions of the specification added capabilities intended for other use-cases, such as being able to contain references to known
2123:
679:
1528:
1548:
1434:
470:
357:
2128:
1533:
1516:
1186:
201:
specific file, or a snippet from a file. Each element is given a unique identifier, and metadata for an element can refer to other elements.
713:
1486:
1384:
2153:
1662:
1496:
1469:
1449:
1165:
596:
The SPDX license identifier can be added to the top of source code files as a short string unambiguously declaring the license used. The
2478:
1474:
1424:
1394:
536:
There is also a "+" operator which, when applied to a license, means that future versions of the license apply as well. For example,
2374:
1571:
1110:
416:
Improved interaction with the SPDX License List, and added new fields for documenting extra information about software projects.
571:) have the choice of choosing a later version of the license built in. Sometimes, it was not clear whether the SPDX expression
1240:
782:
1543:
1501:
1444:
330:
Added new fields to improve the ability to capture security related information and interoperability with other SBOM formats.
2432:
2387:
2138:
1959:
1907:
1837:
1521:
1086:
568:
387:
1481:
1374:
1061:
2609:
1862:
1714:
2501:
2397:
2113:
1777:
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30:
This article is about the standard for describing software bills of materials. For the communications protocol, see
1506:
1414:
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2133:
2002:
1772:
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1033:
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2471:
1351:
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launched REUSE, which provides tools to validate the comment and to efficiently extract copyright information.
214:
373:
Added 'SPDX-lite' profile for minimal software bill of materials and improved support for external references.
2392:
2090:
1867:
1762:
1586:
1576:
1360:
623:, replacing the earlier use of the Callaway system. Debian uses a slightly different license specification.
2085:
1933:
1787:
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403:
Added the ability to describe multiple packages and the relationships between different packages and files.
282:: subset of the SPDX specification aimed at balancing SPDX standard and actual workflows in some industries
2350:
2604:
2181:
2118:
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1802:
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430:
896:
2219:
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1013:"The Linux Foundation's SPDX Workgroup Releases New Version of Software Package Data Exchange Standard"
992:"The Linux Foundation's SPDX Workgroup Releases New Version of Software Package Data Exchange Standard"
637:
118:
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2521:
2464:
2224:
1927:
1842:
1827:
1283:
1204:
459:
386:
Added support for describing 'snippets' of code and the ability to reference non-SPDX data (such as
2578:
2531:
2234:
2042:
1922:
1719:
1672:
1657:
1609:
1419:
270:: concepts related to a dataset, including preparation process, characteristics, and access methods
659:"SPDX: It's Already in Use for Global Software Bill of Materials (SBOM) and Supply Chain Security"
343:
Functionally equivalent to SPDX 2.2.1 but with spelling, grammar and other editorial improvements.
917:
2619:
2614:
2573:
2273:
2266:
2214:
2095:
1969:
1857:
1704:
1667:
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1132:
2058:
1832:
1627:
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1558:
1491:
632:
164:
1258:
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2191:
1917:
1852:
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1409:
738:
17:
8:
1995:
1797:
1399:
616:
845:
2557:
2239:
2105:
2075:
1344:
1187:"Solving License Compliance at the Source: Adding SPDX License IDs - Linux Foundation"
821:
2511:
2047:
1955:
1877:
1724:
1404:
2487:
2196:
2186:
2027:
1642:
946:"The Linux Foundation's Open Compliance Initiative Releases New SPDX Specification"
758:
455:
180:
168:
100:
2382:
2143:
1912:
717:
611:
The SPDX license identifier is also used in a number of package managers such as
454:
The first version of the SPDX specification was intended to make compliance with
1329:
801:
2444:
2306:
2206:
2148:
2032:
1988:
1709:
1632:
612:
518:
356:
Functionally equivalent to SPDX 2.2 but with typesetting for publication as an
276:: license information necessary for compliance with typical licensing use cases
256:
1157:
2598:
2506:
2356:
2328:
2299:
2292:
2244:
2176:
1940:
1901:
1807:
1464:
1389:
1337:
160:
2418:
2285:
2229:
2052:
2019:
1782:
1739:
1652:
1065:
620:
872:
2583:
2334:
2320:
2260:
2037:
1872:
1699:
1694:
552:
526:
873:"ISO/IEC 5962:2021 Information technology — SPDX® Specification V2.2.1"
601:
2516:
2313:
2279:
2171:
1729:
475:
ISO/IEC 5962:2021 Information technology — SPDX® Specification V2.2.1
1222:
2456:
2340:
1767:
1647:
1323:
966:
172:
1223:"PEP 639 – Improving License Clarity with Better Package Metadata"
1133:"For Clarity's Sake, Please Don't Say "Licensed under GNU GPL 2"!"
2345:
970:
41:
1317:
615:, Python, and Rust cargo. SPDX license expressions are used in
1034:"The Minimum Elements For a Software Bill of Materials (SBOM)"
446:
The first release of the SPDX specification; handles packages.
264:: concepts and data elements related to an AI system and model
2011:
1734:
605:
163:
capable of representing systems with digital components as
31:
1313:
1041:
687:
604:
in 2013, became part of SPDX in version 2.1. In 2017, the
2413:
249:
security-related metadata specific to a piece of software
1980:
466:'Minimum Elements For a Software Bill of Materials'.
429:
1053:
1026:
1380:
Comparison of open-source and closed-source software
1306:
714:"Linux Foundation eases open source licensing woes"
137:
1748:
1087:"The Software Package Data Exchange (SPDX) Format"
1062:"SPDX becomes internationally recognized standard"
255:information required to describe an instance of a
1359:
707:
705:
703:
562:
2596:
838:
1155:
783:"SPDX and NTIA Minimum Elements for SBOM HOWTO"
680:"Survey of Existing SBOM Formats and Standards"
940:
938:
814:
700:
471:International Organization for Standardization
2472:
1996:
1345:
473:(ISO) in October, 2020, and was published as
1385:Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities
1130:
959:
910:
650:
237:foundational concepts common to all profiles
171:, copyrights, security references and other
27:Open standard for software bill of materials
1005:
984:
935:
889:
867:
865:
433:) and added support for free-form comments.
2479:
2465:
2003:
1989:
1352:
1338:
711:
672:
583:means "version 2.0 or any later version".
480:
40:
739:"Advancing SBOM standards: Snyk and SPDX"
736:
2433:Free and open-source software portal
1284:"Machine-readable debian/copyright file"
862:
730:
548:may apply (and future versions if any).
243:: concepts related to software artifacts
213:The SPDX 3.0 data model is based on the
1078:
1059:
656:
14:
2597:
1241:"The Manifest Format - The Cargo Book"
1084:
775:
712:Bridgwater, Adrian (August 19, 2011).
462:. Recent versions of SPDX fulfill the
179:enthusiasts under the auspices of the
2460:
1984:
1333:
2486:
1908:Microsoft Open Specification Promise
1060:Bernard, Allen (September 9, 2021).
994:. Linux Foundation. October 22, 2013
918:"General Meeting/Minutes/2016-11-03"
802:"Understanding SPDX Profiles – SPDX"
569:GNU General Public License version 2
220:
2375:Professional related certifications
1375:Alternative terms for free software
1015:. Linux Foundation. August 30, 2012
948:. Linux Foundation. October 4, 2016
799:
737:Rushgrove, Gareth (June 16, 2021).
24:
1715:Python Software Foundation License
1156:Jilayne Lovejoy (5 January 2018).
567:The GNU family of licenses (e.g.,
513:means that one can choose between
286:
25:
2631:
2502:Cloud Native Computing Foundation
2154:List of software package managers
2139:Security-focused operating system
1778:Definition of Free Cultural Works
1395:Free software project directories
1298:
897:"SPDX 2.2 Specification Released"
225:The 3.0 specification introduced
2439:
2438:
2426:
2412:
1965:
1964:
1954:
1415:Open-source software development
591:
579:means "exactly version 2.0" and
533:means that both licenses apply.
469:SPDX 2.2.1 was submitted to the
2527:Open Source Security Foundation
2129:Distributions that run from RAM
1773:Debian Free Software Guidelines
1605:Free Software Movement of India
1276:
1251:
1233:
1215:
1197:
1179:
1168:from the original on 2018-01-05
1149:
1124:
1103:
899:. Linux Foundation. May 7, 2020
2553:Core Infrastructure Initiative
793:
751:
657:Stewart, Kate (May 25, 2021).
563:Deprecated license identifiers
215:Resource Description Framework
204:
195:
157:Software Package Data Exchange
13:
1:
1763:Contributor License Agreement
1577:Open-source-software movement
1361:Free and open-source software
1259:"License: field in Spec File"
689:. October 25, 2019. p. 9
643:
2086:GNU/Linux naming controversy
1934:The Cathedral and the Bazaar
1788:The Free Software Definition
1158:"License List 3.0 Released!"
1111:"Joinup Licensing Assistant"
190:
149:System Package Data Exchange
7:
2182:Linux Documentation Project
2124:Netbook-specific comparison
1838:Mozilla software rebranding
1803:Permissive software license
1085:Odence, Phil (2010-06-23).
626:
586:
431:cryptographic hash function
10:
2636:
2081:Criticism of desktop Linux
1843:Proprietary device drivers
1793:The Open Source Definition
1263:Fedora Legal Documentation
638:Rights Expression Language
119:Software bill of materials
29:
2610:Linux Foundation projects
2566:
2548:Open Container Initiative
2540:
2494:
2406:
2373:
2253:
2205:
2164:
2104:
2091:Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate
2068:
2018:
2010:
1950:
1928:Source-available software
1886:
1828:Digital rights management
1820:
1618:
1595:
1557:
1433:
1367:
1205:"package.json | npm Docs"
597:
485:
132:
124:
114:
106:
96:
79:
64:
56:
48:
39:
2532:Overture Maps Foundation
1923:Shared Source Initiative
1720:Shared Source Initiative
1673:Free Software Foundation
1610:Free Software Foundation
1460:Configuration management
967:"What's new in SPDX 2.0"
460:software vulnerabilities
1858:SCO/Linux controversies
1191:www.linuxfoundation.org
598:SPDX-License-Identifier
481:SPDX-License-identifier
292:Specification versions
2574:Open Mainframe Project
2267:Free Software Magazine
2197:Linux User Group (LUG)
1758:Comparison of licenses
1567:Free software movement
759:"SPDX Current version"
529:). On the other hand,
1833:License proliferation
633:License proliferation
600:syntax, pioneered by
175:relating to systems.
2192:Linux Mark Institute
1918:Open-source hardware
1853:Proprietary software
1848:Proprietary firmware
1549:Formerly open-source
1544:Formerly proprietary
1410:Open-source software
619:package metadata in
531:(Apache-2.0 AND MIT)
1798:Open-source license
1400:Gratis versus libre
511:(Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
293:
2605:Computer standards
2558:OpenAPI Initiative
2119:Distributions list
2114:General comparison
2076:Criticism of Linux
1131:Richard Stallman.
924:. November 3, 2016
661:. Linux Foundation
291:
165:bills of materials
2592:
2591:
2522:Presto Foundation
2512:OpenJS Foundation
2454:
2453:
1978:
1977:
1878:Trusted Computing
1868:Software security
1816:
1815:
1497:Operating systems
1405:Long-term support
1324:A SPDX case study
1245:doc.rust-lang.org
477:in August, 2021.
456:software licenses
452:
451:
221:SPDX 3.0 Profiles
146:
145:
16:(Redirected from
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2488:Linux Foundation
2481:
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2442:
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2419:Linux portal
2417:
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2388:Linux Foundation
2187:Linux Foundation
2005:
1998:
1991:
1982:
1981:
1968:
1967:
1958:
1863:Software patents
1746:
1745:
1658:Creative Commons
1517:Web applications
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1310:
1309:
1307:Official website
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846:"Release v2.2.2"
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581:GPL-2.0-or-later
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300:Publication date
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181:Linux Foundation
142:
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101:Linux Foundation
92:
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75:
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68:August 2011
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37:
36:
21:
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2495:Sub-foundations
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2144:Package manager
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2043:Booting process
2014:
2009:
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1913:Open-core model
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1322:Nathan Willis:
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850:github.com/spdx
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718:Computer Weekly
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555:as "BSD-like".
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287:Version history
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85:April 2024
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65:First published
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2149:Package format
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1783:Free license
1529:Android apps
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1266:. Retrieved
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1066:TechRepublic
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621:Fedora Linux
610:
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577:GPL-2.0-only
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413:October 2013
353:October 2020
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110:SPDX Project
97:Organization
49:Abbreviation
2584:Hyperledger
2541:Initiatives
2335:Linux Voice
2321:Ubuntu User
2274:Full Circle
2261:DistroWatch
2134:Lightweight
2048:Kernel oops
2038:Linux-libre
2033:Linus's law
1873:Tivoization
1512:Video games
1487:Mathematics
553:BSD License
540:means that
538:Apache-1.1+
527:MIT license
443:August 2011
426:August 2012
314:April 2024
306:References
205:Version 3.0
196:Version 2.x
155:, formerly
2599:Categories
1821:Challenges
1539:Commercial
1522:E-commerce
1507:Television
1172:2021-09-02
1142:2018-05-24
1096:2012-08-31
1071:2021-12-01
1046:2021-12-01
1019:2021-12-01
998:2021-12-01
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952:2021-12-01
928:2021-12-01
903:2021-12-01
882:2021-12-01
855:2022-06-11
831:2022-11-22
807:2024-05-19
768:2022-11-22
744:2021-08-14
723:2021-08-13
693:2021-08-13
665:2021-08-13
644:References
602:Das U-Boot
546:Apache-2.0
542:Apache-1.1
515:Apache-2.0
340:April 2022
2517:LF Energy
2314:LinuxUser
2280:Linux.com
2172:LinuxChix
1751:standards
1749:Types and
1730:Unlicense
1725:Sleepycat
1559:Community
1091:Dr Dobb's
800:goneall.
360:standard.
274:Licensing
247:Security:
191:Structure
128:CC-BY-3.0
107:Committee
60:Published
2567:Projects
2445:Category
2364:The Code
2351:Phoronix
2341:LugRadio
2225:Embedded
2215:Adopters
2207:Adoption
1970:Category
1887:Related
1768:Copyleft
1688:GNU LGPL
1683:GNU AGPL
1648:Beerware
1643:Artistic
1620:Licenses
1587:Advocacy
1534:iOS apps
1475:Wireless
1470:Graphics
1437:packages
1435:Software
1425:Timeline
1166:Archived
1162:spdx.dev
1116:31 March
763:spdx.dev
627:See also
587:Adoption
400:May 2015
370:May 2020
241:Software
227:profiles
173:metadata
169:licenses
159:) is an
2393:Red Hat
2346:LWN.net
2220:Desktop
2028:History
1896:Forking
1678:GNU GPL
1572:History
1502:Routing
1465:Drivers
1420:Outline
1368:General
1326:LWN.net
1268:30 July
971:LWN.net
877:iso.org
573:GPL-2.0
268:Dataset
133:Website
125:License
89:2024-04
87: (
72:2011-08
70: (
2398:Ubuntu
2235:Mobile
2230:Gaming
1960:Portal
1889:topics
1710:Python
1633:Apache
1582:Events
1482:Health
1455:Codecs
1318:GitHub
486:Syntax
464:NTIA's
253:Build:
230:3.0:
115:Domain
57:Status
2579:SONiC
2254:Media
2059:more…
2012:Linux
1735:WTFPL
1445:Audio
1037:(PDF)
683:(PDF)
521:) or
350:2.2.1
337:2.2.2
303:Notes
235:Core:
1740:zlib
1663:CDDL
1638:APSL
1314:SPDX
1270:2023
1118:2020
606:FSFE
544:and
494:and
388:CVEs
311:3.0
280:Lite
153:SPDX
140:.dev
138:spdx
52:SPDX
32:SPDY
18:SPDX
2053:Tux
1705:MPL
1700:MIT
1695:ISC
1668:EPL
1653:BSD
1628:AFL
1316:on
1137:GNU
617:RPM
613:npm
523:MIT
492:AND
440:1.0
423:1.1
410:1.2
397:2.0
380:2.1
367:2.2
358:ISO
324:2.3
183:.
83:3.0
2601::
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525:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
