1038:
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1091:, when it was surprised by a combination of a tidal surge and flooding in connection with a winter storm. When the tidal surge reached the herd, it broke the ice underneath it and the herd plunged into the icy water. The temperature was below –30 °C, and the whole herd was killed and frozen in the ice. Four of the animals had been fitted with radio collars, and they were found by researchers looking for their signals. In addition to their reintroduction to this national preserve, the remaining population of muskoxen are currently in
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claim nearby but left the country by
September, 1901. Another miner, John Sirene, built a cabin and maintained a garden at the springs. Miners used the area intermittently until around 1915, when prospectors built a cabin, bathhouse, and a bathing pool that was 10 to 12 feet in diameter nearby. A runway may have been constructed in 1923 and a bunkhouse was dragged in by Alaska Road Commission workers in 1949. In 1953, the nearby village of Shishmaref received $ 53,000 in state funds to construct a public bath house.
1141:
200:
49:
910:
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1125:, have been found at Cape Espenberg, the Trail Creek Caves, Kuzitrin Lake and Agulaak Island. The Denbigh culture was followed by the Choris culture, which brought pottery and ground stone tools. Cape Espenberg, the Trail Creek Caves and the region around Lopp Lagoon were occupied during this time. This was followed by the Ipuitak culture from about 1900 BC to 1000 BC, at many of the same locations.
1115:
The Seward
Peninsula, as part of Beringia, was a path for the migration of Asian peoples into the Americas. The earliest artifacts found in the area are modified animal bones dating to about 13,000 BC. These are not considered definitive, and the earliest undisputed evidence of human occupation are
589:
Serpentine Hot
Springs was originally described by Arthur J. Collier in U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin (1902). Collier noted that Charles McLennan, who with a dog team and Inupiat assistants, was probably the first white man to reach the hot springs in May, 1900. McLennan may have staked a mining
469:
on the Imuruk lava plateau. The volcanic activity has been recent: the Lost Jim lava flow is estimated to be only 1,000 to 2,000 years old, produced from around 75 vents. The largest vent is the Lost Jim Cone, about 75 feet (23 m) high. One remnant of volcanism is the presence of hot springs.
454:. These deposits are found mainly in the coastal plain, where they form a system of lagoons and barrier bars or spits. The rolling uplands lie inland and to the south of the coastal plain. The Serpentine Hot Springs and Trail Creek Caves are in this region of limestone, marble and other minerals.
1128:
The
Northern Maritime tradition followed, comprising the Birnirk, Western Thule and Kotzebue Period cultures. This series of cultures spanned the period from 600 AD to the early 1800s, when traditional lifestyles were disrupted by the arrival of Europeans in the area. The fur trade, whaling and
1078:
The preserve has weather typical of northwestern Alaska, with long cold winters. Weather is moderated by the coastal location, but temperatures can reach −65 °F (−54 °C) in winter and typical low temperatures in winter are −10 °F (−23 °C) to −20 °F (−29 °C). Summer
435:. The region was mostly untouched by glaciers during the ice age. The preserve lands can be described by five physiographic zones: the northern coastal plan, the rolling stream-dissected uplands, the Imuruk lava plateau, the Kuzitrin flats, and the Bendeleben Mountains.
277:(ANILCA), which would allow both subsistence hunting by local residents and sport hunting. The preserve includes significant archaeological sites and a variety of geological features. The preserve has seen recent volcanic activity, with lava flows and lake-filled
1120:
found in the Trail Creek Caves and dating to between 10,000 and 7,000 BC. Archaeological evidence suggests a gap in human occupation on the peninsula until about 4200 BC. Materials from the period 4000 to about 2000 BC, known as the
Denbigh culture of the
1129:
missionary activities changed the local economy, which was further altered in the late 19th century by the arrival of prospectors looking for gold on the southern side of the Seward
Peninsula. Prospectors spread out across the peninsula, with
526:
the
Inupiaq word for cooking pot. Serpentine Hot Springs is on the northern part of the Seward Peninsula at 65°51′N, 164°43′W. The springs are situated on the right bank of Hot Springs Creek which flows to the Serpentine River, 47 miles NW of
356:
during the winter. Bering Land Bridge
National Preserve contains several sites of geological and prehistorical significance. Serpentine Hot Springs is the preserve's most visited location. Other notable locations in the preserve include the
486:
leaving round craters. The ages of the lakes range from 100,000–200,000 years at
Whitefish Maar, to 50,000 years at North Killeak Maar, 40,000 years at South Killeak Maar, and 17,500 years at Devil Mountain Maar.
597:
residents for cooking, for healing and spiritual purposes. Anthropologists who studied the
Inupiat in the area reported local beliefs that the healing influences at the hot springs site was very strong.
1914:
Hild, Carl M. (2007) Engaging Inupiaq Values in Land Management for Health Through an Action Research Appreciative Inquiry Process. Ph.D. dissertation: Saybrook Graduate School and Research Center, San
2254:
250:. During the glacial epoch this bridge was a migration route for people, animals, and plants whenever ocean levels fell enough to expose the land bridge. Archeologists disagree whether
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259:
251:
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The Serpentine Hot Springs produce water at a temperature of 140 °F (60 °C) to 170 °F (77 °C), and have been used for millennia by local people. Granite
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840:. The muskoxen were reintroduced to the area in 1970, after being wiped out in the early 20th century. In addition to the native caribou, Siberian tundra reindeer (
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of 1937 prohibited ownership by non-Native Americans, and the reduced herds were managed by natives from that time onward. Other mammals in the preserve are
761:
723:
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3424:
1896:
Orth, Donald J. (1967). Dictionary of Alaska Place Names, Geological Survey, Professional Paper 567. Washington: United States Government Printing Office.
1875:
Waring, Gerald A. (1917). Mineral Springs of Alaska, U.S. Geological Survey, Water-Supply Paper 418. Washington: United States Government Printing Office.
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in the preserve. The Seward Peninsula saw a further influx of outsiders during World War II, since Alaska was an important theater of the Pacific war.
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610:, underlain by permafrost. The tundra supports a variety of low and slow-growing plants. The landscape is dominated by grasses and sedges, such as
1165:(ANILCA) was held up in Congress. In 1980 ANILCA was passed, and was signed into law by Carter on 2 December 1980, converting the monument into a
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1162:
703:
274:
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844:) were introduced in 1894, reaching a peak population of 600,000 animals in the 1930s. The herd has since been reduced to about 4,000. The
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522:), previously known as Arctic Hot Springs, is located in the Bering Land Bridge National Preserve. The springs are also referred to as
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An entire herd of 55 muskoxen died in a storm surge in the National Reserve in February 2011. The herd had been crossing a bay in the
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are another volcanic remnant, formed underground and exposed by erosion. Bering Land Bridge has the four largest and northernmost
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1905:
Collier, A.J. (1902). A Reconnaissance of the Northwestern Portion of the Seward Peninsula, Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey.
1198:
317:. A narrow corridor connects the Ikpek Lagoon section to the main preserve. The interior portions extend to and across the
212:
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770:
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1346:"National American Indian Heritage Month: National Register of Historic Places: Bering Land Bridge National Preserve"
265:
Bering Land Bridge National Monument was established in 1978 by Presidential proclamation under the authority of the
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temperatures average about 50 °F (10 °C). The average annual temperature is 21 °F (−6 °C).
1051:
802:
754:
38:
2226:
3303:
293:, with 2,697,391 acres (1,091,595 ha). The preserve extends along the coast from a point to the west of
450:. The area around Cape Espenberg includes a series of relict beach ridges like those found farther north at
3203:
2710:
2555:
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818:
786:
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561:
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387:
375:
3193:
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2801:
2700:
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2055:
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457:
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2816:
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1117:
923:
326:
2133:
2107:
1884:
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2741:
877:
635:
181:
3141:
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1977:
1863:"What's in a Name?:Rekindling Traditional Inupiat Place Names (U.S. National Park Service)"
1465:
1380:
627:
614:. Large trees cannot survive on the tundra. Tree species are limited to dwarf species like
471:
362:
322:
3251:
1836:
8:
3049:
3024:
2911:
2761:
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2003:
809:
2309:"Muskox - Gates Of The Arctic National Park & Preserve (U.S. National Park Service)"
2081:
1925:
1469:
1384:
909:
3168:
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2901:
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2718:
1810:
1673:
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1406:
1238:
1071:
1003:
937:
885:
731:
366:
306:
224:
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894:
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are survivors of the ice age environment in the preserve, together with reintroduced
825:
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358:
270:
220:
2199:
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1951:
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subcontinent that linked Alaska and Siberia during periods of low sea levels during
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2999:
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Bering Land Bridge National Monument was established 1 December 1978, by President
1130:
971:
951:
511:
451:
310:
290:
258:, that humans first migrated from Asia to populate the Americas, or whether it was
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88:
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The Seward Peninsula's rivers and streams are habitat for freshwater fish and for
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1007:
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294:
266:
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48:
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991:
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479:
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2160:"Animals - Bering Land Bridge National Preserve (U.S. National Park Service)"
1190:
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remain in freshwater throughout their life cycle. The preserve also harbors
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325:. The region around the continental divide includes volcanic areas such as
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692:
680:
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349:
302:
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236:
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861:
853:
698:
491:
439:
345:
247:
1452:"Plant and animal DNA suggests first Americans took the coastal route"
1107:
702:. In spring the preserve features a variety of wildflowers, including
242:. The majority of this land bridge now lies beneath the waters of the
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There are no roads into the preserve. Access to the preserve is by
255:
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857:
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650:
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447:
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239:
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1169:. The preserve's headquarters are in the Sitnasuak Building in
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607:
466:
92:
2322:
957:
499:
443:
71:
3281:
2323:"Musk Ox Farm | Gently Hand-Combed Qiviut | Palmer, Alaska"
1885:
http://www.nps.gov/akso/management/iyat-public-meetings.cfm
1502:"National Monument Proclamations under the Antiquities Act"
593:
It is possible that the springs were used traditionally by
475:
278:
228:
191:
2372:
438:
The Seward Peninsula is primarily composed of metamorphic
2295:
2255:"At least 32musk oxen freeze to death after Alaska storm"
672:
genera. Mosses and liverworts in the preserve include
281:. Hot springs are a popular destination for tourists.
1180:
465:
Volcanic activity in the interior has left areas of
305:. The boundary moves inland to avoid the village of
3430:
Protected areas of Northwest Arctic Borough, Alaska
2381:
at the National Park Service Alaska Regional Office
1148:
982:salmon species. The principal salmon species are
348:or boats during summer months and by ski planes,
3406:
461:The tors and bunkhouse at Serpentine Hot Springs
2227:"Musk oxen found dead after storm, tidal surge"
1227:. Land Resource Division, National Park Service
1163:Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act
626:. Berry-bearing plants in the preserve include
275:Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act
1093:Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve
1082:
642:. Lichens are found in rocky areas, including
289:The preserve lies on the northern side of the
3267:
2414:
2400:
1589:"Map of Bering Land Bridge National Preserve"
1291:"Bering Land Bridge Official Visitor's Guide"
1099:which has been existing since the mid-1950s.
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
269:. The designation was modified in 1980 to a
3425:Protected areas of Nome Census Area, Alaska
2178:Bering Land Bridge National Wildlife Refuge
1674:"Bering Land Bridge: Serpentine Hot Spring"
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1581:
1144:Map of the preserve on the Seward Peninsula
880:. Significant nesting bird species include
203:Map of Bering Land Bridge National Preserve
3274:
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2407:
2393:
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1666:
1644:
1340:
1338:
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2192:
2074:
2048:
2022:
1970:
1829:
1803:
1777:
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1559:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1477:
1392:
505:
427:The Seward Peninsula is a remnant of the
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2224:
2166:
2100:
1996:
1944:
1918:
1603:
1494:
1449:
1425:"Migration Theories: Land Bridge Theory"
1308:
1222:"Listing of acreage – December 31, 2011"
1139:
1106:
456:
422:
198:
3283:National Preserves of the United States
1694:
1688:
1628:. National Park Service. Archived from
1531:
1333:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
442:, with deposits of sand, gravel, silt,
301:, then westward along the shore of the
14:
3407:
3240:Alaska Department of Natural Resources
1722:
1626:"Bering Land Bridge National Preserve"
1520:
1369:"Ancient migration: Coming to America"
1216:
1214:
235:more than 13,000 years ago during the
3255:
2388:
1567:"Bering Land Bridge: Plan Your Visit"
1366:
1252:"NPS Annual Recreation Visits Report"
1239:National Park Service Acreage Reports
252:it was across this Bering Land Bridge
2379:Bering Land Bridge National Preserve
2373:Bering Land Bridge National Preserve
2204:Bering Land Bridge National Preserve
2138:Bering Land Bridge National Preserve
2112:Bering Land Bridge National Preserve
2086:Bering Land Bridge National Preserve
2060:Bering Land Bridge National Preserve
2034:Bering Land Bridge National Preserve
2008:Bering Land Bridge National Preserve
1982:Bering Land Bridge National Preserve
1956:Bering Land Bridge National Preserve
1930:Bering Land Bridge National Preserve
1841:Bering Land Bridge National Preserve
1815:Bering Land Bridge National Preserve
1789:Bering Land Bridge National Preserve
1763:Bering Land Bridge National Preserve
1417:
1266:
1199:Models of migration to the New World
606:Most of the land in the preserve is
494:produces features such as polygonal
313:, then rejoins the coast to include
213:Protected areas of the United States
209:Bering Land Bridge National Preserve
192:Bering Land Bridge National Preserve
32:Bering Land Bridge National Preserve
3435:Protected areas established in 1978
1431:from the original on 11 August 2016
1211:
1161:. Carter took the action after the
150:2,697,391 acres (10,915.95 km)
24:
2882:Petersburg Creek–Duncan Salt Chuck
1730:"Seward Peninsula Volcanic Fields"
25:
3466:
3440:Western Arctic National Parklands
2887:Pleasant/Lemesurier/Inian Islands
2366:
2253:Thiessen, Mark (22 March 2011).
2225:Campbell, Mike (22 March 2011).
1652:"Bering Land Bridge: Directions"
1183:
1064:
1050:
1036:
1019:
1002:salmon. Other salmonids such as
964:
950:
936:
922:
908:
893:
817:
801:
785:
769:
753:
739:
572:
560:
548:
536:
410:
398:
386:
374:
70:
63:
47:
41:V (protected landscape/seascape)
2315:
2301:
2277:
2246:
2218:
2152:
2126:
1908:
1899:
1890:
1878:
1869:
1855:
1732:. Volcano Cafe. 12 October 2014
1149:Administration and designations
337:. The preserve's high point is
1811:"Hot Springs/Geothernal Areas"
1443:
1360:
1244:
1157:using his authority under the
13:
1:
2536:Aleutian Islands World War II
2348:"Operating Hours and Seasons"
1204:
3420:National preserves in Alaska
1102:
446:and a few glacier-deposited
329:and lava fields between the
284:
7:
1701:. Routledge. p. 1151.
1538:. Routledge. p. 1365.
1176:
1123:Arctic small tool tradition
1111:Cape Espenberg from the air
1095:as well as a local farm in
1083:Muskoxen mass death in 2011
842:Rangifer tarandus sibiricus
10:
3471:
3120:National Conservation Area
2375:National Park Service site
1698:Encyclopedia of the Arctic
1535:Encyclopedia of the Arctic
1316:"National Parks in Alaska"
601:
584:
223:protects a remnant of the
211:is one of the most remote
3289:
3234:
3202:
3149:
3140:
3118:
2980:
2727:
2709:
2686:
2595:National Wildlife Refuges
2593:
2565:
2516:
2490:National Historical Parks
2488:
2435:
2426:
778:Eriophorum angustifolium
640:cloudberry or salmonberry
510:Serpentine Hot Springs, (
484:phreatomagmatic eruptions
187:
177:
169:
158:1 December 1978
154:
146:
109:
99:
84:
58:
46:
36:
31:
2284:Nature's Weirdest Events
273:with the passage of the
173:2,642 (in 2018)
2350:. National Park Service
2206:. National Park Service
2180:. National Park Service
2140:. National Park Service
2114:. National Park Service
2088:. National Park Service
2062:. National Park Service
2056:"Mosses and Liverworts"
2036:. National Park Service
2010:. National Park Service
1984:. National Park Service
1958:. National Park Service
1932:. National Park Service
1843:. National Park Service
1817:. National Park Service
1791:. National Park Service
1765:. National Park Service
1591:. National Park Service
1450:Callaway, Ewen (2016).
1427:. University of Texas.
1254:. National Park Service
747:Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
724:one-flowered cinquefoil
2982:Wild and Scenic Rivers
2947:Tracy Arm-Fords Terror
1887:(Accessed 12/14/2014).
1785:"Volcanoes/Lava Flows"
1695:Nuttall, Mark (2012).
1532:Nuttall, Mark (2012).
1367:Curry, Andrew (2012).
1145:
1118:Paleo-Arctic tradition
1112:
712:Kamchatka rhododendron
506:Serpentine Hot Springs
490:The action of ice and
478:lakes in the world at
462:
327:Serpentine Hot Springs
297:along Goodhope Bay to
204:
18:Serpentine Hot Springs
3450:Hot springs of Alaska
3445:ANILCA establishments
2967:West Chichagof-Yakobi
2927:South Prince of Wales
2290:, 2011. Presented in
1759:"Geologic Formations"
1504:. NPS. Archived from
1143:
1110:
460:
423:Volcanism and geology
341:on the south border.
202:
182:National Park Service
3394:Yukon–Charley Rivers
2972:Wrangell–Saint Elias
2711:Forest Service units
2585:Yukon–Charley Rivers
2232:Anchorage Daily News
732:alpine forget-me-not
363:Devil Mountain Lakes
323:Bendeleben Mountains
3349:Little River Canyon
3324:Gates of the Arctic
3314:Craters of the Moon
2792:Gates of the Arctic
2450:Gates of the Arctic
2265:on 4 September 2014
2108:"Ice-Age Survivors"
1470:2016Natur.536..138C
1385:2012Natur.485...30C
886:yellow-billed loons
810:Vaccinium oxycoccos
762:Potentilla uniflora
696:haircap mosses and
260:via a coastal route
178:Governing body
127: /
3389:Wrangell–St. Elias
3299:Bering Land Bridge
3060:North Fork Koyukuk
2719:Mendenhall Glacier
2575:Bering Land Bridge
2567:National Preserves
2518:National Monuments
2498:Klondike Gold Rush
2480:Wrangell–St. Elias
2298:TV 1, 28 May 2013.
2134:"Reindeer Herding"
1978:"Trees and Shrubs"
1146:
1133:undertaken in the
1113:
1072:Dolly Varden trout
1004:Dolly Varden trout
636:low-bush cranberry
463:
367:Lost Jim Lava Flow
319:Continental Divide
225:Bering Land Bridge
205:
131:65.833°N 164.167°W
3402:
3401:
3374:Tallgrass Prairie
3249:
3248:
3230:
3229:
3136:
3135:
2772:Coronation Island
1837:"Lakes and Ponds"
1167:national preserve
826:Kalmia procumbens
794:Eritrichium nanum
359:Trail Creek Caves
271:national preserve
221:National Preserve
215:, located on the
197:
196:
100:Nearest city
16:(Redirected from
3462:
3334:Great Sand Dunes
3276:
3269:
3262:
3253:
3252:
3147:
3146:
2857:Maurille Islands
2787:Forrester Island
2737:Aleutian Islands
2729:Wilderness Areas
2688:National Forests
2608:Alaska Peninsula
2547:Cape Krusenstern
2526:Admiralty Island
2433:
2432:
2409:
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2313:
2312:
2305:
2299:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2261:. Archived from
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1922:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1755:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1622:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1529:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1481:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1396:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1342:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1320:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1295:
1287:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1226:
1218:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1131:hydraulic mining
1068:
1054:
1040:
1023:
1014:and other fish.
972:Willow ptarmigan
968:
954:
940:
926:
912:
897:
821:
805:
789:
773:
757:
743:
579:Serpentine Falls
576:
564:
552:
543:Serpentine rocks
540:
452:Cape Krusenstern
414:
402:
390:
378:
311:Shishmaref Inlet
291:Seward Peninsula
217:Seward Peninsula
165:
163:
142:
141:
139:
138:
137:
136:65.833; -164.167
132:
128:
125:
124:
123:
120:
104:Kotzebue, Alaska
89:Seward Peninsula
74:
73:
67:
51:
29:
28:
21:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3415:IUCN Category V
3405:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3359:New River Gorge
3285:
3280:
3250:
3245:
3226:
3198:
3132:
3114:
2976:
2932:Stikine-LeConte
2723:
2705:
2682:
2603:Alaska Maritime
2589:
2561:
2512:
2484:
2422:
2416:Protected areas
2413:
2369:
2364:
2363:
2353:
2351:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2331:
2329:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2282:
2278:
2268:
2266:
2251:
2247:
2237:
2235:
2223:
2219:
2209:
2207:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2183:
2181:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2143:
2141:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2117:
2115:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2091:
2089:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2065:
2063:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2037:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2011:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1985:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1961:
1959:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1933:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1846:
1844:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1820:
1818:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1794:
1792:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1768:
1766:
1757:
1756:
1745:
1735:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1693:
1689:
1679:
1677:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1657:
1655:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1635:
1633:
1632:on 17 June 1997
1624:
1623:
1604:
1594:
1592:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1570:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1530:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1479:10.1038/536138a
1448:
1444:
1434:
1432:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1394:10.1038/485030a
1379:(7396): 30–32.
1365:
1361:
1351:
1349:
1344:
1343:
1334:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1267:
1257:
1255:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1212:
1207:
1189:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1159:Antiquities Act
1151:
1105:
1085:
1074:
1069:
1060:
1055:
1046:
1041:
1032:
1024:
1008:Arctic grayling
974:
969:
960:
955:
946:
941:
932:
927:
918:
913:
904:
898:
882:sandhill cranes
829:
822:
813:
806:
797:
790:
781:
774:
765:
758:
749:
744:
690:forked mosses,
604:
587:
580:
577:
568:
567:Serpentine Tors
565:
556:
555:Serpentine Tors
553:
544:
541:
508:
425:
418:
415:
406:
403:
394:
391:
382:
379:
287:
267:Antiquities Act
227:that connected
161:
159:
135:
133:
129:
126:
121:
118:
116:
114:
113:
95:, United States
80:
79:
78:
77:
76:
75:
54:
53:Serpentine Tors
42:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3468:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3384:Valles Caldera
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3279:
3278:
3271:
3264:
3256:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3208:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3159:Afognak Island
3155:
3153:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3124:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2867:Mollie Beattie
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2782:Endicott River
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2733:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2599:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2571:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2533:
2522:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2502:Chilkoot Trail
2494:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2437:National Parks
2430:
2424:
2423:
2412:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2376:
2368:
2367:External links
2365:
2362:
2361:
2339:
2314:
2300:
2276:
2245:
2217:
2191:
2165:
2151:
2125:
2099:
2073:
2047:
2021:
2004:"Wild Berries"
1995:
1969:
1943:
1917:
1907:
1898:
1889:
1877:
1868:
1854:
1828:
1802:
1776:
1743:
1721:
1708:978-1136786808
1707:
1687:
1665:
1643:
1602:
1580:
1558:
1545:978-1136786808
1544:
1519:
1508:on 1 July 2014
1493:
1442:
1416:
1359:
1332:
1307:
1265:
1243:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1178:
1175:
1150:
1147:
1116:relics of the
1104:
1101:
1089:Kotzebue Sound
1084:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1063:
1061:
1056:
1049:
1047:
1042:
1035:
1033:
1025:
1018:
976:
975:
970:
963:
961:
956:
949:
947:
942:
935:
933:
928:
921:
919:
914:
907:
905:
899:
892:
831:
830:
823:
816:
814:
807:
800:
798:
791:
784:
782:
775:
768:
766:
759:
752:
750:
745:
738:
603:
600:
586:
583:
582:
581:
578:
571:
569:
566:
559:
557:
554:
547:
545:
542:
535:
507:
504:
424:
421:
420:
419:
417:Kuzitrin Lake
416:
409:
407:
404:
397:
395:
392:
385:
383:
380:
373:
335:Kuzitrin River
331:Noxapaga River
321:as far as the
299:Cape Espenberg
286:
283:
254:, also called
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
171:
167:
166:
156:
152:
151:
148:
144:
143:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
86:
82:
81:
69:
68:
62:
61:
60:
59:
56:
55:
52:
44:
43:
37:
34:
33:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3467:
3456:
3455:Bering Strait
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3272:
3270:
3265:
3263:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3223:
3222:Tanana Valley
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3204:State Forests
3201:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3189:Shuyak Island
3187:
3185:
3184:Point Bridget
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3025:Chilikadrotna
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2962:Warren Island
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2917:South Baranof
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2897:Saint Lazaria
2895:
2893:
2892:Russell Fiord
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2405:
2403:
2398:
2396:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2349:
2343:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2310:
2304:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2221:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2161:
2155:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2087:
2083:
2082:"Wildflowers"
2077:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1931:
1927:
1926:"The Ice Age"
1921:
1911:
1902:
1893:
1886:
1881:
1872:
1864:
1858:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1731:
1725:
1710:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1691:
1675:
1669:
1653:
1647:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1590:
1584:
1568:
1562:
1547:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1464:(7615): 138.
1463:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1446:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1347:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1317:
1311:
1292:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1253:
1247:
1240:
1223:
1217:
1215:
1210:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1191:Alaska portal
1181:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1142:
1138:
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3369:Oregon Caves
3298:
3238:
3194:Wood-Tikchik
3179:Kachemak Bay
3010:Beaver Creek
2937:Tebenkof Bay
2922:South Etolin
2862:Misty Fjords
2832:Kobuk Valley
2802:Hazy Islands
2574:
2552:Misty Fjords
2470:Kobuk Valley
2465:Kenai Fjords
2352:. Retrieved
2342:
2330:. Retrieved
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2317:
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2283:
2279:
2267:. Retrieved
2263:the original
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1630:the original
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1506:the original
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1256:. Retrieved
1246:
1229:. Retrieved
1155:Jimmy Carter
1152:
1135:Pinnel River
1127:
1114:
1086:
1077:
977:
870:ribbon seals
866:Arctic foxes
846:Reindeer Act
841:
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315:Ikpek Lagoon
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208:
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26:
3329:Glacier Bay
3309:Big Thicket
3304:Big Cypress
3151:State Parks
3015:Birch Creek
2837:Kootznoowoo
2817:Karta River
2797:Glacier Bay
2767:Chuck River
2678:Yukon Flats
2673:Yukon Delta
2455:Glacier Bay
2354:22 February
2332:4 September
2210:25 February
2184:24 February
2144:25 February
2118:24 February
2092:24 February
2066:24 February
2040:24 February
2014:24 February
1988:24 February
1962:24 February
1936:24 February
1847:25 February
1821:25 February
1795:25 February
1769:25 February
1044:Ribbon Seal
930:Arctic Tern
862:brown bears
854:polar bears
693:Polytrichum
681:Aulacomnium
669:Umbilicaria
624:dwarf birch
612:cottongrass
529:Imuruk Lake
350:snowmobiles
346:bush planes
339:Mount Boyan
303:Chukchi Sea
248:Bering Seas
237:Pleistocene
134: /
110:Coordinates
3409:Categories
3344:Lake Clark
3105:Unalakleet
3000:Andreafsky
2852:Lake Clark
2752:Bering Sea
2742:Andreafsky
2475:Lake Clark
2327:muskoxfarm
2286:, part 2.
1915:Francisco.
1736:14 January
1714:14 January
1680:14 January
1658:14 January
1573:14 January
1551:14 January
1512:14 January
1325:14 January
1300:14 January
1205:References
980:anadromous
874:wolverines
699:Rhizomnium
496:ice wedges
492:permafrost
440:blueschist
405:Cottonwood
365:, and the
307:Shishmaref
162:1978-12-01
3294:Aniakchak
3217:Southeast
3100:Tlikakila
3065:Mulchatna
3035:Fortymile
3005:Aniakchak
2542:Aniakchak
2288:BBC Earth
2200:"Weather"
2030:"Lichens"
1952:"Grasses"
1636:31 August
1595:31 August
1435:31 August
1352:31 August
1030:breaching
858:red foxes
720:monkshood
663:Xanthoria
632:crowberry
480:Espenberg
354:dog sleds
285:Geography
3379:Timucuan
3095:Tinayguk
3090:Sheenjek
2912:Simeonof
2762:Chamisso
2757:Bogoslof
2747:Becharof
2618:Becharof
2259:NBC News
1488:27510205
1429:Archived
1403:22552076
1177:See also
850:walruses
838:muskoxen
728:harebell
708:fireweed
687:Dicranum
675:Sphagnum
657:Cladonia
645:Cetraria
520:Uunaatuq
448:moraines
433:ice ages
429:Beringia
333:and the
309:and the
256:Beringia
170:Visitors
122:164°10′W
85:Location
3169:Chugach
3164:Chilkat
3085:Selawik
3075:Nowitna
3045:Ivishak
3040:Gulkana
3020:Charley
2990:Alagnak
2952:Tuxedni
2902:Selawik
2877:Nunivak
2842:Koyukuk
2812:Izembek
2701:Tongass
2696:Chugach
2658:Selawik
2653:Nowitna
2648:Koyukuk
2628:Izembek
2428:Federal
2292:Finland
2269:27 June
2238:27 June
1466:Bibcode
1411:7934123
1381:Bibcode
1258:2 April
1231:7 March
1103:History
992:sockeye
984:chinook
944:Red Fox
916:Caribou
878:beavers
834:Caribou
651:Cladina
602:Ecology
595:Inupiat
585:History
514::
512:Inupiaq
295:Deering
244:Chukchi
240:ice age
188:Website
160: (
155:Created
119:65°50′N
3364:Noatak
3354:Mojave
3339:Katmai
3319:Denali
3212:Haines
3174:Denali
3128:Steese
3080:Salmon
3070:Noatak
2995:Alatna
2957:Unimak
2942:Togiak
2907:Semidi
2872:Noatak
2822:Katmai
2807:Innoko
2777:Denali
2668:Togiak
2663:Tetlin
2643:Kodiak
2633:Kanuti
2623:Innoko
2613:Arctic
2580:Noatak
2460:Katmai
2445:Denali
2420:Alaska
2174:"Fish"
1705:
1542:
1486:
1457:Nature
1409:
1401:
1373:Nature
1225:(XLSX)
1097:Palmer
1058:Walrus
903:family
901:Muskox
608:tundra
500:pingos
467:basalt
219:. The
93:Alaska
3142:State
3055:Kobuk
3030:Delta
2827:Kenai
2638:Kenai
2538:(FWS)
2508:Sitka
1676:. NPS
1654:. NPS
1569:. NPS
1407:S2CID
1348:. NPS
1321:. NPS
1319:(PDF)
1296:. NPS
1294:(PDF)
958:Moose
524:Iyat,
444:loess
279:maars
231:with
3110:Wind
3050:John
2847:Kuiu
2556:USFS
2530:USFS
2356:2013
2334:2023
2271:2014
2240:2014
2212:2013
2186:2013
2146:2013
2120:2013
2094:2013
2068:2013
2042:2013
2016:2013
1990:2013
1964:2013
1938:2013
1849:2013
1823:2013
1797:2013
1771:2013
1738:2015
1716:2015
1703:ISBN
1682:2015
1660:2015
1638:2016
1597:2016
1575:2015
1553:2015
1540:ISBN
1514:2015
1484:PMID
1437:2016
1399:PMID
1354:2016
1327:2015
1302:2015
1260:2019
1233:2012
1171:Nome
1006:and
1000:pink
998:and
996:chum
988:coho
884:and
876:and
730:and
666:and
638:and
622:and
516:Iyat
498:and
476:maar
472:tors
246:and
229:Asia
207:The
147:Area
2418:of
2296:YLE
2294:by
1474:doi
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