156:
329:
279:
119:
228:
167:
246:, where the gudgeon pin joint of the connecting rod is within the piston itself. This avoids the crosshead, piston rod and its sealing gland, but it also makes a single-acting piston almost essential. This, in turn, has the advantage of allowing easy access to the bottom of the piston for lubricating oil, which also has an important cooling function. This avoids local overheating of the piston and rings.
20:
146:
but unusual in other engine types. Many hydraulic and pneumatic cylinders use them where it is needed to produce a force in both directions. A double-acting hydraulic cylinder has a port at each end, supplied with hydraulic fluid for both the retraction and extension of the piston. A double-acting
304:
Internal combustion engines soon switched to single-acting cylinders. This was for two reasons: as for the high-speed steam engine, the high force on each piston and its connecting rod was so great that it placed large demands upon the bearings. A single-acting piston, where the direction of the
305:
forces was consistently compressive along the connecting rod, allowed for tighter bearing clearances. Secondly the need for large valve areas to provide good gas flow, whilst requiring a small volume for the combustion chamber so as to provide good
266:. This uses both sides of the piston as working faces, the lower side of the piston acting as a piston compressor to compress the inlet charge ready for the next stroke. The piston is still considered as single-acting, as only one of these faces
188:
Where these were used for pumping mine shafts and only had to act against a load in one direction, single-acting designs remained in use for many years. The main impetus towards double-acting cylinders came when
510:
212:
became part of the piston, and there was no longer any piston rod. This was for similar reasons to the internal combustion engine, as avoiding the piston rod and its seals allowed a more effective
197:, that could be used to drive machinery via an output shaft. Compared to a single-cylinder engine, a double-acting cylinder gave a smoother power output. The high-pressure engine, as developed by
130:
is a cylinder in which the working fluid acts alternately on both sides of the piston. In order to connect the piston in a double-acting cylinder to an external mechanism, such as a
155:
185:, were single-acting. These often transmitted their force through the beam by means of chains and an "arch head", as only a tension in one direction was needed.
782:
147:
cylinder is used where an external force is not available to retract the piston or it can be used where high force is required in both directions of travel.
82:, to push the piston back in the other direction. Single-acting cylinders are found in most kinds of reciprocating engine. They are almost universal in
328:
447:
was laid up for eight months until 1938 while the engines were replaced. Even then the engines were regarded as unsatisfactory and were replaced by
1497:
693:
366:
made 2-stroke cycle double-acting (2-SCDA) diesels for marine propulsion before 1930. The first, of 7,000 hp, was fitted in the
British MV
775:
278:
1657:
259:
1530:
584:
400:
1667:
925:
118:
1563:
1336:
768:
549:
The pressure of around 30 psi (2 bar) was low by today's standard and only "high" in comparison to Watt engines.
355:, used double-acting cylinders. Gas engines require little or no compression of their charge, in comparison to petrol or
1227:
722:
678:
627:
525:
that is powered by a pressurised liquid, typically oil. It has many applications, notably in construction equipment (
236:
227:
219:
Small models and toys often use single-acting cylinders for the above reason but also to reduce manufacturing costs.
1375:
1691:
1603:
1557:
1662:
1306:
359:, and so the double-acting cylinder designs were still adequate, despite their narrow, convoluted passageways.
473:
s engines, this version was still troublesome and the boats were later re-engined with the same single-acting
1551:
950:
1538:
1326:
1676:
1394:
1366:
1250:
862:
805:
356:
1265:
1144:
619:
95:
83:
1696:
1685:
1543:
1242:
855:
362:
Double-acting cylinders have been infrequently used for internal combustion engines since, although
1470:
1402:
653:
134:, a hole must be provided in one end of the cylinder for the piston rod, and this is fitted with a
166:
78:
only. A single-acting cylinder relies on the load, springs, other cylinders, or the momentum of a
1732:
1706:
1701:
1622:
1491:
1346:
1291:
1013:
969:
530:
411:
298:
205:
160:
1509:
1270:
1737:
1711:
1609:
1483:
1450:
1331:
1033:
982:
920:
456:
31:
668:
1576:
1301:
1222:
1195:
992:
910:
820:
509:
484:
478:
440:
429:
423:
1636:
477:
16-248 V16 engines as their sister boats. Other
Electric Boat-constructed submarines of the
1321:
1260:
1121:
987:
935:
872:
825:
526:
490:
393:
371:
363:
194:
63:
39:
8:
1742:
1630:
1164:
1038:
955:
945:
647:
583:
classes. Knowledge's article considers them the P-1, P-3 & P-5 sub-types of a single
466:, with a 9-cylinder development of the H.O.R. engine. Although not as great a failure as
439:
s engines were a complete failure and were wrecked during trials before even leaving the
135:
406:
Six boats were built, with three different diesel engine designs from different makers.
352:
332:
282:
42:
are often classified by whether they are single- or double-acting, depending on how the
1126:
504:
198:
178:
107:
23:
1427:
1275:
1214:
1169:
1149:
1136:
1116:
1098:
1043:
997:
867:
810:
718:
674:
623:
348:
306:
255:
201:, used double-acting pistons and became the model for most steam engines afterwards.
67:
35:
294:
1503:
1464:
1190:
1108:
1078:
930:
643:
609:
495:
class, were also built with these 9-cylinder H.O.R. engines, but later re-engined.
1409:
1351:
1159:
1154:
1068:
1023:
448:
263:
99:
432:, or, in this case, double-acting engines were favoured for being more compact.
142:" to prevent escape of the working fluid. Double-acting cylinders are common in
1595:
1444:
1416:
1093:
915:
905:
815:
474:
340:
1726:
1383:
1356:
1255:
1174:
1010:
694:"Amazing Airplane Motor Doubles The Power", Popular Mechanics, September 1932
463:
415:
344:
314:
310:
91:
87:
71:
43:
613:
177:
normally use double-acting cylinders. However, early steam engines, such as
1584:
1341:
1088:
1073:
1028:
882:
877:
791:
559:
322:
318:
243:
174:
143:
139:
103:
347:, with one or two extremely large cylinders and powered by the burning of
1436:
1007:
977:
850:
636:
182:
131:
370:(United Baltic Co.) in 1929. The two B&W SCDA engines fitted to the
1515:
1458:
1083:
1018:
1002:
940:
897:
887:
715:
The Fleet
Submarine in the U.S. Navy: A Design and Construction History
378:
297:'s original engines, from around 1860, were double-acting and followed
290:
190:
1311:
1296:
428:. Owing to the limited space available within the submarines, either
213:
209:
642:
1200:
522:
79:
760:
313:. Lenoir's steam engine-derived cylinder was inadequate for the
1316:
1053:
419:
75:
47:
717:. London: Arms and Armour Press. pp. 48, 50, 62–63, 210.
835:
273:
249:
231:
Single-acting pistons of a typical modern diesel car engine
122:
Typical horizontal steam engine with double-acting cylinder
19:
736:
734:
731:
746:
562:
is familiar from internal combustion engines today.
26:
with one of the first single-acting power cylinders
208:, used single-acting pistons of a new design. The
1724:
708:
706:
704:
702:
696:cutaway drawing of double action aircraft engine
673:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 334–336.
16:Classification of reciprocating engine cylinders
670:A Short History of Naval and Marine Engineering
414:) 8-cylinder double-acting engines that were a
339:Extremely large gas engines were also built as
170:Single-acting oscillating-cylinder steam engine
222:
776:
699:
462:were ordered. Three of these were built by
783:
769:
489:classes, as well as the first few of the
309:, monopolised the space available in the
274:Double-acting internal combustion engines
235:In contrast to steam engines, nearly all
508:
327:
277:
250:Crankcase compression two-stroke engines
226:
165:
154:
117:
18:
1658:Glossary of steam locomotive components
262:rather than a separate supercharger or
1725:
498:
764:
752:
740:
712:
666:
608:
351:. These, particularly those built by
204:Some of the later steam engines, the
239:have used single-acting cylinders.
106:. They are also found in pumps and
13:
1510:National Museum of Scotland engine
317:and so a new design, based around
14:
1754:
790:
652:. New York: Theo Audel. pp.
649:New Catechism of the Steam Engine
422:auxiliary engines of the cruiser
1692:List of steam technology patents
513:Double-acting hydraulic cylinder
150:
113:
53:
258:, such as for motorcycles, use
1677:Murdoch's model steam carriage
1663:History of steam road vehicles
687:
660:
602:
565:
552:
543:
384:
1:
1604:Murray's Hypocycloidal Engine
596:
1327:Return connecting rod engine
536:
357:compression-ignition engines
94:) and are also used in many
7:
1251:Condensing steam locomotive
455:was still being built, the
399:was ordered as part of the
237:internal combustion engines
223:Internal combustion engines
159:Westinghouse single-acting
96:external combustion engines
84:internal combustion engines
10:
1759:
1558:"Coalbrookdale Locomotive"
620:Cambridge University Press
502:
242:Their pistons are usually
1650:
1621:
1594:
1575:
1564:"Pen-y-Darren" locomotive
1529:
1482:
1435:
1426:
1393:
1374:
1365:
1284:
1241:
1233:Single- and double-acting
1213:
1183:
1135:
1107:
1061:
1052:
968:
896:
843:
834:
798:
667:Smith, Edgar C. (2013) .
571:Alden gives these as the
533:, and civil engineering.
392:In 1935 the US submarine
1403:Newcomen Memorial Engine
410:was fitted with H.O.R. (
377:in 1937 produced 24,000
285:double-acting gas engine
206:high-speed steam engines
193:was trying to develop a
74:acts on one side of the
1707:Timeline of steam power
1702:Stationary steam engine
1585:Woolf's compound engine
1492:Soho Manufactory engine
1347:Steeple compound engine
1014:straight line mechanism
713:Alden, John D. (1979).
531:manufacturing machinery
451:engines in 1942. While
412:Hooven-Owens-Rentschler
161:high-speed steam engine
24:Atmospheric beam engine
1712:Water-returning engine
1686:Lean's Engine Reporter
1459:Chacewater Mine engine
1332:Six-column beam engine
514:
336:
286:
232:
171:
163:
128:double-acting cylinder
123:
60:single-acting cylinder
32:mechanical engineering
27:
1552:London Steam Carriage
512:
441:Mare Island Navy Yard
364:Burmeister & Wain
331:
281:
260:crankcase compression
230:
169:
158:
121:
40:reciprocating engines
22:
1498:Bradley Works engine
1322:Reciprocating engine
1145:Babcock & Wilcox
988:Centrifugal governor
527:engineering vehicles
321:and a single-acting
216:lubrication system.
195:rotative beam engine
64:reciprocating engine
1039:Sun and planet gear
743:, pp. 65, 210.
622:. pp. 63, 66.
499:Hydraulic cylinders
335:gas engine, section
179:atmospheric engines
1539:Richard Trevithick
1137:Water-tube boilers
951:Gresley conjugated
519:hydraulic cylinder
515:
505:Hydraulic cylinder
337:
325:appeared instead.
287:
256:two-stroke engines
233:
199:Richard Trevithick
172:
164:
124:
28:
1720:
1719:
1646:
1645:
1525:
1524:
1209:
1208:
1109:Fire-tube boilers
964:
963:
644:Hawkins, Nehemiah
610:Hills, Richard L.
460:-class submarines
301:in their design.
1750:
1670:fardier à vapeur
1504:Whitbread Engine
1465:Smethwick Engine
1433:
1432:
1372:
1371:
1191:Feedwater heater
1059:
1058:
841:
840:
785:
778:
771:
762:
761:
756:
750:
744:
738:
729:
728:
710:
697:
691:
685:
684:
664:
658:
657:
640:
634:
633:
615:Power from Steam
606:
590:
569:
563:
556:
550:
547:
521:is a mechanical
472:
438:
100:Stirling engines
1758:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1642:
1617:
1590:
1571:
1521:
1478:
1422:
1410:Fairbottom Bobs
1395:Newcomen engine
1389:
1361:
1307:Expansion valve
1280:
1266:Watt's separate
1237:
1205:
1179:
1131:
1103:
1048:
1024:Parallel motion
960:
911:Stephenson link
892:
830:
799:Operating cycle
794:
789:
759:
751:
747:
739:
732:
725:
711:
700:
692:
688:
681:
665:
661:
641:
637:
630:
607:
603:
599:
594:
593:
570:
566:
557:
553:
548:
544:
539:
507:
501:
470:
449:Fairbanks-Morse
436:
418:version of the
390:
374:Stirling Castle
341:blowing engines
276:
264:scavenge blower
252:
225:
153:
116:
56:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1756:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1733:Piston engines
1718:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1674:
1660:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1634:
1627:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1607:
1600:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1581:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1535:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1488:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1448:
1445:Kinneil Engine
1441:
1439:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1417:Elsecar Engine
1414:
1406:
1399:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1378:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1337:Steeple engine
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1247:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1219:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1196:Feedwater pump
1193:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1141:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1113:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1065:
1063:
1062:Simple boilers
1056:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1044:Watt's linkage
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1005:
1000:
995:
993:Connecting rod
990:
985:
980:
974:
972:
966:
965:
962:
961:
959:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
902:
900:
894:
893:
891:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
859:
858:
847:
845:
838:
832:
831:
829:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
802:
800:
796:
795:
788:
787:
780:
773:
765:
758:
757:
755:, p. 210.
745:
730:
723:
698:
686:
679:
659:
635:
628:
600:
598:
595:
592:
591:
564:
551:
541:
540:
538:
535:
503:Main article:
500:
497:
475:General Motors
430:opposed-piston
389:
383:
345:blast furnaces
275:
272:
251:
248:
224:
221:
152:
149:
115:
112:
108:hydraulic rams
92:diesel engines
55:
52:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1755:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1738:Steam engines
1736:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
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1687:
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1675:
1672:
1671:
1666:
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1626:
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1612:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1545:Puffing Devil
1542:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1531:High-pressure
1528:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1484:Rotative beam
1481:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1384:Savery Engine
1382:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1357:Working fluid
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
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1303:
1300:
1298:
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1289:
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1283:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1034:Rotative beam
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:hypocycloidal
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
975:
973:
971:
967:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
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922:
919:
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909:
907:
904:
903:
901:
899:
895:
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876:
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871:
869:
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861:
857:
854:
853:
852:
849:
848:
846:
842:
839:
837:
833:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
803:
801:
797:
793:
792:Steam engines
786:
781:
779:
774:
772:
767:
766:
763:
754:
749:
742:
737:
735:
726:
724:0-85368-203-8
720:
716:
709:
707:
705:
703:
695:
690:
682:
680:9781107672932
676:
672:
671:
663:
655:
651:
650:
645:
639:
631:
629:0-521-45834-X
625:
621:
617:
616:
611:
605:
601:
588:
587:
582:
578:
574:
568:
561:
555:
546:
542:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
511:
506:
496:
494:
493:
488:
487:
482:
481:
476:
469:
465:
464:Electric Boat
461:
459:
454:
450:
446:
442:
435:
431:
427:
426:
421:
417:
416:licence-built
413:
409:
405:
403:
398:
397:
388:
382:
380:
376:
375:
369:
365:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
334:
330:
326:
324:
320:
319:poppet valves
316:
315:petrol engine
312:
311:cylinder head
308:
302:
300:
299:steam engines
296:
292:
284:
280:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
254:Small petrol
247:
245:
244:trunk pistons
240:
238:
229:
220:
217:
215:
211:
207:
202:
200:
196:
192:
186:
184:
180:
176:
175:Steam engines
168:
162:
157:
151:Steam engines
148:
145:
144:steam engines
141:
137:
133:
129:
120:
114:Double-acting
111:
109:
105:
104:steam engines
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
72:working fluid
70:in which the
69:
65:
61:
54:Single-acting
51:
49:
45:
44:working fluid
41:
37:
33:
25:
21:
1697:Modern steam
1684:
1669:
1631:Porter-Allen
1610:
1544:
1471:
1451:
1408:
1342:Safety valve
1271:"Pickle-pot"
1232:
1165:Thimble tube
753:Alden (1979)
748:
741:Alden (1979)
714:
689:
669:
662:
648:
638:
614:
604:
585:
580:
576:
572:
567:
560:trunk piston
554:
545:
518:
516:
491:
485:
479:
467:
457:
452:
444:
433:
424:
407:
401:
395:
391:
386:
373:
367:
361:
338:
323:trunk piston
303:
288:
267:
253:
241:
234:
218:
203:
187:
183:beam engines
173:
140:stuffing box
127:
125:
59:
57:
46:acts on the
29:
1428:Watt engine
1228:Oscillating
1184:Boiler feed
1029:Plate chain
1008:Tusi couple
921:Walschaerts
806:Atmospheric
349:furnace gas
307:compression
291:gas engines
289:Some early
132:crank shaft
1743:Hydraulics
1727:Categories
1637:Ljungström
1623:High-speed
1516:Lap Engine
1472:Resolution
1376:Precursors
1261:Kirchweger
1223:Locomotive
1170:Three-drum
1150:Field-tube
1117:Locomotive
1099:Lancashire
1019:Link chain
1003:Crankshaft
970:Mechanisms
898:Valve gear
597:References
293:, such as
191:James Watt
1668:Cugnot's
1611:Salamanca
1312:Hydrolock
1297:Crosshead
1243:Condenser
1079:Egg-ended
537:Footnotes
486:Seadragon
214:crankcase
210:crosshead
181:and some
102:and some
36:cylinders
1651:See also
1577:Compound
1452:Old Bess
1292:Blowback
1215:Cylinder
1201:Injector
1160:Stirling
1155:Sentinel
1069:Haystack
983:Cataract
956:Southern
946:Caprotti
821:Compound
646:(1897).
612:(1989).
586:Porpoise
573:Porpoise
523:actuator
372:MV
268:produces
98:such as
80:flywheel
68:cylinder
1367:History
1276:Surface
1094:Cornish
1054:Boilers
936:Corliss
873:Corliss
856:D slide
826:Uniflow
816:Cornish
468:Pompano
453:Pompano
445:Pompano
434:Pompano
425:Leipzig
408:Pompano
396:Pompano
387:Pompano
368:Amerika
353:Körting
333:Körting
283:Körting
270:power.
1679:(1784)
1673:(1769)
1639:(1908)
1633:(1862)
1614:(1812)
1606:(1805)
1596:Murray
1587:(1803)
1566:(1804)
1560:(1803)
1554:(1803)
1548:(1801)
1518:(1788)
1512:(1786)
1506:(1785)
1500:(1783)
1494:(1782)
1475:(1781)
1467:(1779)
1461:(1778)
1455:(1777)
1447:(1768)
1419:(1795)
1413:(1760)
1405:(1725)
1386:(1698)
1352:Stroke
1317:Piston
1302:Cutoff
1175:Yarrow
1127:Launch
1122:Scotch
883:Sleeve
878:Poppet
863:Piston
844:Valves
836:Valves
721:
677:
626:
458:Salmon
381:each.
295:Lenoir
88:petrol
86:(e.g.
76:piston
48:piston
34:, the
1285:Other
1089:Flued
1074:Wagon
998:Crank
941:Lentz
931:Baker
926:Allan
851:Slide
656:–113.
589:class
581:Perch
577:Shark
558:This
480:Sargo
471:'
437:'
404:class
402:Perch
136:gland
66:is a
62:in a
1437:Beam
978:Beam
888:Bash
868:Drop
811:Watt
719:ISBN
675:ISBN
624:ISBN
579:and
492:Gato
483:and
394:USS
385:USS
343:for
138:or "
90:and
1256:Jet
1084:Box
916:Joy
906:Gab
654:110
529:),
420:MAN
38:of
30:In
1729::
733:^
701:^
618:.
575:,
517:A
443:.
379:hp
126:A
110:.
58:A
50:.
784:e
777:t
770:v
727:.
683:.
632:.
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