2447:
4845:
4927:
300:
290:
284:
217:
3067:
2653:
5647:
2707:(ICC) stated that fair, unbiased elections were not possible, reporting that neither South nor North Vietnam had honored the armistice agreement: "The elections were not held. South Vietnam, which had not signed the Geneva Accords, did not believe the Communists in North Vietnam would allow a fair election. In January 1957, the ICC agreed with this perception, reporting that neither South nor North Vietnam had honored the armistice agreement. With the French gone, a return to the traditional power struggle between north and south had begun again."
5571:. One of them was designated as a nationwide civilian broadcast, another was for military service and the other two stations included a French-language broadcast station and foreign language station broadcasting in Chinese, English, Khmer and Thai. Radio Vietnam started its operation in 1955 under then President Ngo Dinh Diem, and ceased operation on 30 April 1975, with the broadcast of surrender by Duong Van Minh. The radio stations across the former South were later reused by the communist regime to broadcast their state-run radio service.
3037:. The South Vietnamese unsuccessfully attempted a defence and counterattack but had few reserve forces, as well as a shortage of spare parts and ammunition. As a consequence, Thiệu ordered a withdrawal of key army units from the Central Highlands, which exacerbated an already perilous military situation and undermined the confidence of the ARVN soldiers in their leadership. The retreat became a rout exacerbated by poor planning and conflicting orders from Thiệu. PAVN forces also attacked south and from sanctuaries in Laos and Cambodia
2696:. Diệm was credited with 98 percent of the votes. In many districts, there were more votes to remove Bảo Đại than there were registered voters (e.g., in Saigon, 133% of the registered population reportedly voted to remove Bảo Đại). His American advisors had recommended a more modest winning margin of "60 to 70 percent". Diệm, however, viewed the election as a test of authority. On 26 October 1955, Diệm declared himself the president of the newly proclaimed Republic of Vietnam. The French, who needed troops to fight in
60:
203:
1042:
5272:
5633:
1992:
5426:
5551:
1156:
5281:
2792:
3658:
5217:
5501:
5549:
1067:
6853:
6798:
3261:
system of government to a semi-presidential system. Military rule initially failed to provide much stability however, as internal conflicts and political inexperience caused various factions of the army to launch coups and counter-coups against one another, making leadership very tumultuous. The situation within the ranks of the military stabilised in mid-1965 when the
5552:
5239:. Electrical production increased fourteen-fold between 1954 and 1973 while industrial output increase by an average of 6.9 percent annually. During the same period, rice output increased by 203 percent and the number of students in university increased from 2,000 to 90,000. US aid peaked at $ 2.3 billion in 1973, but dropped to $ 1.1 billion in 1974.
2504:) while Cochinchina (Nam Kỳ) was under a French governor (thống đốc), but the difference from the other parts with most indigenous intelligentsia and wealthy were naturalized French (Tourane now Đà Nẵng in the central third of Vietnam also enjoyed this privilege because this city was also a concession). The northern third of Vietnam (then the
4972:(abbreviated NLF but also known as the Việt Cộng), which initiated an organized and widespread guerrilla insurgency against the South Vietnamese government. Hanoi directed the insurgency, which grew in intensity. The United States, under President Eisenhower, initially sent military advisers to train the South Vietnamese Army. As historian
5541:
3246:, for instance, Diệm was credited with 133% of the vote. Diệm proclaimed himself the president of the newly formed Republic of Vietnam. Despite successes in politics, economics and social change in the first 5 years, Diệm quickly became a dictatorial leader. With the support of the United States government and the
6105:
in the North – it was only to be expected that voters would vote, out of fear of reprisals, in favour of the authorities under whom they found themselves; that the ICC had no hope of ensuring a truly free election at that time has been admitted since by the chief sponsor of the Final
Declaration, Lord Avon."
4939:, who proposed that Vietnam eventually be united by elections under the supervision of "local commissions". The United States countered with what became known as the "American Plan", with the support of South Vietnam and the United Kingdom. It provided for unification elections under the supervision of the
2970:. As the Việt Cộng's top commander, Trà participated in several of these meetings. A plan to improve logistics was prepared so that the PAVN would be able to launch a massive invasion of the South, projected for 1976. A gas pipeline would be built from North Vietnam to the Việt Cộng provisional capital in
6104:
Duncanson, Dennis J. Government and
Revolution in Vietnam. New York: Oxford University Press, 1968. tr 223: "In the circumstances prevailing in 1955 and 1956 – anarchy of the Sects and of the retiring Việt Minh in the South, terror campaign of the land reform and resultant peasant uprising round Vinh
5195:
programs with approximately one and one-half million troops in uniform. The lack of sufficient training and dependence on the U.S. for spare parts, fuel, and ammunition caused maintenance and logistical problems. The impact of the 1973 oil crisis, a faltering economy, inflation and reduced US aid led
2997:
After two clashes that left 55 South
Vietnamese soldiers dead, President Thiệu announced on 4 January 1974 that the war had restarted and that the Paris Peace Accord was no longer in effect. There were over 25,000 South Vietnamese casualties during the ceasefire period. The same month, China attacked
5486:
Cultural life was strongly influenced by China until French domination in the 18th century. At that time, the traditional culture began to acquire an overlay of
Western characteristics. Many families had three generations living under one roof. The emerging South Vietnamese middle class and youth in
4934:
The Geneva
Accords promised elections in 1956 to determine a national government for a united Vietnam. Neither the United States government nor Ngô Đình Diệm's State of Vietnam signed anything at the 1954 Geneva Conference. With respect to the question of reunification, the non-communist Vietnamese
3280:
from power. Often praising aspects of
Western culture in public, Ky was supported by the United States and its allied nations, though doubts began to circulate among Western officials by 1966 on whether or not Ky could maintain stability in South Vietnam. A repressive leader, Ky was greatly despised
2993:
caused significant damage to the South
Vietnamese economy. A spokesman for Thiệu admitted in a TV interview that the government was being "overwhelmed" by the inflation caused by the oil shock, while an American businessman living in Saigon stated after the oil shock that attempting to make money in
2714:
restricting rice farm sizes to a maximum of 247 acres per landowner with the excess land to be sold to landless peasants. More than 1.8m acres of farm land would become available for purchase, the US would pay the landowners and receive payment from the purchasers over a six-year period. Land reform
2672:
In July 1955, Diệm announced in a broadcast that South
Vietnam would not participate in the elections specified in the Geneva Accords. As Saigon's delegation did not sign the Geneva Accords, it was not bound by it, despite having been part of the French Union, which was itself bound by the Accords.
4976:
summed up the situation: "Strategic hamlets had failed…. The South
Vietnamese regime was incapable of winning the peasantry because of its class base among landlords. Indeed, there was no longer a 'regime' in the sense of a relatively stable political alliance and functioning bureaucracy. Instead,
3260:
In 1965, the feuding civilian government voluntarily resigned and handed power back to the nation's military, in the hope this would bring stability and unity to the nation. An elected constituent assembly including representatives of all the branches of the military decided to switch the nation's
3021:
to test the South
Vietnamese combat strength and political will and whether the US would respond militarily. With no US military assistance forthcoming, the ARVN were unable to hold and the PAVN successfully captured many of the districts around the provincial capital of Phuoc Long, weakening ARVN
5345:
maintained a strong presence in South Vietnam where it was used in administration, education (especially at the secondary and higher levels), trade and diplomacy. The ruling elite of South Vietnam spoke French. With US involvement in the Vietnam War, English was also later introduced to the armed
3094:
as his successor. After only one week in office, the South Vietnamese national assembly voted to hand over the presidency to General Dương Văn Minh. Minh was seen as a more conciliatory figure toward the North, and it was hoped he might be able to negotiate a more favourable settlement to end the
4405:, Act 001/69 became effective which abolished the offices of government's representative and assistant government's representative, this was later followed on 12 May 1969 with Decree 544 – NĐ/ThT/QTCS which completely abolished the civil administration in Trung nguyên Trung phần in favour of the
5165:
Their roles were defined as follows: to protect the sovereignty of the free Vietnamese nation and that of the Republic; to maintain the political and social order and the rule of law by providing internal security; to defend the newly independent Republic of Vietnam from external (and internal)
4894:
During its existence, South Vietnam had diplomatic relations with Australia, Brazil, Cambodia (until 1963 and then from 1970), Canada, the Republic of China, France, Indonesia (until 1964), Iran, Japan, Laos, New Zealand, the Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, the Republic of Korea, Spain,
2745:
By 1960 the land reform process had stalled. Diệm had never truly supported reform because many of his biggest supporters were the country's largest landowners. While the US threatened to cut aid unless land reform and other changes were made, Diệm correctly assessed that the US was bluffing.
6719:
The elections were not held. South Vietnam, which had not signed the Geneva Accords, did not believe the Communists in North Vietnam would allow a fair election. In January 1957, the International Control Commission (ICC), comprising observers from India, Poland, and Canada, agreed with this
2904:
failed to spark a national uprising and was militarily disastrous. By bringing the war to South Vietnam's cities, however, and by demonstrating the continued strength of communist forces, it marked a turning point in US support for the government in South Vietnam. The new administration of
2876:
Kỳ and Thieu functioned in those roles until 1967, bringing much-desired stability to the government. They imposed censorship and suspended civil liberties, and intensified anticommunist efforts. Under pressure from the US, they held elections for president and the legislature in 1967. The
265:
3048:, but the US Senate would not release extra money to provide aid to South Vietnam, and had already passed laws to prevent further involvement in Vietnam. In desperation, Thiệu recalled Kỳ from retirement as a military commander, but resisted calls to name his old rival prime minister.
5550:
3346:
unopposed in 1971, receiving a suspiciously high 94% of the vote on an 87% turn-out. Thieu ruled until the final days of the war, resigning on 21 April 1975. Vice-president Trần Văn Hương assumed power for a week, but on 27 April the Parliament and Senate voted to transfer power to
267:
2614:
and State of Vietnam would rule the territory south of the 17th parallel, pending unification on the basis of supervised elections in 1956. At the time of the conference, it was expected that the South would continue to be a French dependency. However, South Vietnamese Premier
299:
2623:
due to a fear of religious persecution in the North. About 90,000 Việt Minh were evacuated to the North while 5,000 to 10,000 cadre remained in the South, most of them with orders to refocus on political activity and agitation. The Saigon-Cholon Peace Committee, the first
5002:
and the war was largely taken over by regular army units of North Vietnam. Following American withdrawal from the war in 1973, the South Vietnamese government continued fighting the North Vietnamese, until, overwhelmed by a conventional invasion by the North, it finally
5579:
Television was introduced to South Vietnam on 7 February 1966 with a black-and-white FCC system. Covering major cities in South Vietnam, started with a one-hour broadcast per day then increased to six hours in the evening during the 1970s. There were two main channels:
2965:
North Vietnamese leaders had expected that the ceasefire terms would favour their side. As Saigon began to roll back the Việt Cộng, they found it necessary to adopt a new strategy, hammered out at a series of meetings in Hanoi in March 1973, according to the memoirs of
4947:
wrote in 1954 that "I have never talked or corresponded with a person knowledgeable in Indochinese affairs who did not agree that had elections been held as of the time of the fighting, possibly eighty percent of the population would have voted for the Communist
2769:
Many feel that is unable to rally the people in the fight against the Communists because of his reliance on virtual one-man rule, his tolerance of corruption extending even to his immediate entourage, and his refusal to relax a rigid system of public
4393:
the Central Government's Representatives in the Trung phần region were gradually replaced by the control of the Tactical zone's Commanders (Tư lệnh Vùng Chiến thuật), which replaced a civil administration with a military one. However, following the
2524:, was the nominal ruler of Annam and Tonkin, which had parallel French and Vietnamese systems of administration, but his influence was less in Tonkin than in Annam. Cochinchina had been annexed by France in 1862 and even elected a deputy to the
2729:
Diệm attempted to stabilise South Vietnam by defending against Việt Cộng activities. He launched an anti-communist denunciation campaign (Tố Cộng) against the Việt Cộng and military campaigns against three powerful group – the
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7189:
6404:
3375:, in a report in 1973, estimated the number of South Vietnam's civilian prisoners ranging from 35,257 (as confirmed by Saigon) to 200,000 or more. Among them, approximately 22,000–41,000 were accounted "communist" political prisoners.
3241:
or become a republic. This referendum was blatantly rigged in favor of a republic. Not only did an implausible 98% vote in favor of deposing Bảo Đại, but over 380,000 more votes were cast than the total number of registered voters; in
3110:
of US government personnel as well as high-ranking members of the ARVN and other South Vietnamese who were seen as potential targets for persecution by the Communists. Many of the evacuees were taken directly by helicopter to multiple
5019:, which had been proclaimed in June 1969 by the NLF, became the nominal government. The North Vietnamese quickly moved to marginalise non-communist members of the PRG and integrate South Vietnam into the communist North. The unified
3013:
voted to reduce assistance to South Vietnam from $ 1 billion a year to $ 700 million. By this time, the Ho Chi Minh trail, once an arduous mountain trek, had been upgraded into a drivable highway with gasoline stations.
5243:
rose to 200 percent as the country suffered economic shock due to the decrease of American aid as well as the oil price shock of October 1973. The unification of Vietnam in 1976 was followed by the imposition of North Vietnam's
4952:
as their leader rather than Chief of State Bảo Đại. Indeed, the lack of leadership and drive on the part of Bảo Đại was a factor in the feeling prevalent among Vietnamese that they had nothing to fight for." According to the
100:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
2994:
South Vietnam was "like making love to a corpse". One consequence of the inflation was the South Vietnamese government had increasing difficulty in paying its soldiers and imposed restrictions on fuel and munition usage.
2916:
On 26 March 1970 the government began to implement the Land-to-the-Tiller program of land reform with the US providing US$ 339m of the program's US$ 441m cost. Individual landholdings were limited to 15 hectares.
2619:, who preferred American sponsorship to French, rejected the agreement. When Vietnam was divided, 800,000 to 1 million North Vietnamese, mainly (but not exclusively) Roman Catholics, sailed south as part of
264:
2307:
in South Vietnam. What started as a guerrilla war eventually turned into a more conventional fight as the balance of power became equalized. An even larger, armored invasion from the North commenced during the
6280:
4977:
civil government and military operations had virtually ceased. The National Liberation Front had made great progress and was close to declaring provisional revolutionary governments in large areas." President
2410:("Great South"). In 1945, the nation's official name was changed back to "Vietnam". The name is also sometimes rendered as "Viet Nam" in English. The term "South Vietnam" became common usage in 1954, when the
7302:
Hoang, Tuan (2023). "The August Revolution, the Fall of Saigon, and Postwar Reeducation Camps: Understanding Vietnamese Diasporic Anticommunism". In Ho Peché, Linda; Vo, Alex-Thai Dinh; Vu, Tuong (eds.).
5257:
found that South Vietnamese economic planners sought to model the South Vietnamese economy on Taiwan and South Korea, which were perceived as successful examples of how to modernize developing economies.
3533:
was the top leader of the last of the military regimes in 1965–1967 before a US-backed civilian government was instituted, following a new constitution and elections in 1967, with Thieu elected president.
5587:-TV (Truyền hình Việt Nam-TV) on Channel 9, featuring Vietnamese-language shows, news, and special announcements from Saigon. This entirely Vietnamese language channel catered to the Vietnamese populace.
6720:
perception, reporting that neither South nor North Vietnam had honored the armistice agreement. With the French gone, a return to the traditional power struggle between north and south had begun again.
4957:, however, from 1954 to 1956 "Ngô Đình Diệm really did accomplish miracles" in South Vietnam: "It is almost certain that by 1956 the proportion which might have voted for Ho—in a free election against
2853:
of 2 August 1964 led to a dramatic increase in direct American participation in the war, with nearly 200,000 troops deployed by the end of the year. Khánh sought to capitalize on the crisis with the
7021:
3442:). This "pre-Vietnam" government prepared for a unified Vietnamese state, but the country's full reunification was delayed for a year because of the problems posed by Cochinchina's legal status.
2753:
reported that "one-half of the entire rural region south and southwest of Saigon, as well as some areas to the north, are under considerable Communist control. Some of these areas are in effect
6412:
2677:
described the circumstances prevailing in 1955 and 1956 as "anarchy among sects and of the retiring Việt Minh in the South, the 1956 campaign of terror from Hanoi's land reform and resultant
3257:
in a January 1964 coup. Until late 1965, multiple coups and changes of government occurred, with some civilians being allowed to give a semblance of civil rule overseen by a military junta.
2857:, a new constitution that would have curtailed civil liberties and concentrated his power, but was forced to back down in the face of widespread protests and strikes. Coup attempts followed
7560:
5016:
3552:
3130:
3124:
2332:
2129:
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42:
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on 23 October 1955 to determine the future of the country. He asked voters to approve a republic, thus removing Bảo Đại as head of state. The poll was supervised by his younger brother,
2703:
The Geneva Accords promised elections in 1956 to determine a national government for a united Vietnam. In 1957, independent observers from India, Poland, and Canada representing the
4981:
increased the size of the advisory force fourfold and allowed the advisers to participate in combat operations, and later acquiesced in the removal of President Diệm in a military
5079:
4378:
The offices of appointed representative and assistant representative of the central government were created for the region of Trung phần, the main representative had an office in
4130:
8029:
8009:
5487:
the 1960s became increasingly more Westernised, and followed American cultural and social trends, especially in music, fashion and social attitudes in major cities like Saigon.
5357:
Starting from 1955, the South Vietnamese government of Ngô Đình Diệm carried out an assimilation policy towards indigenous peoples (Montagnard) of the Central Highlands and the
2718:
The North Vietnamese Communist Party approved a "people's war" on the South at a session in January 1959 and this decision was confirmed by the Politburo in March. In May 1959,
6750:
3022:
resistance in stronghold areas. President Thiệu later abandoned Phuoc Long in early January 1975. As a result, Phuoc Long was the first provincial capital to fall to the PAVN.
2913:
to reduce US combat involvement and began negotiations with the North Vietnamese to end the war. Thiệu used the aftermath of the Tet Offensive to sideline Kỳ, his chief rival.
2757:
not immediately backed by substantial armed force. The Việt Cộng's strength encircles Saigon and has recently begun to move closer in the city." The report, later excerpted in
6995:
8172:
8034:
3879:
266:
5950:
4973:
6264:
5191:
At the time of signing of the Paris Peace Accords, the South Vietnamese government fielded the fourth largest military force in the world as a result of the American
3230:. He was unpopular however, largely because monarchical leaders were considered collaborators during French rule and because he had spent his reign absent in France.
6604:
2962:
signed on 27 January 1973, US military forces withdrew from South Vietnam at the end of March 1973 while PAVN forces in the South were permitted to remain in place.
2208:, it abandoned its claims to the northern, Việt Minh-controlled part of the country, and established its sovereignty over the southern half of Vietnam consisting of
6382:
803:
6597:"Significant Collections > Fonds of the Tòa Đại Biểu Chánh Phủ Tại Trung Nguyên Trung Phần or the Office of the Government's Representative in Central Midlands"
6558:
6352:
5059:
6717:
Woodruff, Mark (2005). Unheralded Victory: The Defeat of The Viet Cong and The North Vietnamese. Arlington, Virginia: Presidio Press. ISBN 0-8914-1866-0. P.6: "
216:
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3299:
3371:
The South Vietnamese government was regularly accused of holding a large number of political prisoners, the exact number of which was a source of contention.
3041:
and advanced southwards. As the military situation deteriorated, ARVN troops began deserting. By early April, the PAVN had overrun almost 3/5th of the South.
2726:, at this time a six-month mountain trek through Laos. About 500 of the "regroupees" of 1954 were sent south on the trail during its first year of operation.
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4219:
2674:
5169:
The French ceased training the QLVNCH in 1956 and training passed to American advisers who progressively restructured the military along US military lines.
3213:
2446:
7281:
Gadkar-Wilcox, Wynn (2023). "Universities and Intellectual Culture in the Republic of Vietnam". In Ho Peché, Linda; Vo, Alex-Thai Dinh; Vu, Tuong (eds.).
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as the figurehead chief of state. As Prime Minister, Kỳ consolidated control of the South Vietnamese government and ruled the country with an iron fist.
3250:, ARVN officers led by General Dương Văn Minh staged a coup and killed him in 1963. The military held a brief interim military government until General
5378:
4969:
6317:
5819:
2512:(Bắc Kỳ) was under a French resident general (thống sứ). Between Tonkin in the north and Cochinchina in the south was the protectorate (xứ bảo hộ) of
7261:
3193:
2981:
implied that the US would intervene militarily if the communist side violated the ceasefire. Public reaction was unfavorable, and on 4 June 1973 the
4371:
enacted a reform of the administrative divisions system of the Republic of Vietnam in the form of Decree 147a/NV. This decree divided the region of
103:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
5369:. This resulted in increasing nationalism and support for independence among the Cham and other indigenous peoples. Some Cham joined the communist
6519:
5377:. By 1964, civil rights activists and independent organizations of the indigenous peoples, including Cham organizations, had been merged into the
5039:
4965:(ICC) stated that fair, unbiased elections were not possible, reporting that neither South nor North Vietnam had honored the armistice agreement.
788:
8957:
7416:
5561:
8253:
5544:
Radio Vietnam broadcast hours cards, denoting times and frequencies of radio broadcasts in 1960 and 1962. Address: 3 Phan Dinh Phung St., Saigon
8997:
8235:
7830:
7167:. Sixth "Engaging with Vietnam – An Interdisciplinary Dialogue" Conference (Frontiers and Peripheries: Vietnam Deconstructed and Reconnected).
6156:
5235:. The economy was greatly assisted by American aid and the presence of large numbers of Americans in the country between 1961 and 1973 during
2545:
8987:
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6882:
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in Quang's hometown of Da Nang. The uprising was unsuccessful and Ky's repressive stance towards the nation's Buddhist population continued.
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in public schools, seizing indigenous lands and granting them to mostly Catholic Northern Kinh people who had moved to South Vietnam during
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of the popular vote. Thieu quickly consolidated power much to the dismay of those who hoped for an era of more political openness. He was
3334:) and South Vietnam held its first elections under the new system. The military nominated Nguyễn Văn Thiệu as their candidate, and he was
2715:
was regarded by the US as a crucial step to build support for the nascent South Vietnamese government and undermine communist propaganda.
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3153:. South Vietnam's time zone was one hour ahead of North Vietnam, belonging to the UTC+8 time zone with the same time as the Philippines,
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and other communist nations recognised the DRV while the United States and other non-communist states recognised the Bảo Đại government.
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to the southwest. Its sovereignty was recognized by the United States and 87 other nations, though it failed to gain admission into the
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8703:
5370:
5063:
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2319:, concluded in January 1973 after five years of on-and-off negotiations, fighting continued almost immediately afterwards. The regular
5983:
3463:). Internationally recognized in 1950. Roughly 60 percent of Vietnamese territory was actually physically controlled by the communist
2833:
Diệm's removal and assassination set off a period of political instability and declining legitimacy of the Saigon government. General
7165:
Nationalism, Decolonization, and Tradition: The Promotion of Confucianism in South Vietnam 1955–1975 and the Role of Nguyễn Đăng Thục
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delegation objected strenuously to any division of Vietnam, but lost out when the French accepted the proposal of Viet Minh delegate
3434:
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2233:
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6973:"Imagining Taiwan: The Nixon Administration, the Developmental States, and South Vietnam's Search for Economic Viability, 1969–1975"
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4961:—would have been much smaller than eighty percent." In 1957, independent observers from India, Poland, and Canada representing the
4907:
During its existence, South Vietnam had a close, strategic alliance with the United States and served as a major counterbalance to
4444:
5566:
7797:
7150:
Reestablishment of Human Nature and Social Morality: A Study of the Anniversary of Confucius' Birthday in South Vietnam 1955–1975
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decided to send in much larger numbers of combat troops, and conflict steadily escalated to become what is commonly known as the
2849:
was named head of state, but power remained with a junta of generals led by Khánh, which soon fell to infighting. Meanwhile, the
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2572:, while a British-led force occupied the south in September. The British-led force facilitated the return of French forces who
1942:
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Throughout its history South Vietnam had many reforms enacted that affected the organisation of its administrative divisions.
3947:
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He also claimed the communist government in the North created conditions that made a fair election impossible in that region.
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5136:, the armed forces of the new state consisted in the mid-1950s of ground, air, and naval branches of service, respectively:
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was the official language and was spoken by the majority of the population. Despite the end of French colonial rule, the
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Vietnamese Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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3405:(1946–1954), allowed France to evade a promise to recognise Vietnam as independent. The government was renamed in 1947
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In June 1965, Kỳ's influence over the ruling military government was solidified when he forced civilian prime minister
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Vietnamese and the French government on 14 June 1949. Former emperor Bảo Đại accepted the position of chief of state (
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Unheralded Victory: The Defeat Of The Viet Cong And The North Vietnamese ... – Mark William Woodruff – Google Books
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who was the nation's last president and who unconditionally surrendered to the Communist forces on 30 April 1975.
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in February/March 1971 and were defeated by the PAVN in what was widely regarded as a setback for Vietnamization.
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took place on 3 September 1967, Thiệu was elected president with 34% of the vote in a widely criticised poll. The
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following US ground-forces withdrawal, and had nearly overrun some major southern cities until being beaten back.
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5597:, catered to US troops in South Vietnam. Broadcasting entirely in English, it relayed popular US-made shows like
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helicopter is jettisoned over the side of a carrier to provide room on the ship's deck for more evacuees to land.
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Tran, Nu-Anh (2023). "Denouncing the 'Việt Cộng': Tales of revolution and betrayal in the Republic of Vietnam".
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The Embassy of the Republic of Vietnam in Washington donated 527 reels of South Vietnamese-produced film to the
72:
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The South was divided into coastal lowlands, the mountainous Central Highlands (Cao-nguyen Trung-phan) and the
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The Enemy in Our Hands: America's Treatment of Enemy Prisoners of War from the Revolution to the War on Terror
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3502:(or Second Indochina War; 1959–1975) against the Government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in Hanoi.
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of South Vietnam in late March 1972 which was only finally repulsed by October with massive US air support.
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on 30 April 1975, marking the end of the Republic of Vietnam. On 2 July 1976, the North Vietnam-controlled
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State Succession and Membership in International Organizations: Legal Theories Versus Political Pragmatism
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Both channels used an airborne transmission relay system from airplanes flying at high altitudes, called
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forces and became a secondary diplomatic language. Languages spoken by minority groups included Chinese,
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2100:(renamed to Ho Chi Minh City in 1976), before becoming a republic in 1955. South Vietnam was bordered by
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1972:
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1952:
1937:
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1135:
5613:. It also broadcast news and special announcements from the American government and military commanders.
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2595:). This was known as the "Bảo Đại Solution". The colonial struggle in Vietnam became part of the global
2564:. In June 1946, France declared Cochinchina a republic, separate from the northern and central parts. A
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into Trung nguyên Trung phần (the Central Midlands) and Cao nguyên Trung phần (the Central Highlands).
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organised crime syndicate whose military strength combined amounted to approximately 350,000 fighters.
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7190:"A Secular State for a Religious Nation: The Republic of Vietnam and Religious Nationalism, 1946–1963"
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Throughout this period, the level of US aid and political support increased. In spite of this, a 1961
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and were increasingly sidelined by the United States, completely withdrew from Vietnam by April 1956.
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of South Vietnam was estimated to be 16,259,334. However, about one-fifth of the people who lived in
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In 1963–1965, there were numerous coups and short-lived governments, several of which were headed by
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of the Paracels in 1974 after the South Vietnamese navy attempted an assault on PRC-claimed islands.
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The Oil Kings: How the U.S., Iran, and Saudi Arabia Changed the Balance of Power in the Middle East
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about anti-communist rhetoric in South Vietnamese media and its effect on South Vietnamese society.
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South Vietnam went through many political changes during its short life. Initially, former Emperor
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on the state's future form of government was widely marred by electoral fraud and resulted in the
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during the embassy's closure following the Fall of Saigon, which are in the Library to this day.
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There were four AM and one FM radio stations, all of them owned by the government (VTVN), named
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Morale was low in South Vietnam as the PAVN advanced. A last-ditch defense was made by the ARVN
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About 1 million North Vietnamese refugees left the newly created communist North Vietnam during
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8283:
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6603:. The National Archives Center No. 4 (State Records and Archives Department of Vietnam). 2021.
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The National Assembly/House of Representatives was located in the Saigon Opera House, now the
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began on 19 December 1946, with the French regaining control of Hanoi and many other cities.
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1974 English language Voice of Vietnam (Radio Vietnam) foreign service broadcast from Saigon
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President Johnson conferring with South Vietnamese President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu in July 1968.
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The official name of the South Vietnamese state was the "Republic of Vietnam" (Vietnamese:
1576:
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5381:(FULRO), which struggled against both the governments of South Vietnam and the succeeding
4379:
4324:
3999:
3969:
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3508:(1955–1963). Once highly lauded by America, he was ousted and assassinated in a US-backed
3477:(1949–1955). Abdicated as emperor (constitutional monarch) in 1945 following surrender of
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222:
8:
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8643:
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7932:
7907:
7890:
7885:
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7770:
5947:"Maintenance Agency for ISO 3166 Country Codes – English Country Names and Code Elements"
5923:
Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History
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5338:
5228:
5125:
5101:
5027:
5012:
4704:
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2806:, due to its repression of Buddhists and military defeats by the Việt Cộng. Notably, the
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Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the
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Countries that recognized the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) as of August 7, 1958.
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McLeod, Mark W. (1999), "Indigenous Peoples and the Vietnamese Revolution, 1930–1975",
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of February 1968, when there were over a million South Vietnamese soldiers and 500,000
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2209:
1613:
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1144:
133:
8293:
7152:. International Conference in Commemorating 2565th Anniversary of Confucius' Birthday.
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Before World War II, the southern third of Vietnam was the concession (nhượng địa) of
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5124:), gathered earlier in July 1951 into the French-led Vietnamese National Army – VNA (
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2132:
in 1975. In 1976, the Republic of South Vietnam and North Vietnam merged to form the
1893:
1655:
1372:
472:
436:
115:
7355:
Cauldron of Resistance: Ngo Dinh Diem, the United States, and 1950s Southern Vietnam
4983:
3752:
3106:
During the hours leading up to the surrender, the United States undertook a massive
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1185:
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8789:
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5289:
South Vietnam population density map (left) and South Vietnamese ethnic map (right)
4908:
4738:
4088:
3759:
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Following the surrender of Saigon to North Vietnamese forces on 30 April 1975, the
3112:
2947:
2815:
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2477:
2348:
2309:
2171:
2140:
2117:
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1962:
1706:
1644:
1516:
1302:
1047:
31:
7305:
Toward a Framework for Vietnamese American Studies: History, Community, and Memory
7284:
Toward a Framework for Vietnamese American Studies: History, Community, and Memory
6011:
Vietnamese Communists' Relations with China and the Second Indochina War (1956–62)
4990:
After promising not to do so during the 1964 election campaign, in 1965 President
4152:
4066:
3277:
1873:
1322:
8757:
8633:
8566:
7880:
7863:
6942:
6523:
6093:
6009:
5843:
5768:
5646:
5397:
5342:
5133:
5117:
4978:
4943:, but was rejected by the Soviet delegation and North Vietnamese. U.S. President
4912:
4488:
4372:
3917:
3812:
3789:
3478:
3424:
3197:
3165:
2990:
2811:
2782:
2739:
2489:
2144:
2105:
2057:
1556:
1002:
408:
183:
38:
6591:
6589:
6587:
6585:
6583:
6581:
6579:
6054:, vol. 23, no. 1, Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia, 1950, p. 55,
5540:
5196:
to a steady decline in South Vietnamese military expenditure and effectiveness.
4317:
4212:
4081:
3160:
Apart from the mainland, the Republic of Vietnam also administered parts of the
1486:
8931:
8698:
7976:
6935:
6073:
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5347:
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2328:
2175:
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2109:
2065:
1996:
1977:
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1526:
896:
7376:
The Republic of Vietnam, 1955–1975: Vietnamese Perspectives on Nation Building
7244:
7205:
4968:
The failure to unify the country in 1956 led in 1959 to the foundation of the
4227:
2735:
2516:(Trung Kỳ), under a French resident superior (khâm sứ). A Vietnamese emperor,
1466:
1115:
451:
8946:
7698:
7519:
7418:
Disunion: Anticommunist Nationalism and the Making of the Republic of Vietnam
6857:
6802:
6576:
5362:
5351:
5324:
5112:– QLVNCH), was formally established on 30 December 1955. Created out from ex-
4999:
4998:. In 1968, the NLF ceased to be an effective fighting organization after the
4708:
4037:
3530:
3464:
3282:
3227:
3071:
2978:
2906:
2901:
2403:
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squadrons through 1966 and 1967. Fighting peaked up to that point during the
2260:
2147:
2101:
1682:
544:
531:
514:
500:
488:
376:
363:
345:
332:
309:
7334:
Misalliance: Ngo Dinh Diem, the United States, and the Fate of South Vietnam
5172:
The country was divided from north to south into four corps tactical zones:
4398:
the military administration was replaced back with civilian administrators.
4182:
4051:
3962:
3095:
war. The North, however, was not interested in negotiations, and its forces
2240:
in 1963, and a series of short-lived military governments followed. General
1546:
1506:
1362:
7912:
6810:
United States Army in Vietnam Advice and Support: The Early Years 1941–1960
5618:
5610:
5409:
5393:
5113:
4916:
4896:
4806:
4786:
4554:
4512:
4464:
4287:
4109:
3482:
3150:
2754:
2731:
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2541:
2385:
2268:
2125:
2093:
2073:
1853:
1843:
507:
431:
426:
30:
This article is about the former country. For its geographical region, see
7094:
6747:"Vietnam on Film and Television: Documentaries in the Library of Congress"
6263:
Sheehan, Neil; Smith, Hedrick; Kenworthy, E. W.; Butterfield, Fox (2017).
4242:
3992:
3872:
3281:
by his fellow countrymen. In early 1966, protesters influenced by popular
2548:
on 9 March 1945, Emperor Bảo Đại proclaimed Vietnam independent. When the
2425:
Other names of this state were commonly used during its existence such as
2335:
and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) merged to form the
7125:
Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social and Military History
7023:
The Role of English in Vietnam's Foreign Language Policy: A Brief History
5652:
5358:
5332:
5236:
5232:
4995:
4949:
4828:
4750:
4656:
4606:
4582:
4257:
4197:
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3311:
3133:
officially became the government of South Vietnam, which merged with the
3045:
3010:
2786:
2553:
2529:
2493:
2398:
2252:
2155:
1784:
1175:
839:
797:
782:
304:
The administrative territory of the Republic of Vietnam according to the
7102:
6991:
6237:
Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the People's Army of Vietnam
6180:
Unheralded Victory: The Defeat of The Viet Cong and The North Vietnamese
4272:
4007:
3782:
3103:
Saigon and the rest of South Vietnam to North Vietnam on 30 April 1975.
2068:
that existed from 1955 to 1975, the period when the southern portion of
7260:
Taylor, K. W. (2015). "Voices from the South". In Taylor, K. W. (ed.).
5595:
Armed Forces Radio and Television Service (now American Forces Network)
5328:
5316:
5296:
5225:
5047:
4644:
4594:
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4123:
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1206:
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122:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
7214:
3827:
2896:(PAVN) and the Việt Cộng broke the traditional truce accompanying the
2392:
2389:
5719:
5405:
5308:
5240:
5075:
5017:
Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam
4820:
4688:
4664:
4620:
4516:
3902:
3857:
3553:
Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam
3303:
3131:
Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam
3125:
Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam
2982:
2719:
2415:
2151:
1217:
43:
Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam
7481:
Between War and the State: Civil Society in South Vietnam, 1954–1975
6059:
5425:
4865: A countries that officially recognizes the Republic of Vietnam
4332:
4095:
7569:
5401:
5389:
4794:
4726:
4696:
4676:
4640:
4590:
4520:
4496:
3238:
3161:
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2552:
on 16 August 1945, Emperor Bảo Đại abdicated, and Việt Minh leader
2501:
2381:
2113:
2077:
1262:
1155:
813:
446:
6661:
6659:
2802:
The Diệm government lost support among the populace, and from the
7600:
6856:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
6801:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
5412:
as an ethical philosophy was a major influence on South Vietnam.
5271:
4895:
Thailand, the United Kingdom, the United States, the Vatican and
4802:
4778:
4770:
4762:
4758:
4712:
4680:
4660:
4652:
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4383:
3707:
3358:, while the Senate was located at 45-47 Bến Chương Dương Street (
2897:
2826:, leaving a death toll estimated to be in the hundreds. Diệm was
2791:
2628:
front, was founded in 1954 to provide leadership for this group.
2521:
2133:
2069:
1833:
1085:
461:
46:
6493:
Exploring Saigon-Cholon – Vanishing Heritage of Ho Cho Minh City
6262:
5500:
97:
6774:
Army of the Republic of Vietnam 1955–75, Men-at-arms series 458
6684:
Garden City, New Jersey. Doubleday & Company, 1963, p. 372.
6656:
6601:
Royal Woodblocks of Nguyễn Dynasty – World Documentary Heritage
5216:
4782:
4766:
4742:
4692:
4684:
4668:
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4602:
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3364:), District 1, originally the Chamber of Commerce, and now the
3243:
3154:
3087:
2509:
2505:
2485:
2283:
units to supplement the cadre of military advisors guiding the
2097:
1823:
1803:
324:
6936:
The South Vietnamese Economy During the Vietnam War, 1954–1975
3661:
Administrative divisions and military regions of South Vietnam
3545:(2nd time) (1975). Surrendered South Vietnam to North Vietnam.
3086:
from 9–21 April. Thiệu resigned on 21 April 1975, and fled to
3005:
In August 1974, Nixon was forced to resign as a result of the
8806:
5320:
5280:
4836:
4832:
4810:
4774:
4754:
4746:
4672:
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4508:
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4456:
3977:
3157:, Malaysia, Singapore, China, Taiwan] and Western Australia.
2481:
2264:
2163:
1793:
7263:
Voices from the Second Republic of South Vietnam (1967–1975)
5741:. Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army. pp. 61–63.
2271:. Larger escalation of the insurgency occurred in 1965 with
6735:(Boston/New York: The Atlantic Monthly Press, 1986), p. 88.
6318:"This Day in History 1974: Thieu announces war has resumed"
5584:
5312:
5140:
4824:
4798:
4734:
4700:
2933:
2682:
2497:
7026:. 19th Annual EA Education Conference 2006. Archived from
6266:
The Pentagon Papers: The Secret History of the Vietnam War
3247:
2631:
2544:
and occupied by Japan in September 1940. Japanese troops
2255:
occurred in 1955 with an uprising by the newly organized
2229:
45:. For the present-day Socialist Republic of Vietnam, see
6540:(in French). Paris: Éditions du Seuil. pp. 418–419.
6375:"Fall of Saigon - 1975 Year in Review - Audio - UPI.com"
5188:
and the Capital Military District in and around Saigon.
5054:(IDA), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the
5011:. North Vietnam controlled South Vietnam under military
3409:, overtly stating its aim to reunite the whole country.
37:"Republic of Vietnam" redirects here. For the successor
5976:"Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 1954–1960"
5231:
with ties to the West. It established an airline named
5060:
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
3558:
Chính phủ Cách mạng lâm thời Cộng hoà miền Nam Việt Nam
3118:
4902:
4391:
1963 United States-backed coup d'état that outsted Ngô
3606:) at 57–9 Hong Thap Tu (now 57-9 Nguyễn Thị Minh Khai)
3237:
to decide whether the State of Vietnam would remain a
2830:
on 1 November 1963 with the tacit approval of the US.
2576:
for control of the cities and towns of the south. The
2228:), a former French protectorate. Diệm was killed in a
7460:
Republican Vietnam, 1963–1975: War, Society, Diaspora
7034:
6557:. Pacific Stars and Stripes. 1 July 1968. p. 9.
5307:
to the South) lived in areas that were controlled by
3665:
South Vietnam was divided into forty-four provinces:
2606:
In July 1954, France and the Việt Minh agreed at the
2295:
airplanes, warships, and aircraft carriers joined by
6552:"Pacific Stars and Stripes MACV Orientation Edition"
5628:
3599:) at 4–6 Rue Colombert (now 4–6 Alexandre de Rhodes)
2920:
US and South Vietnamese forces launched a series of
93:
7397:
Saigon at War: South Vietnam and the Global Sixties
5716:
Language Education and Foreign Relations in Vietnam
5354:, and other languages spoken by Montagnard groups.
2710:In October 1956 Diệm, with US prodding, launched a
2562:
DRV controlled almost the entire country of Vietnam
7439:Building a Republican Nation in Vietnam, 1920–1963
6207:
5166:threats; and ultimately, to help reunify Vietnam.
4970:National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam
2402:), a name used in ancient times. In 1839, Emperor
2325:second combined-arms conventional invasion in 1975
2204:of the new republic on 26 October 1955. After the
7162:
7147:
6871:. United States Army Center of Military History.
6816:. United States Army Center of Military History.
5883:
5881:
5132:– QĐQGVN), Armée Nationale Vietnamiènne (ANV) in
3194:1962 South Vietnamese Independence Palace bombing
3033:, in the first phase of what became known as the
2974:, about 60 mi (97 km) north of Saigon.
2610:that the Vietnam would be temporarily divided at
8944:
7520:The Constitution of the Republic of Vietnam 1967
7510:The Constitution of the Republic of Vietnam 1956
6526:, Amnesty International, 1 January 1973, p. 6-8.
6014:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. p.
5375:Front de Libération des Hauts Plateaux du Champa
5106:
5100:The Republic of Vietnam Military Forces (RVNMF;
3359:
3329:
3315:
2178:Vietnamese politicians in Saigon, led by former
1120:
1106:
252:
237:
161:
7477:
6210:The Vietnam Experience, a Collision of Cultures
6149:"The Vietnam War: Seeds of Conflict: 1945–1960"
6143:
6141:
6139:
6003:
6001:
2104:(Democratic Republic of Vietnam) to the north,
6771:
6625:"A Foreign Policy of Independence and Peace".
6306:. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 205.
6007:
5878:
5076:League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
5033:
4885: Countries that have recognised the RVN
2928:in April–July 1970. South Vietnam launched an
2484:administered all the five parts of Indochina (
2246:a US-encouraged civilian presidential election
118:accompanying your translation by providing an
84:Click for important translation instructions.
71:expand this article with text translated from
8978:States and territories disestablished in 1975
7585:
7280:
6909:Black April The Fall of South Vietnam 1973–75
5388:The majority of the population identified as
3636:Ministry of Public Works and Communications (
3401:). The creation of this republic, during the
3233:In 1955, Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm held a
3051:
2668:of South Vietnam in Washington DC, 8 May 1957
2291:over North Vietnam was conducted by offshore
2014:
6448:
6201:
6199:
6136:
5998:
5835:
4401:On 1 January 1969, during the presidency of
3581:South Vietnam had the following Ministries:
3186:1959 South Vietnamese parliamentary election
2722:was established to maintain and upgrade the
2480:. A French governor-general (toàn quyền) in
2441:
175:
7307:. Temple University Press. pp. 76–94.
7287:. Temple University Press. pp. 57–75.
7089:(2), University of Hawai'i Press: 353–389,
6071:"Geneva Agreements 20–21 July 1954" (PDF).
6050:Hammer, Ellen J. "The Bao Dai Experiment."
5970:
5968:
5454:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
5116:Army colonial Indochinese auxiliary units (
3647:
2323:and Việt-Cộng auxiliaries launched a major
2257:National Liberation Front for South Vietnam
312:but not controlled is shown in light green.
9003:States and territories established in 1955
7592:
7578:
7266:. Cornell University Press. pp. 1–8.
7055:Le Campā: Géographie, population, histoire
6239:. University Press of Kansas. p. xi.
6205:
5392:. Approximately 10% of the population was
4360:State of Vietnam § Autonomous regions
3407:Provisional Government of Southern Vietnam
3175:
2275:and the introduction of regular forces of
2021:
2007:
298:
7534:Timeline of NVA invasion of South Vietnam
7213:
6772:Rottman, Gordon; Bujeiro, Ramiro (2010).
6535:
6486:
6484:
6482:
6480:
6478:
6476:
6474:
6472:
6470:
6444:
6442:
6440:
6438:
6436:
6434:
6432:
6430:
6234:
6196:
6113:
6111:
5474:Learn how and when to remove this message
5379:Front Unifié de Lutte des Races Opprimées
3485:, later serving as head of state to 1955.
3435:Provisional Central Government of Vietnam
3214:Arrest and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm
2587:was created through co-operation between
2568:arrived to occupy Vietnam's north of the
6953:
6951:
6177:
5965:
5848:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp.
5773:. University Press of Kentucky. p.
5760:
5547:
5539:
5215:
4925:
4843:
3656:
3065:
2824:raid Buddhist temples across the country
2818:. The situation came to a head when the
2790:
2651:
2445:
921:173,809 km (67,108 sq mi)
7659:
7457:Luu, Trinh M.; Vu, Tuong, eds. (2023).
7351:
6865:Vietnam from Cease Fire to Capitulation
6806:
6258:
6256:
5606:The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson
4382:, while the assistant had an office in
2414:provisionally partitioned Vietnam into
2166:in September 1945. In 1949, during the
2158:, proclaiming the establishment of the
14:
8958:Former countries in Vietnamese history
8945:
7436:Tran, Nu-Anh; Vu, Tuong, eds. (2022).
7435:
7372:
7330:
7259:
7187:
7122:
7078:
7052:
7040:
6930:
6928:
6861:
6517:"Political Prisoners in South Vietnam"
6490:
6467:
6427:
6334:
6301:
6206:Doyle, Edward; Weiss, Stephen (1984).
6117:
6108:
5841:
5311:. In 1970 about 90% of population was
3044:Thiệu requested aid from US President
2865:, the latter resulting in Air Marshal
2632:Government of Ngô Đình Diệm: 1955–1963
2128:veto in 1957. It was succeeded by the
8998:Former polities of the Indochina Wars
8178:National Defense and Security Council
7573:
7456:
7301:
7019:
6970:
6948:
6906:
6900:
6845:
6833:from the original on 16 November 2020
6753:from the original on 15 February 2015
6733:The Perfect War: Technowar in Vietnam
6708:(1971), Beacon Press, vol. 3, p. 246.
6696:(1971), Beacon Press, vol. 3, p. 252.
6668:(1971), Beacon Press, vol. 3, p. 140.
6653:(1971), Beacon Press, vol. 3, p. 119.
6641:(1971), Beacon Press, vol. 3, p. 134.
6159:from the original on 17 December 2008
5920:
5887:
5866:from the original on 25 December 2018
5809:
5791:from the original on 25 December 2018
5766:
5731:
5052:International Development Association
3643:Ministry of Revolutionary Development
2939:Thiệu was reelected unopposed in the
2375:
27:Country in Southeast Asia (1955–1975)
8988:1955 establishments in South Vietnam
7599:
7561:Provisional Revolutionary Government
7414:
7393:
7373:Vu, Tuong; Fear, Sean, eds. (2020).
7230:
7148:Nguyễn Tuấn Cường (September 2014).
7001:from the original on 29 January 2023
6776:. Osprey Publishing Ltd. p. 7.
6738:
6619:
6253:
5748:from the original on 1 November 2021
5609:, and various sports games like the
5494:
5452:adding citations to reliable sources
5419:
5105:
4412:
3440:Chính phủ lâm thời Quốc gia Việt Nam
3269:became Prime Minister, with General
3119:Provisional Revolutionary Government
2881:took place on 2 September 1967. The
2869:becoming prime minister and General
2814:, provoking widespread protests and
2476:, which was administered as part of
2315:Despite a truce agreement under the
2259:(Việt Cộng), armed and supported by
1743:Provisional Revolutionary Government
1354:
53:
8005:Permanent Member of the Secretariat
7163:Nguyễn Tuấn Cường (November 2014).
7127:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 49, 291, 293.
6925:
6744:
6538:Histoire du Viêt-Nam de 1940 à 1952
5159:Republic of Vietnam Marine Division
5096:Republic of Vietnam Military Forces
4903:Relationship with the United States
3585:Ministry of Culture and Education (
3356:Municipal Theatre, Ho Chi Minh City
2989:to prohibit such intervention. The
130:{{Translated|vi|Việt Nam Cộng hòa}}
24:
8993:Former countries in Southeast Asia
7233:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
7175:
6888:from the original on 17 April 2019
6629:. Vol XI No 1 January 1974. pp 4–5
6607:from the original on 12 April 2021
6385:from the original on 28 April 2009
6283:from the original on 16 March 2022
5892:Vietnam: A Global Studies Handbook
5206:Economy of the Republic of Vietnam
3218:January 1964 South Vietnamese coup
3190:1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt
3090:. He nominated his Vice President
3019:launched an invasion at Phuoc Long
2795:A woman casting her ballot in the
2755:denied to all government authority
2546:overthrew the Vichy administration
2380:) was the name adopted by Emperor
404:Recognised national languages
25:
9019:
8983:1975 disestablishments in Vietnam
7500:
6564:from the original on 8 March 2021
6355:from the original on 12 June 2021
6032:from the original on 13 July 2017
5953:from the original on 19 June 2012
5822:from the original on 1 March 2020
5007:on 30 April 1975, the day of the
3467:. Vietnam was partitioned at the
3002:, taking control of the islands.
8010:History of central officeholders
7525:HIẾN PHÁP VIỆT NAM CỘNG HOÀ 1967
6851:
6796:
5986:from the original on 14 May 2010
5645:
5631:
5499:
5424:
5279:
5270:
5023:was inaugurated on 2 July 1976.
4963:International Control Commission
4919:of the United States during the
3399:Chính phủ Cộng hoà Nam Kỳ tự trị
3182:1955 State of Vietnam referendum
2873:becoming nominal head of state.
2705:International Control Commission
2644:1955 State of Vietnam referendum
2540:, Indochina was administered by
2468:1955 State of Vietnam referendum
1990:
1687:(Democratic Republic of Vietnam)
1154:
1065:
1040:
288:
282:
262:
215:
201:
58:
8812:Traditional musical instruments
7463:. University of Hawaiʻi Press.
7442:. University of Hawaiʻi Press.
7421:. University of Hawaiʻi Press.
7156:
7141:
7116:
7072:
7053:Lafont, Pierre-Bernard (2007).
7046:
7013:
6964:
6790:
6765:
6725:
6711:
6699:
6687:
6671:
6644:
6632:
6544:
6529:
6509:
6397:
6367:
6328:
6310:
6295:
6228:
6171:
6098:
6080:
6065:
6044:
5925:. Berghahn Books. p. 213.
5261:
5141:Army of the Republic of Vietnam
3481:occupying forces at the end of
3366:Ho Chi Minh City Stock Exchange
2998:South Vietnamese forces in the
2991:oil price shock of October 1973
2977:On 15 March 1973, US President
2889:took place on 22 October 1967.
2384:in 1804. It is a variation of "
2361:). The North was known as the "
239:Tổ Quốc – Danh Dự – Trách Nhiệm
7400:. Cambridge University Press.
7181:Academic articles and chapters
5939:
5914:
5803:
5725:
5708:
5688:
5361:people, including banning the
5038:South Vietnam was a member of
4911:like North Vietnam within the
3135:Democratic Republic of Vietnam
3025:In 1975, the PAVN launched an
2900:(Lunar New Year) holiday. The
2558:Democratic Republic of Vietnam
2363:Democratic Republic of Vietnam
2160:Democratic Republic of Vietnam
1697:Provisional Central Government
1121:
128:You may also add the template
13:
1:
8030:Central Inspection Commission
7478:Nguyen-Marshall, Van (2023).
7324:Monographs and edited volumes
6302:Cooper, Andrew Scott (2011).
6214:. Boston Publishing Company.
6182:. Presidio Press. p. 6.
5810:Huynh, Dien (30 March 2018).
5735:Law at War: Vietnam 1964–1973
5701:
5574:
5383:Socialist Republic of Vietnam
5147:Republic of Vietnam Air Force
5021:Socialist Republic of Vietnam
4367:On 24 October 1956 President
3638:Bộ Công chính và Truyền thông
3576:
3263:Republic of Vietnam Air Force
3139:Socialist Republic of Vietnam
2932:of North Vietnamese bases in
2837:became president, but he was
2337:Socialist Republic of Vietnam
2134:Socialist Republic of Vietnam
940:
7484:. Cornell University Press.
7394:Stur, Heather Marie (2020).
7379:. Cornell University Press.
7358:. Cornell University Press.
7352:Chapman, Jessica M. (2013).
7337:. Harvard University Press.
7194:The Journal of Asian Studies
6536:Devillers, Philippe (1952).
6515:Report No. ASA 41/001/1973,
5367:Operation Passage to Freedom
5251:A 2017 study in the journal
3652:
3631:Bộ Tư lệnh Cảnh sát Quốc gia
3617:Ministry of National Defence
3529:(1965–1975). Prime Minister
3144:
2953:
2776:
2621:Operation Passage to Freedom
2464:Operation Passage to Freedom
2452:Operation Passage to Freedom
2342:
1814:Cát Tiên archaeological site
7:
8173:Central Military Commission
8035:Central Military Commission
7123:Tucker, Spencer C. (2000).
5624:
5593:on Channel 11, operated by
5400:. Other religions included
5224:South Vietnam maintained a
5089:
5034:International organisations
5005:unconditionally surrendered
4871: Countries that have
4421:International Relations of
3593:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
3101:unconditionally surrendered
3017:In December 1974, the PAVN
2263:, with backing mainly from
2244:then led the country after
1747:(Republic of South Vietnam)
977:93.55/km (242.3/sq mi)
10:
9024:
8141:Supreme People's Procuracy
6959:The Vietnam War, 1956–1975
6749:. University of Virginia.
5982:. 1971. pp. 242–314.
5888:Woods, L. Shelton (2002).
5842:Bühler, Konrad G. (2001).
5812:"The End of South Vietnam"
5732:Prugh, George S. (1991) .
5415:
5220:South Vietnam Economic Map
5209:
5203:
5199:
5130:Quân Đội Quốc Gia Việt Nam
5108:Quân lực Việt Nam Cộng hòa
5093:
4357:
4353:
3382:
3378:
3210:1963 South Vietnamese coup
3179:
3122:
3055:
3052:Fall of Saigon: April 1975
2780:
2641:
2635:
2457:
2436:
2346:
1477:Anarchy of the 12 Warlords
92:Machine translation, like
36:
29:
8963:Anti-communism in Vietnam
8904:
8679:
8580:
8488:
8479:
8452:
8279:
8270:
8229:
8186:
8163:
8121:
8088:
8043:
7985:
7940:
7931:
7849:
7806:
7727:
7718:
7611:
7556:
7549:
7541:
7245:10.1017/S0022463422000790
7206:10.1017/S0021911818000505
6341:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
6235:Pribbenow, Merle (2002).
5767:Doyle, Robert C. (2010).
5373:, some others joined the
5246:centrally planned economy
5212:Commercial Import Program
4853: Republic of Vietnam
4419:
3640:) at 92 Nam Kỳ Khởi Nghĩa
3039:capturing Huế and Da Nang
3027:offensive at Ban Me Thuot
2946:North Vietnam launched a
2810:of 8 May 1963 led to the
2442:Founding of South Vietnam
2373:Vietnamese pronunciation:
2333:Republic of South Vietnam
2200:, who proclaimed himself
2150:guerrilla forces, led by
2130:Republic of South Vietnam
2086:international recognition
1114:
1107:
1100:
1095:
1081:
1061:Republic of South Vietnam
1019:
1009:
991:
981:
971:
967:
957:
947:
934:
930:
925:
915:
910:
906:
893:
878:
862:
849:
836:
823:
819:
809:
794:
779:
769:
765:
753:
741:
729:
717:
705:
701:
691:
687:
675:
665:• 1963–1964 (first)
663:
659:
649:
645:
633:
621:
609:
592:
580:
576:
566:
481:
460:
414:
402:
392:
317:
297:
275:
247:
243:"Homeland – Honor – Duty"
233:
197:
192:
156:
73:the corresponding article
7188:Nguyen, Phi-Vân (2018).
7082:Journal of World History
6862:Le Gro, William (1985).
6807:Spector, Ronald (1985).
6335:Conboy, Kenneth (2012).
6118:Karnow, Stanley (1997).
5681:
5661:Leaders of South Vietnam
5535:
5490:
5335:, Eurasians and others.
5193:Enhance and Enhance Plus
5153:Republic of Vietnam Navy
4731:Central African Republic
4407:Tư lệnh Vùng Chiến thuật
3648:Administrative divisions
3385:Leaders of South Vietnam
3308:House of Representatives
2922:attacks on PAVN/VC bases
2894:People's Army of Vietnam
2892:On 31 January 1968, the
2751:US intelligence estimate
2526:French National Assembly
2460:Geneva Conference (1954)
2289:regular bombing campaign
2174:, a rival government of
2170:, the French formed the
2082:1954 division of Vietnam
1410:Trung sisters' rebellion
804:House of Representatives
308:is shown in dark green;
7331:Miller, Edward (2013).
6522:17 January 2018 at the
6495:. Thế Giới Publishers.
6269:. Skyhorse Publishing.
6178:Woodruff, Mark (2005).
6008:Ang Cheng Guan (1997).
5921:Moses, A. Dirk (2008).
4423:the Republic of Vietnam
3392:Autonomous Republic of
3306:system consisting of a
3176:Government and politics
3115:waiting off the coast.
3062:Operation Frequent Wind
2958:In accordance with the
2909:introduced a policy of
2851:Gulf of Tonkin incident
2660:and Secretary of State
2648:Battle of Saigon (1955)
2566:Chinese Kuomintang army
2560:(DRV) in Hanoi and the
1904:Principality of Hà Tiên
551:constitutional republic
538:constitutional republic
521:constitutional republic
393:Official languages
139:For more guidance, see
9008:Military dictatorships
8622:Language and computers
8371:Science and Technology
8131:Supreme People's Court
8073:Deputy Prime Ministers
7864:Hong (Red) River Delta
7530:(archived 5 June 2020)
7020:Thinh, Do Huy (2006).
6907:Veith, George (2012).
5694:according to 1968 data
5557:
5545:
5510:is missing information
5385:until the late 1980s.
5221:
5107:
5084:Universal Postal Union
5044:Asian Development Bank
4931:
4891:
3662:
3589:) at 33–5 Lê Thánh Tôn
3361:đường Bến Chương Dương
3360:
3330:
3316:
3075:
2887:Parliamentary election
2839:ousted in January 1964
2808:Huế Phật Đản shootings
2804:Kennedy administration
2799:
2669:
2599:. In 1950, China, the
2455:
2431:Government of Viet Nam
2359:République du Viêt Nam
2358:
2354:
2251:The beginnings of the
2248:from 1967 until 1975.
2206:1954 Geneva Conference
2112:to the southwest, and
2096:, with its capital at
2062:République du Viêt Nam
2061:
2049:
1785:Non-Vietnamese history
1537:4th Chinese domination
1440:3rd Chinese domination
1420:2nd Chinese domination
1400:1st Chinese domination
346:10.77694°N 106.69528°E
260:"Call to the Citizens"
253:
238:
177:République du Viêt Nam
176:
162:
8854:Person Dignity Theory
7551:Republic of Việt Nam
7415:Tran, Nu-Anh (2022).
7095:10.1353/jwh.1999.0017
6971:Toner, Simon (2017).
6745:Johnson, Victoria E.
6453:. Legacy Publishing.
6451:The Sixties Chronicle
6449:David Farber (2004).
6409:vietnam.gov.vn/portal
6338:The NVA and Viet Cong
5949:. ISO. 6 April 2010.
5555:
5543:
5219:
4929:
4847:
4280:Chương Thiện Province
3660:
3609:Ministry of Justice (
3373:Amnesty International
3180:Further information:
3069:
2987:Case–Church Amendment
2948:conventional invasion
2941:Presidential election
2883:Presidential election
2794:
2655:
2449:
2321:North Vietnamese army
2285:Southern armed forces
2273:American intervention
1733:(Republic of Vietnam)
1650:1887–1945 / 1945–1954
1638:1883–1945 / 1946–1948
1628:1883–1945 / 1945–1948
1618:1862–1945 / 1945–1949
555:military dictatorship
525:military dictatorship
504:presidential republic
495:presidential republic
141:Knowledge:Translation
112:copyright attribution
8376:Traditional medicine
8254:Self-Defence Militia
7798:World Heritage Sites
7754:Environmental issues
6678:Dwight D. Eisenhower
6491:Doling, Tim (2019).
6324:on 25 February 2009.
6092:24 June 2016 at the
5896:. ABC-CLIO. p.
5666:Thanh Niên Hành Khúc
5600:The Ed Sullivan Show
5448:improve this section
5315:(Viet), and 10% was
4945:Dwight D. Eisenhower
4396:1967 Senate election
3633:) at 258 Nguyễn Trãi
3602:Ministry of Health (
3035:Ho Chi Minh Campaign
2828:overthrown in a coup
2658:Dwight D. Eisenhower
2578:French Indochina War
2574:fought the Viet Minh
2550:Japanese surrendered
2406:renamed the country
2084:. It first received
2072:was a member of the
2064:), was a country in
1718:North–South division
1567:Later Lê Restoration
1273:Phùng Nguyên culture
1003:Saigon Standard Time
838:• Start of the
8849:Ho Chi Minh Thought
8025:Central Secretariat
6941:13 May 2013 at the
6911:. Encounter Books.
6706:The Pentagon Papers
6694:The Pentagon Papers
6682:Mandate for Change.
6666:The Pentagon Papers
6651:The Pentagon Papers
6639:The Pentagon Papers
6415:on 17 December 2021
5980:The Pentagon Papers
5676:Overseas Vietnamese
5229:free-market economy
5028:Library of Congress
5009:surrender of Saigon
4875:recognised the RVN
4859: North Vietnam
4705:Trinidad and Tobago
4220:Phong Dinh Province
4205:Kiên Giang Province
4146:Kiến Phong Province
4131:Kiến Tường Province
4117:Định Tường Province
4015:Bình Dương Province
3955:Long Khánh Province
3940:Phước Long Province
3925:Bình Thuận Province
3895:Ninh Thuận Province
3745:Quảng Ngãi Province
3700:Thừa Thiên Province
3623:) at 63 Lý Tự Trọng
3587:Bộ Văn hóa Giáo dục
3492:Republic of Vietnam
3403:First Indochina War
3206:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids
3202:Huế Vesak shootings
2960:Paris Peace Accords
2943:on 2 October 1971.
2760:The Pentagon Papers
2712:land reform program
2675:Dennis J. Duncanson
2664:greeting President
2612:17th parallel north
2570:16th parallel north
2538:During World War II
2327:. Communist forces
2317:Paris Peace Accords
2168:First Indochina War
2076:during part of the
2038:Republic of Vietnam
1943:Historical capitals
1864:Nung-Zhuang kingdom
1211:12,000 BC–10,000 BC
1190:20,000 BC–12,000 BC
1102:Vietnamese alphabet
1096:Republic of Vietnam
883:Paris Peace Accords
677:• 1975 (last)
373: /
351:10.77694; 106.69528
342: /
158:Republic of Vietnam
8888:Vietnamese studies
8600:Overseas community
8393:Telecommunications
8146:Procurator-General
8101:Standing Committee
7791:Endangered species
7057:. Indes savantes.
6980:Diplomatic History
6957:Wiest, Andrew A.,
6120:Vietnam: A History
5816:The New York Times
5671:History of Vietnam
5558:
5546:
5305:Quang Tri Province
5254:Diplomatic History
5222:
4932:
4892:
4649:Dominican Republic
4265:Vĩnh Bình Province
4235:Vĩnh Long Province
4059:Hậu Nghĩa Province
4045:Phước Tuy Province
3985:Bình Long Province
3880:Tuyên Đức Province
3865:Quảng Đức Province
3850:Khánh Hòa Province
3775:Bình Định Province
3730:Quảng Tín Province
3715:Quảng Nam Province
3685:Quảng Trị Province
3663:
3627:Ministry of Police
3302:was replaced by a
3084:Battle of Xuân Lộc
3076:
2800:
2670:
2662:John Foster Dulles
2534:rubber plantations
2456:
2377:[vjə̀tnam]
2108:to the northwest,
1997:Vietnam portal
1614:French Cochinchina
1232:10,000 BC–8,000 BC
306:1954 Geneva Accord
255:Tiếng Gọi Công Dân
120:interlanguage link
8940:
8939:
8900:
8899:
8896:
8895:
8866:Traditional games
8550:Human trafficking
8475:
8474:
8266:
8265:
8262:
8261:
8159:
8158:
8096:National Assembly
8015:National Congress
8000:General Secretary
7995:Central Committee
7960:Foreign relations
7927:
7926:
7923:
7922:
7896:Central Highlands
7714:
7713:
7679:Chinese dominated
7568:
7567:
7557:Succeeded by
7545:State of Việt Nam
7064:978-2-84654-162-6
7030:on 23 March 2012.
6992:10.1093/dh/dhw057
6783:978-1-84908-182-5
6348:978-1-78096-766-0
6122:. Penguin Books.
6025:978-0-7864-0404-9
5859:978-90-411-1553-9
5784:978-0-8131-2589-3
5553:
5533:
5532:
5484:
5483:
5476:
4992:Lyndon B. Johnson
4842:
4841:
4481:Republic of Korea
4453:Republic of China
4413:Foreign relations
4351:
4350:
4325:An Xuyên Province
4310:Bạc Liêu Province
4295:Ba Xuyên Province
4250:Kiến Hòa Province
4175:An Giang Province
4160:Châu Đốc Province
4074:Gia Định Province
4030:Biên Hòa Province
4000:Tây Ninh Province
3970:Bình Tuy Province
3910:Lâm Đồng Province
3512:in November 1963.
3498:). Fought in the
3496:Việt Nam Cộng Hòa
3479:Imperial Japanese
3461:Quốc gia Việt Nam
3300:National Assembly
3113:aircraft carriers
3031:Central Highlands
3007:Watergate scandal
2724:Ho Chi Minh Trail
2608:Geneva Conference
2412:Geneva Conference
2355:Việt Nam Cộng hòa
2124:as a result of a
2050:Việt Nam Cộng hòa
2036:, officially the
2031:
2030:
1912:
1911:
1894:Sip Song Chau Tai
1775:
1774:
1748:
1734:
1688:
1664:
1663:
1656:Empire of Vietnam
1595:
1594:
1448:
1447:
1381:
1380:
1350:Hồng Bàng dynasty
1331:
1330:
1317:(1,000 BC–200 AD)
1307:(1,000 BC–100 AD)
1287:1,500 BC–1,000 BC
1277:2,000 BC–1,500 BC
1252:4,000 BC–3,000 BC
1242:8,000 BC–6,000 BC
1238:Quỳnh Văn culture
1128:
1127:
1108:Việt Nam Cộng hòa
1091:
1090:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1053:
1052:
774:National Assembly
743:• 1971–1975
731:• 1967–1971
719:• 1963–1967
707:• 1956–1963
611:• 1967–1975
594:• 1963–1967
582:• 1955–1963
310:territory claimed
278:Presidential seal
268:
163:Việt Nam Cộng hòa
152:
151:
85:
81:
16:(Redirected from
9015:
8973:Former republics
8920:
8913:
8578:
8577:
8486:
8485:
8317:Renewable energy
8307:
8299:
8277:
8276:
8184:
8183:
7983:
7982:
7955:Fatherland Front
7938:
7937:
7804:
7803:
7725:
7724:
7657:
7656:
7594:
7587:
7580:
7571:
7570:
7563:
7542:Preceded by
7539:
7538:
7529:
7508:
7495:
7474:
7453:
7432:
7411:
7390:
7369:
7348:
7318:
7298:
7277:
7256:
7227:
7217:
7169:
7168:
7160:
7154:
7153:
7145:
7139:
7138:
7120:
7114:
7113:
7076:
7070:
7068:
7050:
7044:
7038:
7032:
7031:
7017:
7011:
7010:
7008:
7006:
7000:
6977:
6968:
6962:
6955:
6946:
6934:Kim, Youngmin, "
6932:
6923:
6922:
6904:
6898:
6897:
6895:
6893:
6887:
6870:
6855:
6854:
6849:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6838:
6832:
6815:
6800:
6799:
6794:
6788:
6787:
6769:
6763:
6762:
6760:
6758:
6742:
6736:
6729:
6723:
6715:
6709:
6703:
6697:
6691:
6685:
6675:
6669:
6663:
6654:
6648:
6642:
6636:
6630:
6627:Vietnam Bulletin
6623:
6617:
6616:
6614:
6612:
6593:
6574:
6573:
6571:
6569:
6563:
6556:
6548:
6542:
6541:
6533:
6527:
6513:
6507:
6506:
6488:
6465:
6464:
6446:
6425:
6424:
6422:
6420:
6411:. Archived from
6401:
6395:
6394:
6392:
6390:
6371:
6365:
6364:
6362:
6360:
6332:
6326:
6325:
6320:. Archived from
6314:
6308:
6307:
6299:
6293:
6292:
6290:
6288:
6260:
6251:
6250:
6232:
6226:
6225:
6213:
6203:
6194:
6193:
6175:
6169:
6168:
6166:
6164:
6153:historyplace.com
6145:
6134:
6133:
6115:
6106:
6102:
6096:
6084:
6078:
6069:
6063:
6048:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6037:
6005:
5996:
5995:
5993:
5991:
5972:
5963:
5962:
5960:
5958:
5943:
5937:
5936:
5918:
5912:
5911:
5895:
5885:
5876:
5875:
5873:
5871:
5839:
5833:
5831:
5829:
5827:
5807:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5796:
5764:
5758:
5757:
5755:
5753:
5747:
5740:
5729:
5723:
5712:
5695:
5692:
5655:
5650:
5649:
5641:
5636:
5635:
5634:
5570:
5554:
5528:
5525:
5519:
5503:
5495:
5479:
5472:
5468:
5465:
5459:
5428:
5420:
5301:Southern Vietnam
5283:
5274:
5111:
5110:
4909:communist states
4884:
4870:
4864:
4858:
4852:
4417:
4416:
4403:Nguyễn Văn Thiệu
4103:Gò Công Province
4089:Long An Province
3820:Phú Yên Province
3805:Phú Bổn Province
3760:Kon Tum Province
3668:
3667:
3527:Nguyễn Văn Thiệu
3456:State of Vietnam
3413:Nguyễn Văn Thinh
3363:
3333:
3331:Thượng Nghị Viện
3319:
3271:Nguyễn Văn Thiệu
3141:on 2 July 1976.
2871:Nguyễn Văn Thiệu
2855:Vũng Tàu Charter
2816:civil resistance
2679:peasant uprising
2585:State of Vietnam
2478:French Indochina
2379:
2374:
2349:Names of Vietnam
2310:Easter Offensive
2242:Nguyễn Văn Thiệu
2172:State of Vietnam
2141:Second World War
2118:Gulf of Thailand
2090:State of Vietnam
2023:
2016:
2009:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1790:
1789:
1746:
1732:
1707:State of Vietnam
1686:
1679:
1678:
1645:French Indochina
1610:
1609:
1547:Later Lê dynasty
1507:Later Lý dynasty
1497:Early Lê dynasty
1463:
1462:
1430:Early Lý dynasty
1396:
1395:
1356:
1346:
1345:
1313:Sa Huỳnh culture
1303:Dong Son culture
1283:Đồng Đậu culture
1171:
1170:
1158:
1148:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1110:
1109:
1093:
1092:
1069:
1068:
1057:
1056:
1048:State of Vietnam
1044:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1021:
1020:
1000:
942:
885:
760:Nguyễn Văn Huyền
616:Nguyễn Văn Thiệu
469:South Vietnamese
405:
388:
387:
385:
384:
383:
378:
377:10.78°N 106.70°E
374:
371:
370:
369:
366:
357:
356:
354:
353:
352:
347:
343:
340:
339:
338:
335:
320:and largest city
302:
292:
286:
270:
269:
258:
241:
219:
205:
187:
179:
173:
165:
154:
153:
131:
125:
98:Google Translate
83:
79:
62:
61:
54:
32:Southern Vietnam
21:
18:South Vietnamese
9023:
9022:
9018:
9017:
9016:
9014:
9013:
9012:
8943:
8942:
8941:
8936:
8923:
8916:
8909:
8892:
8675:
8576:
8562:Public holidays
8545:Sex trafficking
8471:
8448:
8344:Five-Year Plans
8305:
8297:
8258:
8233:
8231:Public Security
8225:
8182:
8155:
8151:Military Courts
8117:
8084:
8039:
7987:Communist Party
7981:
7919:
7845:
7841:Electoral units
7802:
7759:Protected areas
7710:
7689:French colonial
7655:
7607:
7598:
7564:
7559:
7553:
7547:
7528:(in Vietnamese)
7527:
7516:on 2009-03-25).
7512:(archived from
7506:
7503:
7498:
7492:
7471:
7450:
7429:
7408:
7387:
7366:
7345:
7321:
7315:
7295:
7274:
7178:
7176:Further reading
7173:
7172:
7161:
7157:
7146:
7142:
7135:
7121:
7117:
7077:
7073:
7065:
7051:
7047:
7039:
7035:
7018:
7014:
7004:
7002:
6998:
6975:
6969:
6965:
6956:
6949:
6943:Wayback Machine
6933:
6926:
6919:
6905:
6901:
6891:
6889:
6885:
6879:
6868:
6852:
6850:
6846:
6836:
6834:
6830:
6824:
6813:
6797:
6795:
6791:
6784:
6770:
6766:
6756:
6754:
6743:
6739:
6730:
6726:
6716:
6712:
6704:
6700:
6692:
6688:
6676:
6672:
6664:
6657:
6649:
6645:
6637:
6633:
6624:
6620:
6610:
6608:
6595:
6594:
6577:
6567:
6565:
6561:
6554:
6550:
6549:
6545:
6534:
6530:
6524:Wayback Machine
6514:
6510:
6503:
6489:
6468:
6461:
6447:
6428:
6418:
6416:
6405:"About Vietnam"
6403:
6402:
6398:
6388:
6386:
6373:
6372:
6368:
6358:
6356:
6349:
6333:
6329:
6316:
6315:
6311:
6300:
6296:
6286:
6284:
6277:
6261:
6254:
6247:
6233:
6229:
6222:
6204:
6197:
6190:
6176:
6172:
6162:
6160:
6147:
6146:
6137:
6130:
6116:
6109:
6103:
6099:
6094:Wayback Machine
6085:
6081:
6070:
6066:
6060:10.2307/2753754
6052:Pacific Affairs
6049:
6045:
6035:
6033:
6026:
6006:
5999:
5989:
5987:
5974:
5973:
5966:
5956:
5954:
5945:
5944:
5940:
5933:
5919:
5915:
5908:
5886:
5879:
5869:
5867:
5860:
5840:
5836:
5825:
5823:
5808:
5804:
5794:
5792:
5785:
5765:
5761:
5751:
5749:
5745:
5738:
5730:
5726:
5713:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5698:
5693:
5689:
5684:
5651:
5644:
5637:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5577:
5564:
5548:
5538:
5529:
5523:
5520:
5513:
5504:
5493:
5480:
5469:
5463:
5460:
5445:
5429:
5418:
5343:French language
5293:
5292:
5291:
5290:
5286:
5285:
5284:
5276:
5275:
5264:
5214:
5208:
5202:
5098:
5092:
5036:
4979:John F. Kennedy
4955:Pentagon Papers
4913:Southeast Asian
4905:
4890:
4882:
4880:
4868:
4866:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4854:
4850:
4422:
4415:
4362:
4356:
4190:Sa Đéc Province
3835:Darlac Province
3790:Pleiku Province
3675:
3655:
3650:
3613:) at 47 Lê Duẩn
3579:
3446:Nguyễn Văn Xuân
3425:Nguyễn Văn Xuân
3387:
3381:
3286:Thích Trí Quang
3220:
3198:Buddhist crisis
3178:
3166:Spratly Islands
3147:
3127:
3121:
3097:captured Saigon
3064:
3056:Main articles:
3054:
3000:Paracel Islands
2956:
2879:Senate election
2812:Buddhist crisis
2789:
2783:Buddhist crisis
2781:Main articles:
2779:
2685:in the North".
2650:
2640:
2634:
2556:proclaimed the
2508:(thuộc địa) of
2470:
2444:
2439:
2372:
2351:
2345:
2236:led by general
2220:; and parts of
2187:1955 referendum
2139:The end of the
2088:in 1949 as the
2027:
1991:
1989:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1922:
1914:
1913:
1787:
1777:
1776:
1745:
1731:
1685:
1676:
1666:
1665:
1607:
1597:
1596:
1577:Tây Sơn dynasty
1460:
1450:
1449:
1393:
1383:
1382:
1343:
1333:
1332:
1228:Bắc Sơn culture
1168:
1146:
1139:
1066:
1041:
995:
974:
960:
950:
937:
918:
899:
889:27 January 1973
886:
881:
869:
866:Second Republic
858:2 November 1963
855:
845:1 November 1955
842:
832:26 October 1955
829:
800:
785:
756:
744:
732:
720:
712:Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ
708:
678:
670:Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ
666:
636:
624:
612:
595:
583:
562:
543:
530:
513:
499:
497:
477:
456:
403:
381:
379:
375:
372:
367:
364:
362:
360:
359:
358:
350:
348:
344:
341:
336:
333:
331:
329:
328:
327:
321:
313:
271:
263:
259:
242:
229:
228:
227:
224:
220:
212:
211:
206:
188:
181:
174:
167:
159:
148:
147:
146:
129:
123:
86:
63:
59:
50:
39:communist state
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9021:
9011:
9010:
9005:
9000:
8995:
8990:
8985:
8980:
8975:
8970:
8965:
8960:
8955:
8938:
8937:
8935:
8934:
8929:
8922:
8921:
8914:
8906:
8905:
8902:
8901:
8898:
8897:
8894:
8893:
8891:
8890:
8885:
8880:
8875:
8874:
8873:
8868:
8858:
8857:
8856:
8851:
8846:
8841:
8836:
8831:
8826:
8816:
8815:
8814:
8809:
8799:
8798:
8797:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8772:
8771:
8770:
8760:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8739:
8738:
8733:
8723:
8718:
8717:
8716:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8685:
8683:
8677:
8676:
8674:
8673:
8672:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8649:Folk religions
8641:
8636:
8631:
8626:
8625:
8624:
8619:
8614:
8604:
8603:
8602:
8597:
8586:
8584:
8575:
8574:
8569:
8564:
8559:
8558:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8542:
8537:
8527:
8526:
8525:
8524:hybrid variant
8512:
8502:
8501:
8500:
8489:
8483:
8477:
8476:
8473:
8472:
8470:
8469:
8467:Rail transport
8464:
8458:
8456:
8450:
8449:
8447:
8446:
8441:
8440:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8419:
8418:
8417:
8407:
8406:
8405:
8400:
8390:
8389:
8388:
8383:
8378:
8368:
8363:
8362:
8361:
8356:
8346:
8341:
8336:
8331:
8330:
8329:
8327:Power stations
8324:
8319:
8309:
8301:
8298:("Renovation")
8291:
8286:
8280:
8274:
8268:
8267:
8264:
8263:
8260:
8259:
8257:
8256:
8251:
8246:
8240:
8238:
8227:
8226:
8224:
8223:
8218:
8213:
8208:
8207:
8206:
8201:
8190:
8188:
8181:
8180:
8175:
8169:
8167:
8161:
8160:
8157:
8156:
8154:
8153:
8148:
8143:
8138:
8133:
8127:
8125:
8119:
8118:
8116:
8115:
8110:
8105:
8104:
8103:
8092:
8090:
8086:
8085:
8083:
8082:
8077:
8076:
8075:
8068:Prime Minister
8065:
8060:
8059:
8058:
8056:Vice President
8047:
8045:
8041:
8040:
8038:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8012:
8007:
8002:
7997:
7991:
7989:
7980:
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7974:
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7972:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7941:
7935:
7929:
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7925:
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7888:
7878:
7877:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7855:
7853:
7847:
7846:
7844:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7831:District-level
7828:
7823:
7821:Municipalities
7818:
7812:
7810:
7801:
7800:
7795:
7794:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7768:
7767:
7766:
7764:National parks
7756:
7751:
7746:
7745:
7744:
7742:Climate change
7734:
7728:
7722:
7716:
7715:
7712:
7711:
7709:
7708:
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7706:
7701:
7691:
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7648:
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7638:
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7565:
7558:
7555:
7548:
7543:
7537:
7536:
7531:
7522:
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7502:
7501:External links
7499:
7497:
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7490:
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7454:
7448:
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7406:
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7239:(4): 686–708.
7228:
7200:(3): 741–771.
7184:
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6128:
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6097:
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6074:United Nations
6064:
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5997:
5964:
5938:
5932:978-1845454524
5931:
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5906:
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5722:, 2010, p. 235
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3568:Huỳnh Tấn Phát
3562:
3561:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3543:Dương Văn Minh
3540:
3537:Trần Văn Hương
3534:
3524:
3517:Dương Văn Minh
3513:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3422:
3416:
3383:Main article:
3380:
3377:
3349:Dương Văn Minh
3177:
3174:
3170:seized control
3146:
3143:
3137:to create the
3123:Main article:
3120:
3117:
3092:Trần Văn Hương
3058:Fall of Saigon
3053:
3050:
2955:
2952:
2911:Vietnamization
2835:Dương Văn Minh
2820:Special Forces
2797:1967 elections
2778:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2636:Main article:
2633:
2630:
2589:anti-communist
2528:. It was more
2520:, residing in
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2347:Main article:
2344:
2341:
2329:overran Saigon
2279:, followed by
2238:Dương Văn Minh
2195:Prime Minister
2193:of Bảo Đại by
2176:anti-communist
2122:United Nations
2066:Southeast Asia
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1978:Indochina Wars
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1884:Jarai kingdoms
1880:
1879:
1876:
1870:
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1860:
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1788:
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1779:
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1773:
1772:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1757:Subsidy period
1753:
1752:
1749:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1699:
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1626:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1608:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1587:Nguyễn dynasty
1583:
1582:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1543:
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1522:
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1512:
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1502:
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1493:
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1379:
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1338:
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1329:
1328:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1293:Gò Mun culture
1289:
1288:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1248:Đa Bút culture
1244:
1243:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1186:Sơn Vi culture
1182:
1181:
1179:
1169:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1151:
1150:
1141:
1140:
1133:
1126:
1125:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1078:
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1074:
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1070:
1063:
1054:
1051:
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1045:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1007:
1006:
993:
989:
988:
983:
979:
978:
975:
973:• Density
972:
969:
968:
965:
964:
961:
958:
955:
954:
951:
948:
945:
944:
938:
935:
932:
931:
928:
927:
923:
922:
919:
916:
913:
912:
908:
907:
904:
903:
900:
897:Fall of Saigon
894:
891:
890:
887:
879:
876:
875:
870:
863:
860:
859:
856:
850:
847:
846:
843:
837:
834:
833:
830:
824:
821:
820:
817:
816:
811:
810:Historical era
807:
806:
801:
795:
792:
791:
786:
780:
777:
776:
771:
767:
766:
763:
762:
757:
754:
751:
750:
748:Trần Văn Hương
745:
742:
739:
738:
733:
730:
727:
726:
721:
718:
715:
714:
709:
706:
703:
702:
699:
698:
695:
693:Vice President
689:
688:
685:
684:
679:
676:
673:
672:
667:
664:
661:
660:
657:
656:
653:
651:Prime Minister
647:
646:
643:
642:
640:Dương Văn Minh
637:
634:
631:
630:
628:Trần Văn Hương
625:
622:
619:
618:
613:
610:
607:
606:
603:Military junta
596:
593:
590:
589:
584:
581:
578:
577:
574:
573:
570:
564:
563:
561:
560:
557:
540:
527:
510:
492:dominant-party
485:
483:
479:
478:
476:
475:
470:
466:
464:
458:
457:
455:
454:
449:
444:
442:Folk religions
439:
434:
429:
424:
418:
416:
412:
411:
406:
400:
399:
394:
390:
389:
322:
319:
315:
314:
303:
295:
294:
273:
272:
261:
245:
244:
231:
230:
221:
214:
213:
207:
200:
199:
198:
195:
194:
190:
189:
160:
157:
150:
149:
145:
144:
137:
126:
104:
101:
90:
87:
68:
67:
66:
64:
57:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9020:
9009:
9006:
9004:
9001:
8999:
8996:
8994:
8991:
8989:
8986:
8984:
8981:
8979:
8976:
8974:
8971:
8969:
8966:
8964:
8961:
8959:
8956:
8954:
8953:South Vietnam
8951:
8950:
8948:
8933:
8930:
8928:
8925:
8924:
8919:
8915:
8912:
8908:
8907:
8903:
8889:
8886:
8884:
8881:
8879:
8876:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8863:
8862:
8859:
8855:
8852:
8850:
8847:
8845:
8842:
8840:
8837:
8835:
8832:
8830:
8827:
8825:
8822:
8821:
8820:
8817:
8813:
8810:
8808:
8805:
8804:
8803:
8800:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8777:
8776:
8773:
8769:
8766:
8765:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8737:
8734:
8732:
8729:
8728:
8727:
8724:
8722:
8719:
8715:
8712:
8711:
8710:
8707:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8686:
8684:
8682:
8678:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8646:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8629:Ethnic groups
8627:
8623:
8620:
8618:
8615:
8613:
8610:
8609:
8608:
8605:
8601:
8598:
8596:
8593:
8592:
8591:
8588:
8587:
8585:
8583:
8579:
8573:
8570:
8568:
8565:
8563:
8560:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8538:
8536:
8533:
8532:
8531:
8528:
8523:
8520:
8516:
8513:
8511:
8508:
8507:
8506:
8503:
8499:
8496:
8495:
8494:
8491:
8490:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8478:
8468:
8465:
8463:
8462:Air transport
8460:
8459:
8457:
8455:
8451:
8445:
8442:
8438:
8435:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8425:
8424:
8423:
8420:
8416:
8413:
8412:
8411:
8408:
8404:
8401:
8399:
8396:
8395:
8394:
8391:
8387:
8384:
8382:
8379:
8377:
8374:
8373:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8364:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8351:
8350:
8349:Manufacturing
8347:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8339:Foreign trade
8337:
8335:
8332:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8322:Nuclear power
8320:
8318:
8315:
8314:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8302:
8300:
8296:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8281:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8269:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8245:
8242:
8241:
8239:
8237:
8232:
8228:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8214:
8212:
8209:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8196:
8195:
8192:
8191:
8189:
8185:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8170:
8168:
8166:
8162:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8136:Chief Justice
8134:
8132:
8129:
8128:
8126:
8124:
8120:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8102:
8099:
8098:
8097:
8094:
8093:
8091:
8087:
8081:
8078:
8074:
8071:
8070:
8069:
8066:
8064:
8061:
8057:
8054:
8053:
8052:
8049:
8048:
8046:
8042:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7992:
7990:
7988:
7984:
7978:
7975:
7971:
7968:
7967:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7942:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7930:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7905:
7904:
7901:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7891:South Central
7889:
7887:
7886:North Central
7884:
7883:
7882:
7879:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7861:
7860:
7857:
7856:
7854:
7852:
7848:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7836:Commune-level
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7813:
7811:
7809:
7805:
7799:
7796:
7792:
7789:
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7704:South Vietnam
7702:
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7699:North Vietnam
7697:
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7491:9781501770579
7487:
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7470:9780824895181
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7428:9780824887865
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7382:
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7365:9780801450617
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7344:9780674072985
7340:
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7314:9781439922880
7310:
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6914:
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6884:
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6878:9781410225429
6874:
6867:
6866:
6859:
6858:public domain
6848:
6829:
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6823:9780029303702
6819:
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6804:
6803:public domain
6793:
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6339:
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6313:
6305:
6298:
6282:
6278:
6276:9781631582936
6272:
6268:
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6259:
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6246:0-7006-1175-4
6242:
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5771:
5763:
5744:
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5728:
5721:
5717:
5714:Wright, Sue.
5711:
5707:
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5562:Radio Vietnam
5542:
5527:
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5511:
5508:This section
5506:
5502:
5497:
5496:
5488:
5478:
5475:
5467:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5443:
5442:
5438:
5433:This section
5431:
5427:
5422:
5421:
5413:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5386:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5363:Cham language
5360:
5355:
5353:
5349:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5295:In 1968, the
5282:
5273:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5249:
5247:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5227:
5218:
5213:
5207:
5197:
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5179:
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5139:
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5131:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5109:
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5097:
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5077:
5073:
5069:
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5049:
5045:
5041:
5031:
5029:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5001:
5000:Tet Offensive
4997:
4993:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4971:
4966:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4937:Phạm Văn Đồng
4928:
4924:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4900:
4898:
4888:
4878:
4874:
4846:
4838:
4837:Western Samoa
4834:
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4826:
4822:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4796:
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4772:
4768:
4764:
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4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
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4736:
4732:
4728:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4709:United States
4706:
4702:
4698:
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4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4619:
4617:Americas (25)
4616:
4615:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
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4576:
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4498:
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4470:
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4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
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4439:
4436:
4435:
4432:Nation/State
4431:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4418:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4399:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4385:
4381:
4380:Buôn Ma Thuột
4376:
4374:
4370:
4369:Ngô Đình Diệm
4365:
4361:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4334:
4331:
4328:
4326:
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4278:
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4018:
4016:
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4012:
4009:
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3998:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3988:
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3979:
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3814:
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3808:
3806:
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3799:
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3787:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3659:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3621:Bộ Quốc phòng
3618:
3615:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3597:Bộ Ngoại giao
3594:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3531:Nguyễn Cao Kỳ
3528:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3511:
3507:
3506:Ngô Đình Diệm
3504:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:17th parallel
3466:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3376:
3374:
3369:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3295:In 1967, the
3293:
3291:
3288:attempted an
3287:
3284:
3283:Buddhist monk
3279:
3278:Phan Huy Quát
3274:
3272:
3268:
3267:Nguyễn Cao Kỳ
3264:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3231:
3229:
3228:Head of State
3225:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3126:
3116:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3080:18th Division
3073:
3068:
3063:
3059:
3049:
3047:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3020:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3003:
3001:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2979:Richard Nixon
2975:
2973:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2951:
2949:
2944:
2942:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2907:Richard Nixon
2903:
2902:Tet Offensive
2899:
2895:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2867:Nguyễn Cao Kỳ
2864:
2863:February 1965
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2847:Phan Khắc Sửu
2844:
2840:
2836:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2822:were sent to
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2763:, continued:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2713:
2708:
2706:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2667:
2666:Ngô Đình Diệm
2663:
2659:
2656:US President
2654:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2638:Ngô Đình Diệm
2629:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2617:Ngô Đình Diệm
2613:
2609:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2453:
2448:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2370:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2301:Tet Offensive
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2261:North Vietnam
2258:
2254:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2234:military coup
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2218:French colony
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2198:Ngô Đình Diệm
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2102:North Vietnam
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2034:South Vietnam
2024:
2019:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1988:
1987:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1918:
1917:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1780:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1736:
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1397:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1377:204 BC–111 BC
1376:
1374:
1373:Triệu dynasty
1371:
1370:
1367:257 BC–179 BC
1366:
1364:
1361:
1360:
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632:
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587:Ngô Đình Diệm
585:
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75:in Vietnamese
74:
69:You can help
65:
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55:
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44:
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8871:Martial arts
8694:Architecture
8664:Christianity
8582:Demographics
8540:Prostitution
8498:Universities
8444:Water supply
8294:
8204:Border Guard
8199:Ground Force
8187:Armed forces
7965:Human rights
7950:Constitution
7913:Mekong Delta
7703:
7550:
7514:the original
7507:(in English)
7480:
7459:
7438:
7417:
7396:
7375:
7354:
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7304:
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6983:
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6864:
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6413:the original
6408:
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6337:
6330:
6322:the original
6312:
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6265:
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6173:
6163:30 September
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6010:
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5769:
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5734:
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5690:
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5616:
5611:World Series
5604:
5598:
5578:
5559:
5521:
5509:
5485:
5470:
5461:
5446:Please help
5434:
5410:Confucianism
5387:
5356:
5337:
5294:
5262:Demographics
5252:
5250:
5223:
5190:
5171:
5168:
5164:
5129:
5121:
5114:French Union
5099:
5062:(Intelsat),
5050:(IBRD), the
5037:
5025:
5015:, while the
4989:
4982:
4974:James Gibson
4967:
4958:
4954:
4933:
4917:client state
4915:region as a
4906:
4897:West Germany
4893:
4886:
4876:
4872:
4791:South Africa
4787:Sierra Leone
4555:West Germany
4513:Saudi Arabia
4420:
4406:
4400:
4388:
4377:
4366:
4363:
3843:Ban Me Thuot
3664:
3637:
3630:
3620:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3586:
3580:
3557:
3551:
3521:Nguyễn Khánh
3509:
3495:
3491:
3483:World War II
3460:
3454:
3439:
3433:
3419:Lê Văn Hoạch
3406:
3398:
3391:
3370:
3353:
3317:Hạ Nghị Viện
3294:
3275:
3259:
3255:deposed Minh
3252:Nguyễn Khánh
3232:
3221:
3159:
3151:Mekong Delta
3148:
3128:
3105:
3077:
3043:
3024:
3016:
3004:
2996:
2976:
2968:Trần Văn Trà
2964:
2957:
2945:
2938:
2919:
2915:
2891:
2875:
2859:in September
2843:Nguyễn Khánh
2832:
2801:
2758:
2748:
2744:
2728:
2717:
2709:
2702:
2694:Ngô Đình Nhu
2688:Diệm held a
2687:
2671:
2605:
2601:Soviet Union
2592:
2582:
2542:Vichy France
2471:
2430:
2427:Free Vietnam
2426:
2424:
2407:
2396:
2368:
2367:
2352:
2314:
2269:Soviet Union
2250:
2225:
2216:), a former
2213:
2138:
2094:French Union
2074:Western Bloc
2053:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2032:
1854:Dali Kingdom
1844:Khmer Empire
1771:1986–present
1728:
1716:
1643:
1624:French Annam
1517:Trần dynasty
1487:Đinh dynasty
1404:111 BC–40 AD
1363:Thục dynasty
1297:1,000–800 BC
1257:
1216:
1195:
1174:
1030:Succeeded by
1029:
1024:
959:• 1974
949:• 1968
936:• 1955
917:• Total
873:1 April 1967
868:established
755:• 1975
723:
635:• 1975
623:• 1975
598:
548:presidential
535:presidential
518:presidential
508:dictatorship
432:Confucianism
427:Christianity
276:
248:
235:Motto:
234:
223:Coat of arms
116:edit summary
107:
78:
70:
51:
8968:Vietnam War
8834:Nationalism
8785:News Agency
8736:Ingredients
8427:Expressways
8415:Visa policy
8381:Measurement
8334:Foreign aid
8284:Agriculture
8221:Coast Guard
8089:Legislative
7684:Monarchical
7669:Prehistoric
7069:pp. 219–220
7041:Lafont 2007
6757:31 December
5653:Asia portal
5565: [
5319:(Chinese),
5237:Vietnam War
5233:Air Vietnam
5046:(ADB), the
4996:Vietnam War
4950:Ho Chi Minh
4829:New Zealand
4817:Oceania (5)
4807:Upper Volta
4751:Ivory Coast
4723:Africa (22)
4657:El Salvador
4607:Switzerland
4583:Netherlands
4531:Europe (20)
4505:Philippines
4067:Khiêm Cường
3676:(1968 est.)
3570:(1975–1976)
3500:Vietnam War
3448:(1948–1949)
3427:(1947–1948)
3421:(1946–1947)
3394:Cochinchina
3326:upper House
3312:lower house
3046:Gerald Ford
3011:US Congress
2985:passed the
2841:by General
2787:Vietnam War
2593:quốc trưởng
2554:Hồ Chí Minh
2494:Cochinchina
2474:Cochinchina
2305:US soldiers
2253:Vietnam War
2210:Cochinchina
2156:Ho Chi Minh
2116:across the
2092:within the
1948:Immigration
1928:Agriculture
1557:Mạc dynasty
1467:Ngô dynasty
1176:Paleolithic
1166:Prehistoric
1145:History of
1025:Preceded by
840:Vietnam War
798:Lower house
783:Upper house
770:Legislature
559:(1969–1975)
542:(1967–1969)
529:(1963–1967)
512:(1956–1963)
498:(1955–1956)
380: /
349: /
337:106°41′43″E
293:(1963–1975)
287:(1955–1963)
225:(1963–1975)
80:(June 2024)
8947:Categories
8844:Trotskyism
8819:Philosophy
8795:Newspapers
8780:Television
8775:Mass media
8763:Literature
8555:Corruption
8403:Censorship
8386:Inventions
8359:Automotive
8306:(currency)
8063:Government
7945:Censorship
7749:Ecoregions
7554:1955–1975
7215:1993/34017
7005:29 January
6287:3 November
5870:27 October
5826:3 November
5795:27 October
5702:References
5575:Television
5464:April 2022
5339:Vietnamese
5321:Montagnard
5297:population
5226:capitalist
5210:See also:
5126:Vietnamese
5122:Supplétifs
5102:Vietnamese
5048:World Bank
5013:occupation
4873:implicitly
4645:Costa Rica
4595:San Marino
4575:Luxembourg
4373:Trung phần
4358:See also:
4303:Khánh Hưng
4258:Trúc Giang
4183:Long Xuyên
3948:Phước Bình
3933:Phan Thiết
3753:Quảng Ngãi
3674:Population
3611:Bộ Tư pháp
3577:Ministries
3490:1955–1975
3453:1949–1955
3432:1948–1949
3390:1946–1947
3344:re-elected
3297:unicameral
3235:referendum
3226:served as
3108:evacuation
3009:, and the
2740:Bình Xuyên
2690:referendum
2642:See also:
2458:See also:
2420:capitalist
2357:; French:
2080:after the
2046:Vietnamese
1527:Hồ dynasty
1327:(1–630 AD)
1207:Hoabinhian
1197:Mesolithic
963:19,582,000
953:16,258,334
943:12 million
926:Population
827:Referendum
682:Vũ Văn Mẫu
482:Government
473:Vietnamese
462:Demonym(s)
397:Vietnamese
334:10°46′37″N
170:Vietnamese
8839:Socialism
8829:Communism
8824:Anarchism
8753:Festivals
8714:Animation
8617:Phonology
8493:Education
8454:Transport
8422:Transport
8354:Standards
8216:Air Force
8123:Judiciary
8113:Elections
8080:Ministers
8051:President
8044:Executive
8020:Politburo
7908:Southeast
7874:Northwest
7869:Northeast
7816:Provinces
7808:Divisions
7720:Geography
7626:Dynasties
7253:256739269
7224:165729774
7111:162242219
6837:3 October
6568:2 October
5720:Routledge
5524:June 2023
5516:talk page
5435:does not
5406:Hoahaoism
5396:, mainly
5394:Christian
5390:Buddhists
5309:Viet Cong
5241:Inflation
5182:III Corps
5078:(LORCS),
4821:Australia
4795:Swaziland
4717:Venezuela
4689:Nicaragua
4665:Guatemala
4621:Argentina
4517:Singapore
4461:Indonesia
4437:Asia (22)
4344:1,622,673
4333:Quản Long
4243:Vĩnh Long
4078:1,089,773
4023:Phú Cường
3903:Phan Rang
3873:Gia Nghĩa
3858:Nha Trang
3693:Quảng Trị
3653:Provinces
3471:in 1954.
3465:Việt Minh
3340:plurality
3304:bicameral
3145:Geography
3070:An empty
2983:US Senate
2954:1973–1975
2777:1963–1973
2770:controls.
2720:Group 559
2626:Việt Cộng
2530:"evolved"
2416:communist
2404:Minh Mạng
2397:Southern
2343:Etymology
2297:Air Force
2202:president
2152:communist
2148:Việt Minh
2143:saw anti-
1933:Dynasties
1908:1707–1832
1898:1600–1954
1888:1100–1904
1878:1061–1432
1874:Ngưu Hống
1868:1042–1052
1761:1975–1986
1751:1969–1976
1737:1955–1975
1723:1954–1976
1711:1949–1955
1701:1948–1949
1691:1945–1976
1591:1802–1945
1581:1778–1802
1571:1533–1789
1561:1527–1592
1551:1428–1527
1541:1407–1427
1531:1400–1407
1521:1225–1400
1511:1009–1225
1391:Dominated
1263:Iron Ages
1218:Neolithic
1011:Drives on
992:Time zone
853:1963 coup
568:President
452:Hoahaoism
415:Religion
193:1955–1975
134:talk page
8927:Category
8721:Clothing
8654:Buddhism
8644:Religion
8612:Alphabet
8607:Language
8535:Gambling
8515:COVID-19
8510:HIV/AIDS
8437:Airports
8432:Railways
8398:Internet
8249:Security
8165:Military
8108:Chairman
7933:Politics
7903:Southern
7859:Northern
7786:Molluscs
7771:Wildlife
7694:Republic
7661:Timeline
7641:Monarchs
7636:Military
7631:Economic
7621:Capitals
7605:articles
7103:20078784
6996:Archived
6961:, p. 80.
6939:Archived
6883:Archived
6828:Archived
6751:Archived
6611:31 March
6605:Archived
6559:Archived
6520:Archived
6389:22 April
6383:Archived
6353:Archived
6281:Archived
6157:Archived
6090:Archived
6036:5 August
6030:Archived
5984:Archived
5957:28 April
5951:Archived
5864:Archived
5820:Archived
5789:Archived
5743:Archived
5625:See also
5402:Caodaism
5398:Catholic
5186:IV Corps
5178:II Corps
5090:Military
5082:and the
5064:Interpol
4887:de facto
4739:Ethiopia
4727:Botswana
4697:Paraguay
4677:Honduras
4641:Colombia
4591:Portugal
4521:Thailand
4497:Malaysia
4449:Cambodia
4318:Vĩnh Lợi
4288:Vị Thanh
4273:Phú Vinh
4213:Rạch Giá
4168:Châu Phú
4153:Cao Lãnh
4082:Gia Định
4052:Phước Lễ
4038:Biên Hòa
4008:Tây Ninh
3963:Xuân Lộc
3783:Qui Nhơn
3679:Capital
3550:1975–76
3320:) and a
3290:uprising
3239:monarchy
3168:. China
3162:Paracels
2972:Lộc Ninh
2930:invasion
2926:Cambodia
2738:and the
2597:Cold War
2502:Cambodia
2429:and the
2386:Nam Việt
2382:Gia Long
2369:Việt Nam
2267:and the
2232:-backed
2226:Trung Kỳ
2154:fighter
2145:Japanese
2114:Thailand
2110:Cambodia
2078:Cold War
1958:Monarchs
1953:Military
1921:By topic
1858:937–1253
1848:802–1431
1808:192–1832
1674:Republic
1605:Colonial
1501:980–1009
1458:Dynastic
1136:a series
1134:Part of
982:Currency
814:Cold War
553:under a
523:under a
506:under a
447:Caodaism
422:Buddhism
368:106°42′E
110:provide
8911:Outline
8883:Theater
8878:Symbols
8726:Cuisine
8681:Culture
8595:Eunuchs
8481:Society
8410:Tourism
8366:Poverty
8295:Doi Moi
8289:Banking
8272:Economy
8236:Militia
7881:Central
7851:Regions
7776:Mammals
7737:Climate
7732:Borders
7674:Ancient
7613:History
7601:Vietnam
6359:11 June
6077:. 1954.
5752:25 July
5591:AFVN-TV
5456:removed
5441:sources
5416:Culture
5200:Economy
5174:I Corps
5161:(RVNMD)
5149:(RVNAF)
5086:(UPU).
4877:de jure
4803:Tunisia
4779:Nigeria
4771:Morocco
4763:Liberia
4759:Lesotho
4713:Uruguay
4681:Jamaica
4661:Grenada
4653:Ecuador
4625:Bolivia
4567:Ireland
4563:Iceland
4547:Denmark
4539:Belgium
4535:Austria
4493:Lebanon
4441:Bahrain
4429:Region
4354:Regions
4347:Saigon
4329:235,398
4314:259,891
4299:352,971
4284:248,713
4269:404,118
4254:582,099
4239:500,870
4228:Cần Thơ
4224:426,090
4209:387,634
4194:264,511
4179:491,710
4164:575,916
4139:Mộc Hóa
4110:Gò Công
4063:279,088
4034:449,468
4019:235,404
4004:235,404
3978:Hàm Tân
3959:144,227
3944:104,213
3929:267,306
3918:Bảo Lộc
3899:156,194
3854:403,988
3839:293,194
3828:Tuy Hòa
3824:329,464
3813:Hậu Bổn
3794:192,682
3779:902,085
3764:104,241
3749:678,606
3734:306,518
3719:915,123
3704:633,799
3689:279,088
3604:Bộ Y tế
3475:Bảo Đại
3379:Leaders
3338:with a
3336:elected
3224:Bảo Đại
3099:. Minh
3082:at the
3029:in the
2736:Hòa Hảo
2732:Cao Đài
2698:Algeria
2681:around
2518:Bảo Đại
2437:History
2433:(GVN).
2422:parts.
2408:Đại Nam
2293:US Navy
2277:Marines
2191:deposal
2183:Bảo Đại
2180:emperor
2070:Vietnam
1938:Economy
1838:738–902
1834:Nanzhao
1828:550–781
1818:300–800
1767:Đổi Mới
1491:968–980
1481:965–968
1471:939–965
1444:602–938
1434:544–602
1357:–258 BC
1355:2879 BC
1341:Ancient
1147:Vietnam
1116:Chữ Hán
1086:Vietnam
895:•
880:•
864:•
851:•
825:•
796:•
781:•
545:Unitary
532:Unitary
515:Unitary
501:Unitary
489:Unitary
365:10°47′N
318:Capital
249:Anthem:
132:to the
114:in the
77:.
47:Vietnam
8932:Portal
8861:Sports
8768:Poetry
8748:Emblem
8731:Dishes
8709:Cinema
8704:Awards
8689:Anthem
8659:Taoism
8639:Racism
8590:People
8505:Health
8312:Energy
8244:Police
7826:Cities
7603:
7488:
7467:
7446:
7425:
7404:
7383:
7362:
7341:
7311:
7291:
7270:
7251:
7222:
7131:
7109:
7101:
7061:
6915:
6875:
6860::
6820:
6805::
6780:
6499:
6457:
6419:29 May
6345:
6273:
6243:
6218:
6186:
6126:
6022:
5929:
5904:
5856:
5781:
5325:French
5303:(from
5155:(RVNN)
5143:(ARVN)
5134:French
5118:French
5104::
5080:UNESCO
5074:, the
5070:, the
5066:, the
5058:, the
5042:, the
4883:
4869:
4863:
4857:
4851:
4783:Rwanda
4767:Malawi
4743:Gambia
4693:Panama
4685:Mexico
4669:Guyana
4633:Canada
4629:Brazil
4603:Sweden
4587:Norway
4579:Monaco
4559:Greece
4551:France
4543:Cyprus
4525:Turkey
4485:Kuwait
4477:Jordan
4469:Israel
4340:Saigon
4198:Sa Đéc
4135:42,597
4124:Mỹ Tho
4096:Tân An
3993:An Lộc
3989:70,394
3974:59,082
3914:65,561
3888:Da Lat
3884:93,646
3869:28,863
3809:51,313
3798:Pleiku
3768:Kontum
3738:Tam Kỳ
3723:Hội An
3539:(1975)
3415:(1946)
3322:Senate
3265:chief
3244:Saigon
3216:, and
3155:Brunei
3088:Taiwan
2510:Tonkin
2506:colony
2500:, and
2486:Tonkin
2466:, and
2214:Nam Kỳ
2126:Soviet
2098:Saigon
2058:French
1824:Chenla
1804:Champa
1798:68–627
1424:43–544
1259:Bronze
1138:on the
1005:(SST))
789:Senate
724:Vacant
697:
655:
599:Vacant
572:
437:Taoism
409:French
325:Saigon
251:
184:French
180:
166:
41:, see
8918:Index
8807:V-pop
8802:Music
8790:Voice
8743:Dance
8669:Islam
8572:Women
8530:Crime
8519:Delta
8304:Đồng
7781:Birds
7651:Naval
7646:Names
7249:S2CID
7220:S2CID
7107:S2CID
7099:JSTOR
6999:(PDF)
6976:(PDF)
6886:(PDF)
6869:(PDF)
6831:(PDF)
6814:(PDF)
6562:(PDF)
6555:(PDF)
5746:(PDF)
5739:(PDF)
5682:Notes
5569:]
5536:Radio
5491:Media
5348:Khmer
5329:Khmer
4833:Tonga
4811:Zaire
4775:Niger
4755:Kenya
4747:Ghana
4673:Haiti
4637:Chile
4599:Spain
4571:Italy
4509:Qatar
4501:Nepal
4473:Japan
4457:India
4445:Burma
2514:Annam
2490:Annam
2482:Hanoi
2265:China
2222:Annam
2164:Hanoi
1973:Women
1968:Naval
1963:Names
1794:Funan
1414:40–43
1015:right
94:DeepL
8758:Flag
8634:Name
8567:Time
8522:cron
8517:and
8234:and
8211:Navy
8194:Army
7970:LGBT
7486:ISBN
7465:ISBN
7444:ISBN
7423:ISBN
7402:ISBN
7381:ISBN
7360:ISBN
7339:ISBN
7309:ISBN
7289:ISBN
7268:ISBN
7129:ISBN
7059:ISBN
7007:2023
6913:ISBN
6894:2019
6873:ISBN
6839:2019
6818:ISBN
6778:ISBN
6759:2013
6613:2021
6570:2019
6497:ISBN
6455:ISBN
6421:2020
6391:2009
6361:2021
6343:ISBN
6289:2020
6271:ISBN
6241:ISBN
6216:ISBN
6184:ISBN
6165:2019
6124:ISBN
6038:2016
6020:ISBN
5992:2019
5959:2010
5927:ISBN
5902:ISBN
5872:2015
5854:ISBN
5828:2018
5797:2015
5779:ISBN
5754:2021
5603:and
5585:THVN
5439:any
5437:cite
5404:and
5359:Cham
5352:Cham
5333:Cham
5313:Kinh
5040:accT
4984:coup
4959:Diệm
4825:Fiji
4799:Togo
4735:Chad
4701:Peru
4489:Laos
4465:Iran
3671:Name
3510:coup
3164:and
3072:Huey
3060:and
2934:Laos
2861:and
2785:and
2683:Vinh
2646:and
2583:The
2498:Laos
2418:and
2399:Việt
2287:. A
2281:Army
2185:. A
2106:Laos
2054:VNCH
1660:1945
1261:and
1122:越南共和
986:đồng
911:Area
209:Flag
108:must
106:You
8699:Art
7977:Law
7241:doi
7210:hdl
7202:doi
7091:doi
6988:doi
6379:UPI
6056:doi
5775:269
5450:by
5371:NFL
5317:Hoa
5072:ITU
5068:IOC
5056:IMF
4384:Huế
3708:Huế
3519:or
3324:or
3310:or
3248:CIA
2924:in
2898:Tết
2522:Huế
2388:" (
2365:".
2230:CIA
2162:in
2042:RVN
997:UTC
96:or
8949::
7247:.
7237:53
7235:.
7218:.
7208:.
7198:77
7196:.
7192:.
7105:,
7097:,
7087:10
7085:,
6994:.
6984:41
6982:.
6978:.
6950:^
6927:^
6881:.
6826:.
6680:.
6658:^
6599:.
6578:^
6469:^
6429:^
6407:.
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6110:^
6028:.
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