Vietnamese language

8296:

lasted from 1975 to 1985. The first half of the program (1975–1980) resulted in 1.3 million people sent to the New Economic Zones (NEZs), most of which were relocated to the southern half of the country in previously uninhabited areas, and 550,000 of them were Northerners. The second half (1981–1985) saw almost 1 million Northerners relocated to the New Economic Zones. Government and military personnel from Northern and North-Central Vietnam are also posted to various locations throughout the country that were often away from their home regions. More recently, the growth of the free market system has resulted in increased interregional movement and relations between distant parts of Vietnam through business and travel. The movements have also resulted in some blending of dialects and more significantly have made the Northern dialect more easily understood in the South and vice versa. Most Southerners, when singing modern/old popular Vietnamese songs or addressing the public, do so in the standardized accent if possible, which uses the Northern pronunciation. That is true in both Vietnam and overseas Vietnamese communities.

3009: 2629: 7053: 2952: 623: 5745: 4119: 4323: 4069: 4272: 4221: 4170: 10939: 843: 4410: 4403: 4382: 4375: 247: 7023: 4522: 4515: 4417: 4389: 4438: 4494: 4487: 4466: 4459: 4529: 10410:) ensures, that a citizen of the Czech Republic, who belongs to a national or an ethnic minority, which traditionally and on long-term basis lives within the territory of the Czech Republic, have right to address an administrative agency and proceed before it in the language of the minority. In the case that the administrative agency doesn't have an employee with knowledge of the language, the agency is bound to obtain a translator at the agency's own expense. According to Act No. 273/2001 ( 4445: 3968: 4501: 4473: 373: 5753: 8214: 7102: 4431: 1533:, but were evidently present in the later Proto-Vietnamese stage. Subsequent loss of the minor-syllable prefixes phonemicized the fricatives. Ferlus 1992 proposes that originally there were both voiced and voiceless fricatives, corresponding to original voiced or voiceless stops, but Ferlus 2009 appears to have abandoned that hypothesis, suggesting that stops were softened and voiced at approximately the same time, according to the following pattern: 10333: 259: 10319: 3084:, with over 1.5 million speakers, who are concentrated in a handful of states. It is the third-most spoken language in Texas and Washington; fourth-most in Georgia, Louisiana, and Virginia; and fifth-most in Arkansas and California. Vietnamese is the third most spoken language in Australia other than English, after Mandarin and Arabic. In France, it is the most spoken Asian language and the eighth most spoken immigrant language at home. 7081: 224: 8034: 1892:, becoming a voiced fricative. The minor syllables were eventually lost, but not until the tone split had occurred. As a result, words in modern Vietnamese with voiced fricatives occur in all six tones, and the tonal register reflects the voicing of the minor-syllable prefix and not the voicing of the main-syllable stop in Proto-Viet–Muong that produced the fricative. For similar reasons, words beginning with 5790: 3120:. In countries with Vietnamese-speaking communities Vietnamese language education largely serves as a role to link descendants of Vietnamese immigrants to their ancestral culture. In neighboring countries and vicinities near Vietnam such as Southern China, Cambodia, Laos, and Thailand, Vietnamese as a foreign language is largely due to trade, as well as recovery and growth of the Vietnamese economy. 7004:

slang in daily conversation among teenagers will affect the formality and cadence of their general speech. Others argue that it is not slang that is the problem, but rather the lack of communication techniques for the instant internet messaging era. They believe slang should not be dismissed, but instead, youth should be adequately informed to recognise when to use it and when it is inappropriate.

424: 6695:. It is estimated that Vietnamese slang originating from Mandarin accounts for a tiny proportion (4.6% of surveyed data in newspapers). On the other hand, slang originating from Indo-European languages accounts for a more significant proportion (12%) and is much more common in today's usage. Slang borrowed from these languages can be either 8308:( in the Northern dialect and in the Central and Southern dialects). Thus, the Central and the Southern dialects can be said to have retained a pronunciation closer to Vietnamese orthography and resemble how Middle Vietnamese sounded, in contrast to the modern Northern (Hanoi) dialect, which has since undergone pronunciation shifts. 789:, with roots consisting of a reduced syllable followed by a full syllable, and featured many consonant clusters. Both of these features are found elsewhere in Austroasiatic and in modern conservative Vietic languages south of the Red River area. The language was non-tonal, but featured glottal stop and voiceless fricative codas. 6089:

words created by Japanese to represent Western concepts that were not readily available in Chinese or Japanese, where by the end of the 19th century they were imported to other Asian languages. This first influx is called Sino-Vietnamese words of Japanese origins. For example, the Vietnamese term for "association club",

6250: 2291:(c. 1259 – 1309). Old Vietnamese used Chinese characters phonetically where each word, monosyllabic in Modern Vietnamese, is written with two Chinese characters or in a composite character made of two different characters. This conveys the transformation of the Vietnamese lexicon from sesquisyllabic to fully 7369:, Gaspar do Amaral and Antonio Barbosa. It reflects a "Middle Vietnamese" dialect close to the Hanoi variety as spoken in the 17th century. Its vowels and final consonants correspond most closely to northern dialects while its initial consonants are most similar to southern dialects. (This is not unlike how 6088:

Japanese loanwords are a more recently studied phenomenon, with a paper by Nguyễn & Lê (2020) classifying three waves of Japanese influence - with the first two waves being the principal influxes and the third wave coming from the Vietnamese who studied Japanese. The first wave consisted of Kanji

8295:

in 1975, Northern and North-Central speakers from the densely-populated Red River Delta and the traditionally-poorer provinces of Nghệ An, Hà Tĩnh, and Quảng Bình have continued to move south to look for better economic opportunities allowed by the new government's New Economic Zones, a program that

7003:

Whilst older slang has been used by previous generations, the prevalence of modern slang used by young people in Vietnam (as teenspeak) has made conversations more difficult for older generations to understand. This has become subject for debate. Some believe that incorporating teenspeak or internet

6171:

romanisation. These loanwords are coined as "new Japanese loanwords". A significant number of new Japanese loanwords were also of Chinese origin. Sometimes the same concept can be described using both Sino-Vietnamese words of Japanese origin (first wave) and new Japanese loanwords (second wave). For

6150:

The second wave was during the brief Japanese occupation of Vietnam from 1940 until 1945. However, Japanese cultural influence in Vietnam started significantly from the 1980s. This newer second wave of Japanese-origin loanwords is distinctive from the Sino-Vietnamese words of Japanese origin in that

8201:

to Northern and Southern speakers. There is less internal variation within the Southern region than the other regions because of its relatively late settlement by Vietnamese-speakers (around the end of the 15th century). The North-Central region is particularly conservative since its pronunciation

2339:

glide, vowel nucleus, tone and final consonant), appears nearly identical between Middle Vietnamese and modern Hanoi pronunciation. On the other hand, the Middle Vietnamese pronunciation of the initial consonant differs greatly from all modern dialects, and in fact is significantly closer to the

8206:

attitudes, the North-Central varieties are often felt to be "peculiar" or "difficult to understand" by speakers of other dialects although their pronunciation fits the written language the most closely; that is typically because of various words in their vocabulary that are unfamiliar to other

7639:

sought to eliminate Chinese writing, Confucianism, and other Chinese influences from Vietnam. French superseded Literary Chinese in administration. Vietnamese written with the alphabet became required for all public documents in 1910 by issue of a decree by the French Résident Supérieur of the

6971:

of the word vô, meaning "in". Slogans when drinking at parties. Usually people in the south of Vietnam will pronounce it as "dô", but people in the north pronounce it as "dzô". The letter "z", which is not usually present in the Vietnamese alphabet, can be used for emphasis or for slang terms.

808:(2nd century BC). At this time, Vietic groups began to expand south from the Red River Delta and into the adjacent uplands, possibly to escape Chinese encroachment. The oldest layer of loans from Chinese into northern Vietic (which would become the Viet–Muong subbranch) date from this period. 8299:

Modern Standard Vietnamese is based on the Hanoi dialect. Nevertheless, the major dialects are still predominant in their respective areas and have also evolved over time with influences from other areas. Historically, accents have been distinguished by how each region pronounces the letters

3107:

a representative on the Government Council for Nationalities, an advisory body of the Czech Government for matters of policy towards national minorities and their members. It also grants the community the right to use Vietnamese with public authorities and in courts anywhere in the country.

8984:

Although regional variations developed over time, most of those words can be used interchangeably and be understood well, albeit with more or less frequency then others or with slightly different but often discernible word choices and pronunciations. Some accents may mix, with words such

3285:, whereas the back vowels (u, ô, o) are rounded. The vowels â and ă are pronounced very short, much shorter than the other vowels. Thus, ơ and â are basically pronounced the same except that ơ is of normal length while â is short – the same applies to the vowels long a and short ă . 5892:

and subsequent influence after Vietnam became independent. Early linguists thought that this meant the Vietnamese lexicon had only two influxes of Chinese words, one stemming from the period under actual Chinese rule and a second from afterwards. These words are grouped together as

2295:

under the pressure of Chinese linguistic influence, characterized by linguistic phenomena such as the reduction of minor syllables; loss of affixal morphology drifting towards analytical grammar; simplification of major syllable segments, and the change of suprasegment instruments.

6674:

Other compound words, such as nước non (chữ Nôm: 渃𡽫, "country/nation", lit. "water and mountains"), appear to be of purely Vietnamese origin and used to be inscribed in chữ Nôm characters (compounded, self-coined Chinese characters) but are now written in the Vietnamese alphabet.

8196:

The dialect regions differ mostly in their sound systems (see below) but also in vocabulary (including basic and non-basic vocabulary) and grammar. The North-Central and the Central regional varieties, which have a significant number of vocabulary differences, are generally less

1873:.) Subsequent to this, the plain-voiced stops became voiceless and the allotones became new phonemic tones. The implosive stops were unaffected, and in fact developed tonally as if they were unvoiced. (This behavior is common to all East Asian languages with implosive stops.) 10389:

Citizens belonging to minorities, which traditionally and on long-term basis live within the territory of the Czech Republic, enjoy the right to use their language in communication with authorities and in front of the courts of law (for the list of recognized minorities see

8255:

The large movements of people between North and South since the mid-20th century has resulted in a sizable number of Southern residents speaking in the Northern accent/dialect and, to a greater extent, Northern residents speaking in the Southern accent/dialect. After the

6865:

A noun whose literal translation is "buffalo kid". It is usually used to describe younger children or people who behave like a child, like putting on airs and acting foolishly to attract other people's attention (with negative actions, words, and thoughts).

8202:

has diverged less from Vietnamese orthography than the other varieties, which tend to merge certain sounds. Along the coastal areas, regional variation has been neutralized to a certain extent, but more mountainous regions preserve more variation. As for

8232: 4620:

Before Vietnamese switched from a Chinese-based script to a Latin-based script, Vietnamese had used the traditional Chinese system of classifying tones. Using this system, Vietnamese has 8 tones, but modern linguists only count 6 phonemic tones.

9903:

in Vietnamese involves disyllabic words in which the last syllable forms the first syllable of the next word in the chain. This game involves two members versing each other until the opponent is unable to think of another word. For instance:

7634:

The romanised script became predominant over the course of the early 20th century, when education became widespread and a simpler writing system was found to be more expedient for teaching and communication with the general population. The

10161:

is played by children. Here a nonsense syllable (chosen by the child) is prefixed onto a target word's syllables, then their initial consonants and rimes are switched with the tone of the original word remaining on the new switched rime.

2788:

de Rhodes' system has two different b letters, a regular b and a "hooked" b in which the upper section of the curved part of the b extends leftward past the vertical bar and curls down again in a semicircle. This apparently represented a

8192:

refers to dialects spoken from the northern Nghệ An Province to the southern (former) Thừa Thiên Province that preserve archaic features (like consonant clusters and undiphthongized vowels) that have been lost in other modern dialects.

9020:

digraphs are pronounced distinctly in the North-Central, Central, and Southern varieties but are merged in Northern varieties, which pronounce them the same way). Many North-Central varieties preserve three distinct pronunciations for

7143:

in Vietnamese) for official purposes. Up to the late 19th century (except for two brief interludes), all formal writing, including government business, scholarship and formal literature, was done in Literary Chinese, written with

882:

series, and a Buddhist sutra recorded in an early form of chu Nom, variously dated to the 12th and 15th centuries. Compared with Proto-Viet–Muong, the language had lost the voicing distinction on stop initials, giving rise to a

2272:

Old Vietnamese/Ancient Vietnamese was a Vietic language which was separated from Viet–Muong around the 9th century, and evolved into Middle Vietnamese by 16th century. The sources for the reconstruction of Old Vietnamese are

8094:

is considered by the Vietnamese government to be a dialect of Vietnamese, however it is also considered a separate Việt-Mường language or the southernmost dialect of Mường language. The Vietnamese language also has several

3792:(like "ph"), and others are written with more than one letter or digraph (the velar stop is written variously as "c", "k", or "q"). In some cases, they are based on their Middle Vietnamese pronunciation; since that period, 3288:

The centering diphthongs are formed with only the three high vowels (i, ư, u). They are generally spelled as ia, ưa, ua when they end a word and are spelled iê, ươ, uô, respectively, when they are followed by a consonant.

5904:

Valley by the 1st century CE, and its vocabulary significantly fused with the co-existing Proto-Viet-Muong language, the immediate ancestor of Vietnamese. He lists three major classes of Sino-Vietnamese borrowings: Early

7958:

as the decimal separator in lieu of dots, and either spaces or dots to group the digits. An example is 1 629,15 (one thousand six hundred twenty-nine point fifteen). Because a comma is used as the decimal separator, a

1900:

occur in both registers. (Thompson 1976 reconstructed voiceless resonants to account for outcomes where resonants occur with a first-register tone, but this is no longer considered necessary, at least by Ferlus.)

758:, with a slightly different proposal on subclassification, within which the term "Viet–Muong" refers to a lower subgrouping (within an eastern Vietic branch) consisting of Vietnamese dialects, Mường dialects, and 5881:) as well as other periods of influence. Besides English and French, which have made some contributions to the Vietnamese language, Japanese loanwords into Vietnamese are also a more recently studied phenomenon. 9554:

The consonant clusters that were originally present in Middle Vietnamese (in the 17th century) have been lost in almost all modern Vietnamese varieties although they have been retained in other closely related

8230: 10795:

Sources on Vietnamese variation include: Alves (forthcoming), Alves & Nguyễn (2007), Emeneau (1947), Hoàng (1989), Honda (2006), Nguyễn, Đ.-H. (1995), Pham (2005), Thompson (1991), Vũ (1982), Vương

6765:, which translates in English to "running shows", but its everyday use has the same connotation as "having to do a lot of tasks within a short amount of time". This is an example of transliteral slang. 4120: 4070: 4324: 959:

After France invaded Vietnam in the late 19th century, French gradually replaced Literary Chinese as the official language in education and government. Vietnamese adopted many French terms, such as

4273: 4222: 4171: 3103:, Vietnamese has been recognized as one of 14 minority languages, on the basis of communities that have resided in the country either traditionally or on a long-term basis. This status grants the 4682:(入; 'entering'). The reason for the extra two tones is that syllables ending in the stops /p/, /t/, /c/ and /k/ are treated as having entering tones, but phonetically they are exactly the same. 13117: 3092:

Vietnamese is the sole official and national language of Vietnam. It is the first language of the majority of the Vietnamese population, as well as a first or second language for the country's

8231: 1853:

distinction developed in the tones, whereby the tones in syllables with voiced initials were pronounced differently from those with voiceless initials. (Approximately speaking, the voiced

7743:

convention, though this is largely unnecessary with the increasing ubiquity of Unicode. There are many software tools that help type Roman-script Vietnamese on English keyboards, such as

1730:

Proto-Viet–Muong did not have tones. Tones developed later in some of the daughter languages from distinctions in the initial and final consonants. Vietnamese tones developed as follows:

651: 7213:

and native words with similar pronunciation or meaning. In addition, thousands of new compound characters were created to write Vietnamese words using a variety of methods, including

19174: 19154: 6246:

Basic vocabulary in Vietnamese has Proto-Vietic origins. Vietnamese shares a large amount of vocabulary with the Mường languages, a close relative of the Vietnamese language.

11014:

Of the approximately 90 millions speakers of Austroasiatic languages, over 70 million speak Vietnamese, nearly ten million speak Khmer and roughly five million speak Santali.

19317: 19179: 10891:, p. 29 gives the following context: "... a collaborator under the French administration was presented with a congratulatory panel featuring the two Chinese characters 12531: 12466:

Ostrowski, Brian Eugene (2010). "The Rise of Christian Nôm Literature in Seventeenth-Century Vietnam: Fusing European Content and Local Expression". In Wilcox, Wynn (ed.).

4345:

Tonal differences of three speakers as reported in Hwa-Froelich & Hodson (2002). The curves represent temporal pitch variation while two sloped lines (//) indicates a

10380:

The Bureau of Interpreters used Chinese approximations to record Vietnamese rather than use Sino-Vietnamese to record as has been done in Annan Yiyu 安南譯語, a prior work.

6775:. This more modern slang is commonly used in the younger generation's teenspeak in Vietnam. This recent slang is mostly pure Vietnamese, and almost all the words are 16979: 11958:"(Paper presented at the International workshop on the history of Colloquial Chinese – written and spoken, Rutgers University, New Brunswick NJ, 11–12 March 2016.)" 11830: 614:

and some native Vietnamese words that correspond to the meaning of the Chinese character, together with many locally invented characters to represent other words.

13078:, edited by Ratree Wayland et al. Canberra, Australia, 1–7. Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University 6835:-goer in its noun form and to "spilling something over" in its verb form. In slang terms, it is commonly used to emphasize an adjective or a verb - for example, 5888:

phonological and morphological features that original Vietnamese had. The Chinese influence on Vietnamese corresponds to various periods when Vietnam was under

746:, etc. The term "Vietic" was proposed by Hayes (1992), who proposed to redefine Viet–Muong as referring to a subbranch of Vietic containing only Vietnamese and 937:

as the formal medium of government, scholarship and literature. With the dominance of Chinese came wholesale importation of Chinese vocabulary. The resulting

846:

An Nam quốc dịch ngữ 安南國譯語 recorded the pronunciations of 15th century Vietnamese, such as for 天 (sky) - 雷 /luei/ representing blời (Modern Vietnamese: trời).

19169: 13728: 3000:

that is peculiar to the Hanoi dialect to the present day. This diacritic is often mistaken for a tilde in modern reproductions of early Vietnamese writing.

11870:

Deborah, H.-F., W., H. B., & T., E. H. (2002). Characteristics of Vietnamese Phonology. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 11(3), 264–273.

10555:

This description distinguishes four degrees of vowel height and a rounding contrast (rounded vs. unrounded) between back vowels. The relative shortness of

7728: 2628: 19159: 19144: 19139: 6993:"Lu bu" (from southern Vietnamese) meaning busy. "Lu xu bu" meaning so busy at a particular task or activity that the person cannot do much else - e.g., 827:

when those consonants disappeared. These characteristics have become part of many of the genetically unrelated languages of Southeast Asia; for example,

4011:

tone dot diacritic goes below the vowel). The six tones in the northern varieties (including Hanoi), with their self-referential Vietnamese names, are:

549:. Although it is often mistakenly thought as being an monosyllabic language, Vietnamese words typically consist of from one to many as eight individual 1884:(in addition to, and independent of, initial clusters in the main syllable). When a minor syllable occurred, the main syllable's initial consonant was 13159:

Luong, Hy Van. (1987). "Plural markers and personal pronouns in Vietnamese person reference: An analysis of pragmatic ambiguity and negative models".

11957: 3823:

Not all dialects of Vietnamese have the same consonant in a given word (although all dialects use the same spelling in the written language). See the

17114: 9974:

involves switching, adding or removing the tones in a pair of words and may also involve switching the order of words or the first consonant and the

8223: 13295:

Chamberlain, James (2019), "Vanishing Nomads: Languages and Peoples of Nakai, Laos, and Adjacent Areas", in Brunn, Stanley; Kehrein, Roland (eds.),

10402:

ensures right of the national and ethnic minorities for education and communication with authorities in their own language. Act No. 500/2004 Coll. (

10399: 7723:

character set contains all Vietnamese characters and the Vietnamese currency symbol. On systems that do not support Unicode, many 8-bit Vietnamese

3008: 10966: 14481: 5756:

A comparison between Sino-Vietnamese (left) vocabulary with Mandarin and Cantonese pronunciations below and native Vietnamese vocabulary (right).

2281:("Sūtra explained by the Buddha on the Great Repayment of the Heavy Debt to Parents"), old inscriptions, and a late 13th-century (possibly 1293) 19398: 1007:), resulting in a language that was Austroasiatic but with major Sino-influences and some minor French influences from the French colonial era. 486:. Vietnamese is spoken natively by around 85 million people, several times as many as the rest of the Austroasiatic family combined. It is the 20142: 20132: 19380: 18975: 13835: 7631:

or 'national language script') gradually expanded from its initial usage in Christian writing to become more popular among the general public.

12053: 11698: 10395: 6687:(tiếng lóng) has changed over time. Vietnamese slang consists of pure Vietnamese words as well as words borrowed from other languages such as 19530: 16972: 12849: 2643: 2321: 903: 12211: 19252: 14690: 941:

makes up about a third of the Vietnamese lexicon in all realms, and may account for as much as 60% of the vocabulary used in formal texts.

13128: 19245: 19164: 12162: 13777: 10952: 6953:

Similar to other particles (nhé, nghe, nhỉ, nhá), it can be used to end sentences. "Rửa chén, nhỉ" can mean "Wash the dishes... yeah?"

726:, and Vietnamese were part of what he termed "Mon–Annam languages" in a paper published in 1856. Later, in 1920, French-Polish linguist 19956: 19848: 12403: 10778:

Comparison note: As such its grammar relies on word order and sentence structure rather than morphology (in which word changes through

6196:

pronunciations, having been brought over by southern Chinese migrants, whereas in Hán-Việt, which has been described as being close to

6066:" (literally meaning "soft part"). Some scientific terms, such as "biological cell", were derived from chữ Hán. For example, the word 2784:

Most of the unusual correspondences between spelling and modern pronunciation are explained by Middle Vietnamese. Note in particular:

17474: 13082: 11713: 7612:

Thus, it is possible for diacritics to be stacked e.g. ể, combining letter with diacritic, ê, with diacritic for tone, ẻ, to make ể.

12665: 11818: 11750: 7169:), Chinese script known as chữ Hán in Vietnamese as well as chữ Nôm (together, Hán-Nôm) is still present in such activities such as 20127: 19897: 19290: 19285: 18736: 17493: 17486: 16965: 11681: 3081: 734:

is more closely related to Vietnamese than other Mon–Khmer languages, and a Viet–Muong subgrouping was established, also including

10391: 850:

After the split from Muong around the end of the first millennium AD, the following stages of Vietnamese are commonly identified:

18942: 16585: 14734: 12471: 8238:

The first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights spoken by Nghiem Mai Phuong, native speaker of a northern variety.

4005:

Tone is indicated by diacritics written above or below the vowel (most of the tone diacritics appear above the vowel; except the

3104: 1846: 812: 11731: 19588: 18930: 18765: 13089:(pp. 1–9). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies 12369:

Portuguese Pioneers of Vietnamese Linguistics Prior to 1650 – Pionniers Portugais de la Linguistique Vietnamienne Jusqu'en 1650

7797:, which means "month". Traditional Vietnamese, however, assigns other names to some months; these names are mostly used in the 1525:

The fricatives indicated above in parentheses developed as allophones of stop consonants occurring between vowels (i.e. when a

437: 13795: 2697:(with the difference between the two often indicating differences in the quality or length of the preceding vowel), and after 19322: 18935: 18838: 17107: 13651: 13576: 13463: 13440: 13304: 13285: 13235: 12837: 12780: 12479: 12312: 12238: 11856: 11803: 11599: 11109: 10096: 11943:"Lacquered Words: The Evolution Of Vietnamese Under Sinitic Influences From The 1St Century Bce Through The 17Th Century Ce" 20010: 19919: 19280: 19275: 18980: 17012: 14752: 10858:

is increasingly pronounced among educated speakers. Less educated speakers use more consistently throughout their speech.

10307:

This language game is often used as a "secret" or "coded" language useful for obscuring messages from adult comprehension.

6896:

A noun meaning "chicken". It is also commonly used to refer to someone's lack of ability to complete or compete in a task.

18823: 12133: 10899:

meaning 'all the king's subjects'. But those two syllables, when undergoing commutation of rhyme and tone, would generate

7756: 1015:

The following diagram shows the phonology of Proto–Viet–Muong (the nearest ancestor of Vietnamese and the closely related

19393: 19388: 19375: 19149: 14474: 13245:

Alves, Mark (2020). "Historical Ethnolinguistic Notes on Proto-Austroasiatic and Proto-Vietic Vocabulary in Vietnamese".

7763:

input method is often set as the default for many devices. Besides third-party software tools, operating systems such as

7669:

was still featured on banknotes, but fell out of official and mainstream use shortly thereafter. The education reform by

6798:

Some examples with newer and older slang that originate from northern, central, or southern Vietnamese dialects include:

6014:

In addition, modern Vietnamese pronunciations of French names correspond directly to the original French pronunciations (

2896: 441: 403: 12915: 6938:

as bait for fish. Nowadays it is also used to describe the act of dropping hints to another person one is attracted to.

1620:

It is unclear what this sound was. According to Ferlus 1992, in the Archaic Vietnamese period (c. 10th century AD, when

14879: 13828: 12287: 11028:"The integration of French loanwords into Vietnamese: A corpus-based analysis of tonal, syllabic and segmental aspects" 277: 7335:, unsuccessfully petitioned the Court suggesting the adoption of a script for Vietnamese based on Chinese characters. 6151:

they were borrowed directly from Japanese. This vocabulary includes words representative of Japanese culture, such as

3949: 20062: 19766: 19515: 19471: 18908: 18828: 18749: 12869: 12818: 12799: 12553: 12376: 12092: 11650: 11007: 8077: 7714: 7052: 6076:

in chữ Hán, whilst other scientific names such as "acetylcholine" are unaltered. Words like "peptide" may be seen as

19343: 18833: 18818: 8059: 19773: 19217: 17100: 14683: 13481: 8184:

Vietnamese has traditionally been divided into three dialect regions: North (45%), Central (10%), and South (45%).

7384:

The Vietnamese alphabet contains 29 letters, supplementing the Latin alphabet with an additional consonant letter (

2233: 503: 378: 13268:

Alves, Mark (2021). "Linguistic influence of Chinese in Southeast Asia". In Sidwell, Paul; Jenny, Mathias (eds.).

12115: 10138:

can be used to obscure the original meaning and thus soften the discussion of a socially sensitive issue, as with

10134:

The resulting transformed phrase often has a different meaning but sometimes may just be a nonsensical word pair.

9033:, but the Northern varieties have a three-way merger, and the Central and the Southern varieties have a merger of 2951: 19642: 19525: 19520: 18898: 16988: 14782: 13725: 10120: 6714: 393: 12395:

Từ Nước Mặn đến Roma: Những đóng góp của các giáo sĩ Dòng Tên trong quá trình La tinh hoá tiếng Việt ở thế kỷ 17

7332: 7209:) script to record folk literature in Vietnamese. The script used Chinese characters to represent both borrowed 20117: 19880: 19547: 19503: 18985: 18805: 14467: 14448: 9595:

There are six tones in Vietnamese, with phonetic differences between dialects, mostly in the pitch contour and

8044: 5777:. Austroasiatic origins are so far the most tenable to date, with some of the oldest words in Vietnamese being 4598:

Words with tones belonging to a particular tone group must occur in certain positions within the poetic verse.

3971:

Pitch contours and duration of the six Northern Vietnamese tones as spoken by a male speaker (not from Hanoi).

12742:. University of California publications in linguistics. Vol. 8. Berkeley: University of California Press. 10867:

Gregerson (1981) notes that the variation was present in de Rhodes's time in some initial consonant clusters:

10416:

The right to use language of a national minority in dealing with authorities and in front of the courts of law

7699:

minority in China (descendants of 16th-century migrants from Vietnam) use songbooks and scriptures written in

7302:

writing reached its zenith in the 18th century when many Vietnamese writers and poets composed their works in

2335:). The pronunciation of the "rime" of the syllable, i.e. all parts other than the initial consonant (optional 655: 20112: 19939: 19537: 19360: 18893: 17793: 17201: 13904: 13821: 12134:"What is the difference between "nhé" and "nha, nghe, nhà, nhỉ" ? "nhé" vs "nha, nghe, nhà, nhỉ" ?" 11914:

LaPolla, Randy J. (2010). ""Language Contact and Language Change in the History of the Sinitic Languages."".

7013: 3788:

Some consonant sounds are written with only one letter (like "p"), other consonant sounds are written with a

785:

This ancestral Vietic was typologically very different from later Vietnamese. It was polysyllabic, or rather

298: 10598:

The closing diphthongs and triphthongs as described by Thompson can be compared with the description above:

7187:

From around the 13th century, Vietnamese scholars used their knowledge of the Chinese script to develop the

316: 20107: 20097: 19694: 19659: 19240: 19104: 18770: 18729: 18642: 18362: 18323: 17481: 17358: 15815: 14875: 13899: 13736: 12575: 12187:"What is the meaning of "tôi chóng mặt luôn, quá lu bu quá mệt (plz english)"? - Question about Vietnamese" 8281: 5885: 5815:

around the 10th to 11th century and become the Vietnamese we know today. For instance, the Vietnamese word

5797:

on the left means "rice" whilst the character on the right "頗" was used to indicate the sound of the word (

3304:. The closing diphthongs and triphthongs consist of a main vowel component followed by a shorter semivowel 3134: 2911: 2689:

does not occur at the beginning of a syllable, but can occur at the end of a syllable, where it is notated

2192: 2095: 363: 18813: 13316:. University of California publications in linguistics (No. 52). Berkeley: University of California Press. 13138:

Vũ, Thanh Phương. (1982). "Phonetic properties of Vietnamese tones across dialects". In D. Bradley (Ed.),

12071: 10614: 10608: 9884: 9876: 9868: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9785: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9733: 9728: 9723: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9691: 9686: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9584: 8188:

and Nguyễn Tài Cẩn found that there was a separate North-Central dialect for Vietnamese as well. The term

7591: 7571: 7551: 7531: 7511: 6987: 6982: 6963: 6948: 6929: 6906: 6891: 6876: 6860: 6822: 6748: 6729: 4304: 4253: 4202: 4151: 4100: 3925: 3914: 3907: 3900: 3896: 3880: 3869: 3858: 3847: 3503: 3499: 3487: 3483: 3463: 3340: 3334: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 2997: 2993: 2936: 2929: 2925: 2914: 2899: 2892: 2875: 2871: 2864: 2860: 2852: 2848: 2837: 2816: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2774: 2767: 2750: 2738: 2714: 2702: 2698: 2336: 1897: 1893: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1711: 1707: 1644: 1640: 1629: 1625: 1607: 1599: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1564: 1559: 1555: 1550: 1546: 1541: 1537: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1474: 1464: 1454: 1444: 1425: 1415: 1405: 1395: 1385: 1368: 1354: 1324: 1297: 1285: 1275: 1256: 1242: 1232: 1213: 1203: 1191: 1181: 1164: 1154: 1144: 1132: 1122: 1098: 1088: 1076: 1066: 819:

and similar syllable structure. Many languages in this area, including Viet–Muong, underwent a process of

622: 20122: 20102: 20022: 19625: 19581: 19461: 19338: 19099: 19040: 18876: 18785: 18780: 18775: 14730: 14676: 14652: 8172: 5038: 3138: 2119: 832: 534: 272: 10967:"Slovakia: Vietnamese community granted national minority status | European Website on Integration" 9451:

can be found even in mainstream Vietnamese in certain words. For example, the numeral "five" appears as

19706: 19689: 19666: 19488: 19295: 19267: 19131: 18995: 18920: 18903: 14374: 8148: 7740: 7622: 7328: 7210: 7114: 7036:

and the modern Vietnamese alphabet. Chinese characters representing Sino-Vietnamese words are shown in

6231: 5938: 5906: 5900:

However, according to linguist John Phan, “Annamese Middle Chinese” was already used and spoken in the

5894: 5889: 4601: 3462:

The correspondence between the orthography and pronunciation is complicated. For example, the offglide

2206: 1703: 1621: 956:

led to an expansion of the Vietnamese people and language, with distinctive local variations emerging.

938: 663: 611: 11998:"Japanese Loanwords Adopted into the Vietnamese Language by Vietnamese Students and Temporary Workers" 10810: 8144: 944:

Vietic languages were confined to the northern third of modern Vietnam until the "southward advance" (

763: 20137: 19875: 19611: 19576: 19212: 19200: 18970: 18965: 18886: 18496: 18182: 15724: 14430: 11637: 11046: 7316:(dubbed "the Queen of Nôm poetry"). However, it was only used for official purposes during the brief 5914: 3673: 3671: 3663: 3661: 3116:

Vietnamese is taught in schools and institutions outside of Vietnam, a large part contributed by its

3074: 2922: 2889: 2790: 2152: 2140: 2032: 912: 775: 17995: 14106: 13668:. Southeast Asian language series. Northern Illinois University, Center for Southeast Asian Studies. 10938: 8158: 7313: 7296:

is found in a list of names in the Tháp Miếu Temple Inscription, dating from early 13th century AD.

6911:

A noun meaning "crocodile". It is also commonly used to refer to someone's lack of beauty. The word

5744: 19793: 19663: 19606: 19493: 19483: 19466: 19355: 18925: 18795: 18649: 17727: 16205: 15744: 15709: 14810: 12442: 11974:

Phan, John (2010). ""Re-Imagining 'Annam': A New Analysis of Sino–Viet–Muong Linguistic Contact"".

11757: 10146:(above), or when implied (and not overtly spoken), to deliver a hidden subtextual message, as with 8261: 8257: 7644:. In turn, Vietnamese reformists and nationalists themselves encouraged and popularized the use of 7374: 7157: 5053: 5010: 3129:) have been established for youth in many Vietnamese-speaking communities around the world such as 3093: 2164: 1865:

and with lowered pitch. The quality difference predominates in today's northern varieties, e.g. in

1529:

occurred). These fricatives were not present in Proto-Viet–Muong, as indicated by their absence in

538: 357: 12673: 7625:

literature for more than 200 years. Starting from the late 19th century, the Vietnamese alphabet (

2731:

The language also has three clusters at the beginning of syllables, which have since disappeared:

2283: 815:, in which languages from genetically unrelated families converged toward characteristics such as 20015: 19838: 19808: 19726: 19684: 19109: 19094: 18952: 18722: 17982: 17123: 16906: 16600: 15858: 15769: 15651: 15646: 14607: 14523: 14354: 13877: 8055: 7214: 6692: 5778: 5774: 2325:. It reflects the pronunciation of the Vietnamese of Hanoi at that time, a stage commonly termed 679: 675: 627: 124: 10814: 9472: 19978: 19571: 19559: 19478: 19428: 19114: 18656: 18569: 16629: 16446: 16128: 14953: 14948: 14919: 14907: 14443: 14329: 14206: 14125: 13145:

Vương, Hữu Lễ. (1981). "Vài nhận xét về đặc diểm của vần trong thổ âm Quảng Nam ở Hội An" . In

12942: 12706: 11844: 11496: 10351: 8096: 7692: 7471: 7362: 7170: 5934: 5770: 3527: 836: 707: 647: 471: 19448: 14294: 13454:, in Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia; Blench, Roger; Ross, Malcolm D.; Ilia, Peiros; Lin, Marie (eds.), 13111:

Proceedings of the 11th Australasian International Conference on Speech Science and Technology

13087:

SEALS VIII: Papers from the 8th annual meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 1998

11787: 10997: 2867:

was based on the lack of any such place distinction between the two, with the result that the

19998: 19988: 19963: 19907: 19699: 19224: 19207: 19089: 18695: 18663: 18574: 16918: 16894: 16617: 16580: 15078: 14490: 13076:

SEALS XII Papers from the 12th Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 2002

11433:"Spirantisation des obstruantes médiales et formation du système consonantique du vietnamien" 11382:"Histoire abrégée de l'évolution des consonnes initiales du Vietnamien et du Sino-Vietnamien" 10783: 10418:) the same applies for the members of national minorities also in front of the courts of law. 8198: 8140: 8051: 7996: 7972: 7427: 5000: 3972: 3789: 3070: 3037: 2577: 2292: 1968: 1956: 575: 17500: 16792: 14080: 12859: 9848: 9570: 8126: 3498:"ear" is . Similarly, u and o indicate different pronunciations of the main vowel: au = ă + 774:

Austroasiatic is believed to have dispersed around 2000 BC. The arrival of the agricultural

19983: 19973: 19968: 19858: 19761: 19637: 19598: 19566: 19348: 19257: 19195: 18960: 18864: 18670: 18293: 16565: 16426: 16245: 16225: 16210: 15946: 15911: 15719: 14219: 14168: 13844: 13196: 13179: 10346: 9566: 9559:. However, some speech communities have preserved some of these archaic clusters: "sky" is 8136: 7760: 7321: 6734:

a word borrowed from English used to describe an ex-lover, usually pronounced similarly to

6168: 5049: 3150: 3130: 1980: 1738: 635: 631: 13586:

Haudricourt, André-Georges (1949). "Origine des particularités de l'alphabet vietnamien".

13220: 13142:(Vol. 8, pp. 55–75). Sydney: Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University. 13071: 12400:

400 năm hình thành và phát triển chữ Quốc ngữ trong lịch sử loan báo Tin Mừng tại Việt Nam

11710: 7106: 553:

or syllables; the majority of Vietnamese vocabulary are disyllabic and trisyllabic words.

8: 19993: 19929: 19865: 19798: 19788: 19756: 19744: 19679: 19654: 19542: 19365: 19309: 19077: 19052: 19035: 19030: 19018: 19013: 18915: 18510: 17864: 17469: 17333: 17081: 17020: 16878: 16858: 16622: 16250: 16200: 16195: 15606: 15173: 14757: 14566: 14438: 14349: 13106: 12662: 11761: 10622: 10465: 10427:

There are different descriptions of Hanoi vowels. Another common description is that of (

10356: 8168: 7370: 7358: 7344: 3654: 3632: 3365: 3200: 3169: 3117: 3017: 2933: 2903: 2879: 2851:

was dental. The choice of symbols was based on the dental rather than alveolar nature of

2637: 2513: 2368: 2316: 2177: 2129: 2107: 2083: 2071: 2060: 1312: 908: 888: 557: 507: 453: 194: 59: 53: 46: 39: 19833: 16235: 16220: 14835: 14344: 14324: 13321: 7139: 7128: 20055: 20032: 20027: 19924: 19870: 19825: 19739: 19554: 19510: 19433: 19416: 18881: 18757: 18404: 17967: 17753: 17505: 17131: 17060: 17035: 16823: 16595: 16529: 16478: 16431: 16375: 16105: 16048: 15774: 14930: 14699: 14541: 14314: 14085: 13886: 13545: 13360: 13168: 13052: 13006: 12965: 12759: 12726: 12576:"Repression in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Executions and Population Relocation" 11663: 11474: 11076: 10782:). Whereas European languages tend to use morphology to express tense, Vietnamese uses 10361: 8091: 7479: 7145: 7017: 5819:

meaning "management" (noun) or "manage" (verb), likely descended from the same word as

5065: 5022: 5018: 4996: 3980: 3550: 2990: 2859:

in Spanish and other Romance languages. The inconsistency with the symbols assigned to

2841: 2363: 1992: 1924: 1038: 824: 816: 759: 643: 599: 583: 526: 199: 19438: 17323: 16230: 14840: 14334: 14196: 13939: 11638:"2021 Australia, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics" 11432: 11408: 11381: 755: 349: 19912: 19892: 19853: 19803: 19783: 19734: 19649: 19498: 19456: 18608: 18601: 18586: 18579: 18505: 18444: 18331: 17901: 17829: 17640: 17601: 17435: 17050: 17025: 16802: 16462: 16336: 16281: 16173: 16081: 16076: 16033: 15955: 15686: 15666: 15591: 15568: 15341: 15223: 15193: 15035: 15026: 14978: 14968: 14815: 14747: 14420: 14261: 14101: 14070: 14007: 13647: 13572: 13459: 13436: 13364: 13300: 13281: 13231: 13118:"Strata of standardization: the Phong Nha dialect of Vietnamese (Quảng Bình Province) 13019: 12998: 12969: 12865: 12833: 12814: 12795: 12776: 12747: 12549: 12475: 12372: 12308: 12283: 12234: 11884: 11852: 11799: 11795: 11595: 11105: 11003: 7378: 7366: 7084: 5766: 5072: 5037:

distinction). Also like other languages in the region, Vietnamese syntax conforms to

5026: 5006: 3722: 3570: 3560: 3058: 2383: 2373: 1939: 1929: 1591: 1053: 1043: 934: 916: 691: 522: 491: 483: 479: 382: 372: 169: 97: 83: 18469: 18000: 17161: 14111: 13520:

Shorto, Harry L. edited by Sidwell, Paul, Cooper, Doug and Bauer, Christian (2006).

12513: 12280:

A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century

11156:

Hayes, La Vaughn H (1992). "Vietic and Việt-Mường: a new subgrouping in Mon-Khmer".

6214: 5811:

with Chinese heavily influenced the Vietnamese language, causing it to diverge from

3820:

have collapsed and converged together (into /z/ in the north and /j/ in the south).

2343:

The following diagram shows the orthography and pronunciation of Middle Vietnamese:

399: 20071: 20005: 19946: 19934: 19887: 19813: 19716: 19674: 19047: 19003: 18790: 18542: 18536: 18515: 18454: 18390: 18381: 18367: 18341: 18336: 18313: 18177: 18161: 18151: 18141: 18056: 17919: 17879: 17834: 17804: 17685: 17615: 17564: 17449: 17373: 17292: 17287: 17247: 17227: 16873: 16868: 16838: 16797: 16777: 16666: 16661: 16605: 16575: 16524: 16413: 16286: 16266: 16215: 16182: 16143: 16138: 16133: 16091: 16086: 16068: 15916: 15906: 15810: 15759: 15754: 15729: 15656: 15349: 15326: 15321: 15251: 15246: 15241: 15203: 15143: 15068: 15011: 15006: 14991: 14762: 14713: 14657: 14586: 14400: 14395: 14379: 14319: 14186: 14181: 14035: 13984: 13969: 13537: 13507: 13419: 13396: 13350: 13273: 13254: 13230:. Arizona State University, Program for Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 221–242. 13197:"Comparison of greetings in the Vietnamese dialects of Ha Noi and Ho Chi Minh City" 13044: 12990: 12978: 12957: 12902: 12718: 12495: 12009: 11923: 11896: 11720:. April 16, 2014. The Government Public Relations Department. Retrieved 2015-01-10. 11444: 11062: 11058: 10993: 10806: 9556: 8176: 8116: 7978: 7636: 7354: 7219: 7118: 7028: 6688: 6632: 6599: 6409: 6376: 6209: 6039: 5901: 5808: 5807:

Although Vietnamese roots are classified as Austroasiatic, Vietic, and Viet-Muong,

5014: 3767: 3606: 3545: 3540: 2978: 2970: 2605: 2358: 2353: 2315:

The writing system used for Vietnamese is based closely on the system developed by

2246: 2009: 1919: 1870: 1034: 1029: 801: 797: 751: 735: 671: 571: 129: 18265: 17645: 16957: 16421: 13456:

Past human migrations in East Asia: matching archaeology, linguistics and genetics

13020:"Tones and voice quality in modern northern Vietnamese: Instrumental case studies" 13010: 6831:

word that can be a noun or a verb depending on the context. It refers to a female

5498:"He/she/it only eats Vietnamese rice (or food, especially spoken by the elderly)." 842: 19902: 19778: 19711: 19025: 19008: 18591: 18485: 18480: 18434: 18429: 18424: 18419: 18308: 18275: 18131: 18126: 18074: 18005: 17972: 17769: 17671: 17650: 17554: 17414: 17318: 17252: 17237: 17191: 17186: 17181: 17176: 17156: 17151: 17055: 17045: 17040: 17030: 16853: 16843: 16833: 16782: 16772: 16646: 16519: 16514: 16509: 16398: 16388: 16383: 16351: 16341: 16326: 16316: 16306: 16276: 16240: 16190: 16153: 16118: 16058: 16038: 16018: 15983: 15968: 15963: 15886: 15825: 15805: 15800: 15795: 15739: 15631: 15601: 15550: 15525: 15510: 15484: 15479: 15459: 15444: 15389: 15331: 15316: 15311: 15296: 15291: 15236: 15168: 15148: 15083: 15058: 14986: 14963: 14865: 14830: 14825: 14800: 14772: 14767: 14576: 14571: 14415: 14410: 14299: 14269: 14251: 14246: 14227: 14191: 14158: 14075: 13974: 13959: 13954: 13949: 13929: 13909: 13732: 13124:, Dept. of Linguistics, University of California, 2015, 38 (1), pp. 124–162. 12669: 11942: 11927: 11717: 10660: 10568: 10501: 10338: 8203: 7595: 6832: 6696: 6265: 6227: 6205: 5854: 5034: 4409: 4402: 4381: 4374: 4308: 3565: 3403: 3232: 2882:

nature of the stops does not appear to have had any role in the choice of symbol.

2633: 2390: 2378: 1946: 1934: 1048: 892: 779: 695: 546: 495: 487: 116: 17528: 17196: 14339: 13914: 13642:

Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà. (1996). Vietnamese. In P. T. Daniels, & W. Bright (Eds.),

12916:"Northern and Southern Vietnamese Tone Coarticulation: A Comparative Case Study" 11146:

Ferlus, Michel. 1996. Langues et peuples viet-muong. Mon-Khmer Studies 26. 7–28.

8006: 7685:. Today, only a few scholars and some extremely elderly people are able to read 6208:

in Vietnam. Meanwhile, any new terms calqued from Chinese would be based on the

5765:

Many early studies hypothesized Vietnamese language-origins to have been either

4607: 4521: 4514: 4416: 4388: 3069:. A large number of Vietnamese speakers also reside in neighboring countries of 20076: 19843: 19121: 18689: 18631: 18618: 18613: 18564: 18520: 18475: 18463: 18414: 18409: 18399: 18270: 18249: 18244: 18228: 18223: 18213: 18116: 18093: 18051: 18026: 18021: 17952: 17944: 17884: 17819: 17775: 17732: 17722: 17580: 17515: 17430: 17338: 17328: 17308: 17232: 17206: 17171: 17166: 17002: 16863: 16807: 16787: 16590: 16555: 16544: 16539: 16534: 16441: 16393: 16331: 16301: 16296: 16158: 16148: 16113: 16023: 15988: 15973: 15921: 15881: 15876: 15871: 15820: 15764: 15734: 15714: 15704: 15699: 15676: 15596: 15581: 15576: 15545: 15520: 15505: 15500: 15469: 15464: 15454: 15449: 15439: 15434: 15429: 15424: 15379: 15354: 15301: 15213: 15198: 15163: 15133: 15128: 15108: 15098: 15093: 15088: 15016: 15001: 14943: 14938: 14845: 14805: 14790: 14627: 14617: 14561: 14551: 14536: 14504: 14405: 14304: 14284: 14279: 14176: 14148: 14143: 14043: 14025: 14017: 14002: 13964: 13944: 13924: 13894: 13564: 13270:

The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia: A Comprehensive Guide

13228:

Papers from the Ninth Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society

13133:

Toronto working papers in linguistics: Special issue on similarity in phonology

12906: 12677: 12141: 11176:

Papers from the First Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society

10683: 10519: 10324: 9872: 9852: 8292: 7798: 7793:". Each month's name is just the ordinal of that month appended after the word 7317: 6313: 6197: 5988: 4528: 4493: 4486: 4465: 4458: 4437: 4430: 3600: 3431: 3255: 3100: 3041: 3040:. Vietnamese has also been officially recognized as a minority language in the 3021: 2868: 2421: 2003: 1881: 1877: 1699: 1530: 1526: 1507:

are not accepted by all researchers. Ferlus 1992 also had additional phonemes *

1111: 1016: 823:, in which distinctions formerly expressed by final consonants became phonemic 786: 747: 731: 727: 719: 711: 699: 683: 667: 542: 514: 499: 252: 183: 159: 134: 14820: 13754: 13423: 13355: 13338: 13277: 12961: 12893:

Brunelle, Marc (2009). "Tone perception in Northern and Southern Vietnamese".

12642: 11900: 11871: 7282: 7271: 7250: 7235: 7182: 7151: 7033: 6771:

With the rise of the Internet, new slang is generated and popularized through

4500: 4472: 4444: 930: 605: 589: 449: 445: 203: 20091: 18848: 18843: 18218: 18156: 18146: 18121: 18046: 17957: 17929: 17824: 17748: 17697: 17666: 17630: 17585: 17538: 17523: 17409: 17313: 17282: 17262: 17222: 16848: 16722: 16698: 16641: 16470: 16403: 16361: 16346: 16271: 16123: 16028: 15901: 15896: 15749: 15661: 15641: 15636: 15626: 15616: 15611: 15586: 15540: 15535: 15530: 15515: 15474: 15419: 15414: 15409: 15404: 15399: 15394: 15384: 15374: 15369: 15359: 15306: 15286: 15281: 15276: 15271: 15266: 15261: 15256: 15208: 15188: 15183: 15178: 15158: 15138: 15123: 15118: 15113: 15073: 15063: 15048: 15043: 14996: 14958: 14860: 14850: 14632: 14612: 14581: 14556: 14531: 14309: 14289: 14241: 14231: 14214: 14153: 14138: 14133: 14063: 14048: 13997: 13934: 12979:"Final consonants and glottalization: New perspectives from Hanoi Vietnamese" 12930: 12417: 10445: 9975: 9963: 8277: 8273: 8185: 7983: 7670: 7386: 7309: 7091:(1838) represents Vietnamese (then Annamese) words in the Latin alphabet and 7022: 6881:

A noun meaning "bear". It is also commonly used to refer to someone's lover.

6792: 6662: 6343: 3990: 3696: 3353: 3188: 3165: 3049: 3029: 2288: 1858: 828: 793: 743: 739: 715: 13800: 13774:

its layout is compared with US, UK, Canada, France, and Germany's keyboards.

13710:. PALI language texts: Southeast Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 13401: 13384: 13149:(pp. 311–320). Hà Nội: Nhà Xuất Bản Ðại Học và Trung Học Chuyên Nghiệp. 12027:

Chung (2001). "Some returned loans, Japanese loanwords in Taiwan Mandarin".

11885:"Linguistic Research on the Origins of the Vietnamese Language: An Overview" 11027: 9387:

In addition to the regional variation described above, there is a merger of

6212:

pronunciation. Additionally, in the southern provinces of Vietnam, the term

5752: 4648:

group. Then, these tones were further divided in several other categorizes:

19057: 18596: 18357: 17990: 17924: 17850: 17635: 17559: 17533: 17393: 17388: 17242: 17146: 16828: 16693: 16656: 16356: 16321: 16311: 16291: 16163: 16043: 16008: 15998: 15993: 15978: 15866: 15790: 15694: 15671: 15364: 15231: 15153: 15103: 15053: 14855: 14795: 14622: 14546: 14058: 14053: 13992: 13919: 13472: 13135:(Vol. 24, pp. 183–459). Auckland, New Zealand: University of Auckland. 13002: 11448: 9880: 9856: 7732: 7666: 7535: 7515: 7350: 7166: 6772: 6261: 6054:- such as "TV", borrowed as "tivi" or just TV, but still officially called 5972: 5933:

Vietnam became a French protectorate/colonial territory in 1883 (until the

5922: 5918: 5874: 5045: 4538: 4346: 4155: 4104: 3967: 3809: 2966: 2050: 1885: 1869:, while in the southern varieties the pitch difference predominates, as in 1862: 953: 945: 723: 567: 530: 190: 17092: 13385:"Études sur la phonétique historique de la langue annamite. Les initiales" 12186: 11849:

Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World

10926: 9887:⟩; sub-dialectal variants are separated with commas. (See also the 6062:, translated into Vietnamese. For example, 'software' is translated into " 5941:

into the Indochina region (Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam). Examples include:

796:

in the last millennium BC, which is consistent with genetic evidence from

333: 18136: 17962: 17934: 17909: 17257: 16739: 16715: 16688: 16678: 16651: 16636: 16612: 16436: 16013: 15936: 15931: 15891: 15621: 14274: 13528:

Thompson, Laurence E (1967). "The history of Vietnamese final palatals".

13496:"A Reconstruction of Ancient Vietnamese Initials Using Chữ Nôm Materials" 12830:

Studies on Vietnamese Language and Literature: A Preliminary Bibliography

11125: 10769:

The name of each tone has the corresponding tonal diacritic on the vowel.

10641: 10483: 10440: 9864: 9860: 7101: 6968: 5910: 5030: 4341:

Other dialects of Vietnamese may have fewer tones (typically only five).

3745: 3384: 3348: 3293: 3282: 3216: 3183: 3057:

traditionally residing on three islands (now joined to the mainland) off

3054: 1438: 820: 805: 595: 14459: 13626:

Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà (1990). "Graphemic borrowing from Chinese: The case of

13476: 13371:

Gregerson, Kenneth J. (1969). "A study of Middle Vietnamese phonology".

13172: 12763: 11478: 8304:( in the Northern dialect and in the Central and Southern dialect) and 7109:

museum in Hanoi lists rules for visitors in both Vietnamese and English.

6249: 18439: 17914: 16767: 16705: 16683: 16053: 15926: 13813: 13771: 13259: 10931: 10779: 10696: 10538: 10450: 8247: 7696: 7555: 7426:

are not used. The script also represents additional phonemes using ten

6788: 6700: 6051: 5812: 5061: 5041: 4612:, in which each tone is assigned a specific note or sequence of notes. 4206: 3892: 3577: 3436: 3358: 3301: 3260: 3193: 1850: 1842: 1060: 884: 878: 659: 537:

order and modifiers following the words they modify. It also uses noun

13792:

RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)

13748: 13549: 13512: 13495: 13056: 12994: 12730: 8012: 8009: 7991: 7988: 7040:, characters borrowed for similar-sounding native Vietnamese words in 929:

After expelling the Chinese at the beginning of the 10th century, the

377:

Areas within Vietnam with majority Vietnamese speakers, mirroring the

16744: 16732: 16727: 16671: 16003: 14742: 14668: 14223: 13524:. Canberra: Australian National University. Pacific Linguistics. ISBN 12847:

Rhodes, Alexandre de (1991). L. Thanh; X. V. Hoàng; Q. C. Đỗ (eds.).

10158: 9900: 9596: 7960: 7724: 7407: 7057: 6844: 6828: 6784: 6780: 6223: 6193: 6027: 3999: 3690: 3555: 3408: 3297: 3237: 3025: 2856: 2728:

never contrast in any position, suggesting that they are allophones.

2219: 1339: 895:. Most of the minor syllables of Proto-Viet–Muong were still present. 579: 550: 518: 342: 326: 308: 290: 13758: 13299:, Vientiane: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1589–1606, 12546:

Encyclopedia of World Cultures, volume 6: Russia and Eurasia / China

12393: 11102:

The Chinese Writing System in Asia: An Interdisciplinary Perspective

8268:, and the surrounding Red River Delta areas) moved south (mainly to 8062:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 7771:

can also be installed with Vietnamese and Vietnamese keyboard, e.g.

7080: 6136: 2299:

For example, the modern Vietnamese word "trời" (heaven) was read as

948:) from the late 15th century. The conquest of the ancient nation of 18714: 16710: 13632:

Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica

13601: 13541: 13451: 13048: 12722: 12013: 10953:"Česko má nové oficiální národnostní menšiny. Vietnamce a Bělorusy" 10332: 9475:). In some northern varieties, the numeral appears with an initial 9009: 8265: 7269:'year' was written with a new character 𢆥 that is compounded from 6126: 6108: 6035: 5057: 3305: 1889: 1854: 687: 411: 264: 13116:

Machaud, Alexis; Ferlus, Michel; & Nguyễn, Minh-Châu. (2015).

13113:(pp. 454–459). Auckland, New Zealand: University of Auckland. 10392:

National Minorities Policy of the Government of the Czech Republic

7665:

was still in use during the French colonial period and as late as

5873:) in Korean). Instances of Chinese contact include the historical 5005:

Vietnamese, like Thai and many languages in Southeast Asia, is an

3983:, centered on the main vowel or group of vowels. Tones differ in: 3921:, but in such cases are believed to have resulted from an earlier 1635:

The following initial clusters occurred, with outcomes indicated:

18745: 16749: 14235: 13789: 13431:

Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà (2009). "Vietnamese". In Comrie, Bernard (ed.).

13339:"Chinese loans in Old Vietnamese with a sesquisyllabic phonology" 11997: 11812: 11699:Česko má nové oficiální národnostní menšiny. Vietnamce a Bělorusy 10396:Česko má nové oficiální národnostní menšiny. Vietnamce a Bělorusy 7764: 7720: 7353:

of Vietnamese was codified in the 17th century by the Avignonese

6776: 6000: 3838:

in Vietnamese has had different analyses. One analysis has final

3062: 2274: 1706:. These caused the original introduction of the retroflex sounds 706:, southern China and parts of Thailand). In 1850, British lawyer 475: 407: 229: 74: 12644:

Nhạc chế World Cup 2018 | TÂY BÁN NHÀ | Ronaldo còn có nhà mà về

12583: 12163:"Vã mồ hôi "giải mã" tiếng lóng tuổi teen – Xã hội – VietNamNet" 11615: 11174:

Diffloth, Gérard. (1992). "Vietnamese as a Mon-Khmer language".

10563:

would then be a secondary feature. Thompson describes the vowel

7759:

Vietnamese using Telex, VNI or VIQR input methods all included.

3979:

Each Vietnamese syllable is pronounced with one of six inherent

3804:) have evolved from aspirated stops into fricatives (like Greek 3526:

The consonants that occur in Vietnamese are listed below in the

13699:

Lâm, Lý-duc; Emeneau, M. B.; von den Steinen, Diether. (1944).

11178:, 125–128. Tempe, Arizona: Program for Southeast Asian Studies. 8269: 7641: 6847: 6100: 6059: 5878: 3033: 1830:. Both types of syllables could co-occur with a resonant (e.g. 949: 630:(previously known as Mon-Annam languages) by British linguists 11955: 11203: 11201: 11199: 8224:

The first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

7650:. By the middle of the 20th century, most writing was done in 5789: 2917:(as still in much of Spain and some parts of Portugal), while 839:), and Vietnamese each developed tones as a phonemic feature. 19951: 11682:"National Minorities | Government of the Czech Republic" 11592:

Language Power and Hierarchy: Multilingual Education in China

10119:(literal translation "House Dig Bucket", mainly used to mock 7955: 7787: 7768: 7736: 7615:

Despite the missionaries' creation of the alphabetic script,

7575: 6684: 6116: 6019: 5884:

Modern linguists describe modern Vietnamese having lost many

5864: 5794: 4257: 3161: 3066: 2962: 2675: 1866: 792:

Borrowed vocabulary indicates early contact with speakers of

586:

and some phonemes. Vietnamese was historically written using

79: 13602:"The origin of the peculiarities of the Vietnamese alphabet" 13410:

Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà (1986). "Alexandre de Rhodes' dictionary".

12333: 11996:

NGUYEN, Danh Hoang Thanh; LE, Trang Thi Huyen (2020-03-31).

11465:

Thompson, Laurence C. (1976), "Proto-Viet–Muong Phonology",

10095:(literal translation "West Sell House", mainly used to mock 5793:

Old Nôm character for rice noodle soup "phở". The character

5204:

Mai seem BE {student (college)} or {student (under-college)}

3482:

also indicate the pronunciation of the main vowel: ay = ă +

570:

and was officially adopted in the early 20th century during

13678:

Hoang, Thinh; Nguyen, Xuan Thu; Trinh, Quynh-Tram; (2000).

13129:"Vietnamese tonal system in Nghi Loc: A preliminary report" 12750:(1978). "Current developments in Sino-Vietnamese studies". 12321: 11499:[The place of Vietnamese in Austroasiatic (1953)]. 11490: 11488: 11354: 11196: 10917: 9954:

Etc., until someone cannot form the next word or gives up.

9851:

in which 1 represents the lowest pitch, and 5 the highest;

9847:

The table above shows the pitch contour of each tone using

7926:

When written in the short form, "DD/MM/YYYY" is preferred.

7790: 7739:

must be used, Vietnamese letters are often typed using the

6935: 6219: 703: 13099:

Vietnamese in different areas of the country: Dialectology

12371:(in English and French). Bangkok, Thailand: Orchid Press. 12259: 11511: 11497:"La place du Vietnamien dans les langues Austroasiatiques" 11330: 11318: 10754:

in Vietnamese. Tonal language in Vietnamese translates to

7995:), which is often considered the most significant work of 7748: 4537:

In Vietnamese poetry, tones are classed into two groups: (

911:. Another famous dictionary of this period was written by 410:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

13646:, (pp. 691–699). New York: Oxford University Press. 13131:. In C. Frigeni, M. Hirayama, & S. Mackenzie (Eds.), 12212:"Lo ngại thực trạng sử dụng ngôn ngữ mạng trong học sinh" 11711:

More Thai Students Interested in Learning ASEAN Languages

11186: 11184: 9061:, which, in turn, have also partially merged with velars 7784: 7752: 7744: 6757:

which has the same meaning, usually paired with the word

6204:

However, the Cantonese term is the better-known name for

5799: 4604:

practice a distinctive style of prayer recitation called

3975:

is plotted over time. From Nguyễn & Edmondson (1998).

3805: 12674:

itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/001788.html

12623: 12582:. Executive Publications, Singapore 1987. Archived from 12072:"Vãi là gì? Tại sao các bạn trẻ lại hay sử dụng từ này?" 11732:"More and more foreigners have need to learn Vietnamese" 11608: 11485: 11296: 11294: 7217:. For example, in the opening lines of the classic poem 7026:

The first two lines of the classic Vietnamese epic poem

6050:

Some English words were incorporated into Vietnamese as

6038:, etc.), whereas pronunciations of other foreign names ( 5955:(lit. "sour milk"), but it is also calqued from French ( 2277:

texts, such as the 12th-century/1486 Buddhist scripture

1594:, the outcome of these sounds was written with a hooked 12054:"Tiếng lóng trên các phương tiện truyền thông hiện nay" 11651:

La dynamique des langues en France au fil du XXe siècle

6934:

A verb used to describe the action of dropping roasted

5937:

of 1954), which resulted in significant influence from

4741:; for words that do end in /p/, /t/, /c/ and /k/), and 4733:; for words that do not end in /p/, /t/, /c/ and /k/), 4725:; for words that do not end in /p/, /t/, /c/ and /k/), 4624:

Vietnamese tones were classified into two main groups,

3319:

cannot occur after a front vowel (i, ê, e) nucleus and

3020:, Vietnamese speakers are also found in other parts of 2717:

it notated, have disappeared from the modern language.

13694:

Read Vietnamese: A graded course in written Vietnamese

13107:"F0 and phonation types in Nghe Tinh Vietnamese tones" 13083:"Notes on Thanh-Chương Vietnamese in Nghệ-An province" 12544:

Friedrich, Paul; Diamond, Norma, eds. (1994). "Jing".

12350: 12348: 11571: 11342: 11306: 11181: 10895:. This Sino-Vietnamese expression could be defined as 6238:), literally "fourteen, fifteen" to mean 'uncertain'. 3281:

Front and central vowels (i, ê, e, ư, â, ơ, ă, a) are

811:

The northern Vietic varieties thus became part of the

13314:

Pronominal reference in Thai, Burmese, and Vietnamese

12611: 11819:

Vietnamese teaching and learning overwhelming Germany

11547: 11535: 11291: 5732:

HORT stay here few minute until when 1.PRO turn again

2340:

modern Saigon dialect than the modern Hanoi dialect.

865: 13600:

Michaud, Alexis; Haudricourt, André-Georges (2010).

11261: 11249: 11237: 11225: 11213: 11025: 10922: 10920: 10314: 7778: 7729:

Vietnamese Standard Code for Information Interchange

7656:, which became the official script on independence. 6827:"Vãi" (predominately from northern Vietnamese) is a 5735:"Please stay here for a few minutes until I return." 541:. Its vocabulary has had significant influence from 16987: 12345: 12247: 11656: 10394:, Belarusian and Vietnamese since 4 July 2013, see 8207:speakers (see the example vocabulary table below). 5729:

Hãy {ở lại} đây ít phút {cho tới} khi tôi quay lại.

5207:"Mai seems to be a college or high school student." 4749:; for words that do end in /p/, /t/, /c/ and /k/). 3474:. In addition, in the diphthongs and the letters 3323:cannot occur after a back vowel (u, ô, o) nucleus. 3296:) and centering diphthongs, Vietnamese has closing 1818:Glottal-ending syllables ended with a glottal stop 1019:), along with the outcomes in the modern language: 13599: 13326:Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 13247:Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 13180:"Politeness strategies in Hanoi Vietnamese speech" 12392:Trần, Quốc Anh; Phạm, Thị Kiều Ly (October 2019). 12305:Languages, Scripts, and Chinese Texts in East Asia 12233:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 78–79, 82. 11559: 11523: 11413:Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 11032:Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 8264:, about a million northerners (mainly from Hanoi, 7324:dynasties (1400–1406 and 1778–1802 respectively). 7233:'destiny' was written with its original character 6738:("frog"). This is an example of vernacular slang. 782:at that time may correspond to the Vietic branch. 385:dominating around the lowland pale of the country. 13755:Swadesh list of Vietnamese basic vocabulary words 13687:Colloquial Vietnamese: A complete language course 13095:Tiếng Việt trên các miền đất nước: Phương ngữ học 13081:Alves, Mark J.; & Nguyễn, Duy Hương. (2007). 13035:Thompson, Laurence E (1959). "Saigon phonemics". 12950:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 7982:is an epic narrative poem by the celebrated poet 6192:from 臘腸 (Chinese sausage), primarily keep to the 6147:, resulting in indirect borrowing from Japanese. 5748:Ethnolinguistic Groups of Mainland Southeast Asia 702:languages spoken in eastern India, and others in 20089: 13682:, (3rd ed.). Hawthorn, Vic.: Lonely Planet. ISBN 13322:"A Layer of Dongsonian Vocabulary in Vietnamese" 13085:. In M. Alves, M. Sidwell, & D. Gil (Eds.), 12794:(updated ed.). Lincolnwood, Illinois: NTC. 12543: 11409:"A layer of Dongsonian vocabulary in Vietnamese" 10755: 10749: 10743: 10400:Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms 9578: 9560: 9490: 9484: 9466: 9460: 9045:distinct. At the end of syllables, the palatals 8284:. About 180,000 moved in the reverse direction ( 8000: 7700: 7686: 7680: 7674: 7660: 7651: 7645: 7626: 7616: 7601: 7581: 7561: 7541: 7521: 7501: 7303: 7297: 7291: 7275: 7264: 7255: 7243: 7228: 7188: 7156:). Although the writing system is now mostly in 7149: 7133: 7122: 7092: 7071: 7065: 6071: 4685:The tones in the old classification were called 4605: 3315:. There are restrictions on the high offglides: 3124: 2956: 2330: 996: 984: 972: 960: 674:1942) classified Vietnamese as belonging to the 603: 587: 561: 465: 26: 13703:. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley. 13477:"The Vietic languages: a phylogenetic analysis" 13452:"The expansion of Setaria farmers in East Asia" 13373:Bulletin de la Société des Études Indochinoises 13272:. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 649–671. 13140:Papers in Southeast Asian linguistics: Tonation 13017: 12663:www.users.bigpond.com/doanviettrung/noilai.html 11749:Nguyen, Angie; Dao, Lien, eds. (May 18, 2007). 11501:Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris 11460: 11458: 9583:in Hanoi Vietnamese (initial single consonants 7999:. It was originally written in chữ Nôm (titled 7478:). Further diacritics are used to indicate the 901:(16th to 19th centuries) The language found in 13620:Quốc-ngữ: The modern writing system in Vietnam 13389:Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient 12116:"10 từ lóng thường dùng của giới trẻ ngày nay" 12093:"10 từ lóng thường dùng của giới trẻ ngày nay" 11831:School in Berlin maintains Vietnamese language 10837:are increasingly being merged as . Similarly, 7377:, with many spellings retained even after the 6130: 6120: 6042:excluded) are generally derived from English. 5840: 5834: 4298:creaky low falling constricted (short length) 3530:with the phonetic pronunciation to the right. 3123:Since the 1980s, Vietnamese language schools ( 1822:, while fricative-ending syllables ended with 18730: 17108: 16973: 14684: 14475: 13829: 13805: 13666:Contemporary Vietnamese: An intermediate text 13435:(2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. 677–692. 13212: 13018:Nguyễn, Văn Lợi; Edmondson, Jerold A (1998). 12850:Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum 12474:, Cornell University Press. pp. 23, 38. 11402: 11400: 11375: 11373: 11371: 11369: 11026:Scholvin, Vera; Meinschaefer, Judith (2018). 8663:"we, us (but not you, colloquial, familiar)" 7954:The Vietnamese prefer writing numbers with a 6094: 5824: 5354:person that.DET BE {older brother} POSS 3.PRO 2644:Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum 2322:Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum 904:Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum 871: 13675:. Teach Yourself. Chicago: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 13471: 12569: 12567: 12565: 12360: 11455: 11360: 11207: 10825: 10823: 10733:+ back offglide (i.e., ) is an apparent gap. 5868: 5858: 5071:Some Vietnamese sentences with English word 3047:As the national language, Vietnamese is the 2977:De Rhodes's orthography also made use of an 2815:de Rhodes' system has a second medial glide 1002: 990: 978: 966: 18546:(unclassified; possibly a language isolate) 17122: 13585: 13569:Colonialism and language policy in Viet Nam 13297:Handbook of the Changing World Language Map 13294: 12282:. Cambridge University Press. p. 207. 12002:Asian and African Languages and Linguistics 11872:https://doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2002/031) 11494: 9069:in the Central and the Southern varieties. 8827:"he/him, that young man (of equal status)" 7290:The oldest example of an early form of the 7194: 6183: 5917:ca. 4th century CE), Late Sino-Vietnamese ( 5201:Mai {có vẻ} là {sinh viên} hoặc {học sinh}. 4615: 3470:; however, it may also be represented with 3126:trường Việt ngữ/ trường ngôn ngữ Tiếng Việt 2641: 1698:A large number of words were borrowed from 710:detected striking similarities between the 646:in the late 19th and early 20th centuries ( 18737: 18723: 17115: 17101: 16980: 16966: 14906: 14691: 14677: 14482: 14468: 13836: 13822: 13109:. In P. Warren & C. I. Watson (Eds.), 11473:, University of Hawai'i Press: 1113–1203, 11424: 11397: 11366: 11045:Thompson, Laurence C. (January 17, 1963). 10157:Another word game somewhat reminiscent of 6753:a word derived from the English word "show 6007:in French) is rendered into Vietnamese as 5947:in Vietnamese was derived from the French 3003: 2874:appeared more "normal" than the fricative 371: 14489: 13563: 13511: 13400: 13354: 13258: 12878:Uỷ ban Khoa học Xã hội Việt Nam. (1983). 12746: 12709:(1947). "Homonyms and puns in Annamese". 12562: 12465: 12385: 12339: 12327: 12265: 11956:Phan, John D.; de Sousa, Hilário (2016). 11916:Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 11748: 11348: 10903:meaning 'servant in a French household'." 10820: 10412:About The Rights of Members of Minorities 10102:initial consonant, rime, and tone switch 10058:initial consonant, rime, and tone switch 9506:in certain rural varieties in the South: 9489:"twenty-five", instead of the mainstream 9395:in certain rural varieties in the North: 8078:Learn how and when to remove this message 7963:is used to separate two numbers instead. 6200:pronunciation, it is actually pronounced 6172:example, judo can be referred to as both 5470: 5394: 5331: 5313: 5228: 5171: 5091: 4674:are counted twice in the system, once in 2279:Phật thuyết Đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh 13843: 13527: 13034: 12913: 12892: 12864:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 12857: 12773:Vietnamese Tradition on Trial, 1920–1945 12740:Studies in Vietnamese (Annamese) grammar 12402:. Hochiminh City: Committee on Culture, 12391: 12302: 12296: 12277: 12271: 11995: 11653:Insee, enquête Famille 1999. (in French) 11467:Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications 11464: 11126:"Mon–Khmer languages: The Vietic branch" 11044: 10428: 10178:Intermediate form with prefixed syllable 9455:by itself and in compound numerals like 7254:of the homophonous Sino-Vietnamese word 7100: 7079: 7051: 7021: 6248: 6241: 5788: 5760: 5751: 5743: 3966: 3950:Vietnamese phonology: Analysis of final 3903:that occur after the upper front vowels 3111: 3080:In the United States, Vietnamese is the 3007: 2950: 2902:of the modern language. In 17th-century 2627: 841: 621: 18804: 13493: 13382: 13194: 13177: 13064: 12976: 12737: 12705: 12404:Catholic Bishops' Conference of Vietnam 12366: 12307:. Oxford University Press. p. 63. 11913: 11517: 11336: 11324: 11312: 11047:"The Problem of the Word in Vietnamese" 7361:(1591–1660), based on works of earlier 5995:, a partial derivation from the French 3824: 2823:and appears in some words with initial 813:Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area 442:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 404:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 20090: 14698: 13778:The Free Vietnamese Dictionary Project 13625: 13449: 13430: 13409: 13319: 12923:Journal of Southeast Asian Linguistics 12846: 12827: 12808: 12789: 12629: 12228: 12110: 12108: 12106: 12087: 12085: 12048: 12046: 12044: 12042: 12040: 12038: 11541: 11437:Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 11430: 11406: 11379: 11300: 11287:(in Vietnamese). Vietnam: NXB Đà Nẵng. 10999:Languages of the Himalayas, Volume One 10888: 10729:The lack of diphthong consisting of a 8280:and the surrounding areas) as part of 8016:) and is widely taught in Vietnam (in 7755:on Macintosh, with popular methods of 7338: 4266: 'horse (Sino-Vietnamese), code' 2906:, the common language of the Jesuits, 2650:Vietnamese–Portuguese–Latin dictionary 1518: 1492: 20143:Tonal languages in non-tonal families 19323:National Defense and Security Council 18718: 17096: 16961: 15846: 14905: 14672: 14463: 13817: 13804: 13267: 13244: 13221:"What's So Chinese About Vietnamese?" 13218: 13122:Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 13092: 12940: 12811:Vietnamese: Tiếng Việt không son phấn 12678:tphcm.blogspot.com/2005/01/ni-li.html 12617: 12605: 12573: 12440: 12026: 11991: 11989: 11882: 11842: 11729: 11589: 11282: 11278: 11276: 11267: 11255: 11243: 11231: 11219: 11190: 11155: 11149: 10992: 10015:(literal translation "vinegar stage") 9357: 9326: 9295: 9260: 9229: 9198: 9163: 8023: 7783:Vietnamese speak date in the format " 7373:is based on the Chancery Standard of 7248:'our' was written with the character 7117:in 939, the Vietnamese state adopted 5224: 5075:and translations are provided below. 3053:in Vietnam. It is also spoken by the 2663:occurs only at the end of a syllable. 1876:As noted above, Proto-Viet–Muong had 58: 52: 45: 38: 18744: 13784:Research projects and data resources 13336: 13072:"A Look At North-Central Vietnamese" 12770: 12548:. New York: G.K. Hall. p. 454. 12496:"French Indochina 500 Piastres 1951" 12468:Vietnam and the West: New Approaches 12354: 12253: 11973: 11940: 11577: 11565: 11553: 11529: 8027: 6843:("very scary"). Similar uses to the 6260:Basic lexemes in Vietnamese, Mường, 5703: 5566: 5507: 5495:3.PRO just eat rice.FAM Vietnam only 5439: 5341: 3168:of Vietnamese from Hanoi (including 2310: 864:) Sources include the Ming glossary 690:, as well as various smaller and/or 19150:Permanent Member of the Secretariat 15847: 13796:Vietnamese in RWAAI Digital Archive 13147:Một Số Vấn Ðề Ngôn Ngữ Học Việt Nam 12792:NTC's Vietnamese–English dictionary 12103: 12082: 12035: 11792:Encyclopedia of Bilingual Education 11785: 11495:Haudricourt, André-Georges (2017). 10154:can be used for a humorous effect. 9073:Regional consonant correspondences 7708: 6230:idiom, "xập xí, xập ngầu" (十四, 十五, 6115:), and then in turn from Japanese ( 5424:Con chó này chẳng {bao giờ} sủa cả. 5265: 4007: 3514: 3508: 3105:Vietnamese community in the country 1010: 13: 18694:Languages between parentheses are 17470:Northern, Thanh Hóa, Huế, Southern 13751:(from the World Loanword Database) 13522:A Mon–Khmer comparative dictionary 12775:. University of California Press. 12418:"Alphabet | Vietnamese Typography" 12410: 11986: 11273: 11099: 10845:are increasingly being merged as . 10811:Vietnamese grammar: Demonstratives 10078:initial consonant and rime switch 8212: 7390:) and 6 additional vowel letters ( 7007: 5951:(coffee). Yogurt in Vietnamese is 5784: 5624: 5598: 5529: 5384: 5366: 5303: 4632:(仄; 'sharp tones'). Tones such as 3087: 2928:. The similarity of apicoalveolar 2665: 1847:mainland Southeast Asian languages 1725: 1639:*pr, *br, *tr, *dr, *kr, *gr > 1613: 1520: 1494: 718:and Vietnamese. He suggested that 638:. Vietnamese is shown as Annamese. 278:Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences 14: 20154: 18575:Western Khmer (Chanthaburi Khmer) 13714: 11976:Chinese Southern Diaspora Studies 11751:"Vietnamese in the United States" 11469:, Austroasiatic Studies Part II, 8767:"they/them (informal, familiar)" 8743:"he/she/it (informal, familiar)" 8317:Regional variation in vocabulary 8262:temporary division of the country 7779:Dates and numbers writing formats 7715:Vietnamese language and computers 6093:which was borrowed from Chinese ( 5645: 5633:1.PRO like FOC CL horse black DET 5357:"That person is his/her brother." 4640:group, while other tones such as 4164: 'cheek, mother (southern)' 3917:; although they also occur after 3292:In addition to single vowels (or 3160:Vietnamese has a large number of 2303:in Old/Ancient Vietnamese and as 2232: 2205: 2191: 2163: 2151: 2139: 2118: 2106: 2094: 2082: 2070: 2049: 2031: 1991: 1979: 1967: 1955: 1904: 617: 19155:History of central officeholders 13696:. Rutland, Vermont: C.E. Tuttle. 13482:Journal of Language Relationship 13343:Journal of Language Relationship 13226:. In Thurgood, Graham W. (ed.). 12656: 12635: 12447:Vietnamese Culture and Tradition 10937: 10882: 10875:"reason" (cf. modern Vietnamese 10861: 10848: 10331: 10317: 9970:is used by Vietnamese speakers. 9867:) is indicated with the ⟨ 9172: 9160: 8719:"you guys (informal, familiar)" 8288:, literally "go to the North".) 8246:Problems playing this file? See 8228: 8032: 7621:remained the dominant script in 7260:'little, few; rather, somewhat'; 6959:dô (South) and dzô or zô (North) 6222:, which may have derived from a 6180:, the Vietnamese reading of 柔道. 5975:was borrowed into Vietnamese as 4527: 4520: 4513: 4499: 4492: 4485: 4471: 4464: 4457: 4443: 4436: 4429: 4415: 4408: 4401: 4387: 4380: 4373: 3850:contrasting with syllable-final 2682: 1857:were pronounced with additional 907:(1651) of the Jesuit missionary 566:). The alphabet is based on the 556:Vietnamese is written using the 422: 257: 245: 222: 20128:Languages of the Czech Republic 19957:Traditional musical instruments 16989:Languages of the Czech Republic 13458:, Routledge, pp. 133–157, 13379:, 135–193. (Reprinted in 1981). 12943:"Vietnamese (Hanoi Vietnamese)" 12886: 12858:Thompson, Laurence C. (1991) . 12702:. Saigon: Bộ Quốc gia Giáo dục. 12687: 12598: 12537: 12524: 12506: 12488: 12459: 12434: 12222: 12204: 12179: 12155: 12126: 12064: 12020: 11967: 11949: 11934: 11907: 11876: 11864: 11836: 11824: 11790:. In González, Josué M. (ed.). 11779: 11742: 11730:Times, Vietnam (May 30, 2020). 11723: 11704: 11692: 11674: 11644: 11630: 11583: 11168: 11140: 11118: 11104:. Routledge. pp. 102–103. 10799: 10789: 10772: 10763: 10736: 10723: 10592: 10579: 10421: 10398:). The article 25 of the Czech 10383: 10374: 10121:Portugal national football team 9053:have merged with the alveolars 9003: 6915:can be pronounced similarly to 6783:. Some slang words may include 6143:) which came from the English " 5921:), and Recent Sino-Vietnamese ( 5707: 5570: 5511: 5443: 5345: 3895:variants of the velar phonemes 3883:. The other analysis has final 3012:Global distribution of speakers 2796:. Within a century or so, both 18698:of the language on their left. 14449:Ho Chi Minh City Sign Language 13658: 13557: 13101:]. Hanoi: Khoa học xã hội. 12861:A Vietnamese reference grammar 12809:——— (1997). 12752:Journal of Chinese Linguistics 12738:——— (1951). 11093: 11069: 11063:10.1080/00437956.1963.11659787 11038: 11019: 10986: 10973: 10959: 10945: 10585:In Vietnamese, diphthongs are 9603:Regional tone correspondences 8787:"he/him, that gentleman, sir" 8005: 7987: 7673:in 1950 eliminated the use of 7637:French colonial administration 7089:Dictionarium anamitico-latinum 6761:("to run") to make the phrase 6072: 5869: 5859: 5630:Tôi thích cái con ngựa đen đó. 5492:Nó chỉ ăn cơm {Việt Nam} thôi. 5430:"This dog never barks at all." 4678:(去; 'departing') and again in 2667: 2656: 1628:, distinct at that time from * 1615: 1583: 800:sites. Extensive contact with 504:other ethnic groups in Vietnam 1: 20133:Subject–verb–object languages 19175:Central Inspection Commission 13630:, Vietnam's demotic script". 13153: 12813:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 12443:"Vietnamese Language History" 11889:Journal of Vietnamese Studies 11794:. Thousand Oaks, California: 11620:, Modern Language Association 10910: 10196:"beef or chicken noodle soup" 9978:of each word. Some examples: 8619:"I, me (informal, familiar)" 8311: 8165:Southern Vietnamese dialects 8113:Northern Vietnamese dialects 7966: 7113:After ending a millennium of 7044:, and invented characters in 7014:History of writing in Vietnam 5928: 5588: 3521: 2287:glossary by Chinese diplomat 1602:that was still distinct from 858: 680:Austroasiatic language family 18570:Northern Khmer (Surin Khmer) 13737:Northern Illinois University 13664:Nguyen, Bich Thuan. (1997). 13120:in historical perspective". 12832:. Cornell University Press. 12029:Language Change in East Asia 11928:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.05.036 11760:. p. 82. Archived from 11617:MLA Language Map Data Center 10815:Vietnamese grammar: Pronouns 10097:Spain national football team 9894: 8807:"she/her, that lady, madam" 8282:Operation Passage to Freedom 8133:Central Vietnamese dialects 7590: 7570: 7550: 7530: 7510: 7495: 7491:Vietnamese name and meaning 7064:(1851), Chinese characters ( 6058:. Some other borrowings are 5967:(cheese) is from the French 5427:CL dog DET NEG ever bark all 5056:system. Additionally, it is 4319: 4303: 4268: 4252: 4247:creaky high breaking-rising 4217: 4201: 4166: 4150: 4115: 4099: 4094:low falling (often breathy) 4065: 4054: 3830:Syllable-final orthographic 3144: 2684: 876:, c. 15th century) from the 754:" is used, among others, by 164: 7: 19318:Central Military Commission 19180:Central Military Commission 13706:Nguyễn, Đăng Liêm. (1970). 13644:The world's writing systems 13433:The World's Major Languages 13195:Sophana, Srichampa (2005). 13178:Sophana, Srichampa (2004). 13161:Anthropological Linguistics 12514:"North Vietnam 5 Dong 1946" 12231:Asia's Orthographic Dilemma 11594:. Bloomsbury. p. 188. 10786:or syntactic constructions. 10406:) in its paragraph 16 (4) ( 10310: 10126:word order and tone switch 10038:word order and tone switch 10018:word order and tone switch 9577:in Southern Vietnamese and 9565:with a cluster in Hảo Nho ( 9473:Vietnamese grammar#Cardinal 9459:"fifty", but it appears as 8683:"you (informal, familiar)" 8058:the claims made and adding 7263:the native Vietnamese word 7242:the native Vietnamese word 6083: 1845:occurred, as in many other 866: 854:Ancient (or Old) Vietnamese 10: 20159: 19286:Supreme People's Procuracy 13749:Vietnamese Vocabulary List 13692:Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà. (1967). 13618:Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà. (1955). 13213:Historical and comparative 13127:Pham, Andrea Hoa. (2005). 12907:10.1016/j.wocn.2008.09.003 12828:Nguyen, Dinh Tham (2018). 12698:Dương, Quảng-Hàm. (1941). 12692: 12532:"Ai “bức tử” chữ Hán-Nôm?" 12278:Holcombe, Charles (2017). 11883:Alves, Mark (2006-02-01). 11851:, Springer, p. 1162, 10854:In the southern dialects, 10567:as being slightly higher ( 10026:"pregnancy out of wedlock" 9888: 9590: 9498:There is also a merger of 9188: 7970: 7712: 7342: 7211:Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary 7180: 7176: 7011: 6045: 5987:. The Vietnamese term for 5895:Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary 5739: 5636:"I like that black horse." 5052:ordering), and has a noun 5029:(and, as a result, has no 5009:. Vietnamese does not use 4994: 4990: 4757:Traditional tone category 3876:with the syllable-initial 3825:language variation section 3148: 3082:sixth most spoken language 2658: 1704:Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary 1622:Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary 1585: 939:Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary 769: 612:Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary 20049: 19824: 19725: 19633: 19624: 19597: 19424: 19415: 19374: 19331: 19308: 19266: 19233: 19188: 19130: 19085: 19076: 18994: 18951: 18872: 18863: 18756: 18680: 18630: 18557: 18529: 18494: 18453: 18389: 18380: 18350: 18322: 18301: 18292: 18258: 18237: 18206: 18199: 18170: 18109: 18102: 18089: 18082: 18073: 18039: 18014: 17981: 17943: 17900: 17893: 17872: 17863: 17843: 17812: 17803: 17792: 17762: 17741: 17715: 17706: 17693: 17684: 17659: 17623: 17614: 17594: 17573: 17547: 17514: 17457: 17448: 17423: 17402: 17381: 17372: 17351: 17301: 17278: 17271: 17215: 17139: 17130: 17074: 17011: 16995: 16929: 16902:Southern (Shanghai) Sign 16887: 16816: 16760: 16564: 16502: 16455: 16412: 16374: 16259: 16181: 16172: 16104: 16067: 15954: 15945: 15857: 15853: 15842: 15783: 15685: 15567: 15493: 15340: 15222: 15034: 15025: 14977: 14929: 14918: 14914: 14901: 14894: 14874: 14781: 14729: 14722: 14706: 14645: 14600: 14522: 14513: 14497: 14431:Vietnamese sign languages 14429: 14388: 14367: 14260: 14205: 14167: 14124: 14094: 14034: 14016: 13983: 13885: 13876: 13867: 13851: 13811: 13806:Links to related articles 13726:Online Vietnamese lessons 13673:Teach Yourself Vietnamese 13622:. Washington, DC: Author. 13494:Shimizu, Maasaki (2015). 13424:10.1080/08351818609389247 13356:10.31826/jlr-2019-171-209 13312:Cooke, Joseph R. (1968). 13278:10.1515/9783110558142-027 12962:10.1017/S0025100311000181 12882:. Hanoi: Khoa học Xã hội. 12853:. Hanoi: Khoa học Xã hội. 12790:Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà (1995). 12058:khoavanhoc-ngonngu.edu.vn 11941:Phan, John (2013-01-28). 11901:10.1525/vs.2006.1.1-2.104 11847:, in Ember, Carol (ed.), 11843:Blanc, Marie-Eve (2004), 10672: 10667: 10613: 10607: 10547: 10449: 10444: 10439: 10437: 10046:"all the king's subjects" 9849:Chao tone number notation 9806: 9784: 9779: 9769: 9619: 9616: 9613: 9610: 9607: 9539: 9428: 9381: 9355: 9335: 9324: 9304: 9293: 9284: 9258: 9238: 9227: 9207: 9196: 9182: 9151: 9149: 9138: 9129: 9127: 9116: 9107: 9105: 9097: 7908: 7900: 7892: 7884: 7876: 7868: 7860: 7852: 7844: 7836: 7809: 7806: 7281: 7270: 7249: 7234: 7227:the Sino-Vietnamese word 7138: 7127: 6131: 6121: 6095: 5841: 5835: 5825: 5557:"I like the black horse." 5554:1.PRO like CL horse black 4941: 4894: 4847: 4832: 4785: 4770: 4756: 3827:for further elaboration. 3773: 3766: 3744: 3689: 3599: 3576: 3537: 3352: 3339: 3333: 3330: 3155: 2939:led to the assignment of 2890:alveolo-palatal fricative 2791:voiced bilabial fricative 2611: 2604: 2576: 2512: 2420: 2389: 2350: 2245: 2218: 2176: 2002: 1945: 1916: 1912:Old Vietnamese phonology 1888:and as a result suffered 1437: 1338: 1311: 1110: 1059: 1033: 1026: 915:in 1773 and published by 913:Pierre Pigneau de Behaine 872: 682:(which also includes the 390: 370: 356: 340: 324: 306: 288: 283: 271: 235: 217:Official language in 215: 210: 180: 152: 113: 103: 93: 67: 47:[tiəŋ˦˧˥viək̚˨˩ʔ] 34: 25: 20: 13708:Vietnamese pronunciation 13450:Sagart, Laurent (2008), 13093:Hoàng, Thị Châu (1989). 12977:Michaud, Alexis (2004). 12941:Kirby, James P. (2011). 12580:Indochina report; no. 11 12422:vietnamesetypography.com 12367:Jacques, Roland (2002). 12303:Kornicki, Peter (2018). 11788:"Vietnamese Immigration" 11758:California State Library 11361:Sidwell & Alves 2021 11208:Sidwell & Alves 2021 10367: 10183:Resulting "secret" word 9928:Tập trung (Concentrate) 7944:Ngày 28 tháng 3 năm 2018 7215:phono-semantic compounds 6944:nha (and other variants) 6678: 6218:can be used to refer to 6184:Modern Chinese influence 4616:Old tonal classification 4550:Tones within tone group 3962: 2831:. These later disappear. 952:and the conquest of the 492:Vietnamese (Kinh) people 60:[tiəŋ˦˥jiək̚˨˩˨] 54:[tiəŋ˦˥viək̚˨˩˨] 40:[tiəŋ˧˦viət̚˧˨ʔ] 17124:Austroasiatic languages 16899:Northern (Beijing) Sign 14608:Cambodian Sign Language 14389:Other foreign languages 13772:The Vietnamese keyboard 13402:10.3406/befeo.1912.2713 13383:Maspero, Henri (1912). 13320:Ferlus, Michel (2009). 13219:Alves, Mark J. (2001). 13105:Honda, Koichi. (2006). 12929:: 49–62. Archived from 12914:Brunelle, Marc (2009). 12771:Marr, David G. (1984). 12700:Việt-nam văn-học sử-yếu 12574:Desbarats, Jacqueline. 12229:Hannas, Wm. C. (1997). 11833:. Retrieved 2015-06-13. 11821:. Retrieved 2015-06-13. 11431:Ferlus, Michel (1982), 11407:Ferlus, Michel (2009), 11380:Ferlus, Michel (1992), 11081:Encyclopedia Britannica 11077:"Vietnamese literature" 10404:The Administrative Rule 9525:"Mainstream" varieties 9414:"Mainstream" varieties 8260:, which called for the 7363:Portuguese missionaries 6693:Indo-European languages 5913:ca. 1st century CE and 5551:Tôi thích con ngựa đen. 5351:Người đó là anh của nó. 5197:student (under-college) 4874:rể 'son-in-law; groom' 4628:(平; 'level tones') and 3928:which diphthongized to 3004:Geographic distribution 2912:apico-alveolar sibilant 977:('train station', from 925:(from the 19th century) 628:Austroasiatic languages 626:A 1906 analysis map of 521:, Vietnamese is highly 513:Like many languages in 19767:Language and computers 19516:Science and Technology 19276:Supreme People's Court 19218:Deputy Prime Ministers 19009:Hong (Red) River Delta 14908:Sino-Tibetan languages 14646:Main foreign languages 14444:Haiphong Sign Language 14368:Main foreign languages 13500:NINJAL Research Papers 13475:; Alves, Mark (2021). 11845:"Vietnamese in France" 11449:10.3406/clao.1982.1105 11002:. BRILL. p. 264. 10829:In southern dialects, 10756: 10750: 10744: 10352:Vietnamese calligraphy 9910:Hậu trường (backstage) 9579: 9561: 9491: 9485: 9467: 9461: 8258:Geneva Accords of 1954 8217: 8001: 7948:Vietnamese short form: 7810:Vietnamese month name 7775:in Microsoft Windows. 7727:are available such as 7701: 7693:Vietnamese calligraphy 7687: 7681: 7675: 7661: 7652: 7646: 7627: 7617: 7602: 7582: 7562: 7542: 7522: 7502: 7304: 7298: 7292: 7276: 7265: 7256: 7244: 7229: 7189: 7171:Vietnamese calligraphy 7150: 7134: 7123: 7110: 7098: 7093: 7077: 7072: 7066: 7049: 6256: 5804: 5757: 5749: 5721: 5713: 5699: 5691: 5683: 5675: 5667: 5659: 5651: 5641: 5620: 5612: 5604: 5594: 5584: 5576: 5562: 5543: 5535: 5525: 5517: 5503: 5484: 5476: 5465: 5457: 5449: 5435: 5416: 5408: 5400: 5390: 5380: 5372: 5362: 5337: 5327: 5319: 5309: 5298: 5290: 5271: 5261: 5253: 5234: 5220: 5212: 5193: 5185: 5177: 5167: 5159: 5151: 5146:"Trí is 13 years old," 5132: 5124: 5116: 5097: 5087: 5079: 4760:Traditional tone name 4660:(去; 'departing'), and 4606: 4317: 'rice seedling' 3976: 3959:for further details.) 3528:Vietnamese orthography 3466:is usually written as 3125: 3094:ethnic minority groups 3013: 2989:, to indicate a final 2974: 2957: 2955:de Rhodes's entry for 2705:, where it is notated 2653: 2642: 2632:The first page of the 2331: 2307:in Middle Vietnamese. 1880:words with an initial 1786:Low (second) register 1757:High (first) register 1702:, forming part of the 1624:was borrowed) it was * 1499:According to Ferlus, * 1003: 997: 991: 985: 979: 973: 967: 961: 847: 708:James Richardson Logan 639: 604: 588: 572:French rule of Vietnam 562: 472:Austroasiatic language 466: 430:This article contains 392:This article contains 27: 20118:Languages of Cambodia 19999:Person Dignity Theory 14491:Languages of Cambodia 13759:Swadesh-list appendix 13685:Moore, John. (1994). 13680:Vietnamese phrasebook 13671:Healy, Dana. (2004). 13598:English translation: 13412:Papers in Linguistics 13070:Alves, Mark J. 2007. 11664:"Vietnamese language" 11590:Tsung, Linda (2014). 11065:– via CrossRef. 10784:grammatical particles 8463:"thus, so, that way" 8216: 8199:mutually intelligible 8097:mutually intelligible 8002:Đoạn Trường Tân Thanh 7997:Vietnamese literature 7973:Vietnamese literature 7942:Vietnamese long form: 7705:in their ceremonies. 7104: 7083: 7055: 7025: 6252: 6242:Pure Vietnamese words 5792: 5761:Austroasiatic origins 5755: 5747: 5048:(displaying modified- 5001:Vietnamese morphology 3973:Fundamental frequency 3970: 3872:and identifies final 3112:As a foreign language 3011: 2954: 2878:. In both cases, the 2631: 1722:) into the language. 845: 625: 533:directionality, with 20113:Languages of Vietnam 19521:Traditional medicine 19399:Self-Defence Militia 18943:World Heritage Sites 18899:Environmental issues 13845:Languages of Vietnam 13689:. London: Routledge. 12895:Journal of Phonetics 12530:Vũ Thế Khôi (2009). 12470:. Ithaca, New York: 12441:admin (2014-02-05). 11798:. pp. 884–887. 10805:Some differences in 10347:Vietnamese Knowledge 9916:Trường học (School) 8099:regional varieties: 7909:Tháng mười một (11) 7410:. The Latin letters 7062:Nhật dụng thường đàm 6839:("very delicious"), 6188:Some words, such as 5285:"Giáp is very tall." 5111:"Minh is a teacher." 4602:Vietnamese Catholics 4215: 'tomb, grave' 3170:centering diphthongs 3151:Vietnamese phonology 3131:in the United States 2680:, is no longer used. 2332:tiếng Việt trung đại 1598:(ꞗ), representing a 891:initials had become 817:isolating morphology 776:Phùng Nguyên culture 636:Charles Otto Blagden 632:Walter William Skeat 506:, and still used by 474:spoken primarily in 20108:Isolating languages 20098:Vietnamese language 19994:Ho Chi Minh Thought 19170:Central Secretariat 18643:Proto-Austroasiatic 18363:Southern Nicobarese 17813:Khasi-Pnar-Lyngngam 17082:Czech Sign Language 16942:NM = Inner Mongolia 14439:Hanoi Sign Language 13757:(from Wiktionary's 12880:Ngữ-pháp tiếng Việt 12586:on 17 February 2015 12342:, pp. 101–105. 11670:. 29 November 2023. 11520:, pp. 143–155. 11339:, pp. 141–142. 11327:, pp. 151–152. 11283:Vương, Lộc (1995). 10408:Procedural Language 10357:Vietnamese pronouns 10298:choan hìm chanh kỉm 10290:chim hoàn chim cảnh 9942:Tâm lí (Mentality) 9604: 9518: 9407: 9074: 8318: 8169:South Central Coast 7917:Tháng mười hai (12) 7623:Vietnamese Catholic 7375:Late Middle English 7371:English orthography 7359:Alexandre de Rhodes 7345:Vietnamese alphabet 7339:Vietnamese alphabet 7329:Vietnamese Catholic 7204:Southern characters 7070:) are explained in 6802: 6707: 6268: 5997:volant directionnel 5959:) into Vietnamese ( 5886:Proto-Austroasiatic 5829:) in Chinese (also 5105:Minh là {giáo viên} 5039:subject–verb–object 4753: 4350: 4196:mid dipping-rising 3993:(i.e. pitch melody) 2840:was (and still is) 2638:Alexandre de Rhodes 2317:Alexandre de Rhodes 1913: 909:Alexandre de Rhodes 764:Quảng Bình Province 686:language spoken in 558:Vietnamese alphabet 545:and loanwords from 535:subject–verb–object 508:Vietnamese diaspora 237:Recognised minority 195:Vietnamese alphabet 20123:Languages of China 20103:Analytic languages 20033:Vietnamese studies 19745:Overseas community 19538:Telecommunications 19291:Procurator-General 19246:Standing Committee 18936:Endangered species 17013:Minority languages 16479:Formosan languages 14700:Languages of China 13731:2009-10-10 at the 13701:An Annamese reader 13337:Gong, Xun (2019). 13065:Language variation 12748:Hashimoto, Mantaro 12680:for more examples. 12668:2008-02-22 at the 12330:, pp. 32, 38. 12216:baoninhbinh.org.vn 11716:2015-01-10 at the 11580:, pp. 55, 59. 11128:. SEAlang Projects 10362:Vietnamese studies 9998:Structural change 9936:Trung tâm (Centre) 9602: 9571:Ninh Bình Province 9509: 9443:Variation between 9398: 9072: 8316: 8218: 8123:Thanh Hóa dialect 8043:possibly contains 8024:Language variation 8020:transliteration). 7807:English month name 7482:of each syllable: 7146:Chinese characters 7111: 7099: 7078: 7050: 7018:Vietnamese Braille 6801: 6706: 6638:*k-jɔːʔ ~ *kʰjɔːʔ 6259: 6257: 5983:, from the French 5845:) in Japanese and 5805: 5758: 5750: 5245:Tài PRES.CONT talk 5066:verb serialization 4997:Vietnamese grammar 4752: 4344: 3977: 3846:as being phonemes 3512:"brass" is while 3014: 2996:, an allophone of 2991:labial-velar nasal 2975: 2932:to the Vietnamese 2654: 1911: 1849:. Essentially, an 1743:Initial consonant 848: 825:tonal distinctions 692:regional languages 640: 600:Chinese characters 200:Vietnamese Braille 63:(Hồ Chí Minh City) 20085: 20084: 20045: 20044: 20041: 20040: 20011:Traditional games 19695:Human trafficking 19620: 19619: 19411: 19410: 19407: 19406: 19304: 19303: 19241:National Assembly 19160:National Congress 19145:General Secretary 19140:Central Committee 19105:Foreign relations 19072: 19071: 19068: 19067: 19041:Central Highlands 18859: 18858: 18824:Chinese dominated 18712: 18711: 18706: 18705: 18690:extinct languages 18553: 18552: 18376: 18375: 18288: 18287: 18284: 18283: 18195: 18194: 18191: 18190: 18069: 18068: 18065: 18064: 18035: 18034: 17859: 17858: 17788: 17787: 17784: 17783: 17680: 17679: 17610: 17609: 17444: 17443: 17368: 17367: 17347: 17346: 17090: 17089: 16996:Official language 16955: 16954: 16498: 16497: 16494: 16493: 16490: 16489: 16483: 16475: 16467: 16370: 16369: 16100: 16099: 15838: 15837: 15834: 15833: 15563: 15562: 15559: 15558: 14890: 14889: 14666: 14665: 14641: 14640: 14498:Official language 14457: 14456: 14363: 14362: 14120: 14119: 13852:Official language 13652:978-0-19-507993-7 13606:Mon-Khmer Studies 13578:978-90-279-7643-7 13513:10.15084/00000465 13465:978-0-415-39923-4 13442:978-0-415-35339-7 13306:978-3-03002-437-6 13287:978-3-11-055606-3 13237:978-1-881044-27-7 13201:Mon–Khmer Studies 13184:Mon–Khmer Studies 13024:Mon–Khmer Studies 12995:10.1159/000082560 12839:978-1-501-71882-3 12782:978-0-520-90744-7 12672:, Language Log's 12632:, pp. 28–29. 12481:978-0-87727-782-8 12472:SEAP Publications 12314:978-0-192-51869-9 12240:978-0-8248-1892-0 11858:978-0-306-48321-9 11805:978-1-4129-3720-7 11796:SAGE Publications 11601:978-1-4411-4235-1 11556:, pp. 58–59. 11386:Mon–Khmer Studies 11158:Mon-Khmer Studies 11111:978-1-00-069906-7 10994:Driem, George van 10935:(27th ed., 2024) 10807:grammatical words 10718: 10717: 10551: 10550: 10303: 10302: 10170:Nonsense syllable 10130: 10129: 9960: 9959: 9871:⟩ symbol; 9845: 9844: 9587:, respectively). 9552: 9551: 9441: 9440: 9385: 9384: 9098:syllable-initial 9078:Syllable position 8982: 8981: 8599:"I, me (polite)" 8403:"thus, this way" 8233: 8182: 8181: 8173:Central Highlands 8088: 8087: 8080: 8045:original research 7924: 7923: 7695:. Priests of the 7610: 7609: 7498: 7379:Great Vowel Shift 7367:Francisco de Pina 7085:Jean-Louis Taberd 7032:, written in the 7001: 7000: 6769: 6768: 6703:. Some examples: 6672: 6671: 6236:thập tứ, thập ngũ 5248:"Tài is talking." 5181:student (college) 5007:analytic language 4988: 4987: 4763:Modern tone name 4664:(入; 'entering'). 4596: 4595: 4575:"oblique, sharp" 4535: 4534: 4339: 4338: 4284:U+0342 or U+0303 4182:U+0341 or U+0301 4131:U+0340 or U+0300 4057: 4017:Name and meaning 3987:length (duration) 3784: 3783: 3725: 3699: 3657: 3635: 3609: 3494:"hand" is while 3458: 3457: 3277: 3276: 2981:diacritic, as in 2624: 2623: 2548: 2520: 2490: 2462: 2428: 2327:Middle Vietnamese 2311:Middle Vietnamese 2268: 2267: 2184: 2132: 2063: 2012: 1841:At some point, a 1814: 1813: 1752:Fricative ending 1667:*kl, *gl > MV 1653:*pl, *bl > MV 1606:(then pronounced 1592:Middle Vietnamese 1488: 1487: 1381: 1346: 1271: 1228: 1177: 1118: 935:Classical Chinese 922:Modern Vietnamese 917:Jean-Louis Taberd 898:Middle Vietnamese 833:Malayo-Polynesian 831:(a member of the 484:official language 438:rendering support 418: 417: 400:rendering support 396:phonetic symbols. 383:ethnic Vietnamese 273:Regulated by 170:Middle Vietnamese 109:85 million (2019) 84:Dongxing, Guangxi 20150: 20138:Vietic languages 20065: 20058: 19723: 19722: 19631: 19630: 19462:Renewable energy 19452: 19444: 19422: 19421: 19329: 19328: 19128: 19127: 19100:Fatherland Front 19083: 19082: 18949: 18948: 18870: 18869: 18802: 18801: 18739: 18732: 18725: 18716: 18715: 18387: 18386: 18299: 18298: 18204: 18203: 18107: 18106: 18087: 18086: 18080: 18079: 17898: 17897: 17870: 17869: 17810: 17809: 17801: 17800: 17772:(Northern Chong) 17713: 17712: 17691: 17690: 17621: 17620: 17490: 17478: 17455: 17454: 17379: 17378: 17276: 17275: 17137: 17136: 17117: 17110: 17103: 17094: 17093: 16982: 16975: 16968: 16959: 16958: 16911: 16481: 16473: 16465: 16179: 16178: 15952: 15951: 15855: 15854: 15844: 15843: 15032: 15031: 14927: 14926: 14916: 14915: 14903: 14902: 14899: 14898: 14727: 14726: 14714:Standard Chinese 14693: 14686: 14679: 14670: 14669: 14520: 14519: 14484: 14477: 14470: 14461: 14460: 14396:Mandarin Chinese 13883: 13882: 13874: 13873: 13838: 13831: 13824: 13815: 13814: 13802: 13801: 13790:rwaai | Projects 13639: 13613: 13595: 13582: 13553: 13517: 13515: 13506:(1–2): 135–158. 13490: 13468: 13446: 13427: 13406: 13404: 13368: 13358: 13333: 13309: 13291: 13264: 13262: 13241: 13225: 13208: 13191: 13102: 13060: 13031: 13014: 12989:(2–3): 119–146. 12973: 12947: 12937: 12935: 12920: 12910: 12875: 12854: 12843: 12824: 12805: 12786: 12767: 12743: 12734: 12681: 12660: 12654: 12653: 12652: 12651: 12639: 12633: 12627: 12621: 12615: 12609: 12604:Table data from 12602: 12596: 12595: 12593: 12591: 12571: 12560: 12559: 12541: 12535: 12528: 12522: 12521: 12510: 12504: 12503: 12492: 12486: 12485: 12463: 12457: 12456: 12454: 12453: 12438: 12432: 12431: 12429: 12428: 12414: 12408: 12407: 12389: 12383: 12382: 12364: 12358: 12352: 12343: 12337: 12331: 12325: 12319: 12318: 12300: 12294: 12293: 12275: 12269: 12268:, p. 24–26. 12263: 12257: 12251: 12245: 12244: 12226: 12220: 12219: 12208: 12202: 12201: 12199: 12198: 12183: 12177: 12176: 12174: 12173: 12159: 12153: 12152: 12150: 12149: 12140:. Archived from 12130: 12124: 12123: 12112: 12101: 12100: 12089: 12080: 12079: 12068: 12062: 12061: 12050: 12033: 12032: 12024: 12018: 12017: 11993: 11984: 11983: 11971: 11965: 11964: 11962: 11953: 11947: 11946: 11938: 11932: 11931: 11922:(5): 6858–6868. 11911: 11905: 11904: 11895:(1–2): 104–130. 11880: 11874: 11868: 11862: 11861: 11840: 11834: 11828: 11822: 11816: 11810: 11809: 11786:Lam, Ha (2008). 11783: 11777: 11776: 11774: 11772: 11767:on March 4, 2016 11766: 11755: 11746: 11740: 11739: 11727: 11721: 11708: 11702: 11696: 11690: 11689: 11678: 11672: 11671: 11660: 11654: 11648: 11642: 11641: 11634: 11628: 11627: 11626: 11625: 11612: 11606: 11605: 11587: 11581: 11575: 11569: 11563: 11557: 11551: 11545: 11539: 11533: 11527: 11521: 11515: 11509: 11508: 11492: 11483: 11481: 11462: 11453: 11451: 11428: 11422: 11420: 11404: 11395: 11393: 11377: 11364: 11358: 11352: 11346: 11340: 11334: 11328: 11322: 11316: 11310: 11304: 11298: 11289: 11288: 11280: 11271: 11265: 11259: 11253: 11247: 11241: 11235: 11229: 11223: 11217: 11211: 11205: 11194: 11193:, p. xviii. 11188: 11179: 11172: 11166: 11165: 11153: 11147: 11144: 11138: 11137: 11135: 11133: 11122: 11116: 11115: 11097: 11091: 11090: 11088: 11087: 11073: 11067: 11066: 11042: 11036: 11035: 11023: 11017: 11016: 10990: 10984: 10977: 10971: 10970: 10963: 10957: 10956: 10949: 10943: 10942: 10941: 10924: 10904: 10886: 10880: 10865: 10859: 10852: 10846: 10827: 10818: 10803: 10797: 10793: 10787: 10776: 10770: 10767: 10761: 10759: 10753: 10747: 10740: 10734: 10727: 10721: 10616: 10610: 10602: 10601: 10596: 10590: 10583: 10577: 10435: 10434: 10425: 10419: 10387: 10381: 10378: 10341: 10336: 10335: 10327: 10322: 10321: 10320: 10167: 10166: 10086:"Spain (España)" 9983: 9982: 9922:Học tập (Study) 9907: 9906: 9899:A basic form of 9886: 9878: 9870: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9688: 9676: 9671: 9666: 9661: 9656: 9651: 9626: Vinh 9605: 9601: 9586: 9582: 9564: 9557:Vietic languages 9528:Rural varieties 9519: 9508: 9494: 9488: 9470: 9464: 9417:Rural varieties 9408: 9397: 9379: 9353: 9322: 9282: 9256: 9225: 9075: 9071: 8319: 8315: 8235: 8234: 8215: 8177:Southern Vietnam 8117:Northern Vietnam 8102: 8101: 8083: 8076: 8072: 8069: 8063: 8060:inline citations 8036: 8035: 8028: 8015: 8004: 7994: 7979:The Tale of Kiều 7901:Tháng mười (10) 7804: 7803: 7773:Vietnamese Telex 7709:Computer support 7704: 7690: 7684: 7678: 7664: 7655: 7649: 7640:protectorate of 7630: 7620: 7605: 7593: 7585: 7573: 7565: 7553: 7545: 7533: 7525: 7513: 7505: 7496: 7485: 7484: 7333:Nguyễn Trường Tộ 7307: 7301: 7295: 7285: 7279: 7274: 7268: 7259: 7253: 7247: 7238: 7232: 7220:The Tale of Kiều 7208: 7205: 7202: 7199: 7196: 7192: 7155: 7142: 7137: 7131: 7126: 7119:Literary Chinese 7096: 7075: 7069: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7029:The Tale of Kiều 6989: 6984: 6965: 6950: 6931: 6908: 6893: 6878: 6862: 6824: 6803: 6800: 6779:or some form of 6750: 6731: 6708: 6705: 6269: 6258: 6134: 6133: 6124: 6123: 6098: 6097: 6075: 6074: 5925:and afterwards) 5872: 5871: 5862: 5861: 5844: 5843: 5838: 5837: 5828: 5827: 5809:language contact 5709: 5705: 5647: 5626: 5600: 5590: 5572: 5568: 5531: 5513: 5509: 5472: 5445: 5441: 5396: 5386: 5368: 5347: 5343: 5333: 5315: 5305: 5267: 5230: 5226: 5173: 5108:Minh BE teacher. 5093: 4754: 4751: 4611: 4544: 4543: 4531: 4524: 4517: 4503: 4496: 4489: 4475: 4468: 4461: 4447: 4440: 4433: 4419: 4412: 4405: 4391: 4384: 4377: 4363:Central dialect 4360:Southern dialect 4357:Northern dialect 4351: 4343: 4331: 4330: 4329: 4327: 4306: 4280: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4255: 4229: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4204: 4178: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4153: 4127: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4102: 4077: 4076: 4075: 4073: 4055: 4014: 4013: 4009: 3927: 3916: 3909: 3902: 3898: 3882: 3871: 3860: 3849: 3721: 3695: 3677: 3667: 3653: 3631: 3605: 3535: 3534: 3518:"raw silk" is . 3516: 3510: 3505: 3501: 3489: 3485: 3465: 3342: 3336: 3328: 3327: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3177: 3176: 3128: 3063:Guangxi Province 2999: 2995: 2960: 2938: 2931: 2927: 2916: 2901: 2895:rather than the 2894: 2877: 2873: 2866: 2862: 2854: 2850: 2839: 2819:that is written 2818: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2776: 2769: 2752: 2740: 2716: 2704: 2700: 2688: 2679: 2671: 2662: 2647: 2546: 2518: 2488: 2460: 2426: 2348: 2347: 2338: 2334: 2236: 2209: 2195: 2182: 2167: 2155: 2143: 2128: 2122: 2110: 2098: 2086: 2074: 2059: 2053: 2035: 2008: 1995: 1983: 1971: 1959: 1914: 1910: 1899: 1895: 1871:Ho Chi Minh City 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1735: 1734: 1713: 1709: 1646: 1642: 1631: 1627: 1619: 1609: 1601: 1589: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1557: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1539: 1524: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1476: 1466: 1456: 1446: 1427: 1417: 1407: 1397: 1387: 1379: 1370: 1356: 1344: 1326: 1299: 1287: 1277: 1269: 1258: 1244: 1234: 1226: 1215: 1205: 1193: 1183: 1175: 1166: 1156: 1146: 1134: 1124: 1116: 1100: 1090: 1078: 1068: 1024: 1023: 1011:Proto–Viet–Muong 1006: 1000: 994: 988: 982: 976: 970: 964: 875: 874: 869: 863: 860: 798:Dong Son culture 609: 593: 565: 478:where it is the 469: 444: instead of 426: 425: 381:of Vietnam with 379:ethnic landscape 375: 366: 352: 336: 329: 320: 319: 311: 302: 301: 293: 263: 261: 260: 251: 249: 248: 239:language in 228: 226: 225: 186: 119: 62: 56: 49: 42: 30: 18: 17: 20158: 20157: 20153: 20152: 20151: 20149: 20148: 20147: 20088: 20087: 20086: 20081: 20068: 20061: 20054: 20037: 19820: 19721: 19707:Public holidays 19690:Sex trafficking 19616: 19593: 19489:Five-Year Plans 19450: 19442: 19403: 19378: 19376:Public Security 19370: 19327: 19300: 19296:Military Courts 19262: 19229: 19184: 19132:Communist Party 19126: 19064: 18990: 18986:Electoral units 18947: 18904:Protected areas 18855: 18834:French colonial 18800: 18752: 18743: 18713: 18708: 18707: 18702: 18701: 18676: 18650:Proto-Palaungic 18633: 18626: 18549: 18525: 18490: 18449: 18372: 18346: 18318: 18280: 18254: 18233: 18187: 18166: 18098: 18061: 18031: 18010: 17977: 17939: 17889: 17855: 17839: 17795: 17780: 17758: 17737: 17708: 17702: 17676: 17655: 17606: 17590: 17569: 17543: 17510: 17484: 17472: 17440: 17419: 17398: 17364: 17343: 17297: 17267: 17211: 17126: 17121: 17091: 17086: 17070: 17007: 16991: 16986: 16956: 16951: 16925: 16905: 16883: 16812: 16756: 16567: 16560: 16486: 16466:(Indo-European) 16451: 16408: 16366: 16255: 16168: 16096: 16063: 15941: 15849: 15848:Other languages 15830: 15779: 15710:Central Tibetan 15681: 15555: 15489: 15336: 15218: 15021: 14973: 14921: 14910: 14886: 14870: 14777: 14718: 14702: 14697: 14667: 14662: 14637: 14596: 14515: 14509: 14493: 14488: 14458: 14453: 14425: 14384: 14359: 14256: 14201: 14163: 14116: 14090: 14030: 14012: 13979: 13869: 13863: 13847: 13842: 13807: 13733:Wayback Machine 13717: 13661: 13579: 13565:DeFrancis, John 13560: 13489:(3–4): 166–194. 13466: 13443: 13307: 13288: 13253:(2): xiii–xlv. 13238: 13223: 13215: 13156: 13067: 12945: 12933: 12918: 12889: 12872: 12840: 12821: 12802: 12783: 12695: 12690: 12685: 12684: 12670:Wayback Machine 12661: 12657: 12649: 12647: 12641: 12640: 12636: 12628: 12624: 12616: 12612: 12603: 12599: 12589: 12587: 12572: 12563: 12556: 12542: 12538: 12529: 12525: 12512: 12511: 12507: 12494: 12493: 12489: 12482: 12464: 12460: 12451: 12449: 12439: 12435: 12426: 12424: 12416: 12415: 12411: 12390: 12386: 12379: 12365: 12361: 12353: 12346: 12338: 12334: 12326: 12322: 12315: 12301: 12297: 12290: 12276: 12272: 12264: 12260: 12252: 12248: 12241: 12227: 12223: 12210: 12209: 12205: 12196: 12194: 12185: 12184: 12180: 12171: 12169: 12161: 12160: 12156: 12147: 12145: 12132: 12131: 12127: 12114: 12113: 12104: 12091: 12090: 12083: 12070: 12069: 12065: 12052: 12051: 12036: 12025: 12021: 11994: 11987: 11972: 11968: 11960: 11954: 11950: 11939: 11935: 11912: 11908: 11881: 11877: 11869: 11865: 11859: 11841: 11837: 11829: 11825: 11817: 11813: 11806: 11784: 11780: 11770: 11768: 11764: 11753: 11747: 11743: 11728: 11724: 11718:Wayback Machine 11709: 11705: 11697: 11693: 11680: 11679: 11675: 11662: 11661: 11657: 11649: 11645: 11636: 11635: 11631: 11623: 11621: 11614: 11613: 11609: 11602: 11588: 11584: 11576: 11572: 11564: 11560: 11552: 11548: 11540: 11536: 11528: 11524: 11516: 11512: 11493: 11486: 11463: 11456: 11429: 11425: 11405: 11398: 11378: 11367: 11359: 11355: 11347: 11343: 11335: 11331: 11323: 11319: 11311: 11307: 11299: 11292: 11285:An Nam dịch ngữ 11281: 11274: 11266: 11262: 11254: 11250: 11242: 11238: 11230: 11226: 11218: 11214: 11206: 11197: 11189: 11182: 11173: 11169: 11154: 11150: 11145: 11141: 11131: 11129: 11124: 11123: 11119: 11112: 11100:Li, Yu (2020). 11098: 11094: 11085: 11083: 11075: 11074: 11070: 11043: 11039: 11024: 11020: 11010: 10991: 10987: 10978: 10974: 10965: 10964: 10960: 10951: 10950: 10946: 10936: 10925: 10918: 10913: 10908: 10907: 10887: 10883: 10866: 10862: 10853: 10849: 10828: 10821: 10804: 10800: 10794: 10790: 10777: 10773: 10768: 10764: 10757:ngôn ngữ âm sắc 10742:Tone is called 10741: 10737: 10728: 10724: 10710: 10705: 10674: 10669: 10597: 10593: 10584: 10580: 10426: 10422: 10414:) paragraph 9 ( 10388: 10384: 10379: 10375: 10370: 10339:Language portal 10337: 10330: 10323: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10269:loan hà lanh cả 10261:la hoàn la cảnh 9986:Original phrase 9948:Lí do (Reason) 9897: 9632: 9593: 9471:"fifteen" (see 9366: 9365: 9344: 9343: 9313: 9312: 9269: 9268: 9247: 9246: 9216: 9215: 9189:syllable-final 9006: 8314: 8272:and heavily to 8253: 8252: 8244: 8242: 8241: 8240: 8239: 8236: 8229: 8226: 8219: 8213: 8204:sociolinguistic 8105:Dialect region 8084: 8073: 8067: 8064: 8049: 8037: 8033: 8026: 7975: 7969: 7893:Tháng chín (9) 7801:and in poetry. 7781: 7751:on Windows, or 7717: 7711: 7470:) and a single 7365:, particularly 7347: 7341: 7308:, most notably 7206: 7203: 7200: 7197: 7185: 7179: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7020: 7012:Main articles: 7010: 7008:Writing systems 6978:lu bu, lu xu bu 6833:Buddhist temple 6681: 6244: 6232:Sino-Vietnamese 6206:Chinese sausage 6186: 6113:keoi1 lok6 bou6 6086: 6048: 5985:note de musique 5931: 5907:Sino-Vietnamese 5787: 5785:Chinese contact 5763: 5742: 5737: 5727: 5719: 5711: 5697: 5689: 5681: 5673: 5665: 5657: 5649: 5638: 5628: 5618: 5610: 5602: 5592: 5582: 5574: 5559: 5549: 5541: 5533: 5523: 5515: 5500: 5490: 5482: 5474: 5463: 5455: 5447: 5432: 5422: 5414: 5406: 5398: 5388: 5378: 5370: 5359: 5349: 5335: 5325: 5317: 5307: 5296: 5287: 5277: 5269: 5259: 5250: 5240: 5232: 5218: 5209: 5199: 5191: 5183: 5175: 5165: 5157: 5148: 5138: 5130: 5122: 5113: 5103: 5095: 5085: 5003: 4995:Main articles: 4993: 4656:(上; 'rising'), 4618: 4325: 4322: 4321: 4274: 4271: 4270: 4223: 4220: 4219: 4172: 4169: 4168: 4121: 4118: 4117: 4071: 4068: 4067: 3965: 3891:as predictable 3549: 3524: 3450: 3445: 3435: 3422: 3417: 3407: 3269: 3259: 3246: 3236: 3158: 3153: 3147: 3114: 3090: 3088:Official status 3016:As a result of 3006: 2961:shows distinct 2681: 2673: 2664: 2362: 2313: 1907: 1749:Glottal ending 1728: 1726:Origin of tones 1013: 989:('shirt', from 861: 804:began from the 780:Red River Delta 772: 756:Gérard Diffloth 644:linguistic work 620: 610:) to represent 494:, as well as a 488:native language 459: 458: 457: 436:Without proper 427: 423: 398:Without proper 386: 362: 348: 332: 325: 315: 314: 307: 297: 296: 289: 267: 258: 256: 255: 246: 244: 240: 238: 223: 221: 218: 211:Official status 202: 198: 187: 182: 176: 155: 148: 120: 117:Language family 115: 106: 105:Native speakers 89: 51: 44: 12: 11: 5: 20156: 20146: 20145: 20140: 20135: 20130: 20125: 20120: 20115: 20110: 20105: 20100: 20083: 20082: 20080: 20079: 20074: 20067: 20066: 20059: 20051: 20050: 20047: 20046: 20043: 20042: 20039: 20038: 20036: 20035: 20030: 20025: 20020: 20019: 20018: 20013: 20003: 20002: 20001: 19996: 19991: 19986: 19981: 19976: 19971: 19961: 19960: 19959: 19954: 19944: 19943: 19942: 19937: 19932: 19927: 19917: 19916: 19915: 19905: 19900: 19895: 19890: 19885: 19884: 19883: 19878: 19868: 19863: 19862: 19861: 19851: 19846: 19841: 19836: 19830: 19828: 19822: 19821: 19819: 19818: 19817: 19816: 19811: 19806: 19801: 19796: 19794:Folk religions 19786: 19781: 19776: 19771: 19770: 19769: 19764: 19759: 19749: 19748: 19747: 19742: 19731: 19729: 19720: 19719: 19714: 19709: 19704: 19703: 19702: 19697: 19692: 19687: 19682: 19672: 19671: 19670: 19669:hybrid variant 19657: 19647: 19646: 19645: 19634: 19628: 19622: 19621: 19618: 19617: 19615: 19614: 19612:Rail transport 19609: 19603: 19601: 19595: 19594: 19592: 19591: 19586: 19585: 19584: 19579: 19574: 19564: 19563: 19562: 19552: 19551: 19550: 19545: 19535: 19534: 19533: 19528: 19523: 19513: 19508: 19507: 19506: 19501: 19491: 19486: 19481: 19476: 19475: 19474: 19472:Power stations 19469: 19464: 19454: 19446: 19443:("Renovation") 19436: 19431: 19425: 19419: 19413: 19412: 19409: 19408: 19405: 19404: 19402: 19401: 19396: 19391: 19385: 19383: 19372: 19371: 19369: 19368: 19363: 19358: 19353: 19352: 19351: 19346: 19335: 19333: 19326: 19325: 19320: 19314: 19312: 19306: 19305: 19302: 19301: 19299: 19298: 19293: 19288: 19283: 19278: 19272: 19270: 19264: 19263: 19261: 19260: 19255: 19250: 19249: 19248: 19237: 19235: 19231: 19230: 19228: 19227: 19222: 19221: 19220: 19213:Prime Minister 19210: 19205: 19204: 19203: 19201:Vice President 19192: 19190: 19186: 19185: 19183: 19182: 19177: 19172: 19167: 19162: 19157: 19152: 19147: 19142: 19136: 19134: 19125: 19124: 19119: 19118: 19117: 19107: 19102: 19097: 19092: 19086: 19080: 19074: 19073: 19070: 19069: 19066: 19065: 19063: 19062: 19061: 19060: 19055: 19045: 19044: 19043: 19038: 19033: 19023: 19022: 19021: 19016: 19011: 19000: 18998: 18992: 18991: 18989: 18988: 18983: 18978: 18976:District-level 18973: 18968: 18966:Municipalities 18963: 18957: 18955: 18946: 18945: 18940: 18939: 18938: 18933: 18928: 18923: 18913: 18912: 18911: 18909:National parks 18901: 18896: 18891: 18890: 18889: 18887:Climate change 18879: 18873: 18867: 18861: 18860: 18857: 18856: 18854: 18853: 18852: 18851: 18846: 18836: 18831: 18826: 18821: 18816: 18810: 18808: 18799: 18798: 18793: 18788: 18783: 18778: 18773: 18768: 18762: 18760: 18754: 18753: 18742: 18741: 18734: 18727: 18719: 18710: 18709: 18704: 18703: 18700: 18699: 18692: 18682: 18681: 18678: 18677: 18675: 18674: 18667: 18660: 18653: 18646: 18638: 18636: 18628: 18627: 18625: 18624: 18623: 18622: 18616: 18606: 18605: 18604: 18599: 18589: 18584: 18583: 18582: 18577: 18572: 18561: 18559: 18555: 18554: 18551: 18550: 18548: 18547: 18539: 18533: 18531: 18527: 18526: 18524: 18523: 18518: 18513: 18508: 18502: 18500: 18492: 18491: 18489: 18488: 18483: 18478: 18473: 18466: 18460: 18458: 18451: 18450: 18448: 18447: 18442: 18437: 18432: 18427: 18422: 18417: 18412: 18407: 18402: 18396: 18394: 18384: 18378: 18377: 18374: 18373: 18371: 18370: 18365: 18360: 18354: 18352: 18348: 18347: 18345: 18344: 18339: 18334: 18328: 18326: 18320: 18319: 18317: 18316: 18311: 18305: 18303: 18296: 18290: 18289: 18286: 18285: 18282: 18281: 18279: 18278: 18273: 18268: 18262: 18260: 18256: 18255: 18253: 18252: 18247: 18241: 18239: 18235: 18234: 18232: 18231: 18226: 18221: 18216: 18210: 18208: 18201: 18197: 18196: 18193: 18192: 18189: 18188: 18186: 18185: 18180: 18174: 18172: 18168: 18167: 18165: 18164: 18159: 18154: 18149: 18144: 18139: 18134: 18129: 18124: 18119: 18113: 18111: 18104: 18100: 18099: 18097: 18096: 18090: 18084: 18077: 18071: 18070: 18067: 18066: 18063: 18062: 18060: 18059: 18054: 18049: 18043: 18041: 18037: 18036: 18033: 18032: 18030: 18029: 18024: 18018: 18016: 18012: 18011: 18009: 18008: 18003: 17998: 17993: 17987: 17985: 17979: 17978: 17976: 17975: 17970: 17965: 17960: 17955: 17949: 17947: 17941: 17940: 17938: 17937: 17932: 17927: 17922: 17917: 17912: 17906: 17904: 17895: 17891: 17890: 17888: 17887: 17882: 17876: 17874: 17867: 17861: 17860: 17857: 17856: 17854: 17853: 17847: 17845: 17841: 17840: 17838: 17837: 17832: 17827: 17822: 17816: 17814: 17807: 17798: 17790: 17789: 17786: 17785: 17782: 17781: 17779: 17778: 17773: 17766: 17764: 17760: 17759: 17757: 17756: 17751: 17745: 17743: 17739: 17738: 17736: 17735: 17730: 17725: 17719: 17717: 17710: 17704: 17703: 17701: 17700: 17694: 17688: 17682: 17681: 17678: 17677: 17675: 17674: 17669: 17663: 17661: 17657: 17656: 17654: 17653: 17648: 17643: 17638: 17633: 17627: 17625: 17618: 17612: 17611: 17608: 17607: 17605: 17604: 17598: 17596: 17592: 17591: 17589: 17588: 17583: 17577: 17575: 17571: 17570: 17568: 17567: 17562: 17557: 17551: 17549: 17545: 17544: 17542: 17541: 17536: 17531: 17526: 17520: 17518: 17512: 17511: 17509: 17508: 17503: 17498: 17497: 17496: 17491: 17479: 17461: 17459: 17452: 17446: 17445: 17442: 17441: 17439: 17438: 17433: 17427: 17425: 17421: 17420: 17418: 17417: 17412: 17406: 17404: 17400: 17399: 17397: 17396: 17391: 17385: 17383: 17376: 17370: 17369: 17366: 17365: 17363: 17362: 17355: 17353: 17349: 17348: 17345: 17344: 17342: 17341: 17336: 17331: 17326: 17321: 17316: 17311: 17305: 17303: 17299: 17298: 17296: 17295: 17290: 17285: 17279: 17273: 17269: 17268: 17266: 17265: 17260: 17255: 17250: 17245: 17240: 17235: 17230: 17225: 17219: 17217: 17213: 17212: 17210: 17209: 17204: 17199: 17194: 17189: 17184: 17179: 17174: 17169: 17164: 17159: 17154: 17149: 17143: 17141: 17134: 17128: 17127: 17120: 17119: 17112: 17105: 17097: 17088: 17087: 17085: 17084: 17078: 17076: 17075:Sign languages 17072: 17071: 17069: 17068: 17063: 17058: 17053: 17048: 17043: 17038: 17033: 17028: 17023: 17017: 17015: 17009: 17008: 17006: 17005: 16999: 16997: 16993: 16992: 16985: 16984: 16977: 16970: 16962: 16953: 16952: 16950: 16949: 16946: 16943: 16940: 16937: 16936:HK = Hong Kong 16934: 16930: 16927: 16926: 16924: 16923: 16916: 16915: 16914: 16913: 16912: 16907:Hong Kong Sign 16900: 16891: 16889: 16885: 16884: 16882: 16881: 16876: 16871: 16866: 16861: 16856: 16851: 16846: 16841: 16836: 16831: 16826: 16820: 16818: 16814: 16813: 16811: 16810: 16805: 16800: 16795: 16790: 16785: 16780: 16775: 16770: 16764: 16762: 16758: 16757: 16755: 16754: 16753: 16752: 16747: 16737: 16736: 16735: 16730: 16720: 16719: 16718: 16713: 16703: 16702: 16701: 16696: 16691: 16686: 16681: 16676: 16675: 16674: 16669: 16664: 16649: 16644: 16639: 16634: 16633: 16632: 16627: 16626: 16625: 16615: 16610: 16609: 16608: 16598: 16593: 16588: 16583: 16572: 16570: 16562: 16561: 16559: 16558: 16553: 16547: 16542: 16537: 16532: 16527: 16522: 16517: 16512: 16506: 16504: 16500: 16499: 16496: 16495: 16492: 16491: 16488: 16487: 16485: 16484: 16482:(Austronesian) 16476: 16474:(Austronesian) 16468: 16459: 16457: 16453: 16452: 16450: 16449: 16444: 16439: 16434: 16429: 16424: 16418: 16416: 16410: 16409: 16407: 16406: 16401: 16396: 16391: 16386: 16380: 16378: 16372: 16371: 16368: 16367: 16365: 16364: 16359: 16354: 16349: 16344: 16339: 16334: 16329: 16324: 16319: 16314: 16309: 16304: 16299: 16294: 16289: 16284: 16279: 16274: 16269: 16263: 16261: 16257: 16256: 16254: 16253: 16248: 16243: 16238: 16233: 16228: 16223: 16218: 16213: 16208: 16203: 16198: 16193: 16187: 16185: 16176: 16170: 16169: 16167: 16166: 16161: 16156: 16151: 16146: 16141: 16136: 16131: 16126: 16121: 16116: 16110: 16108: 16102: 16101: 16098: 16097: 16095: 16094: 16089: 16084: 16079: 16073: 16071: 16065: 16064: 16062: 16061: 16056: 16051: 16046: 16041: 16036: 16031: 16026: 16021: 16016: 16011: 16006: 16001: 15996: 15991: 15986: 15981: 15976: 15971: 15966: 15960: 15958: 15949: 15943: 15942: 15940: 15939: 15934: 15929: 15924: 15919: 15914: 15909: 15904: 15899: 15894: 15889: 15884: 15879: 15874: 15869: 15863: 15861: 15851: 15850: 15840: 15839: 15836: 15835: 15832: 15831: 15829: 15828: 15823: 15818: 15813: 15808: 15803: 15798: 15793: 15787: 15785: 15781: 15780: 15778: 15777: 15772: 15767: 15762: 15757: 15752: 15747: 15742: 15737: 15732: 15727: 15722: 15717: 15712: 15707: 15702: 15697: 15691: 15689: 15683: 15682: 15680: 15679: 15674: 15669: 15664: 15659: 15654: 15652:Southern Qiang 15649: 15647:Northern Qiang 15644: 15639: 15634: 15629: 15624: 15619: 15614: 15609: 15604: 15599: 15594: 15589: 15584: 15579: 15573: 15571: 15565: 15564: 15561: 15560: 15557: 15556: 15554: 15553: 15548: 15543: 15538: 15533: 15528: 15523: 15518: 15513: 15508: 15503: 15497: 15495: 15491: 15490: 15488: 15487: 15482: 15477: 15472: 15467: 15462: 15457: 15452: 15447: 15442: 15437: 15432: 15427: 15422: 15417: 15412: 15407: 15402: 15397: 15392: 15387: 15382: 15377: 15372: 15367: 15362: 15357: 15352: 15346: 15344: 15338: 15337: 15335: 15334: 15329: 15324: 15319: 15314: 15309: 15304: 15299: 15294: 15289: 15284: 15279: 15274: 15269: 15264: 15259: 15254: 15249: 15244: 15239: 15234: 15228: 15226: 15220: 15219: 15217: 15216: 15211: 15206: 15201: 15196: 15191: 15186: 15181: 15176: 15171: 15166: 15161: 15156: 15151: 15146: 15141: 15136: 15131: 15126: 15121: 15116: 15111: 15106: 15101: 15096: 15091: 15086: 15081: 15076: 15071: 15066: 15061: 15056: 15051: 15046: 15040: 15038: 15029: 15023: 15022: 15020: 15019: 15014: 15009: 15004: 14999: 14994: 14989: 14983: 14981: 14975: 14974: 14972: 14971: 14966: 14961: 14956: 14951: 14946: 14941: 14935: 14933: 14924: 14912: 14911: 14896: 14892: 14891: 14888: 14887: 14884: 14882: 14872: 14871: 14869: 14868: 14863: 14858: 14853: 14848: 14843: 14838: 14833: 14828: 14823: 14818: 14813: 14808: 14803: 14798: 14793: 14787: 14785: 14779: 14778: 14776: 14775: 14770: 14765: 14760: 14755: 14750: 14745: 14739: 14737: 14724: 14720: 14719: 14717: 14716: 14710: 14708: 14704: 14703: 14696: 14695: 14688: 14681: 14673: 14664: 14663: 14661: 14660: 14655: 14649: 14647: 14643: 14642: 14639: 14638: 14636: 14635: 14630: 14625: 14620: 14615: 14610: 14604: 14602: 14598: 14597: 14595: 14594: 14589: 14584: 14579: 14574: 14569: 14564: 14559: 14554: 14549: 14544: 14539: 14534: 14528: 14526: 14517: 14511: 14510: 14508: 14507: 14501: 14499: 14495: 14494: 14487: 14486: 14479: 14472: 14464: 14455: 14454: 14452: 14451: 14446: 14441: 14435: 14433: 14427: 14426: 14424: 14423: 14418: 14413: 14408: 14403: 14398: 14392: 14390: 14386: 14385: 14383: 14382: 14377: 14371: 14369: 14365: 14364: 14361: 14360: 14358: 14357: 14352: 14347: 14342: 14337: 14332: 14327: 14322: 14317: 14312: 14307: 14302: 14297: 14292: 14287: 14282: 14277: 14272: 14266: 14264: 14258: 14257: 14255: 14254: 14249: 14244: 14239: 14217: 14211: 14209: 14203: 14202: 14200: 14199: 14194: 14189: 14184: 14179: 14173: 14171: 14165: 14164: 14162: 14161: 14156: 14151: 14146: 14141: 14136: 14130: 14128: 14122: 14121: 14118: 14117: 14115: 14114: 14109: 14104: 14098: 14096: 14092: 14091: 14089: 14088: 14083: 14078: 14073: 14068: 14067: 14066: 14061: 14056: 14051: 14040: 14038: 14032: 14031: 14029: 14028: 14022: 14020: 14014: 14013: 14011: 14010: 14005: 14000: 13995: 13989: 13987: 13981: 13980: 13978: 13977: 13972: 13967: 13962: 13957: 13952: 13947: 13942: 13937: 13932: 13927: 13922: 13917: 13912: 13907: 13902: 13897: 13891: 13889: 13880: 13871: 13865: 13864: 13862: 13861: 13855: 13853: 13849: 13848: 13841: 13840: 13833: 13826: 13818: 13812: 13809: 13808: 13799: 13798: 13793: 13781: 13780: 13775: 13768: 13767: 13766:Language tools 13763: 13762: 13752: 13745: 13744: 13740: 13739: 13722: 13721: 13720:Online lessons 13716: 13715:External links 13713: 13712: 13711: 13704: 13697: 13690: 13683: 13676: 13669: 13660: 13657: 13656: 13655: 13640: 13623: 13616: 13615: 13614: 13583: 13577: 13559: 13556: 13555: 13554: 13542:10.2307/411402 13536:(1): 362–371. 13525: 13518: 13491: 13469: 13464: 13447: 13441: 13428: 13407: 13380: 13369: 13349:(1–2): 55–72. 13334: 13317: 13310: 13305: 13292: 13286: 13265: 13242: 13236: 13214: 13211: 13210: 13209: 13192: 13175: 13155: 13152: 13151: 13150: 13143: 13136: 13125: 13114: 13103: 13090: 13079: 13066: 13063: 13062: 13061: 13049:10.2307/411232 13043:(3): 454–476. 13032: 13015: 12974: 12956:(3): 381–392. 12938: 12936:on 2018-11-13. 12911: 12888: 12885: 12884: 12883: 12876: 12870: 12855: 12844: 12838: 12825: 12819: 12806: 12800: 12787: 12781: 12768: 12744: 12735: 12723:10.2307/409878 12717:(3): 239–244. 12707:Emeneau, M. B. 12703: 12694: 12691: 12689: 12686: 12683: 12682: 12655: 12634: 12622: 12620:, p. 382. 12610: 12597: 12561: 12554: 12536: 12523: 12505: 12487: 12480: 12458: 12433: 12409: 12384: 12377: 12359: 12357:, p. 145. 12344: 12340:DeFrancis 1977 12332: 12328:DeFrancis 1977 12320: 12313: 12295: 12289:978-1107544895 12288: 12270: 12266:DeFrancis 1977 12258: 12256:, p. 141. 12246: 12239: 12221: 12203: 12178: 12154: 12125: 12102: 12081: 12063: 12034: 12019: 12014:10.15026/94521 11985: 11966: 11948: 11933: 11906: 11875: 11863: 11857: 11835: 11823: 11811: 11804: 11778: 11741: 11722: 11703: 11691: 11673: 11655: 11643: 11629: 11607: 11600: 11582: 11570: 11558: 11546: 11544:, p. 162. 11534: 11522: 11510: 11484: 11454: 11423: 11396: 11365: 11363:, p. 187. 11353: 11349:DeFrancis 1977 11341: 11329: 11317: 11315:, p. 136. 11305: 11303:, p. 678. 11290: 11272: 11270:, p. 659. 11260: 11258:, p. 663. 11248: 11246:, p. xix. 11236: 11234:, p. 662. 11224: 11222:, p. 661. 11212: 11210:, p. 189. 11195: 11180: 11167: 11148: 11139: 11117: 11110: 11092: 11068: 11037: 11018: 11008: 10985: 10972: 10969:. 7 June 2023. 10958: 10955:. 3 July 2013. 10944: 10915: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10906: 10905: 10881: 10860: 10847: 10819: 10798: 10788: 10771: 10762: 10735: 10722: 10720: 10719: 10716: 10715: 10712: 10707: 10702: 10699: 10693: 10692: 10689: 10686: 10680: 10679: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10663: 10657: 10656: 10653: 10650: 10647: 10644: 10638: 10637: 10634: 10631: 10628: 10625: 10619: 10618: 10612: 10606: 10591: 10578: 10553: 10552: 10549: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10535: 10534: 10531: 10528: 10525: 10522: 10516: 10515: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10498: 10497: 10494: 10491: 10489: 10486: 10480: 10479: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10462: 10461: 10458: 10454: 10453: 10448: 10443: 10438: 10420: 10382: 10372: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10365: 10364: 10359: 10354: 10349: 10343: 10342: 10328: 10325:Vietnam portal 10312: 10309: 10305: 10304: 10301: 10300: 10295: 10292: 10287: 10284: 10278: 10272: 10271: 10266: 10263: 10258: 10255: 10249: 10243: 10242: 10237: 10234: 10229: 10226: 10220: 10214: 10213: 10208: 10205: 10200: 10197: 10191: 10185: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10132: 10131: 10128: 10127: 10124: 10114: 10111: 10104: 10103: 10100: 10090: 10087: 10080: 10079: 10076: 10070: 10067: 10060: 10059: 10056: 10050: 10047: 10040: 10039: 10036: 10030: 10027: 10020: 10019: 10016: 10010: 10007: 10000: 9999: 9996: 9995:transformation 9989: 9987: 9958: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9949: 9946: 9943: 9940: 9937: 9933: 9932: 9929: 9926: 9923: 9920: 9917: 9914: 9911: 9896: 9893: 9873:murmured voice 9853:glottalization 9843: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9811: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9795: 9789: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9758: 9752: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9715: 9714: 9709: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9689: 9684: 9678: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9641: 9640: 9635: 9628: 9622: 9621: 9618: 9615: 9614:North-central 9612: 9609: 9592: 9589: 9550: 9549: 9547: 9541: 9540: 9538: 9536: 9530: 9529: 9526: 9523: 9439: 9438: 9436: 9430: 9429: 9427: 9425: 9419: 9418: 9415: 9412: 9383: 9382: 9380: 9359: 9358: 9356: 9354: 9337: 9336: 9334: 9328: 9327: 9325: 9323: 9306: 9305: 9303: 9297: 9296: 9294: 9292: 9286: 9285: 9283: 9262: 9261: 9259: 9257: 9240: 9239: 9237: 9231: 9230: 9228: 9226: 9209: 9208: 9206: 9200: 9199: 9197: 9195: 9190: 9186: 9185: 9183: 9181: 9175: 9174: 9171: 9165: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9153: 9152: 9150: 9148: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9137: 9131: 9130: 9128: 9126: 9120: 9119: 9117: 9115: 9109: 9108: 9106: 9104: 9099: 9095: 9094: 9091: 9088: 9085: 9082: 9079: 9005: 9002: 8980: 8979: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8960: 8959: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8940: 8939: 8936: 8928: 8923: 8917: 8916: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8897: 8896: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8873: 8872: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8853: 8852: 8849: 8840: 8835: 8829: 8828: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8809: 8808: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8789: 8788: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8769: 8768: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8745: 8744: 8741: 8736: 8727: 8721: 8720: 8717: 8704: 8695: 8685: 8684: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8665: 8664: 8661: 8648: 8639: 8621: 8620: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8601: 8600: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8581: 8580: 8577: 8572: 8563: 8553: 8552: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8533: 8532: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8513: 8512: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8493: 8492: 8491:"that yonder" 8489: 8484: 8475: 8465: 8464: 8461: 8452: 8443: 8429: 8428: 8425: 8420: 8411: 8405: 8404: 8401: 8396: 8387: 8377: 8376: 8373: 8368: 8359: 8353: 8352: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8333: 8332: 8331:English gloss 8329: 8326: 8323: 8313: 8310: 8293:Fall of Saigon 8286:Tập kết ra Bắc 8243: 8237: 8227: 8222: 8221: 8220: 8211: 8210: 8209: 8180: 8179: 8166: 8162: 8161: 8159:Thừa Thiên Huế 8156: 8152: 8151: 8134: 8130: 8129: 8124: 8120: 8119: 8114: 8110: 8109: 8106: 8092:Nguồn language 8086: 8085: 8040: 8038: 8031: 8025: 8022: 7971:Main article: 7968: 7965: 7952: 7951: 7945: 7939: 7922: 7921: 7918: 7915: 7911: 7910: 7907: 7903: 7902: 7899: 7895: 7894: 7891: 7887: 7886: 7885:Tháng tám (8) 7883: 7879: 7878: 7877:Tháng bảy (7) 7875: 7871: 7870: 7869:Tháng sáu (6) 7867: 7863: 7862: 7861:Tháng năm (5) 7859: 7855: 7854: 7851: 7847: 7846: 7843: 7839: 7838: 7837:Tháng hai (2) 7835: 7831: 7830: 7827: 7824: 7820: 7819: 7816: 7812: 7811: 7808: 7799:lunar calendar 7780: 7777: 7713:Main article: 7710: 7707: 7659:Nevertheless, 7608: 7607: 7599: 7588: 7587: 7579: 7568: 7567: 7566:'questioning' 7559: 7548: 7547: 7539: 7528: 7527: 7519: 7508: 7507: 7499: 7493: 7492: 7489: 7406:) formed with 7343:Main article: 7340: 7337: 7288: 7287: 7261: 7240: 7181:Main article: 7178: 7175: 7105:A sign at the 7087:'s dictionary 7009: 7006: 6999: 6998: 6991: 6980: 6974: 6973: 6966: 6961: 6955: 6954: 6951: 6946: 6940: 6939: 6932: 6927: 6921: 6920: 6909: 6904: 6898: 6897: 6894: 6889: 6883: 6882: 6879: 6874: 6868: 6867: 6863: 6858: 6852: 6851: 6825: 6820: 6814: 6813: 6810: 6807: 6767: 6766: 6751: 6746: 6740: 6739: 6732: 6727: 6721: 6720: 6717: 6712: 6680: 6677: 6670: 6669: 6666: 6656: 6651: 6649: 6644: 6640: 6639: 6636: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6607: 6606: 6603: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6574: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6552: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6527: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6505: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6483: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6461: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6439: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6417: 6416: 6413: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6384: 6383: 6380: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6351: 6350: 6347: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6318: 6317: 6314:Middle Chinese 6310: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6289: 6288: 6285: 6282: 6279: 6276: 6273: 6243: 6240: 6198:Middle Chinese 6185: 6182: 6167:from modified 6085: 6082: 6047: 6044: 5989:steering wheel 5935:Geneva Accords 5930: 5927: 5786: 5783: 5762: 5759: 5741: 5738: 5720: 5712: 5698: 5690: 5682: 5674: 5666: 5658: 5650: 5640: 5639: 5619: 5611: 5603: 5593: 5583: 5575: 5561: 5560: 5542: 5534: 5524: 5516: 5502: 5501: 5483: 5475: 5464: 5456: 5448: 5434: 5433: 5415: 5407: 5399: 5389: 5379: 5371: 5361: 5360: 5336: 5326: 5318: 5308: 5297: 5289: 5288: 5270: 5260: 5252: 5251: 5233: 5219: 5211: 5210: 5192: 5184: 5176: 5166: 5158: 5150: 5149: 5131: 5123: 5115: 5114: 5096: 5086: 5078: 5077: 4992: 4989: 4986: 4985: 4982: 4977: 4970: 4969: 4966: 4961: 4955: 4939: 4938: 4935: 4930: 4923: 4922: 4919: 4914: 4908: 4892: 4891: 4888: 4883: 4876: 4875: 4872: 4867: 4861: 4846: 4830: 4829: 4826: 4821: 4814: 4813: 4810: 4805: 4799: 4784: 4768: 4767: 4764: 4761: 4758: 4644:belong to the 4636:belong to the 4617: 4614: 4594: 4593: 4576: 4569: 4568: 4559: 4558:"level, flat" 4552: 4551: 4548: 4533: 4532: 4525: 4518: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4497: 4490: 4483: 4477: 4476: 4469: 4462: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4441: 4434: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4413: 4406: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4385: 4378: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4361: 4358: 4355: 4337: 4336: 4333: 4318: 4312: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4286: 4285: 4282: 4267: 4261: 4251: 4248: 4245: 4235: 4234: 4231: 4216: 4210: 4200: 4197: 4194: 4193:'questioning' 4184: 4183: 4180: 4165: 4159: 4149: 4146: 4143: 4133: 4132: 4129: 4114: 4108: 4098: 4095: 4092: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4064: 4063: 'ghost' 4058: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4037: 4036: 4033: 4030: 4027: 4024: 4021: 4018: 4003: 4002: 3997: 3994: 3988: 3964: 3961: 3786: 3785: 3782: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3742: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3718: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3693: 3687: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3668: 3658: 3650: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3613: 3610: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3574: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3543: 3538: 3523: 3520: 3460: 3459: 3456: 3455: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3439: 3428: 3427: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3411: 3400: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3381: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3345: 3344: 3338: 3332: 3279: 3278: 3275: 3274: 3271: 3266: 3263: 3252: 3251: 3248: 3243: 3240: 3229: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3181: 3157: 3154: 3149:Main article: 3146: 3143: 3113: 3110: 3101:Czech Republic 3089: 3086: 3042:Czech Republic 3022:Southeast Asia 3005: 3002: 2949: 2948: 2923:palatoalveolar 2883: 2869:stop consonant 2832: 2813: 2804:had merged as 2782: 2781: 2762: 2745: 2626: 2625: 2622: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2610: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2592: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2574: 2573: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2543: 2542: 2537: 2535: 2530: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2485: 2484: 2482: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2457: 2456: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2418: 2417: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2387: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2356: 2351: 2312: 2309: 2270: 2269: 2266: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2254: 2249: 2243: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2216: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2199: 2197: 2185: 2180: 2174: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2157: 2145: 2133: 2130:Implosive stop 2125: 2124: 2112: 2100: 2088: 2076: 2064: 2056: 2055: 2043: 2037: 2025: 2019: 2013: 2006: 2000: 1999: 1997: 1985: 1973: 1961: 1949: 1943: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1906: 1905:Old Vietnamese 1903: 1882:minor syllable 1878:sesquisyllabic 1816: 1815: 1812: 1811: 1804: 1797: 1790: 1787: 1783: 1782: 1775: 1768: 1761: 1758: 1754: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1746:Smooth ending 1744: 1741: 1727: 1724: 1700:Middle Chinese 1696: 1695: 1689: 1675: 1665: 1657:> Northern 1651: 1610:). See below. 1581: 1580: 1571: 1562: 1553: 1544: 1527:minor syllable 1490: 1489: 1486: 1485: 1483: 1481: 1471: 1461: 1451: 1441: 1435: 1434: 1432: 1422: 1412: 1402: 1392: 1382: 1376: 1375: 1365: 1363: 1361: 1351: 1349: 1347: 1342: 1336: 1335: 1333: 1331: 1321: 1319: 1317: 1315: 1309: 1308: 1306: 1304: 1294: 1292: 1282: 1272: 1266: 1265: 1263: 1253: 1251: 1249: 1239: 1229: 1223: 1222: 1220: 1210: 1200: 1198: 1188: 1178: 1172: 1171: 1161: 1151: 1141: 1139: 1129: 1119: 1114: 1108: 1107: 1105: 1095: 1085: 1083: 1073: 1063: 1057: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1032: 1027: 1017:Mường language 1012: 1009: 1001:('doll', from 965:('dame', from 927: 926: 923: 920: 899: 896: 855: 787:sesquisyllabic 771: 768: 728:Jean Przyluski 712:Korku language 694:, such as the 678:branch of the 619: 618:Classification 616: 543:Middle Chinese 515:Southeast Asia 510:in the world. 440:, you may see 428: 421: 420: 419: 416: 415: 402:, you may see 388: 387: 376: 368: 367: 360: 354: 353: 346: 338: 337: 330: 322: 321: 312: 304: 303: 294: 286: 285: 284:Language codes 281: 280: 275: 269: 268: 253:Czech Republic 243: 241: 236: 233: 232: 219: 216: 213: 212: 208: 207: 188: 184:Writing system 181: 178: 177: 175: 174: 173: 172: 165:Old Vietnamese 158: 156: 153: 150: 149: 147: 146: 145: 144: 143: 142: 123: 121: 114: 111: 110: 107: 104: 101: 100: 95: 91: 90: 88: 87: 77: 71: 69: 68:Native to 65: 64: 36: 32: 31: 23: 22: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 20155: 20144: 20141: 20139: 20136: 20134: 20131: 20129: 20126: 20124: 20121: 20119: 20116: 20114: 20111: 20109: 20106: 20104: 20101: 20099: 20096: 20095: 20093: 20078: 20075: 20073: 20070: 20069: 20064: 20060: 20057: 20053: 20052: 20048: 20034: 20031: 20029: 20026: 20024: 20021: 20017: 20014: 20012: 20009: 20008: 20007: 20004: 20000: 19997: 19995: 19992: 19990: 19987: 19985: 19982: 19980: 19977: 19975: 19972: 19970: 19967: 19966: 19965: 19962: 19958: 19955: 19953: 19950: 19949: 19948: 19945: 19941: 19938: 19936: 19933: 19931: 19928: 19926: 19923: 19922: 19921: 19918: 19914: 19911: 19910: 19909: 19906: 19904: 19901: 19899: 19896: 19894: 19891: 19889: 19886: 19882: 19879: 19877: 19874: 19873: 19872: 19869: 19867: 19864: 19860: 19857: 19856: 19855: 19852: 19850: 19847: 19845: 19842: 19840: 19837: 19835: 19832: 19831: 19829: 19827: 19823: 19815: 19812: 19810: 19807: 19805: 19802: 19800: 19797: 19795: 19792: 19791: 19790: 19787: 19785: 19782: 19780: 19777: 19775: 19774:Ethnic groups 19772: 19768: 19765: 19763: 19760: 19758: 19755: 19754: 19753: 19750: 19746: 19743: 19741: 19738: 19737: 19736: 19733: 19732: 19730: 19728: 19724: 19718: 19715: 19713: 19710: 19708: 19705: 19701: 19698: 19696: 19693: 19691: 19688: 19686: 19683: 19681: 19678: 19677: 19676: 19673: 19668: 19665: 19661: 19658: 19656: 19653: 19652: 19651: 19648: 19644: 19641: 19640: 19639: 19636: 19635: 19632: 19629: 19627: 19623: 19613: 19610: 19608: 19607:Air transport 19605: 19604: 19602: 19600: 19596: 19590: 19587: 19583: 19580: 19578: 19575: 19573: 19570: 19569: 19568: 19565: 19561: 19558: 19557: 19556: 19553: 19549: 19546: 19544: 19541: 19540: 19539: 19536: 19532: 19529: 19527: 19524: 19522: 19519: 19518: 19517: 19514: 19512: 19509: 19505: 19502: 19500: 19497: 19496: 19495: 19494:Manufacturing 19492: 19490: 19487: 19485: 19484:Foreign trade 19482: 19480: 19477: 19473: 19470: 19468: 19467:Nuclear power 19465: 19463: 19460: 19459: 19458: 19455: 19453: 19447: 19445: 19441: 19437: 19435: 19432: 19430: 19427: 19426: 19423: 19420: 19418: 19414: 19400: 19397: 19395: 19392: 19390: 19387: 19386: 19384: 19382: 19377: 19373: 19367: 19364: 19362: 19359: 19357: 19354: 19350: 19347: 19345: 19342: 19341: 19340: 19337: 19336: 19334: 19330: 19324: 19321: 19319: 19316: 19315: 19313: 19311: 19307: 19297: 19294: 19292: 19289: 19287: 19284: 19282: 19281:Chief Justice 19279: 19277: 19274: 19273: 19271: 19269: 19265: 19259: 19256: 19254: 19251: 19247: 19244: 19243: 19242: 19239: 19238: 19236: 19232: 19226: 19223: 19219: 19216: 19215: 19214: 19211: 19209: 19206: 19202: 19199: 19198: 19197: 19194: 19193: 19191: 19187: 19181: 19178: 19176: 19173: 19171: 19168: 19166: 19163: 19161: 19158: 19156: 19153: 19151: 19148: 19146: 19143: 19141: 19138: 19137: 19135: 19133: 19129: 19123: 19120: 19116: 19113: 19112: 19111: 19108: 19106: 19103: 19101: 19098: 19096: 19093: 19091: 19088: 19087: 19084: 19081: 19079: 19075: 19059: 19056: 19054: 19051: 19050: 19049: 19046: 19042: 19039: 19037: 19036:South Central 19034: 19032: 19031:North Central 19029: 19028: 19027: 19024: 19020: 19017: 19015: 19012: 19010: 19007: 19006: 19005: 19002: 19001: 18999: 18997: 18993: 18987: 18984: 18982: 18981:Commune-level 18979: 18977: 18974: 18972: 18969: 18967: 18964: 18962: 18959: 18958: 18956: 18954: 18950: 18944: 18941: 18937: 18934: 18932: 18929: 18927: 18924: 18922: 18919: 18918: 18917: 18914: 18910: 18907: 18906: 18905: 18902: 18900: 18897: 18895: 18892: 18888: 18885: 18884: 18883: 18880: 18878: 18875: 18874: 18871: 18868: 18866: 18862: 18850: 18849:South Vietnam 18847: 18845: 18844:North Vietnam 18842: 18841: 18840: 18837: 18835: 18832: 18830: 18827: 18825: 18822: 18820: 18817: 18815: 18812: 18811: 18809: 18807: 18803: 18797: 18794: 18792: 18789: 18787: 18784: 18782: 18779: 18777: 18774: 18772: 18769: 18767: 18764: 18763: 18761: 18759: 18755: 18751: 18747: 18740: 18735: 18733: 18728: 18726: 18721: 18720: 18717: 18697: 18693: 18691: 18687: 18684: 18683: 18679: 18673: 18672: 18668: 18666: 18665: 18661: 18659: 18658: 18657:Proto-Khmeric 18654: 18652: 18651: 18647: 18645: 18644: 18640: 18639: 18637: 18635: 18629: 18620: 18617: 18615: 18612: 18611: 18610: 18607: 18603: 18600: 18598: 18595: 18594: 18593: 18590: 18588: 18585: 18581: 18578: 18576: 18573: 18571: 18568: 18567: 18566: 18563: 18562: 18560: 18556: 18545: 18544: 18540: 18538: 18535: 18534: 18532: 18528: 18522: 18519: 18517: 18514: 18512: 18509: 18507: 18504: 18503: 18501: 18498: 18493: 18487: 18484: 18482: 18479: 18477: 18474: 18472: 18471: 18467: 18465: 18462: 18461: 18459: 18456: 18452: 18446: 18443: 18441: 18438: 18436: 18433: 18431: 18428: 18426: 18423: 18421: 18418: 18416: 18413: 18411: 18408: 18406: 18403: 18401: 18398: 18397: 18395: 18392: 18388: 18385: 18383: 18379: 18369: 18366: 18364: 18361: 18359: 18356: 18355: 18353: 18349: 18343: 18340: 18338: 18335: 18333: 18330: 18329: 18327: 18325: 18321: 18315: 18312: 18310: 18307: 18306: 18304: 18302:Chaura-Teresa 18300: 18297: 18295: 18291: 18277: 18274: 18272: 18269: 18267: 18264: 18263: 18261: 18257: 18251: 18248: 18246: 18243: 18242: 18240: 18236: 18230: 18227: 18225: 18222: 18220: 18217: 18215: 18212: 18211: 18209: 18205: 18202: 18198: 18184: 18181: 18179: 18176: 18175: 18173: 18169: 18163: 18160: 18158: 18155: 18153: 18150: 18148: 18145: 18143: 18140: 18138: 18135: 18133: 18130: 18128: 18125: 18123: 18120: 18118: 18115: 18114: 18112: 18108: 18105: 18101: 18095: 18092: 18091: 18088: 18085: 18081: 18078: 18076: 18072: 18058: 18055: 18053: 18050: 18048: 18045: 18044: 18042: 18038: 18028: 18025: 18023: 18020: 18019: 18017: 18013: 18007: 18004: 18002: 17999: 17997: 17994: 17992: 17989: 17988: 17986: 17984: 17980: 17974: 17971: 17969: 17966: 17964: 17961: 17959: 17956: 17954: 17951: 17950: 17948: 17946: 17942: 17936: 17933: 17931: 17928: 17926: 17923: 17921: 17918: 17916: 17913: 17911: 17908: 17907: 17905: 17903: 17899: 17896: 17892: 17886: 17883: 17881: 17878: 17877: 17875: 17871: 17868: 17866: 17862: 17852: 17849: 17848: 17846: 17842: 17836: 17833: 17831: 17828: 17826: 17823: 17821: 17818: 17817: 17815: 17811: 17808: 17806: 17802: 17799: 17797: 17791: 17777: 17776:Western Chong 17774: 17771: 17768: 17767: 17765: 17761: 17755: 17752: 17750: 17747: 17746: 17744: 17740: 17734: 17731: 17729: 17726: 17724: 17723:Central Chong 17721: 17720: 17718: 17714: 17711: 17705: 17699: 17696: 17695: 17692: 17689: 17687: 17683: 17673: 17670: 17668: 17665: 17664: 17662: 17658: 17652: 17649: 17647: 17644: 17642: 17639: 17637: 17634: 17632: 17629: 17628: 17626: 17622: 17619: 17617: 17613: 17603: 17600: 17599: 17597: 17593: 17587: 17584: 17582: 17579: 17578: 17576: 17572: 17566: 17563: 17561: 17558: 17556: 17553: 17552: 17550: 17546: 17540: 17537: 17535: 17532: 17530: 17527: 17525: 17522: 17521: 17519: 17517: 17513: 17507: 17504: 17502: 17499: 17495: 17492: 17488: 17483: 17480: 17476: 17471: 17468: 17467: 17466: 17463: 17462: 17460: 17456: 17453: 17451: 17447: 17437: 17434: 17432: 17429: 17428: 17426: 17422: 17416: 17413: 17411: 17408: 17407: 17405: 17401: 17395: 17392: 17390: 17387: 17386: 17384: 17380: 17377: 17375: 17371: 17360: 17357: 17356: 17354: 17350: 17340: 17337: 17335: 17332: 17330: 17327: 17325: 17322: 17320: 17317: 17315: 17312: 17310: 17307: 17306: 17304: 17300: 17294: 17291: 17289: 17286: 17284: 17281: 17280: 17277: 17274: 17270: 17264: 17261: 17259: 17256: 17254: 17251: 17249: 17246: 17244: 17241: 17239: 17236: 17234: 17231: 17229: 17226: 17224: 17221: 17220: 17218: 17214: 17208: 17205: 17203: 17200: 17198: 17195: 17193: 17190: 17188: 17185: 17183: 17180: 17178: 17175: 17173: 17170: 17168: 17165: 17163: 17160: 17158: 17155: 17153: 17150: 17148: 17145: 17144: 17142: 17138: 17135: 17133: 17129: 17125: 17118: 17113: 17111: 17106: 17104: 17099: 17098: 17095: 17083: 17080: 17079: 17077: 17073: 17067: 17064: 17062: 17059: 17057: 17054: 17052: 17049: 17047: 17044: 17042: 17039: 17037: 17034: 17032: 17029: 17027: 17024: 17022: 17019: 17018: 17016: 17014: 17010: 17004: 17001: 17000: 16998: 16994: 16990: 16983: 16978: 16976: 16971: 16969: 16964: 16963: 16960: 16947: 16945:XJ = Xinjiang 16944: 16941: 16938: 16935: 16932: 16931: 16928: 16922: 16920: 16917: 16910: 16908: 16904: 16903: 16901: 16898: 16897: 16896: 16893: 16892: 16890: 16886: 16880: 16877: 16875: 16872: 16870: 16867: 16865: 16862: 16860: 16857: 16855: 16852: 16850: 16847: 16845: 16842: 16840: 16837: 16835: 16832: 16830: 16827: 16825: 16822: 16821: 16819: 16815: 16809: 16806: 16804: 16801: 16799: 16796: 16794: 16791: 16789: 16786: 16784: 16781: 16779: 16776: 16774: 16771: 16769: 16766: 16765: 16763: 16759: 16751: 16748: 16746: 16743: 16742: 16741: 16738: 16734: 16731: 16729: 16726: 16725: 16724: 16721: 16717: 16714: 16712: 16709: 16708: 16707: 16704: 16700: 16697: 16695: 16692: 16690: 16687: 16685: 16682: 16680: 16677: 16673: 16670: 16668: 16665: 16663: 16660: 16659: 16658: 16655: 16654: 16653: 16650: 16648: 16645: 16643: 16640: 16638: 16635: 16631: 16628: 16624: 16621: 16620: 16619: 16616: 16614: 16611: 16607: 16604: 16603: 16602: 16599: 16597: 16594: 16592: 16589: 16587: 16584: 16582: 16579: 16578: 16577: 16574: 16573: 16571: 16569: 16563: 16557: 16554: 16551: 16548: 16546: 16543: 16541: 16538: 16536: 16533: 16531: 16528: 16526: 16523: 16521: 16518: 16516: 16513: 16511: 16508: 16507: 16505: 16501: 16480: 16477: 16472: 16469: 16464: 16461: 16460: 16458: 16454: 16448: 16447:Western Yugur 16445: 16443: 16440: 16438: 16435: 16433: 16430: 16428: 16425: 16423: 16420: 16419: 16417: 16415: 16411: 16405: 16402: 16400: 16397: 16395: 16392: 16390: 16387: 16385: 16382: 16381: 16379: 16377: 16373: 16363: 16360: 16358: 16355: 16353: 16350: 16348: 16345: 16343: 16340: 16338: 16335: 16333: 16330: 16328: 16325: 16323: 16320: 16318: 16315: 16313: 16310: 16308: 16305: 16303: 16300: 16298: 16295: 16293: 16290: 16288: 16285: 16283: 16280: 16278: 16275: 16273: 16270: 16268: 16265: 16264: 16262: 16258: 16252: 16249: 16247: 16244: 16242: 16239: 16237: 16234: 16232: 16229: 16227: 16224: 16222: 16219: 16217: 16214: 16212: 16209: 16207: 16204: 16202: 16199: 16197: 16194: 16192: 16189: 16188: 16186: 16184: 16180: 16177: 16175: 16171: 16165: 16162: 16160: 16157: 16155: 16152: 16150: 16147: 16145: 16142: 16140: 16137: 16135: 16132: 16130: 16129:Eastern Yugur 16127: 16125: 16122: 16120: 16117: 16115: 16112: 16111: 16109: 16107: 16103: 16093: 16090: 16088: 16085: 16083: 16080: 16078: 16075: 16074: 16072: 16070: 16066: 16060: 16057: 16055: 16052: 16050: 16049:Small Flowery 16047: 16045: 16042: 16040: 16037: 16035: 16032: 16030: 16027: 16025: 16022: 16020: 16017: 16015: 16012: 16010: 16007: 16005: 16002: 16000: 15997: 15995: 15992: 15990: 15987: 15985: 15982: 15980: 15977: 15975: 15972: 15970: 15967: 15965: 15962: 15961: 15959: 15957: 15953: 15950: 15948: 15944: 15938: 15935: 15933: 15930: 15928: 15925: 15923: 15920: 15918: 15915: 15913: 15910: 15908: 15905: 15903: 15900: 15898: 15895: 15893: 15890: 15888: 15885: 15883: 15880: 15878: 15875: 15873: 15870: 15868: 15865: 15864: 15862: 15860: 15859:Austroasiatic 15856: 15852: 15845: 15841: 15827: 15824: 15822: 15819: 15817: 15814: 15812: 15809: 15807: 15804: 15802: 15799: 15797: 15794: 15792: 15789: 15788: 15786: 15782: 15776: 15773: 15771: 15768: 15766: 15763: 15761: 15758: 15756: 15753: 15751: 15748: 15746: 15743: 15741: 15738: 15736: 15733: 15731: 15728: 15726: 15723: 15721: 15718: 15716: 15713: 15711: 15708: 15706: 15703: 15701: 15698: 15696: 15693: 15692: 15690: 15688: 15684: 15678: 15675: 15673: 15670: 15668: 15665: 15663: 15660: 15658: 15655: 15653: 15650: 15648: 15645: 15643: 15640: 15638: 15635: 15633: 15630: 15628: 15625: 15623: 15620: 15618: 15615: 15613: 15610: 15608: 15605: 15603: 15600: 15598: 15595: 15593: 15590: 15588: 15585: 15583: 15580: 15578: 15575: 15574: 15572: 15570: 15566: 15552: 15549: 15547: 15544: 15542: 15539: 15537: 15534: 15532: 15529: 15527: 15524: 15522: 15519: 15517: 15514: 15512: 15509: 15507: 15504: 15502: 15499: 15498: 15496: 15492: 15486: 15483: 15481: 15478: 15476: 15473: 15471: 15468: 15466: 15463: 15461: 15458: 15456: 15453: 15451: 15448: 15446: 15443: 15441: 15438: 15436: 15433: 15431: 15428: 15426: 15423: 15421: 15418: 15416: 15413: 15411: 15408: 15406: 15403: 15401: 15398: 15396: 15393: 15391: 15388: 15386: 15383: 15381: 15378: 15376: 15373: 15371: 15368: 15366: 15363: 15361: 15358: 15356: 15353: 15351: 15348: 15347: 15345: 15343: 15339: 15333: 15330: 15328: 15325: 15323: 15320: 15318: 15315: 15313: 15310: 15308: 15305: 15303: 15300: 15298: 15295: 15293: 15290: 15288: 15285: 15283: 15280: 15278: 15275: 15273: 15270: 15268: 15265: 15263: 15260: 15258: 15255: 15253: 15250: 15248: 15245: 15243: 15240: 15238: 15235: 15233: 15230: 15229: 15227: 15225: 15221: 15215: 15212: 15210: 15207: 15205: 15202: 15200: 15197: 15195: 15192: 15190: 15187: 15185: 15182: 15180: 15177: 15175: 15172: 15170: 15167: 15165: 15162: 15160: 15157: 15155: 15152: 15150: 15147: 15145: 15142: 15140: 15137: 15135: 15132: 15130: 15127: 15125: 15122: 15120: 15117: 15115: 15112: 15110: 15107: 15105: 15102: 15100: 15097: 15095: 15092: 15090: 15087: 15085: 15082: 15080: 15077: 15075: 15072: 15070: 15067: 15065: 15062: 15060: 15057: 15055: 15052: 15050: 15047: 15045: 15042: 15041: 15039: 15037: 15033: 15030: 15028: 15024: 15018: 15015: 15013: 15010: 15008: 15005: 15003: 15000: 14998: 14995: 14993: 14990: 14988: 14985: 14984: 14982: 14980: 14976: 14970: 14967: 14965: 14962: 14960: 14957: 14955: 14952: 14950: 14947: 14945: 14942: 14940: 14937: 14936: 14934: 14932: 14928: 14925: 14923: 14917: 14913: 14909: 14904: 14900: 14897: 14893: 14883: 14881: 14877: 14873: 14867: 14864: 14862: 14859: 14857: 14854: 14852: 14849: 14847: 14844: 14842: 14839: 14837: 14834: 14832: 14829: 14827: 14824: 14822: 14819: 14817: 14814: 14812: 14809: 14807: 14804: 14802: 14799: 14797: 14794: 14792: 14789: 14788: 14786: 14784: 14780: 14774: 14771: 14769: 14766: 14764: 14761: 14759: 14756: 14754: 14751: 14749: 14746: 14744: 14741: 14740: 14738: 14736: 14732: 14728: 14725: 14721: 14715: 14712: 14711: 14709: 14705: 14701: 14694: 14689: 14687: 14682: 14680: 14675: 14674: 14671: 14659: 14656: 14654: 14651: 14650: 14648: 14644: 14634: 14631: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14619: 14616: 14614: 14611: 14609: 14606: 14605: 14603: 14599: 14593: 14590: 14588: 14585: 14583: 14580: 14578: 14575: 14573: 14570: 14568: 14565: 14563: 14560: 14558: 14555: 14553: 14550: 14548: 14545: 14543: 14540: 14538: 14535: 14533: 14530: 14529: 14527: 14525: 14521: 14518: 14512: 14506: 14503: 14502: 14500: 14496: 14492: 14485: 14480: 14478: 14473: 14471: 14466: 14465: 14462: 14450: 14447: 14445: 14442: 14440: 14437: 14436: 14434: 14432: 14428: 14422: 14419: 14417: 14414: 14412: 14409: 14407: 14404: 14402: 14399: 14397: 14394: 14393: 14391: 14387: 14381: 14378: 14376: 14373: 14372: 14370: 14366: 14356: 14353: 14351: 14348: 14346: 14343: 14341: 14338: 14336: 14333: 14331: 14330:Tai Hang Tong 14328: 14326: 14323: 14321: 14318: 14316: 14313: 14311: 14308: 14306: 14303: 14301: 14298: 14296: 14293: 14291: 14288: 14286: 14283: 14281: 14278: 14276: 14273: 14271: 14268: 14267: 14265: 14263: 14259: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14240: 14237: 14233: 14229: 14225: 14221: 14218: 14216: 14213: 14212: 14210: 14208: 14204: 14198: 14195: 14193: 14190: 14188: 14185: 14183: 14180: 14178: 14175: 14174: 14172: 14170: 14166: 14160: 14157: 14155: 14152: 14150: 14147: 14145: 14142: 14140: 14137: 14135: 14132: 14131: 14129: 14127: 14123: 14113: 14110: 14108: 14105: 14103: 14100: 14099: 14097: 14093: 14087: 14084: 14082: 14079: 14077: 14074: 14072: 14069: 14065: 14062: 14060: 14057: 14055: 14052: 14050: 14047: 14046: 14045: 14042: 14041: 14039: 14037: 14033: 14027: 14024: 14023: 14021: 14019: 14015: 14009: 14006: 14004: 14001: 13999: 13996: 13994: 13991: 13990: 13988: 13986: 13982: 13976: 13973: 13971: 13968: 13966: 13963: 13961: 13958: 13956: 13953: 13951: 13948: 13946: 13943: 13941: 13938: 13936: 13933: 13931: 13928: 13926: 13923: 13921: 13918: 13916: 13913: 13911: 13908: 13906: 13903: 13901: 13898: 13896: 13893: 13892: 13890: 13888: 13884: 13881: 13879: 13878:Austroasiatic 13875: 13872: 13866: 13860: 13857: 13856: 13854: 13850: 13846: 13839: 13834: 13832: 13827: 13825: 13820: 13819: 13816: 13810: 13803: 13797: 13794: 13791: 13788: 13787: 13786: 13785: 13779: 13776: 13773: 13770: 13769: 13765: 13764: 13760: 13756: 13753: 13750: 13747: 13746: 13742: 13741: 13738: 13734: 13730: 13727: 13724: 13723: 13719: 13718: 13709: 13705: 13702: 13698: 13695: 13691: 13688: 13684: 13681: 13677: 13674: 13670: 13667: 13663: 13662: 13653: 13649: 13645: 13641: 13637: 13633: 13629: 13624: 13621: 13617: 13611: 13607: 13603: 13597: 13596: 13593: 13589: 13584: 13580: 13574: 13570: 13566: 13562: 13561: 13551: 13547: 13543: 13539: 13535: 13531: 13526: 13523: 13519: 13514: 13509: 13505: 13501: 13497: 13492: 13488: 13484: 13483: 13478: 13474: 13473:Sidwell, Paul 13470: 13467: 13461: 13457: 13453: 13448: 13444: 13438: 13434: 13429: 13425: 13421: 13417: 13413: 13408: 13403: 13398: 13394: 13390: 13386: 13381: 13378: 13374: 13370: 13366: 13362: 13357: 13352: 13348: 13344: 13340: 13335: 13331: 13327: 13323: 13318: 13315: 13311: 13308: 13302: 13298: 13293: 13289: 13283: 13279: 13275: 13271: 13266: 13261: 13256: 13252: 13248: 13243: 13239: 13233: 13229: 13222: 13217: 13216: 13206: 13202: 13198: 13193: 13189: 13185: 13181: 13176: 13174: 13170: 13166: 13162: 13158: 13157: 13148: 13144: 13141: 13137: 13134: 13130: 13126: 13123: 13119: 13115: 13112: 13108: 13104: 13100: 13096: 13091: 13088: 13084: 13080: 13077: 13073: 13069: 13068: 13058: 13054: 13050: 13046: 13042: 13038: 13033: 13029: 13025: 13021: 13016: 13012: 13008: 13004: 13000: 12996: 12992: 12988: 12984: 12980: 12975: 12971: 12967: 12963: 12959: 12955: 12951: 12944: 12939: 12932: 12928: 12924: 12917: 12912: 12908: 12904: 12900: 12896: 12891: 12890: 12881: 12877: 12873: 12871:0-8248-1117-8 12867: 12863: 12862: 12856: 12852: 12851: 12845: 12841: 12835: 12831: 12826: 12822: 12820:90-272-3809-X 12816: 12812: 12807: 12803: 12801:0-8442-8357-6 12797: 12793: 12788: 12784: 12778: 12774: 12769: 12765: 12761: 12757: 12753: 12749: 12745: 12741: 12736: 12732: 12728: 12724: 12720: 12716: 12712: 12708: 12704: 12701: 12697: 12696: 12679: 12675: 12671: 12667: 12664: 12659: 12646: 12645: 12638: 12631: 12626: 12619: 12614: 12607: 12601: 12585: 12581: 12577: 12570: 12568: 12566: 12557: 12555:0-8161-1810-8 12551: 12547: 12540: 12533: 12527: 12519: 12518:art-hanoi.com 12515: 12509: 12501: 12500:art-hanoi.com 12497: 12491: 12483: 12477: 12473: 12469: 12462: 12448: 12444: 12437: 12423: 12419: 12413: 12405: 12401: 12398:. Conference 12397: 12396: 12388: 12380: 12378:974-8304-77-9 12374: 12370: 12363: 12356: 12351: 12349: 12341: 12336: 12329: 12324: 12316: 12310: 12306: 12299: 12291: 12285: 12281: 12274: 12267: 12262: 12255: 12250: 12242: 12236: 12232: 12225: 12218:. 2018-12-07. 12217: 12213: 12207: 12192: 12188: 12182: 12168: 12167:vietnamnet.vn 12164: 12158: 12144:on 2022-06-17 12143: 12139: 12135: 12129: 12122:. 2016-06-25. 12121: 12120:vnexpress.net 12117: 12111: 12109: 12107: 12099:. 2016-06-25. 12098: 12097:vnexpress.net 12094: 12088: 12086: 12078:. 2020-07-18. 12077: 12073: 12067: 12059: 12055: 12049: 12047: 12045: 12043: 12041: 12039: 12030: 12023: 12015: 12011: 12007: 12003: 11999: 11992: 11990: 11981: 11977: 11970: 11959: 11952: 11944: 11937: 11929: 11925: 11921: 11917: 11910: 11902: 11898: 11894: 11890: 11886: 11879: 11873: 11867: 11860: 11854: 11850: 11846: 11839: 11832: 11827: 11820: 11815: 11807: 11801: 11797: 11793: 11789: 11782: 11763: 11759: 11752: 11745: 11737: 11736:Vietnam Times 11733: 11726: 11719: 11715: 11712: 11707: 11700: 11695: 11687: 11683: 11677: 11669: 11665: 11659: 11652: 11647: 11639: 11633: 11619: 11618: 11611: 11603: 11597: 11593: 11586: 11579: 11574: 11568:, p. 58. 11567: 11562: 11555: 11550: 11543: 11538: 11532:, p. 60. 11531: 11526: 11519: 11514: 11507:(1): 122–128. 11506: 11502: 11498: 11491: 11489: 11480: 11476: 11472: 11468: 11461: 11459: 11450: 11446: 11443:(1): 83–106, 11442: 11438: 11434: 11427: 11418: 11414: 11410: 11403: 11401: 11391: 11387: 11383: 11376: 11374: 11372: 11370: 11362: 11357: 11350: 11345: 11338: 11333: 11326: 11321: 11314: 11309: 11302: 11297: 11295: 11286: 11279: 11277: 11269: 11264: 11257: 11252: 11245: 11240: 11233: 11228: 11221: 11216: 11209: 11204: 11202: 11200: 11192: 11187: 11185: 11177: 11171: 11163: 11159: 11152: 11143: 11127: 11121: 11113: 11107: 11103: 11096: 11082: 11078: 11072: 11064: 11060: 11056: 11052: 11048: 11041: 11033: 11029: 11022: 11015: 11011: 11009:90-04-12062-9 11005: 11001: 11000: 10995: 10989: 10982: 10976: 10968: 10962: 10954: 10948: 10940: 10934: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10921: 10916: 10902: 10898: 10894: 10890: 10885: 10878: 10874: 10870: 10864: 10857: 10851: 10844: 10840: 10836: 10832: 10826: 10824: 10816: 10812: 10809:are noted in 10808: 10802: 10792: 10785: 10781: 10775: 10766: 10758: 10752: 10746: 10739: 10732: 10726: 10713: 10708: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10694: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10681: 10677: 10664: 10662: 10659: 10658: 10654: 10651: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10639: 10635: 10632: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10620: 10604: 10603: 10600: 10599: 10595: 10588: 10582: 10576: 10574: 10570: 10566: 10562: 10558: 10544: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10536: 10532: 10529: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10517: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10499: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10481: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10463: 10459: 10456: 10455: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10436: 10433: 10432: 10430: 10429:Thompson 1991 10424: 10417: 10413: 10409: 10405: 10401: 10397: 10393: 10386: 10377: 10373: 10363: 10360: 10358: 10355: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10344: 10340: 10334: 10329: 10326: 10315: 10308: 10299: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10285: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10273: 10270: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10256: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10244: 10241: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10227: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10215: 10212: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10198: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10186: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10169: 10168: 10165: 10164: 10163: 10160: 10155: 10153: 10150:. Naturally, 10149: 10145: 10141: 10137: 10125: 10122: 10118: 10115: 10112: 10109: 10106: 10105: 10101: 10098: 10094: 10091: 10088: 10085: 10082: 10081: 10077: 10074: 10071: 10068: 10065: 10062: 10061: 10057: 10055:"west waiter" 10054: 10051: 10048: 10045: 10042: 10041: 10037: 10035:"scared yet?" 10034: 10031: 10028: 10025: 10022: 10021: 10017: 10014: 10011: 10008: 10006:"(child) pee" 10005: 10002: 10001: 9997: 9994: 9991:Phrase after 9990: 9988: 9985: 9984: 9981: 9980: 9979: 9977: 9973: 9969: 9965: 9964:language game 9956: 9953: 9950: 9947: 9944: 9941: 9938: 9935: 9934: 9930: 9927: 9924: 9921: 9918: 9915: 9912: 9909: 9908: 9905: 9902: 9892: 9890: 9883:with ⟨ 9882: 9875:with ⟨ 9874: 9866: 9862: 9858: 9854: 9850: 9838: 9833: 9828: 9823: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9812: 9801: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9790: 9774: 9764: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9753: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9716: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9679: 9673: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9642: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9623: 9606: 9600: 9598: 9588: 9581: 9576: 9572: 9568: 9563: 9558: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9542: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9531: 9527: 9524: 9521: 9520: 9516: 9512: 9507: 9505: 9501: 9496: 9493: 9487: 9486:hai mươi nhăm 9482: 9478: 9474: 9469: 9463: 9458: 9454: 9450: 9446: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9431: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9420: 9416: 9413: 9410: 9409: 9405: 9401: 9396: 9394: 9390: 9378: 9374: 9370: 9364: 9361: 9360: 9352: 9348: 9342: 9339: 9338: 9333: 9330: 9329: 9321: 9317: 9311: 9308: 9307: 9302: 9299: 9298: 9291: 9288: 9287: 9281: 9277: 9273: 9267: 9264: 9263: 9255: 9251: 9245: 9242: 9241: 9236: 9233: 9232: 9224: 9220: 9214: 9211: 9210: 9205: 9202: 9201: 9194: 9191: 9187: 9184: 9180: 9177: 9176: 9170: 9167: 9166: 9158: 9155: 9154: 9147: 9144: 9143: 9140: 9136: 9133: 9132: 9125: 9122: 9121: 9118: 9114: 9111: 9110: 9103: 9100: 9096: 9092: 9089: 9087:North-central 9086: 9083: 9080: 9077: 9076: 9070: 9068: 9064: 9060: 9056: 9052: 9048: 9044: 9040: 9036: 9032: 9028: 9024: 9019: 9015: 9011: 9001: 9000: 8997:being created 8996: 8992: 8988: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8961: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8941: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8918: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8898: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8878: 8875: 8874: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8854: 8850: 8848: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8830: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8810: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8790: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8770: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8750: 8747: 8746: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8722: 8718: 8716: 8712: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8690: 8687: 8686: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8666: 8662: 8660: 8656: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8623: 8622: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8602: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8582: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8558: 8555: 8554: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8534: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8514: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8494: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8470: 8467: 8466: 8462: 8460: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8438: 8434: 8431: 8430: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8406: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8382: 8379: 8378: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8354: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8334: 8330: 8327: 8324: 8321: 8320: 8309: 8307: 8303: 8297: 8294: 8289: 8287: 8283: 8279: 8275: 8271: 8267: 8263: 8259: 8251: 8249: 8225: 8208: 8205: 8200: 8194: 8191: 8187: 8186:Michel Ferlus 8178: 8174: 8170: 8167: 8164: 8163: 8160: 8157: 8154: 8153: 8150: 8146: 8142: 8138: 8135: 8132: 8131: 8128: 8125: 8122: 8121: 8118: 8115: 8112: 8111: 8107: 8104: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8093: 8082: 8079: 8071: 8061: 8057: 8053: 8047: 8046: 8041:This section 8039: 8030: 8029: 8021: 8019: 8014: 8011: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7990: 7985: 7981: 7980: 7974: 7964: 7962: 7957: 7949: 7946: 7943: 7940: 7938:28 March 2018 7937: 7934: 7933: 7932: 7931: 7927: 7919: 7916: 7913: 7912: 7905: 7904: 7897: 7896: 7889: 7888: 7881: 7880: 7873: 7872: 7865: 7864: 7857: 7856: 7853:Tháng tư (4) 7849: 7848: 7845:Tháng ba (3) 7841: 7840: 7833: 7832: 7828: 7826:Tháng một (1) 7825: 7822: 7821: 7817: 7814: 7813: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7796: 7792: 7789: 7786: 7776: 7774: 7770: 7766: 7762: 7758: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7716: 7706: 7703: 7698: 7694: 7691:or use it in 7689: 7683: 7677: 7672: 7671:North Vietnam 7668: 7663: 7657: 7654: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7632: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7613: 7604: 7600: 7597: 7589: 7584: 7580: 7577: 7569: 7564: 7560: 7557: 7549: 7544: 7540: 7537: 7529: 7524: 7520: 7517: 7509: 7504: 7500: 7494: 7490: 7487: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7388: 7382: 7380: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7352: 7346: 7336: 7334: 7330: 7325: 7323: 7319: 7315: 7314:Hồ Xuân Hương 7311: 7306: 7300: 7294: 7284: 7278: 7273: 7267: 7262: 7258: 7252: 7246: 7241: 7237: 7231: 7226: 7225: 7224: 7222: 7221: 7216: 7212: 7191: 7184: 7174: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7163: 7160: 7154: 7153: 7147: 7141: 7136: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7116: 7108: 7107:Hỏa Lò Prison 7103: 7095: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7074: 7068: 7063: 7059: 7054: 7035: 7031: 7030: 7024: 7019: 7015: 7005: 6996: 6992: 6990: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6975: 6970: 6967: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6956: 6952: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6899: 6895: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6884: 6880: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6853: 6849: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6815: 6811: 6808: 6805: 6804: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6793:play on words 6790: 6787:swear words ( 6786: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6722: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6710: 6709: 6704: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6676: 6667: 6664: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6642: 6641: 6637: 6634: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6609: 6608: 6604: 6601: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6576: 6575: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6554: 6553: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6529: 6528: 6524: 6522: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6507: 6506: 6502: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6485: 6484: 6480: 6478: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6463: 6462: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6441: 6440: 6436: 6434: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6419: 6418: 6414: 6411: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6386: 6385: 6381: 6378: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6348: 6345: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6320: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6291: 6290: 6287:Proto-Vietic 6286: 6283: 6280: 6277: 6274: 6271: 6270: 6267: 6263: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6239: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6216: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6181: 6179: 6175: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6148: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6128: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6092: 6081: 6079: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6043: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6012: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5940: 5936: 5926: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5896: 5891: 5887: 5882: 5880: 5876: 5866: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5832: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5802: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5782: 5780: 5779:Austroasiatic 5776: 5775:Austroasiatic 5772: 5768: 5754: 5746: 5736: 5733: 5730: 5726: 5723: 5718: 5715: 5710: 5701: 5696: 5693: 5688: 5685: 5680: 5677: 5672: 5669: 5664: 5661: 5656: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5637: 5634: 5631: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5614: 5609: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5578: 5573: 5564: 5558: 5555: 5552: 5548: 5545: 5540: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5519: 5514: 5505: 5499: 5496: 5493: 5489: 5486: 5481: 5478: 5473: 5467: 5462: 5459: 5454: 5451: 5446: 5437: 5431: 5428: 5425: 5421: 5418: 5413: 5410: 5405: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5358: 5355: 5352: 5348: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5323:older brother 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5300: 5295: 5292: 5286: 5283: 5282:Giáp INT tall 5280: 5279:Giáp rất cao. 5276: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5255: 5249: 5246: 5243: 5242:Tài đang nói. 5239: 5236: 5231: 5222: 5217: 5214: 5208: 5205: 5202: 5198: 5195: 5190: 5187: 5182: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5161: 5156: 5153: 5147: 5144: 5141: 5137: 5134: 5129: 5126: 5121: 5118: 5112: 5109: 5106: 5102: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5081: 5076: 5074: 5069: 5067: 5064:, and allows 5063: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5011:morphological 5008: 5002: 4998: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4975: 4972: 4971: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4940: 4937:lạ 'strange' 4936: 4934: 4931: 4928: 4925: 4924: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4893: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4881: 4878: 4877: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4845: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4831: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4815: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4783: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4769: 4765: 4762: 4759: 4755: 4750: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4683: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4652:(平; 'even'), 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4622: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4603: 4599: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4577: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4567: 4563: 4560: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4549: 4546: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4530: 4526: 4523: 4519: 4516: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4495: 4491: 4488: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4467: 4463: 4460: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4439: 4435: 4432: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4411: 4407: 4404: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4383: 4379: 4376: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4366: 4362: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4352: 4348: 4342: 4334: 4332: 4328: 4316: 4313: 4310: 4300: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4288: 4287: 4283: 4281: 4277: 4265: 4262: 4259: 4249: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4236: 4232: 4230: 4226: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4198: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4186: 4185: 4181: 4179: 4175: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4147: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4134: 4130: 4128: 4124: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4096: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4084: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4074: 4062: 4059: 4051: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4038: 4034: 4032:Sample vowel 4031: 4028: 4025: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4001: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3991:pitch contour 3989: 3986: 3985: 3984: 3982: 3974: 3969: 3960: 3958: 3957: 3953: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3924: 3920: 3913: 3906: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3879: 3875: 3868: 3864: 3857: 3853: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3828: 3826: 3821: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3771: 3769: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3727: 3724: 3720: 3719: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3704: 3701: 3698: 3694: 3692: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3675: 3669: 3665: 3659: 3656: 3652: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3630: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3604: 3602: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3533: 3532: 3531: 3529: 3519: 3517: 3511: 3497: 3493: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3433: 3430: 3429: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3405: 3402: 3401: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3382: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3350: 3347: 3346: 3329: 3326: 3325: 3324: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3286: 3284: 3272: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3257: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3234: 3231: 3230: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3178: 3175: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3167: 3166:vowel diagram 3164:. Below is a 3163: 3152: 3142: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3121: 3119: 3109: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3095: 3085: 3083: 3078: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3051: 3050:lingua franca 3045: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3030:North America 3027: 3023: 3019: 3010: 3001: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2959: 2953: 2946: 2942: 2935: 2924: 2920: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2898: 2891: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2870: 2858: 2847: 2843: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2814: 2811: 2808:, spelled as 2792: 2787: 2786: 2785: 2780: 2773: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2756: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2737: 2734: 2733: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2712: 2708: 2696: 2692: 2687: 2686: 2677: 2672:This letter, 2670: 2669: 2661: 2660: 2651: 2646: 2645: 2639: 2635: 2630: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2545: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2517: 2515: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2487: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2459: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2345: 2344: 2341: 2333: 2328: 2324: 2323: 2319:for his 1651 2318: 2308: 2306: 2302: 2297: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2285: 2280: 2276: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2194: 2189: 2186: 2181: 2179: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2161: 2158: 2154: 2149: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2127: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2077: 2073: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2058: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2034: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2007: 2005: 2001: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1974: 1970: 1965: 1962: 1958: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1909: 1908: 1902: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1859:breathy voice 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1809: 1805: 1802: 1798: 1795: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1773: 1769: 1766: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1731: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1705: 1701: 1694: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1650: 1638: 1637: 1636: 1633: 1623: 1618: 1617: 1611: 1605: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1587: 1572: 1563: 1554: 1545: 1536: 1535: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1522: 1516: 1497: 1496: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1472: 1470: 1462: 1460: 1452: 1450: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1423: 1421: 1413: 1411: 1403: 1401: 1393: 1391: 1383: 1378: 1377: 1374: 1366: 1364: 1362: 1360: 1352: 1350: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1330: 1322: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1303: 1295: 1293: 1291: 1283: 1281: 1273: 1268: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1254: 1252: 1250: 1248: 1240: 1238: 1230: 1225: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1211: 1209: 1201: 1199: 1197: 1189: 1187: 1179: 1174: 1173: 1170: 1162: 1160: 1152: 1150: 1142: 1140: 1138: 1130: 1128: 1120: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1096: 1094: 1086: 1084: 1082: 1074: 1072: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1020: 1018: 1008: 1005: 999: 993: 987: 981: 975: 969: 963: 957: 955: 951: 947: 942: 940: 936: 932: 924: 921: 918: 914: 910: 906: 905: 900: 897: 894: 890: 886: 881: 880: 868: 867:Ānnánguó yìyǔ 856: 853: 852: 851: 844: 840: 838: 835:group within 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 809: 807: 803: 799: 795: 794:Tai languages 790: 788: 783: 781: 777: 767: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 716:Central India 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 637: 633: 629: 624: 615: 613: 608: 607: 601: 598:script using 597: 592: 591: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 564: 559: 554: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 511: 509: 505: 502:language for 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 468: 463: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 433: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 395: 389: 384: 380: 374: 369: 365: 361: 359: 355: 351: 347: 345: 344: 339: 335: 331: 328: 323: 318: 313: 310: 305: 300: 295: 292: 287: 282: 279: 276: 274: 270: 266: 254: 242: 234: 231: 220: 214: 209: 205: 201: 196: 192: 189: 185: 179: 171: 168: 167: 166: 163: 162: 161: 157: 151: 141: 138: 137: 136: 133: 132: 131: 128: 127: 126: 125:Austroasiatic 122: 118: 112: 108: 102: 99: 96: 92: 85: 81: 78: 76: 73: 72: 70: 66: 61: 55: 48: 41: 37: 35:Pronunciation 33: 29: 24: 19: 16: 20016:Martial arts 19839:Architecture 19809:Christianity 19751: 19727:Demographics 19685:Prostitution 19643:Universities 19589:Water supply 19439: 19349:Border Guard 19344:Ground Force 19332:Armed forces 19110:Human rights 19095:Constitution 19058:Mekong Delta 18685: 18669: 18664:Proto-Aslian 18662: 18655: 18648: 18641: 18541: 18468: 17651:Phong-Kniang 17464: 17065: 16933:GX = Guangxi 16921: 16919:Tibetan Sign 16909: 16895:Chinese Sign 16761:Creole/Mixed 16630:Southeastern 16618:Southwestern 16581:Northeastern 16566:Varieties of 16549: 14591: 14207:Sino-Tibetan 14126:Austronesian 13858: 13783: 13782: 13707: 13700: 13693: 13686: 13679: 13672: 13665: 13643: 13635: 13631: 13627: 13619: 13609: 13605: 13591: 13588:Dân Việt-Nam 13587: 13568: 13533: 13529: 13521: 13503: 13499: 13486: 13480: 13455: 13432: 13415: 13411: 13395:(1): 1–124. 13392: 13388: 13376: 13372: 13346: 13342: 13329: 13325: 13313: 13296: 13269: 13250: 13246: 13227: 13204: 13200: 13187: 13183: 13167:(1), 49–70. 13164: 13160: 13146: 13139: 13132: 13121: 13110: 13098: 13094: 13086: 13075: 13040: 13036: 13027: 13023: 12986: 12982: 12953: 12949: 12931:the original 12926: 12922: 12901:(1): 79–96. 12898: 12894: 12887:Sound system 12879: 12860: 12848: 12829: 12810: 12791: 12772: 12755: 12751: 12739: 12714: 12710: 12699: 12688:Bibliography 12658: 12648:, retrieved 12643: 12637: 12625: 12618:Kirby (2011) 12613: 12606:Hoàng (1989) 12600: 12588:. Retrieved 12584:the original 12579: 12545: 12539: 12526: 12517: 12508: 12499: 12490: 12467: 12461: 12450:. Retrieved 12446: 12436: 12425:. Retrieved 12421: 12412: 12399: 12394: 12387: 12368: 12362: 12335: 12323: 12304: 12298: 12279: 12273: 12261: 12249: 12230: 12224: 12215: 12206: 12195:. Retrieved 12193:. 2019-12-05 12190: 12181: 12170:. Retrieved 12166: 12157: 12146:. Retrieved 12142:the original 12138:hinative.com 12137: 12128: 12119: 12096: 12075: 12066: 12057: 12028: 12022: 12005: 12001: 11979: 11975: 11969: 11951: 11936: 11919: 11915: 11909: 11892: 11888: 11878: 11866: 11848: 11838: 11826: 11814: 11791: 11781: 11769:. Retrieved 11762:the original 11744: 11735: 11725: 11706: 11694: 11686:www.vlada.cz 11685: 11676: 11667: 11658: 11646: 11632: 11622:, retrieved 11616: 11610: 11591: 11585: 11573: 11561: 11549: 11537: 11525: 11518:Shimizu 2015 11513: 11504: 11500: 11470: 11466: 11440: 11436: 11426: 11416: 11412: 11389: 11385: 11356: 11351:, p. 8. 11344: 11337:Shimizu 2015 11332: 11325:Shimizu 2015 11320: 11313:Shimizu 2015 11308: 11284: 11263: 11251: 11239: 11227: 11215: 11175: 11170: 11161: 11157: 11151: 11142: 11130:. Retrieved 11120: 11101: 11095: 11084:. Retrieved 11080: 11071: 11057:(1): 39–52. 11054: 11050: 11040: 11031: 11021: 11013: 10998: 10988: 10983:(2009, 2013) 10980: 10975: 10961: 10947: 10930: 10900: 10896: 10892: 10884: 10876: 10872: 10868: 10863: 10855: 10850: 10842: 10838: 10834: 10830: 10801: 10791: 10774: 10765: 10738: 10730: 10725: 10594: 10586: 10581: 10572: 10564: 10560: 10556: 10554: 10423: 10415: 10411: 10407: 10403: 10385: 10376: 10306: 10297: 10289: 10280: 10275: 10268: 10260: 10251: 10246: 10239: 10231: 10222: 10217: 10210: 10202: 10193: 10188: 10156: 10151: 10147: 10143: 10139: 10135: 10133: 10116: 10107: 10092: 10083: 10072: 10063: 10052: 10043: 10032: 10023: 10012: 10003: 9992: 9971: 9967: 9961: 9898: 9889:tone section 9881:glottal stop 9846: 9814: 9792: 9755: 9718: 9681: 9644: 9637: 9630: 9625: 9594: 9574: 9553: 9544: 9533: 9522:Orthography 9514: 9510: 9503: 9499: 9497: 9492:hai mươi lăm 9480: 9476: 9456: 9452: 9448: 9444: 9442: 9433: 9422: 9411:Orthography 9403: 9399: 9392: 9388: 9386: 9376: 9372: 9368: 9362: 9350: 9346: 9340: 9331: 9319: 9315: 9309: 9300: 9289: 9279: 9275: 9271: 9265: 9253: 9249: 9243: 9234: 9222: 9218: 9212: 9203: 9192: 9178: 9168: 9156: 9145: 9134: 9123: 9112: 9101: 9066: 9062: 9058: 9054: 9050: 9046: 9042: 9038: 9034: 9030: 9026: 9022: 9017: 9013: 9007: 8998: 8994: 8990: 8986: 8983: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8933: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8876: 8871:"rice bowl" 8866: 8861: 8856: 8846: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8748: 8738: 8733: 8729: 8724: 8714: 8710: 8706: 8701: 8697: 8692: 8688: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8658: 8654: 8650: 8645: 8641: 8636: 8632: 8628: 8624: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8574: 8569: 8565: 8560: 8556: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8486: 8481: 8477: 8472: 8468: 8458: 8454: 8449: 8445: 8440: 8436: 8432: 8422: 8417: 8413: 8408: 8398: 8393: 8389: 8384: 8380: 8370: 8365: 8361: 8356: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8305: 8301: 8298: 8290: 8285: 8254: 8245: 8195: 8189: 8183: 8155:Huế dialect 8089: 8074: 8065: 8042: 8018:chữ Quốc ngữ 8017: 7977: 7976: 7953: 7947: 7941: 7935: 7929: 7928: 7925: 7829:Tháng giêng 7818:Traditional 7794: 7782: 7772: 7733:Windows-1258 7718: 7667:World War II 7658: 7653:chữ Quốc ngữ 7647:chữ Quốc ngữ 7633: 7628:chữ Quốc ngữ 7614: 7611: 7536:acute accent 7516:grave accent 7475: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7385: 7383: 7351:romanisation 7348: 7326: 7289: 7218: 7186: 7167:Latin script 7161: 7158: 7115:Chinese rule 7112: 7088: 7061: 7027: 7002: 6994: 6986: 6977: 6958: 6943: 6924: 6916: 6912: 6901: 6886: 6871: 6855: 6840: 6836: 6817: 6812:Description 6797: 6791:) or just a 6773:social media 6770: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6743: 6735: 6730:/ɛk̚/,/ejk̚/ 6724: 6719:Description 6697:transliteral 6682: 6673: 6658: 6653: 6646: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6563: 6558: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6516: 6511: 6494: 6489: 6472: 6467: 6450: 6445: 6428: 6423: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6284:Comparative 6253: 6245: 6235: 6213: 6201: 6189: 6187: 6177: 6173: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6149: 6144: 6140: 6112: 6104: 6090: 6087: 6077: 6067: 6063: 6055: 6049: 6031: 6023: 6015: 6013: 6008: 6004: 5996: 5992: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5973:Musical note 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5943: 5932: 5923:Ming dynasty 5919:Tang dynasty 5899: 5890:Chinese rule 5883: 5850: 5846: 5830: 5820: 5816: 5806: 5798: 5771:Sino-Tibetan 5764: 5734: 5731: 5728: 5724: 5716: 5702: 5694: 5686: 5678: 5670: 5662: 5654: 5644: 5635: 5632: 5629: 5623: 5615: 5607: 5597: 5587: 5579: 5565: 5556: 5553: 5550: 5546: 5538: 5528: 5520: 5506: 5497: 5494: 5491: 5487: 5479: 5468: 5460: 5452: 5438: 5429: 5426: 5423: 5419: 5411: 5403: 5393: 5383: 5375: 5365: 5356: 5353: 5350: 5340: 5330: 5322: 5312: 5301: 5293: 5284: 5281: 5278: 5274: 5264: 5256: 5247: 5244: 5241: 5237: 5223: 5215: 5206: 5203: 5200: 5196: 5188: 5180: 5170: 5162: 5154: 5145: 5142: 5139: 5135: 5127: 5119: 5110: 5107: 5104: 5100: 5090: 5082: 5070: 5046:head-initial 5004: 4979: 4973: 4963: 4957: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4942: 4932: 4926: 4916: 4910: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4895: 4885: 4880:Dương thượng 4879: 4869: 4863: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4848: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4833: 4823: 4817: 4807: 4801: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4786: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4771: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4711:Dương thượng 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4684: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4666: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4623: 4619: 4600: 4597: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4572: 4565: 4561: 4555: 4539:tone pattern 4536: 4508: 4480: 4452: 4424: 4396: 4368: 4347:glottal stop 4340: 4320: 4314: 4290: 4289: 4269: 4263: 4239: 4238: 4218: 4212: 4188: 4187: 4167: 4161: 4156:acute accent 4145:high rising 4137: 4136: 4116: 4113: 'but' 4110: 4105:grave accent 4086: 4085: 4066: 4060: 4041: 4040: 4020:Description 4006: 4004: 3996:pitch height 3978: 3955: 3951: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3922: 3918: 3911: 3904: 3888: 3884: 3877: 3873: 3866: 3862: 3855: 3851: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3829: 3822: 3817: 3813: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3787: 3525: 3513: 3507: 3495: 3491: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3461: 3294:monophthongs 3291: 3287: 3280: 3159: 3122: 3115: 3098: 3091: 3079: 3061:in southern 3048: 3046: 3015: 2986: 2982: 2976: 2944: 2940: 2918: 2907: 2885: 2845: 2834: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2809: 2783: 2778: 2777:> modern 2771: 2764: 2758: 2757:(Northern), 2754: 2753:> modern 2747: 2742: 2741:> modern 2735: 2730: 2725: 2721: 2719: 2710: 2706: 2694: 2690: 2683: 2666: 2657: 2655: 2649: 2612: 2594: 2587: 2582: 2568: 2563: 2556: 2551: 2539: 2532: 2527: 2498: 2493: 2479: 2470: 2465: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2412: 2407: 2400: 2395: 2342: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2304: 2300: 2298: 2293:monosyllabic 2282: 2278: 2271: 2256: 2251: 2228: 2201: 2187: 2159: 2147: 2135: 2114: 2102: 2090: 2078: 2066: 2045: 2039: 2027: 2021: 2015: 1987: 1975: 1963: 1951: 1886:intervocalic 1875: 1863:creaky voice 1840: 1817: 1807: 1800: 1793: 1778: 1771: 1764: 1729: 1719: 1715: 1697: 1692: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1677:*ml > MV 1672: 1668: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1648: 1634: 1614: 1612: 1603: 1595: 1584: 1582: 1519: 1517: 1493: 1491: 1478: 1468: 1458: 1448: 1429: 1419: 1409: 1399: 1389: 1372: 1358: 1328: 1301: 1289: 1279: 1260: 1246: 1236: 1217: 1207: 1195: 1185: 1168: 1158: 1148: 1136: 1126: 1102: 1092: 1080: 1070: 1014: 958: 954:Mekong Delta 943: 928: 902: 877: 849: 837:Austronesian 810: 791: 784: 773: 750:. The term " 641: 568:Latin script 563:chữ Quốc ngữ 555: 531:head-initial 512: 461: 460: 454:chữ Quốc ngữ 431: 429: 391: 358:Linguasphere 341: 206:(historical) 139: 15: 19979:Nationalism 19930:News Agency 19881:Ingredients 19572:Expressways 19560:Visa policy 19526:Measurement 19479:Foreign aid 19429:Agriculture 19366:Coast Guard 19234:Legislative 18829:Monarchical 18814:Prehistoric 18671:Proto-Munda 17485: [ 17473: [ 16427:Fuyu Kyrgyz 16226:Tai Hongjin 15912:Muak Sa-aak 14252:Mantsi Lolo 13659:Pedagogical 13558:Orthography 13260:10524/52472 12758:(1): 1–26. 12630:Nguyễn 1997 12590:28 November 11771:January 10, 11542:Nguyen 2018 11301:Nguyễn 2009 11132:November 8, 10889:Nguyễn 1997 10283:"situation" 10254:"situation" 10173:Target word 10093:Tây Bán Nhà 10084:Tây Ban Nha 9665:˧˥35,˧˥˧353 9479:instead of 9081:Orthography 8108:Localities 7920:Tháng chạp 7731:(VSCII) or 7586:'tumbling' 7357:missionary 7060:dictionary 6997:(so busy). 6988:/lu:su:bu:/ 6969:Eye dialect 6964:/zo:/,/jow/ 6930:/tʰǎːtʰíŋ̟/ 6683:Vietnamese 6275:Vietnamese 6202:lạp trường. 6091:câu lạc bộ, 6056:truyền hình 5915:Jin dynasty 5911:Han dynasty 5867:: 5857:: 5781:in origin. 5140:Trí 13 tuổi 5013:marking of 4984:mặt 'face' 4812:ma 'ghost' 4547:Tone group 4244:'tumbling' 3746:Approximant 3502:, ao = a + 3486:, ai = a + 3302:triphthongs 3055:Jing people 2827:and hooked 2636:section in 2578:Approximant 2284:Annan Jishi 1810:"tumbling" 1661:, Southern 1439:Approximant 931:Ngô dynasty 862: 1500 821:tonogenesis 806:Han dynasty 730:found that 596:logographic 539:classifiers 406:instead of 154:Early forms 20092:Categories 19989:Trotskyism 19964:Philosophy 19940:Newspapers 19925:Television 19920:Mass media 19908:Literature 19700:Corruption 19548:Censorship 19531:Inventions 19504:Automotive 19451:(currency) 19208:Government 19090:Censorship 18894:Ecoregions 18511:Semaq Beri 18495:Semelaic ( 18393:(Northern) 18294:Nicobarese 18238:Gutob-Remo 18207:Sora-Gorum 18103:Kherwarian 17574:Phong–Liha 17465:Vietnamese 17458:Viet-Muong 17334:Mel-Khaonh 17066:Vietnamese 17021:Belarusian 16948:XZ = Tibet 16939:MC = Macau 16879:Zhangzhung 16623:Sichuanese 16550:Vietnamese 15947:Hmong-Mien 15826:Waxianghua 15607:Khroskyabs 14895:Indigenous 14783:Prefecture 14758:Portuguese 14592:Vietnamese 14514:Indigenous 14169:Hmong-Mien 13868:Indigenous 13859:Vietnamese 13743:Vocabulary 13638:: 383–432. 13571:. Mouton. 13190:: 137–157. 13154:Pragmatics 12650:2023-08-30 12452:2021-01-30 12427:2023-06-24 12197:2023-06-07 12172:2021-04-06 12148:2021-03-14 12031:: 161–179. 11701:(in Czech) 11668:Britannica 11624:2018-01-20 11268:Alves 2021 11256:Alves 2021 11244:Alves 2020 11232:Alves 2021 11220:Alves 2021 11191:Alves 2020 11164:: 211–228. 11086:2019-04-13 10981:Ethnologue 10932:Ethnologue 10927:Vietnamese 10911:References 10879:"reason"). 10780:inflection 10745:thanh điệu 10457:unrounded 10144:hoảng chưa 10117:Nhà Đào Bô 10110:"Portugal" 10108:Bồ Đào Nha 10033:hoảng chưa 10024:chửa hoang 9879:⟩; 9734:˩11,˩˧̰13̰ 9517:variation 9406:variation 9004:Consonants 8989:combining 8312:Vocabulary 8291:After the 8248:media help 8190:Haut-Annam 8145:Quảng Bình 8090:Currently 8068:April 2021 8052:improve it 7967:Literature 7725:code pages 7556:hook above 7488:Diacritic 7408:diacritics 7034:Nôm script 6789:derogatory 6701:vernacular 6330:mốch, môch 6312:N/A, from 6052:loan words 5981:"nốt nhạc" 5963:/j/a ua). 5953:"sữa chua" 5929:French era 5813:Viet-Muong 5143:Trí 13 age 5062:wh-in-situ 5054:classifier 5042:word order 4974:Dương nhập 4968:mắt 'eye' 4921:lá 'leaf' 4890:rễ 'root' 4818:Dương bình 4743:Dương nhập 4695:Dương bình 4207:hook above 4049:mid level 4026:Diacritic 3893:allophonic 3522:Consonants 3298:diphthongs 3018:emigration 2904:Portuguese 2844:, whereas 2761:(Southern) 2720:Note that 2713:, and the 1851:allophonic 1843:tone split 1760:Voiceless 885:tone split 879:Huayi yiyu 670:1924, and 580:diacritics 574:. It uses 467:tiếng Việt 462:Vietnamese 432:Vietnamese 160:Viet–Muong 140:Vietnamese 135:Viet–Muong 98:Vietnamese 28:Tiếng Việt 21:Vietnamese 19984:Socialism 19974:Communism 19969:Anarchism 19898:Festivals 19859:Animation 19762:Phonology 19638:Education 19599:Transport 19567:Transport 19499:Standards 19361:Air Force 19268:Judiciary 19258:Elections 19225:Ministers 19196:President 19189:Executive 19165:Politburo 19053:Southeast 19019:Northwest 19014:Northeast 18961:Provinces 18953:Divisions 18865:Geography 18771:Dynasties 18696:varieties 18688:indicate 18634:languages 18580:Khmer Khe 18457:(Central) 18405:Cheq Wong 17996:Quảng Lâm 17983:Bit-Khang 17968:Meung Yum 17865:Palaungic 17796:Palaungic 17624:Phay-Pram 17494:in the US 17061:Ukrainian 17036:Hungarian 16859:Tocharian 16793:Qoqmončaq 16745:Cantonese 16699:Shaojiang 16672:Hainanese 16601:Zhongyuan 16596:Jiao-Liao 16530:Esperanto 16432:Ili Turki 16139:Khamnigan 16004:Kiong Nai 15775:Zitsadegu 14753:Mongolian 14743:Cantonese 14628:Tai Phuan 14524:Mon–Khmer 14516:languages 14315:Tai Daeng 14224:Cantonese 14107:Quảng Lâm 13870:languages 13612:: 89–104. 13365:212689052 13332:: 95–108. 12983:Phonetica 12970:144227569 12355:Marr 1984 12254:Marr 1984 12076:tbtvn.org 11578:Gong 2019 11566:Gong 2019 11554:Gong 2019 11530:Gong 2019 11392:: 111–125 10893:quần thần 10661:Close-mid 10623:Centering 10617:offglide 10611:offglide 10569:upper low 10502:Close-mid 10466:Centering 10281:hoàn cảnh 10252:hoàn cảnh 10159:pig latin 10066:"secrets" 9966:known as 9901:word play 9895:Word play 9620:Southern 9611:Northern 9597:phonation 9093:Southern 9041:but keep 9012:-initial 8978:"father" 8689:chúng mày 8633:chúng tôi 8625:chúng tao 8149:Quảng Trị 8127:Thanh Hoá 8056:verifying 7984:Nguyễn Du 7961:semicolon 7950:28/3/2018 7890:September 7596:dot below 7497:(no mark) 7310:Nguyễn Du 7058:bilingual 6995:quá lu bu 6925:thả thính 6907:/káːʂə́w/ 6861:/ʈɛ̌ːʈəw/ 6845:expletive 6829:profanity 6785:profanity 6316:空 /kʰuŋ/ 6224:Cantonese 6194:Cantonese 6190:lạp xưởng 6032:"Boóc-đô" 6028:Marseille 6024:"Mác-xây" 5993:"vô lăng" 5965:"Phô mai" 5902:Red River 5194:học sinh. 5178:sinh viên 5098:giáo viên 5035:nonfinite 4927:Dương khứ 4903:departing 4864:Âm thượng 4828:mà 'but' 4727:Dương khứ 4703:Âm thượng 4397:Huyền (à) 4369:Ngang (a) 4309:dot below 4056:(no mark) 4000:phonation 3812:), while 3800:(but not 3697:voiceless 3691:Fricative 3655:implosive 3633:aspirated 3556:Retroflex 3404:Close-mid 3366:Centering 3343:offglide 3337:offglide 3283:unrounded 3233:Close-mid 3201:Centering 3145:Phonology 3038:Australia 3026:East Asia 2947:as above. 2934:retroflex 2880:implosive 2857:allophone 2519:voiceless 2514:Fricative 2489:implosive 2461:aspirated 2369:Retroflex 2220:Affricate 2178:Fricative 2061:aspirated 1855:allotones 1781:"asking" 1691:*kj > 1565:*c,*ɟ,*tʃ 1345:voiceless 1340:Fricative 1313:Affricate 1270:implosive 1227:aspirated 889:implosive 676:Mon–Khmer 668:Przyluski 551:morphemes 529:. It has 519:East Asia 343:Glottolog 327:ISO 639-3 309:ISO 639-2 291:ISO 639-1 94:Ethnicity 20072:Category 19866:Clothing 19799:Buddhism 19789:Religion 19757:Alphabet 19752:Language 19680:Gambling 19660:COVID-19 19655:HIV/AIDS 19582:Airports 19577:Railways 19543:Internet 19394:Security 19310:Military 19253:Chairman 19078:Politics 19048:Southern 19004:Northern 18931:Molluscs 18916:Wildlife 18839:Republic 18806:Timeline 18786:Monarchs 18781:Military 18776:Economic 18766:Capitals 18750:articles 18602:Nyah Kur 18506:Mah Meri 18497:Southern 18351:Southern 18332:Nancowry 18171:Santalic 18110:Mundaric 17830:Lyngngam 17742:Southern 17641:Ksingmul 17482:in China 17132:Bahnaric 17051:Silesian 17026:Croatian 16803:Tangwang 16783:Macanese 16778:Lingling 16711:Northern 16694:Northern 16657:Southern 16576:Mandarin 16503:Minority 16463:Sarikoli 16376:Tungusic 16337:Naxi Yao 16282:Cao Miao 16206:Ningming 16106:Mongolic 16082:Dzao Min 16077:Biao Min 16034:Qo Xiong 16029:Pingtang 15725:Dongwang 15667:Tshobdun 15592:Guiqiong 15194:Sangkong 14969:Muangphe 14931:Mondzish 14885:numerous 14876:Counties 14723:Regional 14707:Official 14421:Japanese 14310:Tày Sapa 13940:Maa (Mạ) 13887:Bahnaric 13729:Archived 13594:: 61–68. 13567:(1977). 13530:Language 13418:: 1–18. 13207:: 83–99. 13173:30028089 13037:Language 13003:15662108 12764:23752818 12711:Language 12666:Archived 12191:HiNative 11714:Archived 11479:20019198 11419:: 95–109 10996:(2001). 10684:Open-mid 10520:Open-mid 10460:rounded 10311:See also 10225:"to eat" 10075:"reveal" 9962:Another 9891:below.) 9820:˨˩̰ʔ21̰ʔ 9776:˧˩̰ʔ31̰ʔ 9761:˧˩˧̰31̰3 9617:Central 9468:mười lăm 9457:năm mươi 9084:Northern 9010:syllable 8958:"spoon" 8895:"ladle" 8851:"field" 8749:chúng nó 8646:bọn choa 8585:tôi, tui 8570:mần răng 8531:"which" 8511:"where" 8328:Southern 8322:Northern 8278:Vũng Tàu 8274:Biên Hòa 8266:Haiphong 7936:English: 7930:Example: 7914:December 7906:November 7834:February 7757:encoding 7753:MacVNKey 7745:WinVNKey 7735:. Where 7606:'heavy' 7546:'sharp' 7506:'level' 7472:trigraph 7428:digraphs 7162:Quốc ngữ 7124:văn ngôn 7121:(called 6983:/lu:bu:/ 6919:(ugly). 6856:trẻ trâu 6837:ngon vãi 6781:wordplay 6777:homonyms 6689:Mandarin 6481:*p-ruːʔ 6451:đằm, đăm 6272:English 6254:nước non 6210:Mandarin 6127:katakana 6109:jyutping 6084:Japanese 6064:phần mềm 6036:Bordeaux 6009:"cà vạt" 5945:"Cà phê" 5875:Nam Việt 5817:quản lý, 5477:Việt Nam 5101:teacher. 5058:pro-drop 5050:modifier 4950:entering 4766:Example 4608:đọc kinh 4509:Nặng (ạ) 4295:'heavy' 4142:'sharp' 4046:'level' 4035:Unicode 4029:Example 4023:Contour 3948:). (See 3593:ng/ngh 3551:Alveolar 3506:. Thus, 3490:. Thus, 3432:Open-mid 3306:offglide 3256:Open-mid 3118:diaspora 3071:Cambodia 3059:Dongxing 2910:was the 2888:was the 2855:and its 2842:alveolar 2678:⟩ 2674:⟨ 2364:Alveolar 1925:Alveolar 1890:lenition 1803:"heavy" 1774:"sharp" 1767:"level" 1739:Register 1714:(modern 1039:Alveolar 946:Nam tiến 933:adopted 919:in 1838. 688:Cambodia 672:Benedict 582:to mark 576:digraphs 523:analytic 480:national 470:) is an 412:Help:IPA 350:viet1252 265:Slovakia 43:(Hà Nội) 20056:Outline 20028:Theater 20023:Symbols 19871:Cuisine 19826:Culture 19740:Eunuchs 19626:Society 19555:Tourism 19511:Poverty 19440:Doi Moi 19434:Banking 19417:Economy 19381:Militia 19026:Central 18996:Regions 18921:Mammals 18882:Climate 18877:Borders 18819:Ancient 18758:History 18746:Vietnam 18686:Italics 18621:(Pakan) 18609:Pakanic 18543:Kenaboi 18537:Jah Hut 18516:Semelai 18440:Ten'edn 18368:Shompen 18342:Katchal 18337:Camorta 18324:Central 18314:Teressa 18178:Santali 18162:Agariya 18152:Majhwar 18142:Mundari 18057:Tai Loi 17920:Man Met 17902:Angkuic 17880:Palaung 17835:Maharam 17716:Central 17709:(Chong) 17707:Western 17565:Thavưng 17293:Tampuan 17288:Tariang 17272:Central 17248:Nyaheun 16874:Xianbei 16869:Tuyuhun 16839:Old Yue 16817:Extinct 16798:Sanqiao 16689:Central 16679:Eastern 16662:Hokkien 16606:Lan-Yin 16586:Beijing 16568:Chinese 16525:Russian 16287:Chadong 16267:Ai-Cham 16236:Tai Nüa 16221:Tai Dón 16216:Tai Dam 16174:Kra-Dai 16144:Monguor 16134:Kangjia 16092:Kim Mun 16087:Iu Mien 16009:Luobohe 15999:Huishui 15979:Guiyang 15956:Hmongic 15917:Palaung 15907:Man Met 15811:Longjia 15760:Ladakhi 15755:Kyirong 15745:Khalong 15730:Drugchu 15687:Tibetic 15657:Shixing 15569:Qiangic 15350:Alingpo 15342:Nisoish 15327:Yangliu 15322:Xuzhang 15252:Laizisi 15247:Kuamasi 15242:Kua-nsi 15224:Lisoish 15204:Tsukong 15144:Laomian 15069:Baihong 15036:Hanoish 15027:Loloish 15012:Lhao Vo 15007:Chashan 14992:Xiandao 14979:Burmish 14922:Burmese 14880:Banners 14836:Tai Nüa 14763:Tibetan 14748:English 14658:English 14587:Tampuan 14401:Russian 14380:English 14355:Lao Bóc 14350:Thu Lao 14345:Tày Tac 14325:Tai Dón 14320:Tai Dam 14262:Kra-Dai 14236:Hokkien 14228:Teochew 14220:Chinese 14187:Kim Mun 14182:Iu Mien 13970:Tariang 13628:chữ nôm 13030:: 1–18. 12693:General 11982:: 3–24. 10901:bồi tây 10897:bầy tôi 10796:(1981). 10714: 10701: 10605: 10571:) than 10478:ua~uô 10475:ưa~ươ 10470:ia~iê 10446:Central 10152:nói lái 10148:bồi tây 10140:dấm đài 10136:Nói lái 10053:bồi tây 10044:bầy tôi 10013:dấm đài 10004:đái dầm 9993:nói lái 9972:Nói lái 9968:nói lái 9638:Hà Tĩnh 9585:/ʈ/,/z/ 9173:Varies 9161:Varies 9090:Central 8987:dạ vâng 8915:"head" 8715:bọn mày 8711:tụi bây 8707:tụi mầy 8702:bọn bây 8693:bọn mày 8659:bọn tui 8655:tụi tui 8651:tụi tao 8637:bọn tôi 8629:bọn tao 8575:làm sao 8561:như nào 8557:thế nào 8547:tại sao 8537:tại sao 8441:thế đấy 8427:"that" 8399:như vầy 8385:như này 8381:thế này 8375:"this" 8325:Central 8141:Hà Tĩnh 8137:Nghệ An 8050:Please 7898:October 7823:January 7765:Windows 7721:Unicode 7702:chữ Nôm 7688:chữ Nôm 7682:chữ Nôm 7676:chữ Hán 7662:chữ Hán 7618:chữ Nôm 7526:'deep' 7322:Tây Sơn 7286:'year'. 7198: 7190:chữ Nôm 7183:Chữ Nôm 7177:Chữ Nôm 7152:chữ Hán 7135:Hán văn 7094:chữ Nôm 7073:chữ Nôm 7067:chữ Nho 7056:In the 6877:/ɣə̆́w/ 6763:chạy sô 6633:Mundari 6600:Mundari 6550:*ciːnʔ 6525:*saːmʔ 6437:*poːnʔ 6410:Santali 6377:Santali 6228:Teochew 6215:xí ngầu 6178:nhu đạo 6169:Hepburn 6161:samurai 6060:calques 6046:English 6040:Chinese 6016:"Pa-ri" 6005:cravate 6001:necktie 5969:fromage 5961:da ua - 5851:gwan+ri 5767:Kra-Dai 5740:Lexicon 5684:cho tới 5480:Vietnam 5401:bao giờ 5073:glosses 4991:Grammar 4958:Âm nhập 4802:Âm bình 4735:Âm nhập 4687:Âm bình 4481:Ngã (ã) 4453:Hỏi (ả) 4425:Sắc (á) 4335:U+0323 4233:U+0309 4091:'deep' 3870:/n/,/ŋ/ 3859:/t/,/k/ 3848:/c/,/ɲ/ 3790:digraph 3624:c/k/q 3571:Glottal 3561:Palatal 3354:Central 3331: 3211:ua/uô 3208:ưa/ươ 3205:ia/iê 3189:Central 3180: 3135:Germany 3099:In the 2709:. This 2384:Glottal 2374:Palatal 2289:Chen Fu 1940:Glottal 1930:Palatal 1796:"deep" 1789:Voiced 1054:Glottal 1044:Palatal 995:), and 992:chemise 802:Chinese 778:in the 770:History 736:Thavung 664:Schmidt 606:chữ Hán 590:chữ Nôm 525:and is 490:of the 476:Vietnam 450:chữ Hán 446:chữ Nôm 408:Unicode 230:Vietnam 204:Chữ Nôm 75:Vietnam 20077:Portal 20006:Sports 19913:Poetry 19893:Emblem 19876:Dishes 19854:Cinema 19849:Awards 19834:Anthem 19804:Taoism 19784:Racism 19735:People 19650:Health 19457:Energy 19389:Police 18971:Cities 18748: 18632:Proto- 18558:Others 18530:Others 18486:Temiar 18481:Semnam 18455:Senoic 18435:Mintil 18430:Minriq 18425:Kintaq 18420:Kensiu 18391:Jahaic 18382:Aslian 18309:Chaura 18276:Kharia 18259:Others 18132:Birhor 18127:Birjia 18040:Others 18006:Bumang 17973:Savaiq 17844:Others 17805:Khasic 17794:Khasi– 17770:Somray 17763:Others 17754:Sa'och 17733:Kasong 17686:Pearic 17672:Mlabri 17660:Others 17616:Khmuic 17595:Others 17555:Maleng 17450:Vietic 17424:Others 17415:Phuong 17374:Katuic 17361:(East) 17352:Others 17324:Raʼong 17319:Stieng 17253:Sapuan 17192:Rengao 17187:Bahnar 17182:Sedang 17177:Todrah 17157:Kayong 17152:Halang 17056:Slovak 17046:Romany 17041:Polish 17031:German 16854:Tangut 16844:Rouran 16834:Khitan 16824:Ba–Shu 16788:Maojia 16773:Hezhou 16684:Puxian 16667:Teoswa 16552:(Kinh) 16520:Kyrgyz 16515:Korean 16510:Kazakh 16414:Turkic 16399:Oroqen 16389:Manchu 16384:Evenki 16352:Qabiao 16342:Ong Be 16327:Maonan 16317:Lakkja 16307:Jiamao 16277:Buyang 16241:Tai Ya 16231:Tai Lü 16191:Bouyei 16183:Zhuang 16164:Torgut 16119:Buryat 16069:Mienic 16059:Younuo 16039:Raojia 16019:Pa-Hng 16014:Mashan 15984:Hm Nai 15969:Bu-Nao 15964:A-Hmao 15887:Bumang 15806:Jingpo 15801:Derung 15796:Caijia 15770:Zhongu 15740:Gserpa 15632:Namuyi 15602:Japhug 15551:Zauzou 15526:Namuyi 15511:Kucong 15485:Zokhuo 15480:Thopho 15460:Phupha 15445:Phukha 15390:Khlula 15332:Zibusi 15317:Toloza 15312:Sonaga 15297:Mangdi 15292:Lolopo 15237:Hlersu 15174:Phana’ 15169:Nuomei 15149:Laopin 15084:Bukong 15059:Angluo 14987:Achang 14964:Mondzi 14866:Zhuang 14841:Tai Lü 14831:Kazakh 14826:Kyrgyz 14811:Korean 14801:Bouyei 14773:Zhuang 14768:Uyghur 14653:French 14577:Stieng 14572:Somray 14567:Sa’och 14416:Korean 14411:German 14375:French 14335:Tai Lü 14300:Qabiao 14270:Caolan 14197:Ná-Meo 14192:Mo Piu 14159:Roglai 14076:Maleng 14036:Vietic 13985:Katuic 13975:Todrah 13960:Stieng 13955:Sedang 13950:Rengao 13930:Kayong 13910:Halang 13650: 13575: 13550:411402 13548: 13462: 13439: 13363: 13303: 13284: 13234: 13171: 13057:411232 13055: 13011:462578 13009: 13001: 12968: 12868: 12836: 12817: 12798: 12779: 12762: 12731:409878 12729: 12676:, and 12552: 12478: 12375: 12311: 12286: 12237: 12008:: 21. 11855: 11802: 11598: 11477: 11108: 11006: 10587:âm đôi 10211:lơ phả 10203:la phở 10073:bật mí 10064:bí mật 9857:creaky 9840:˨˩˨212 9803:˩˧̰13̰ 9798:˧ʔ˥3ʔ5 9786:˨˩˦214 9781:˧˩˨312 9744:˩˧̰13̰ 9739:˩˧̰13̰ 9687:˨˩̤21̤ 9633:Chương 9599:type. 9573:) but 9567:Yên Mô 9367:after 9345:after 9314:after 9270:after 9248:after 9217:after 9029:, and 8938:"car" 8934:(ô tô) 8931:xe hơi 8818:anh nớ 8813:anh ấy 8778:ông nớ 8773:ông ấy 8763:tụi nó 8758:bọn nớ 8753:bọn nó 8579:"how" 8551:"why" 8459:vậy đó 8450:rứa tê 8437:thế ấy 8390:như ri 8351:"yes" 8270:Saigon 7882:August 7815:Normal 7749:Unikey 7642:Tonkin 7466:, and 7355:Jesuit 7042:purple 6902:cá sấu 6848:bloody 6841:sợ vãi 6823:/vǎːj/ 6605:*k-ma 6572:*maːl 6508:eight 6486:seven 6387:three 6382:*haːr 6349:*moːc 6278:Mường 6165:bonsai 6163:, and 6153:kimono 6141:kurabu 6137:rōmaji 6105:jùlèbù 6101:pinyin 6078:peptit 6068:tế bào 5957:yaourt 5939:French 5879:Nanyue 5863:; 5855:Korean 5847:gwalli 5821:guǎnlǐ 5679:minute 5294:person 5031:finite 5023:number 5019:gender 4911:Âm khứ 4856:rising 4850:thượng 4719:Âm khứ 4654:thượng 4589:, and 4293: 4242: 4191: 4140: 4089: 4044: 3768:Rhotic 3738:g/gh 3731:d/gi 3723:voiced 3607:tenuis 3546:Dental 3541:Labial 3162:vowels 3156:Vowels 3139:France 3036:, and 3034:Europe 2971:apices 2967:acutes 2963:breves 2921:was a 2897:dental 2606:Rhotic 2547:voiced 2427:tenuis 2413:ng/ngh 2359:Dental 2354:Labial 2247:Liquid 2183:voiced 2010:tenuis 1988:ng/ngh 1920:Labial 1380:voiced 1176:voiced 1117:tenuis 1103:ng/ngh 1035:Dental 1030:Labial 1004:poupée 998:búp bê 968:madame 950:Champa 893:nasals 887:, and 752:Vietic 666:1905, 662:1889, 658:1888, 656:Müller 654:1881, 652:Forbes 650:1852, 642:Early 547:French 496:second 364:46-EBA 262: 250: 227: 130:Vietic 20063:Index 19952:V-pop 19947:Music 19935:Voice 19888:Dance 19814:Islam 19717:Women 19675:Crime 19664:Delta 19449:Đồng 18926:Birds 18796:Naval 18791:Names 18619:Bugan 18614:Bolyu 18592:Monic 18565:Khmer 18521:Temoq 18476:Semai 18470:Sabüm 18464:Lanoh 18445:Wila' 18415:Jedek 18410:Jahai 18400:Batek 18271:Juang 18250:Gutob 18245:Bonda 18229:Lodhi 18224:Juray 18214:Gorum 18200:South 18117:Korwa 18094:Korku 18083:North 18075:Munda 18052:Danau 18027:Kiorr 18022:Lamet 18015:Lamet 18001:Kháng 17953:Blang 17885:Riang 17820:Khasi 17728:Samre 17581:Phong 17506:Nguồn 17501:Mường 17489:] 17477:] 17436:Ta'Oi 17431:Pacoh 17339:Thmon 17329:Mnong 17309:Chrau 17302:South 17233:Laven 17207:Katua 17172:Monom 17167:Takua 17162:Kacoʼ 17140:North 17003:Czech 16864:Tuoba 16808:Wutun 16723:Xiang 16716:Auish 16642:Hakka 16591:Ji-Lu 16556:Wakhi 16545:Uzbek 16540:Tuvan 16535:Tatar 16456:Other 16442:Salar 16394:Nanai 16332:Mulam 16297:Gelao 16260:Other 16159:Santa 16154:Ordos 16149:Oirat 16114:Bonan 16054:Xixiu 16024:Pa Na 15989:Hmong 15974:Gejia 15922:Riang 15882:Bugan 15877:Bolyu 15872:Blang 15821:Tujia 15784:Other 15765:Tseku 15750:Khams 15735:Groma 15715:Choni 15705:Basum 15700:Baima 15677:Zhaba 15597:Horpa 15582:Choyo 15577:Baima 15546:Sanie 15521:Naruo 15506:Katso 15501:Gokhy 15494:Other 15470:Samei 15465:Phuza 15455:Phupa 15450:Phuma 15440:Phowa 15435:Phola 15430:Phala 15425:Nuosu 15380:Bokha 15355:Alugu 15302:Micha 15214:Yiche 15199:Suobi 15164:Nuobi 15134:Kaduo 15129:Kabie 15109:Habei 15099:Duota 15094:Duoni 15089:Cosao 15017:Zaiwa 15002:Lashi 14954:Mango 14949:Manga 14944:Maang 14939:Kathu 14920:Lolo- 14846:Zaiwa 14816:Qiang 14806:Tujia 14791:Hmong 14618:Jarai 14601:Other 14562:Samre 14552:Mnong 14542:Kaco’ 14537:Chong 14505:Khmer 14406:Czech 14285:Lachi 14280:Gelao 14247:Xapho 14232:Hakka 14177:Hmong 14149:Jarai 14144:Haroi 14112:Kháng 14095:Other 14086:Nguồn 14081:Mường 14026:Khmer 14018:Khmer 14008:Ta'Oi 14003:Pacoh 13965:Takua 13945:Monom 13925:Katua 13895:Chrau 13735:from 13546:JSTOR 13361:S2CID 13224:(PDF) 13169:JSTOR 13097:[ 13053:JSTOR 13007:S2CID 12966:S2CID 12946:(PDF) 12934:(PDF) 12919:(PDF) 12760:JSTOR 12727:JSTOR 11961:(PDF) 11765:(PDF) 11754:(PDF) 11475:JSTOR 10979:From 10751:thanh 10642:Close 10636:uôi 10633:ươi 10630:ươu 10627:iêu 10484:Close 10441:Front 10368:Notes 10240:lăn a 10232:la ăn 9865:harsh 9861:stiff 9835:˨̰22̰ 9830:˨̰22̰ 9808:˨̰22̰ 9682:huyền 9645:ngang 9631:Thanh 9608:Tone 9591:Tones 8995:vâng, 8954:muỗng 8843:ruộng 8838:nương 8833:ruộng 8798:bà nớ 8793:bà ấy 7956:comma 7850:April 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