521:
194:
423:). The new vocabularies of these inventions were proven to be derivatives from original verbs rather than borrowed lexical items. The current distribution of Northern Vietic also corresponds to the area of Dong Son culture. Thus, Ferlus concludes that the Northern Vietic (Viet-Muong) is the direct heir of the Dongsonian, who had resided in the southern part of the Red River Delta and North Central Vietnam from the 1st millennium BC.
25:
2957:
Nasreen; Candilio, Francesca; Changmai, Piya; Fernandes, Daniel; Ferry, Matthew; Gamarra, Beatriz; Harney, Eadaoin; Kampuansai, Jatupol; Kutanan, Wibhu; Michel, Megan; Novak, Mario; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Sirak, Kendra; Stewardson, Kristin; Zhang, Zhao; Flegontov, Pavel; Pinhasi, Ron; Reich, David (2018-05-17).
831:. Vietic languages show a typological range from a Chinese or Tai typology to a typical Mon-Khmer Austroasiatic typology, including (a) complex tonal systems, complex phonation systems or blends; (b) C(glide)VC or CCVC syllable templates; monosyllabic or polysyllabic and isolating or agglutinative typology.
2956:
Lipson, Mark; Cheronet, Olivia; Mallick, Swapan; Rohland, Nadin; Oxenham, Marc; Pietrusewsky, Michael; Pryce, Thomas Oliver; Willis, Anna; Matsumura, Hirofumi; Buckley, Hallie; Domett, Kate; Hai, Nguyen Giang; Hiep, Trinh Hoang; Kyaw, Aung Aung; Win, Tin Tin; Pradier, Baptiste; Broomandkhoshbacht,
1509:
animal cycle names are also derived, and were borrowed from a phonologically conservative form of Viet-Muong. Ferlus contends that the animal cycle names were borrowed from a Viet-Muong (Northern Vietic) language rather than from a
Southern Vietic language, since the vowel in the
1303:(1982, 1992, 1997, 2001) and new studies in Muong languages by Phan (2012), Sidwell (2015) pointed out that Muong is a paraphyletic taxon and subgroups with Vietnamese. Sidwell's (2015) proposed internal classification for the Vietic languages is as follows.
3035:
112 (2017):41-56. cited in Alves, Mark (2019-05-10). "Data from
Multiple Disciplines Connecting Vietic with the Dong Son Culture". Conference: "Contact Zones and Colonialism in Southeast Asia and China's South (~221 BCE - 1700 CE)"At: Pennsylvania State
3053:
cited in Alves, Mark (2019-05-10). "Data from
Multiple Disciplines Connecting Vietic with the Dong Son Culture". Conference: "Contact Zones and Colonialism in Southeast Asia and China's South (~221 BCE - 1700 CE)"At: Pennsylvania State
983:& Alves (2021) propose the following classification of the Vietic languages, which was first proposed in Sidwell (2021). Below, the most divergent (basal) branches listed first. Vietic is split into two primary branches,
308:. The time depth of the Vietic branch dates back at least 2,500 years to 2,000 years (Chamberlain 1998); 3,500 years (Peiros 2004); or around 3,000 years (Alves 2020). Even so, archaeogenetics demonstrated that before the
407:
Chamberlain (1998) argues that the Red River Delta region was originally Tai-speaking and became
Vietnamese-speaking only between the seventh and ninth centuries AD as a result of emigration from the south, i.e., modern
942:. These two dialect chains share 75% of their basic vocabulary, and have similar systems of 5–6 contour tones. These are regular reflexes of other Vietic languages: The three low and three high tones correspond to
283:
However, the origin of the Vietic languages remains a controversial topic among linguists. Another theory, based on linguistic diversity, locates the most probable homeland of the Vietic languages in modern-day
412:, where the highly distinctive and conservative North-Central Vietnamese dialects are spoken today. Therefore, the region of origin of Vietnamese (and the earlier Viet–Muong) was well south of the Red River.
827:
The discovery that
Vietnamese was a Mon–Khmer language, and that its tones were a regular reflection of non-tonal features in the rest of the family, is considered a milestone in the development of
1347:
The following classification of the Vietic languages is from
Chamberlain (2003:422), as quoted in Sidwell (2009:145). Unlike past classifications, there is a sixth "South" branch that includes
3531:
3629:
Pain, Frederick (2020). ""Giao Chỉ" (Jiaozhi 交趾) as a
Diffusion Center of Middle Chinese Diachronic Changes: Syllabic Weight Contrast and Phonologisation of Its Phonetic Correlates".
430:
Valley and was then later absorbed into the coexisting Proto-Viet-Muong, one of whose divergent dialects evolved into the
Vietnamese language. Annamese Middle Chinese belonged to a
2934:", in The International Conference on Tai Studies, ed. S. Burusphat, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 97-128. Institute of Language and Culture for Rural Development, Mahidol University.
707:
The following table lists the lifestyles of various Vietic-speaking ethnic groups. Unlike the neighboring Tai ethnic groups, many Vietic groups are not paddy agriculturalists.
873:): This language makes a four-way distinction between clear and breathy phonation combined with glottalized final consonants. This is very similar to the situation in the
536:, Nhà Làng, and Nguồn. Chamberlain (1998) lists current locations in Laos for the following Vietic peoples. An overview based on first-hand fieldwork has been proposed by
3129:. (Paper presented at the International workshop on the history of Colloquial Chinese – written and spoken, Rutgers University, New Brunswick NJ, 11–12 March 2016.)
3649:
Peiros, Ilia J. 2004. Geneticeskaja klassifikacija aystroaziatskix jazykov. Moskva: Rossijskij gosudarstvennyj gumanitarnyj universitet (doktorskaja dissertacija).
3548:
Chamberlain, J.R. 2003. Eco-Spatial
History: a nomad myth from the Annamites and its relevance for biodiversity conservation. In X. Jianchu and S. Mikesell, eds.
3334:
368:"; therefore, "he likely spread of Vietic was southward from the RRD, not northward. Accounting for southern diversity will require alternative explanations."
1247:
3126:
3031:
Corny, Julien, et al. 2017. "Dental phenotypic shape variation supports a multiple dispersal model for anatomically modern humans in
Southeast Asia."
593:; taken to Hinboun District during the war, and then later resettled in Nakai Tay (39 households) and in Sop Hia (20 households) on the Nakai Plateau.
3734:
71:
3152:
415:
On the other hand, Ferlus (2009) showed that the inventions of pestle, oar and a pan to cook sticky rice, which is the main characteristic of the
3064:
261:
systems intermediate between that of Viet–Muong and other branches of Austroasiatic that have not had significant Chinese or Tai influence.
609:: Ban Na Phao and Tha Sang, Boualapha District; others probably also in Pha Song, Vang Nyao, Takaa; originally from Hin Nam No and Vietnam
3516:
Alves, Mark J. 2016. Identifying Early Sino-Vietnamese Vocabulary via Linguistic, Historical, Archaeological, and Ethnological Data, in
3690:
3067:. Conference: "Contact Zones and Colonialism in Southeast Asia and China's South (~221 BCE - 1700 CE)"At: Pennsylvania State University
4094:
3452:"Vietic and Early Chinese Grammatical Vocabulary in Vietnamese: Native Vietic and Austroasiatic Etyma versus Early Chinese Loanwords"
2854:
The cradle of the Vietic branch of Austroasiatic is very likely in north Vietnam, at least 1000km to the south‑west of coastal Fújiàn
950:
initial consonants in the ancestral language; these then split depending on the original final consonants: Level tones correspond to
4113:
4106:
3727:
3661:
3351:
Phan, John. 2012. "Mường is not a subgroup: Phonological evidence for a paraphyletic taxon in the Viet-Muong sub-family." In
3377:
Phan, John D. 2012. "Mường is not a subgroup: Phonological evidence for a paraphyletic taxon in the Viet-Muong sub-family."
3045:
McColl et al. 2018. "Ancient Genomics Reveals Four Prehistoric Migration Waves into Southeast Asia". Preprint. Published in
3407:. 23rd Annual Conference of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, May 2013, Bangkok, Thailand. <halshs-00922842v2>
3186:. Tempe, Arizona: Arizona State University Programme for Southeast Asian Studies Monograph Series Press. pp. 297–313.
3532:
Ruc and Other Minor Vietic Languages: Linguistic Strands Between Vietnamese and the Rest of the Mon-Khmer Language Family
384:
in the mid-nineteenth century, and there is now strong evidence for this classification. Modern Vietnamese has lost many
419:, correspond to the creation of new lexicons for these inventions in Northern Vietic (Việt–Mường) and Central Vietic (
3509:
3309:
3268:
3111:
Lacquered Words: the Evolution of Vietnamese under Sinitic Influences from the 1st Century BCE to the 17th Century CE
3720:
3538:, ed. by Karen L. Adams et al. Tempe, Arizona, 3–19. Arizona State University, Program for Southeast Asian Studies.
3229:
392:
vocabulary. However, there continues to be resistance to the idea that Vietnamese could be more closely related to
1531:
1506:
532:
Conservation Area of Laos and north-central Vietnam (Chamberlain 1998). Many of these speakers are referred to as
3545:. Vietnam publications microfiche series, no. VP70-62. Huntington Beach, Calif: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
692:
peoples, including the Arem, Rục, Maliêng, and Mày (Cươi), were resettled at Cu Nhái (located either in western
524:
Geographic distribution of the Vietic languages (Fuchsia-shaded area is where Vietnamese is the second language)
966:, which have also disappeared; and glottalized tones to final glottalized consonants, which have deglottalized.
4413:
3821:
280:
The ancestor of the Vietic language is traditionally assumed to have been located in today's North Vietnam.
5262:
4982:
4943:
4101:
3978:
385:
2723:
2714:
2702:
2698:
2661:
2630:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2549:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2462:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2375:
2341:
2336:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2290:
2253:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2207:
2176:
2168:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2122:
2088:
2083:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2037:
2006:
1998:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1952:
1918:
1913:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1867:
1833:
1828:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1782:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1695:
1658:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1612:
1519:
3339:
3695:
396:
than to Chinese or Tai languages among Vietnamese nationalists. The vast majority of scholars attribute
504:
493:
478:
470:
265:
697:
693:
301:
5338:
5116:
4802:
3364:
Sidwell, Paul. 2015. "Austroasiatic classification." In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015).
1158:. Chamberlain (2018:12) provides the following phylogenetic classification for the Vietic languages.
601:(Ahao and Ahlao dialects): several villages near Lak Xao; probably originally from the Na Heuang area
317:
4615:
2914:
264:
Vietnamese, today, has had significant Chinese influence especially in vocabulary and tonal system.
5269:
4347:
3485:"Historical Ethnolinguistic Notes on Proto-Austroasiatic and Proto-Vietic Vocabulary in Vietnamese"
50:
3093:
2931:
416:
353:
309:
4602:
3743:
3205:
The following information is taken from Paul Sidwell's lecture series on the Mon–Khmer languages.
2870:
381:
216:
121:
109:
1119:
The Thavung-Malieng group retains the most archaic lexicon and phonological features, while the
5276:
5189:
3335:
A Kri-Mol (Vietic) Bestiary: Prolegomena to the Study of Ethnozoology in the Northern Annamites
2654:
828:
676:
side of the Ak Mountain, and now living in Ban Sang, Yommalath District (primarily Yooy people)
324:
burial site (dated 1,800 BC) have close proximity to modern Austroasiatic speakers such as the
67:
2779:
5315:
5283:
5194:
3523:
Alves, Mark J. 2017. Etymological research on Vietnamese with databases and other resources.
2901:
2727:
2694:
2674:
701:
4120:
3706:
3451:
3404:
3138:
Phan, John. "Re-Imagining 'Annam': A New Analysis of Sino–Viet–Muong Linguistic Contact" in
2812:
426:
Furthermore, John Phan (2013, 2016) argues that “Annamese Middle Chinese” was spoken in the
5290:
4913:
3552:. Lijiand, P. R. China: Center for Biodiversity and Indigenous Knowledge. pp. 421–436.
2978:
2970:
2690:
2642:
900:
617:: Tha Meuang on the Nam Sot (primarily Malang people); originally from the Houay Kanil area
297:
285:
3391:
3184:
Papers from the Eleventh Annual Conference of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 2001
8:
5130:
4484:
4089:
4084:
3953:
1566:
1365:
1176:
1100:
947:
935:
637:: Na Kadok, Khamkeut District (primarily Saek people); originally from the Upper Sot area
529:
397:
377:
289:
247:
148:
3642:
3079:(2010). "Language Contact and Language Change in the History of the Sinitic Languages."
2974:
5024:
4587:
4373:
4125:
3751:
3438:
3315:
3274:
3009:
2958:
1380:
1185:
1150:
to refer to the Vietic languages, and considers there to be two primary splits, namely
914:
904:
673:
652:
545:
458:
76:
3943:
3525:
Ngôn Ngữ Học Việt Nam, 30 Năm Đổi Mới và Phát Triển (Kỷ Yếu Hội Thảo Khoa Học Quốc Tế)
2658:
388:
phonological and morphological features. Vietnamese also has large stocks of borrowed
184:
5228:
5221:
5206:
5199:
5125:
5064:
4951:
4521:
4449:
4260:
4221:
4055:
3657:
3471:
3442:
3319:
3305:
3278:
3264:
3014:
2996:
2893:
661:
590:
574:
434:
365:
361:
333:
5089:
4620:
3781:
2959:"Ancient genomes document multiple waves of migration in Southeast Asian prehistory"
1126:
Sidwell & Alves (2021) propose that the Vietic languages had dispersed from the
5162:
5156:
5135:
5074:
5010:
5001:
4987:
4961:
4956:
4933:
4797:
4781:
4771:
4761:
4676:
4539:
4499:
4454:
4424:
4305:
4235:
4184:
3993:
3912:
3907:
3867:
3847:
3638:
3550:
Landscapes of Diversity: Proceedings of the III MMSEA Conference, 25–28 August 2002
3496:
3463:
3430:
3297:
3256:
3179:
3050:
3004:
2988:
2356:
1392:
1330:
1224:
1135:
1021:
943:
874:
870:
802:
798:
774:
597:
581:
427:
401:
389:
163:
4885:
4265:
2850:
Past human migrations in East Asia: matching archaeology, linguistics and genetics
5211:
5105:
5100:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
4928:
4895:
4751:
4746:
4694:
4625:
4592:
4389:
4291:
4270:
4174:
4034:
3938:
3872:
3857:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3776:
3771:
3536:
Papers from the Seventh Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society
3110:
2271:
1933:
1848:
1440:
1278:
1127:
1123:
group merges *-r and *-l finals to *-l, along with the other northern languages.
1017:
910:
896:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
731:
727:
641:
633:
621:
613:
466:
438:
409:
341:
313:
219:
116:
4148:
3816:
3168:
Ferlus, Michel. 1996. Langues et peuples viet-muong. Mon-Khmer Studies 26. 7–28.
5309:
5251:
5238:
5233:
5184:
5140:
5095:
5083:
5034:
5029:
5019:
4890:
4869:
4864:
4848:
4843:
4833:
4736:
4713:
4671:
4646:
4641:
4572:
4564:
4504:
4439:
4395:
4352:
4342:
4200:
4135:
4050:
3958:
3948:
3928:
3852:
3826:
3791:
3786:
2103:
2018:
1763:
1571:
1558:
1552:
1544:
1537:
1502:
1498:
1370:
1254:
1199:
1181:
1108:
1104:
959:
939:
846:
748:
586:
431:
393:
251:
223:
169:
152:
3434:
3301:
3260:
785:
Swidden cultivators who move every 2–3 years among pre-existing village sites
321:
5332:
4838:
4776:
4766:
4741:
4666:
4577:
4549:
4444:
4368:
4317:
4286:
4250:
4205:
4158:
4143:
4029:
3933:
3902:
3882:
3842:
3625:(Textbook of Vietnamese historical phonology). Hà Nội: Nhà Xuất Bản Gíao Dục.
3616:
3606:
3587:
3577:
3559:
3475:
3421:
Alves, Mark J. (2022). "The Ðông Sơn Speech Community: Evidence for Vietic".
3076:
3000:
2188:
1576:
1494:
1429:
1408:
1387:
1317:
1300:
1220:
1212:
1203:
1195:
1131:
1120:
1078:
1074:
1049:
1045:
1040:
951:
928:
924:
920:
892:
888:
884:
880:
866:
860:
856:
852:
839:
835:
814:
810:
806:
739:
605:
569:
559:
553:
537:
462:
450:
420:
325:
157:
40:
3065:"Data from Multiple Disciplines Connecting Vietic with the Dong Son Culture"
2992:
2894:"Data from Multiple Disciplines Connecting Vietic with the Dong Son Culture"
5216:
4977:
4610:
4544:
4470:
4255:
4179:
4153:
4013:
4008:
3862:
3766:
3467:
3220:
3018:
2969:(6397). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 92–95.
2530:
2443:
1593:
1581:
1549:
1468:
1374:
1348:
1241:
1216:
1208:
1057:
1053:
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980:
788:
778:
735:
680:
668:
533:
508:
497:
345:
60:
3712:
4756:
4582:
4554:
4529:
3877:
3612:
3602:
3592:
3583:
3565:
3555:
2735:
1676:
1091:
1087:
1070:
1029:
1025:
520:
486:
482:
3251:
Sidwell, Paul (2021). "Classification of MSEA Austroasiatic languages".
3224:
5059:
4534:
3654:
Một vài vấn đề nghiên cứu so sánh - lịch sử nhóm ngôn ngữ Việt - Mường
3500:
955:
689:
454:
357:
329:
577:; probably originally from the northern Nghe An / Khamkeut border area
364:
from Thailand, and Austroasiatic speakers from Vietnam, including the
3680:
3668:
Classifying the Austroasiatic languages: history and state of the art
1511:
1326:
East: Mãliềng, Maleng, Arem, Kri, Chứt (Mày, Rụt, Sách, Mụ Già), etc.
963:
842:
626:
258:
178:
3596:
3573:
3484:
1130:, based on evidence from loanwords from early Sinitic and extensive
549:: Ban Pak Phanang, Boualapha District, Khammouane; others in Vietnam
3685:
3206:
2983:
2845:
349:
316:'s inhabitants were predominantly Austroasiatic: genetic data from
193:
3127:
A preliminary investigation into Proto-Southwestern Middle Chinese
3094:
The Origin of the Sek: Implications for Tai and Vietnamese History
1522:
corresponds to Viet-Muong /a/ rather than to Southern Vietic /i/.
268:
accounts for about 30–60% of Vietnamese vocabulary, not including
226:
in Laos and Vietnam. The branch was once referred to by the terms
3670:. LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics, 76. Munich: Lincom Europa.
2706:
1313:
Viet-Muong: Vietnamese, Mường Muốt, Mường Nàbái, Mường Chỏi, etc.
446:
305:
3703:(Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
3700:
664:(primarily Tai Theng people); originally from the Upper Sot area
2754:
442:
269:
3423:
Crossroads: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Asian Interactions
3394:." In The Mon-Khmer Studies Journal, 18-19: 52-59. (in French)
2932:
The origin of Sek: implications for Tai and Vietnamese history
1515:
337:
3560:
Black and white evidence for Vietnamese phonological history
2955:
747:
Originally collectors and traders who have become emergent
293:
242:
was proposed by La Vaughn Hayes, who proposed to redefine
437:
in southwestern China that eventually "diversified into"
3294:
The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia
3292:
Alves, Mark J. (2021). "Typological profile of Vietic".
3253:
The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia
958:; high rising and low falling tones correspond to final
3686:
SEAlang Project: Mon–Khmer languages. The Vietic Branch
3450:
Alves, Mark (2021). Alves, Mark; Sidwell, Paul (eds.).
2813:"Vietic and Việt-Mường: a new subgrouping in Mon-Khmer"
962:, which have since disappeared; dipping tones to final
903:
system is the four-way contrast of Aheu augmented with
473:
borrowings, which were borrowed during different eras:
246:
as referring to a sub-branch of Vietic containing only
3617:
A meaty mystery: did Vietnamese have voiced aspirates?
877:
in which, however, the glottalization is in the vowel.
3405:
The sexagesimal cycle, from China to Southeast Asia
2937:
2554:
2467:
2380:
2295:
2212:
2127:
2042:
1957:
1872:
1787:
1700:
1617:
711:Cultural typology of Vietic-speaking ethnic groups
3489:Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society
3456:Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society
3196:See Alves 2003 on the typological range in Vietic.
2875:Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society
2535:
2448:
2361:
2276:
2193:
2108:
2023:
1938:
1853:
1768:
1681:
1598:
1497:(1992, 2013) notes that the 12-year animal cycle (
66:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
5330:
3656:. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản Đại Học Quốc Gia Hà nội.
3527:, 183–211. Hà Nội: Nhà Xuất Bản Khoa Học Xã Hội.
3510:Data for Vietic Native Etyma and Early Loanwords
3215:
3213:
3086:
3051:https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/278374v1
2871:"A Layer of Dongsonian Vocabulary in Vietnamese"
2748:
2718:
2709:
2583:
2496:
2409:
2324:
2241:
2156:
2071:
1986:
1901:
1816:
1729:
1646:
3696:Endangered Languages of Mainland Southeast Asia
3326:
3225:"The Vietic languages: a phylogenetic analysis"
2846:"The expansion of Setaria farmers in East Asia"
845:common to most Vietic languages, but does have
3623:Giáo trình lịch sử ngữ âm tiếng Việt (sơ thảo)
3246:
3244:
3728:
3210:
3125:Phan, John D. & de Sousa, Hilário. 2016.
2926:
2924:
2864:
2862:
2525:
2438:
2351:
2266:
2183:
2098:
2013:
1928:
1843:
1758:
1671:
1588:
975:
585:: originally lived in Na Tane Subdistrict of
16:Subgroup of the Austroasiatic language family
3219:
3081:Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2
1134:-Vietic contact possibly dating back to the
995:(all of the non-Thavung–Malieng languages).
469:全州). Phan (2013) lists three major types of
5166:(unclassified; possibly a language isolate)
3742:
3285:
3241:
3121:
3119:
2590:
2560:
2503:
2473:
2416:
2386:
2331:
2301:
2248:
2218:
2163:
2133:
2078:
2048:
1993:
1963:
1908:
1878:
1823:
1793:
1736:
1706:
1653:
1623:
672:: near the Nam One; later relocated to the
257:Many of the Vietic languages have tonal or
3735:
3721:
2921:
2859:
2837:
2747:archaic; still found in the compound-noun
2541:
2454:
2367:
2282:
2199:
2114:
2029:
1944:
1859:
1774:
1687:
1604:
3113:. Ph.D. dissertation: Cornell University.
3008:
2982:
528:Vietic speakers reside in and around the
3116:
3103:
519:
3681:La Vaughn Hayes Vietic Digital Archives
3366:The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages
3250:
2705:(spelt "-uô-") in other dialects, e.g.
2681:, not from the same root as other words
704:). The Sách are also found in Vietnam.
5331:
3177:
2868:
2843:
795:Combined swidden and paddy sedentists
3716:
3482:
3449:
3420:
3291:
2943:
2891:
2810:
2777:
1489:
1342:
1141:
400:similarities with Sinitic and Tai to
3631:Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies
3628:
3392:Sur L’origine Des Langues Việt-Mường
3371:
3340:Kyoto Working Papers on Area Studies
2804:
1373:(according to Phan (2012), Mường is
356:'s Núi Nấp site showed affinity to "
18:
3180:"The Origin of Tones in Viet-Muong"
2780:"The mutation of *R in Pre-Thavung"
1146:Chamberlain (2018:9) uses the term
404:rather than to common inheritance.
352:; meanwhile, "mixed genetics" from
13:
5314:Languages between parentheses are
4090:Northern, Thanh Hóa, Huế, Southern
3414:
56:for transliterated languages, and
36:of its non-English content, using
14:
5350:
5195:Western Khmer (Chanthaburi Khmer)
3674:
3342:No. 133. Kyoto: Kyoto University.
3140:Chinese Southern Diaspora Studies
1294:
970:
917:, Pakatan): Tones as in Ruc-Sach.
3296:. De Gruyter. pp. 469–498.
3255:. De Gruyter. pp. 179–206.
3230:Journal of Language Relationship
3153:"Welcome to World Bank Intranet"
1316:Pong-Toum: Đan Lai, Hung, Toum,
1299:Based on comparative studies by
192:
23:
3643:10.6503/THJCS.202009_50(3).0001
3518:Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics
3397:
3384:
3358:
3345:
3199:
3190:
3182:. In Somsonge Burusphat (ed.).
3171:
3162:
3145:
3132:
3070:
3057:
3039:
2741:
2684:
2667:
2648:
2636:
2624:
2615:
515:
5318:of the language on their left.
3092:*Chamberlain, James R. 1998. "
3025:
2949:
2885:
2771:
1351:, a newly described language.
72:multilingual support templates
1:
2764:
371:
5190:Northern Khmer (Surin Khmer)
3709:in the RWAAI Digital Archive
3588:What the *-hɛːk is going on?
3543:Articles on Proto-Viet–Muong
3332:Chamberlain, James R. 2018.
2811:Hayes, La Vaughn H. (1992).
2778:Hayes, La Vaughn H. (1982).
2701:would have become diphthong
1277:Atel, Atop, (Makang), Arao,
822:
724:Small-group foraging nomads
709:
489:(ca. 4th century CE) layers)
7:
3098:Journal of the Siam Society
2555:
2536:
2468:
2449:
2381:
2362:
2296:
2277:
2213:
2194:
2128:
2109:
2043:
2024:
1958:
1939:
1873:
1854:
1788:
1769:
1701:
1682:
1618:
1599:
645:: Tha Meuang on the Nam Sot
629:; Ban Soek near the Nam Noy
589:, and Ban Na Va village in
441:, the Jiudu patois 九都土話 of
10:
5355:
3355:, no. 40, pp. 1-18., 2012.
3142:, Volume 4, 2010. pp. 22-3
3063:Alves, Mark (2019-05-10).
3033:Journal of Human Evolution
2892:Alves, Mark (2019-05-10).
976:Sidwell & Alves (2021)
838:: This language lacks the
275:
266:Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary
5300:
5250:
5177:
5149:
5114:
5073:
5009:
5000:
4970:
4942:
4921:
4912:
4878:
4857:
4826:
4819:
4790:
4729:
4722:
4709:
4702:
4693:
4659:
4634:
4601:
4563:
4520:
4513:
4492:
4483:
4463:
4432:
4423:
4412:
4382:
4361:
4335:
4326:
4313:
4304:
4279:
4243:
4234:
4214:
4193:
4167:
4134:
4077:
4068:
4043:
4022:
4001:
3992:
3971:
3921:
3898:
3891:
3835:
3759:
3750:
3621:Nguyễn, Tài Cẩn. (1995).
3435:10.1163/26662523-bja10002
3368:, 144-220. Leiden: Brill.
3302:10.1515/9783110558142-022
3261:10.1515/9783110558142-011
2930:Chamberlain, J.R. 1998, "
2561:
2542:
2526:
2474:
2455:
2439:
2387:
2368:
2352:
2302:
2283:
2267:
2219:
2200:
2184:
2134:
2115:
2099:
2049:
2030:
2014:
1964:
1945:
1929:
1879:
1860:
1844:
1794:
1775:
1759:
1707:
1688:
1672:
1624:
1605:
1589:
485:(ca. 1st century CE) and
191:
177:
142:
134:
117:Linguistic classification
115:
103:
98:
2869:Ferlus, Michael (2009).
2844:Sagart, Laurent (2008),
1281:, Malang, To-e (Pakatan)
688:In Vietnam, some Vietic
3744:Austroasiatic languages
3530:Alves, Mark J. (2003).
3483:Alves, Mark J. (2020).
3390:Ferlus, Michel. 1992. "
3178:Ferlus, Michel (2004).
3100:86.1 & 86.2: 27-48.
2993:10.1126/science.aat3188
2697:dialectal; old nucleus
2591:
2504:
2417:
2332:
2249:
2164:
2079:
1994:
1909:
1824:
1737:
1654:
696:or in the southwest of
110:Mainland Southeast Asia
3666:Sidwell, Paul (2009).
3541:Barker, M. E. (1977).
3468:10.5281/zenodo.5778105
3223:; Alves, Mark (2021).
2909:Cite journal requires
2749:
2719:
2710:
2584:
2497:
2410:
2325:
2242:
2157:
2072:
1987:
1902:
1817:
1730:
1647:
987:(corresponding to the
829:historical linguistics
525:
511:and post-Ming dynasty)
3652:Trần Trí Dõi (2011).
523:
3570:Soni linguae capitis
2852:, pp. 141–145,
625:: Vang Chang on the
318:Phùng Nguyên culture
296:as well as parts of
286:Bolikhamsai Province
215:are a branch of the
34:specify the language
32:This article should
5263:Proto-Austroasiatic
4983:Southern Nicobarese
4433:Khasi-Pnar-Lyngngam
3507:Alves, Mark. 2020.
2975:2018Sci...361...92L
1362:North (Viet–Muong)
712:
694:Quảng Bình Province
386:Proto-Austroasiatic
378:Vietnamese language
332:from Thailand, the
302:Quảng Bình Province
290:Khammouane Province
3109:Phan, John. 2013.
1490:Animal cycle names
1441:Southwest (Maleng)
1343:Chamberlain (2003)
1142:Chamberlain (2018)
710:
698:Hương Khê District
674:Yommalath District
653:Boualapha District
526:
380:was identified as
362:Tai-Kadai speakers
5326:
5325:
5310:extinct languages
5173:
5172:
4996:
4995:
4908:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4815:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4689:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4655:
4654:
4479:
4478:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4300:
4299:
4230:
4229:
4064:
4063:
3988:
3987:
3967:
3966:
3662:978-604-62-0471-8
3597:A 'wind'-ing tour
3520:9 (2016):264-295.
3379:Mon-Khmer Studies
3353:Mon-Khmer Studies
3077:LaPolla, Randy J.
2820:Mon-Khmer Studies
2787:Mon-Khmer Studies
2611:
2610:
849:final consonants.
820:
819:
662:Khamkeut District
591:Khamkeut District
575:Khamkeut District
435:dialect continuum
209:
208:
94:
93:
74:may also be used.
5346:
5339:Vietic languages
5007:
5006:
4919:
4918:
4824:
4823:
4727:
4726:
4707:
4706:
4700:
4699:
4518:
4517:
4490:
4489:
4430:
4429:
4421:
4420:
4392:(Northern Chong)
4333:
4332:
4311:
4310:
4241:
4240:
4110:
4098:
4075:
4074:
3999:
3998:
3896:
3895:
3757:
3756:
3737:
3730:
3723:
3714:
3713:
3707:Vietic languages
3646:
3504:
3479:
3446:
3408:
3401:
3395:
3388:
3382:
3375:
3369:
3362:
3356:
3349:
3343:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3248:
3239:
3238:
3217:
3208:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3175:
3169:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3149:
3143:
3136:
3130:
3123:
3114:
3107:
3101:
3090:
3084:
3074:
3068:
3061:
3055:
3043:
3037:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3012:
2986:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2935:
2928:
2919:
2918:
2912:
2907:
2905:
2897:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2866:
2857:
2856:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2817:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2784:
2775:
2758:
2752:
2745:
2739:
2726:, both from
2725:
2722:
2716:
2713:
2704:
2700:
2688:
2682:
2671:
2665:
2663:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2529:
2528:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2442:
2441:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2355:
2354:
2343:
2338:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2270:
2269:
2255:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2187:
2186:
2178:
2170:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2102:
2101:
2090:
2085:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2017:
2016:
2008:
2000:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1932:
1931:
1920:
1915:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1847:
1846:
1835:
1830:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1762:
1761:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1740:
1733:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1675:
1674:
1660:
1657:
1650:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1592:
1591:
1563:Proto-Viet-Muong
1525:
1524:
1521:
1409:Southeast (Chut)
1388:Northwest (Cuoi)
956:nasal consonants
875:Pearic languages
713:
702:Hà Tĩnh Province
453:dialects (e.g.,
417:Đông Sơn culture
402:language contact
354:Đông Sơn culture
298:Nghệ An Province
222:, spoken by the
213:Vietic languages
202:
196:
187:
96:
95:
89:
86:
80:
65:
59:
55:
49:
45:
39:
27:
26:
19:
5354:
5353:
5349:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5344:
5343:
5329:
5328:
5327:
5322:
5321:
5296:
5270:Proto-Palaungic
5253:
5246:
5169:
5145:
5110:
5069:
4992:
4966:
4938:
4900:
4874:
4853:
4807:
4786:
4718:
4681:
4651:
4630:
4597:
4559:
4509:
4475:
4459:
4415:
4400:
4378:
4357:
4328:
4322:
4296:
4275:
4226:
4210:
4189:
4163:
4130:
4104:
4092:
4060:
4039:
4018:
3984:
3963:
3917:
3887:
3831:
3746:
3741:
3677:
3495:(2): xiii–xlv.
3417:
3415:Further reading
3412:
3411:
3403:Michel Ferlus.
3402:
3398:
3389:
3385:
3376:
3372:
3363:
3359:
3350:
3346:
3331:
3327:
3312:
3290:
3286:
3271:
3249:
3242:
3237:(3–4): 166–194.
3218:
3211:
3204:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3155:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3137:
3133:
3124:
3117:
3108:
3104:
3091:
3087:
3083:(5), 6858-6868.
3075:
3071:
3062:
3058:
3044:
3040:
3030:
3026:
2954:
2950:
2942:
2938:
2929:
2922:
2910:
2908:
2899:
2898:
2890:
2886:
2867:
2860:
2842:
2838:
2829:
2827:
2815:
2809:
2805:
2796:
2794:
2782:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2761:
2746:
2742:
2689:
2685:
2672:
2668:
2653:
2649:
2641:
2637:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2616:
1501:) names in the
1492:
1487:
1486:
1345:
1340:
1329:West: Thavung,
1297:
1292:
1144:
1136:Dong Son period
1128:Red River Delta
1117:
1006:Thavung–Malieng
989:Thavung–Malieng
978:
973:
897:dialect cluster
825:
651:: Ban Xe Neua,
530:Nakai–Nam Theun
518:
505:Sino-Vietnamese
494:Sino-Vietnamese
479:Sino-Vietnamese
471:Sino-Vietnamese
439:Waxiang Chinese
410:Central Vietnam
374:
342:Nicobar Islands
314:Red River Delta
310:Đông Sơn period
278:
220:language family
205:
204:
200:
197:
183:
105:
90:
84:
81:
75:
63:
57:
53:
51:transliteration
47:
43:
37:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5352:
5342:
5341:
5324:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5312:
5302:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5294:
5287:
5280:
5273:
5266:
5258:
5256:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5244:
5243:
5242:
5236:
5226:
5225:
5224:
5219:
5209:
5204:
5203:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5181:
5179:
5175:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5167:
5159:
5153:
5151:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5122:
5120:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5086:
5080:
5078:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5016:
5014:
5004:
4998:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4974:
4972:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4948:
4946:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4931:
4925:
4923:
4916:
4910:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4882:
4880:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4867:
4861:
4859:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4830:
4828:
4821:
4817:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4800:
4794:
4792:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4733:
4731:
4724:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4710:
4704:
4697:
4691:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4644:
4638:
4636:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4607:
4605:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4569:
4567:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4526:
4524:
4515:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4502:
4496:
4494:
4487:
4481:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4467:
4465:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4436:
4434:
4427:
4418:
4410:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4393:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4339:
4337:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4314:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4289:
4283:
4281:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4247:
4245:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4140:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4111:
4099:
4081:
4079:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4011:
4005:
4003:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3899:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3763:
3761:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3740:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3704:
3698:
3693:
3691:Sidwell (2003)
3688:
3683:
3676:
3675:External links
3673:
3672:
3671:
3664:
3650:
3647:
3637:(3): 356–437.
3626:
3619:
3610:
3600:
3590:
3581:
3563:
3553:
3546:
3539:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3505:
3480:
3447:
3429:(2): 138–174.
3416:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3396:
3383:
3370:
3357:
3344:
3325:
3310:
3284:
3269:
3240:
3209:
3198:
3189:
3170:
3161:
3144:
3131:
3115:
3102:
3085:
3069:
3056:
3038:
3024:
2984:10.1101/278374
2948:
2946:, p. xix.
2936:
2920:
2911:|journal=
2884:
2858:
2836:
2803:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2740:
2717:vs. Nghệ-Tĩnh
2683:
2666:
2647:
2635:
2623:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2588:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2552:
2547:
2533:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2501:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2465:
2460:
2446:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2414:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2378:
2373:
2359:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2339:
2329:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2293:
2288:
2274:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2246:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2210:
2205:
2191:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2171:
2161:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2125:
2120:
2106:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2086:
2076:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2040:
2035:
2021:
2010:
2009:
2004:
2001:
1991:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1955:
1950:
1936:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1916:
1906:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1870:
1865:
1851:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1831:
1821:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1785:
1780:
1766:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1734:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1698:
1693:
1679:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1651:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1615:
1610:
1596:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1561:
1555:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1503:Khmer calendar
1491:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1393:West (Thavưng)
1390:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1368:
1354:
1353:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1327:
1321:
1314:
1305:
1296:
1295:Sidwell (2015)
1293:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1206:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1179:
1160:
1143:
1140:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1094:
1081:
1060:
1035:Eastern Vietic
1032:
1010:Western Vietic
997:
977:
974:
972:
971:Classification
969:
968:
967:
952:open syllables
932:
918:
908:
878:
864:
850:
824:
821:
818:
817:
796:
792:
791:
786:
782:
781:
752:
744:
743:
725:
721:
720:
717:
686:
685:
677:
665:
655:
646:
638:
630:
618:
610:
602:
594:
587:Nakai District
578:
550:
517:
514:
513:
512:
501:
490:
449:, and various
432:Middle Chinese
373:
370:
277:
274:
272:from Chinese.
232:Annamese–Muong
224:Vietic peoples
207:
206:
199:
198:
189:
188:
181:
175:
174:
173:
172:
167:
160:
155:
144:
140:
139:
136:
135:Proto-language
132:
131:
130:
129:
119:
113:
112:
107:
101:
100:
92:
91:
70:. Knowledge's
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5351:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5317:
5313:
5311:
5307:
5304:
5303:
5299:
5293:
5292:
5288:
5286:
5285:
5281:
5279:
5278:
5277:Proto-Khmeric
5274:
5272:
5271:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5255:
5249:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5230:
5227:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5176:
5165:
5164:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5148:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5113:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5091:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5072:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5008:
5005:
5003:
4999:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4969:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4922:Chaura-Teresa
4920:
4917:
4915:
4911:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4877:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4825:
4822:
4818:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4789:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4728:
4725:
4721:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4708:
4705:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4658:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4633:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4600:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4562:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4519:
4516:
4512:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4482:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4462:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4411:
4397:
4396:Western Chong
4394:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4381:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4343:Central Chong
4341:
4340:
4338:
4334:
4331:
4325:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4115:
4112:
4108:
4103:
4100:
4096:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3890:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3738:
3733:
3731:
3726:
3724:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3669:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3627:
3624:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3607:Muong rhotics
3604:
3601:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3419:
3418:
3406:
3400:
3393:
3387:
3380:
3374:
3367:
3361:
3354:
3348:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3329:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3311:9783110558142
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3288:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3270:9783110558142
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3247:
3245:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3222:
3221:Sidwell, Paul
3216:
3214:
3207:
3202:
3193:
3185:
3181:
3174:
3165:
3154:
3148:
3141:
3135:
3128:
3122:
3120:
3112:
3106:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3066:
3060:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3034:
3028:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2952:
2945:
2940:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2916:
2903:
2895:
2888:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2863:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2840:
2825:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2792:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2770:
2756:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2721:
2712:
2708:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2680:
2676:
2670:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2644:
2639:
2627:
2618:
2614:
2604:
2599:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2538:
2534:
2532:
2524:
2523:
2517:
2512:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2451:
2447:
2445:
2437:
2436:
2430:
2425:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2364:
2360:
2358:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2279:
2275:
2273:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2196:
2192:
2190:
2182:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2026:
2022:
2020:
2012:
2011:
2005:
2002:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1941:
1937:
1935:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1856:
1852:
1850:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1771:
1767:
1765:
1757:
1756:
1750:
1745:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1684:
1680:
1678:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1601:
1597:
1595:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1505:, from which
1504:
1500:
1496:
1495:Michel Ferlus
1478:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1207:
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1201:
1197:
1194:
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1191:
1187:
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1153:
1149:
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1098:
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1093:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1002:
999:
998:
996:
994:
990:
986:
982:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
931:, Khong-Kheng
930:
926:
922:
919:
916:
912:
909:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
879:
876:
872:
868:
865:
862:
859:in Laos, and
858:
854:
851:
848:
844:
841:
837:
834:
833:
832:
830:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
797:
794:
793:
790:
787:
784:
783:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
753:
750:
746:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
726:
723:
722:
719:Vietic group
718:
715:
714:
708:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
683:
682:
678:
675:
671:
670:
666:
663:
659:
656:
654:
650:
647:
644:
643:
639:
636:
635:
631:
628:
624:
623:
619:
616:
615:
611:
608:
607:
603:
600:
599:
595:
592:
588:
584:
583:
579:
576:
572:
571:
566:
562:
561:
556:
555:
551:
548:
547:
543:
542:
541:
539:
538:Michel Ferlus
535:
531:
522:
510:
506:
502:
499:
495:
491:
488:
484:
480:
476:
475:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
451:Xiang Chinese
448:
444:
440:
436:
433:
429:
424:
422:
418:
413:
411:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
382:Austroasiatic
379:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
281:
273:
271:
267:
262:
260:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
218:
217:Austroasiatic
214:
195:
190:
186:
182:
180:
176:
171:
168:
166:
165:
161:
159:
156:
154:
150:
147:
146:
145:
141:
137:
133:
128:
125:
124:
123:
122:Austroasiatic
120:
118:
114:
111:
108:
102:
97:
88:
78:
73:
69:
62:
52:
42:
35:
30:
21:
20:
5305:
5289:
5284:Proto-Aslian
5282:
5275:
5268:
5261:
5161:
5088:
4271:Phong-Kniang
4069:
3667:
3653:
3634:
3630:
3622:
3613:Miyake, Marc
3603:Miyake, Marc
3593:Miyake, Marc
3584:Miyake, Marc
3569:
3566:Miyake, Marc
3556:Miyake, Marc
3549:
3542:
3535:
3524:
3517:
3508:
3492:
3488:
3462:(3): 41–63.
3459:
3455:
3426:
3422:
3399:
3386:
3378:
3373:
3365:
3360:
3352:
3347:
3333:
3328:
3293:
3287:
3252:
3234:
3228:
3201:
3192:
3183:
3173:
3164:
3147:
3139:
3134:
3105:
3097:
3088:
3080:
3072:
3059:
3046:
3041:
3032:
3027:
2966:
2962:
2951:
2939:
2902:cite journal
2887:
2878:
2874:
2853:
2849:
2839:
2828:. Retrieved
2823:
2819:
2806:
2795:. Retrieved
2790:
2786:
2773:
2743:
2731:
2728:Proto-Vietic
2686:
2678:
2675:Proto-Vietic
2669:
2650:
2638:
2626:
2617:
1493:
1375:paraphyletic
1357:
1346:
1308:
1298:
1271:Atel-Maleng
1233:
1168:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1145:
1125:
1118:
1096:
1083:
1066:
1062:
1039:
1034:
1009:
1005:
1000:
992:
991:branch) and
988:
984:
979:
934:Việt–Mường:
826:
706:
687:
679:
667:
660:: Na Thone,
657:
648:
640:
632:
620:
612:
604:
596:
580:
568:
564:
558:
552:
544:
527:
516:Distribution
509:Ming dynasty
498:Tang dynasty
425:
414:
406:
375:
360:from China,
282:
279:
263:
256:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
212:
210:
203: Vietic
162:
143:Subdivisions
138:Proto-Vietic
126:
106:distribution
82:
68:ISO 639 code
64:}}
58:{{
54:}}
48:{{
44:}}
38:{{
33:
5291:Proto-Munda
4105: [
4093: [
3501:10524/52472
2736:paddy field
1469:South (Kri)
1266:Ahlao, Ahao
1260:Ahoe-Ahlao
1238:Kri-Phoong
1234:Nrong-Theun
1173:Việt-Mường
1156:Nrong-Theun
847:glottalized
751:sedentists
487:Jin dynasty
483:Han dynasty
445:, Southern
398:typological
344:), and the
259:phonational
238:; the term
236:Vietnamuong
5131:Semaq Beri
5115:Semelaic (
5013:(Northern)
4914:Nicobarese
4858:Gutob-Remo
4827:Sora-Gorum
4723:Kherwarian
4194:Phong–Liha
4085:Vietnamese
4078:Viet-Muong
3954:Mel-Khaonh
3054:University
3036:University
2944:Alves 2020
2830:2019-09-28
2797:2019-09-28
2765:References
1567:Vietnamese
1514:name for "
1366:Vietnamese
1177:Vietnamese
1101:Vietnamese
1097:Viet–Muong
1063:Phong–Liha
1026:Ahao/Ahlao
964:fricatives
936:Vietnamese
863:in Vietnam
716:Lifestyle
690:hill-tribe
684:: Ban Maka
455:Xiangxiang
372:Vietnamese
334:Nicobarese
248:Vietnamese
244:Việt–Mường
228:Việt–Mường
104:Geographic
5316:varieties
5308:indicate
5254:languages
5200:Khmer Khe
5077:(Central)
5025:Cheq Wong
4616:Quảng Lâm
4603:Bit-Khang
4588:Meung Yum
4485:Palaungic
4416:Palaungic
4244:Phay-Pram
4114:in the US
3572:. (Parts
3476:1836-6821
3443:247915528
3320:240883280
3279:242599355
3001:0036-8075
2826:: 211–228
2715:/ʐuəŋ˨˩ʔ/
2673:from
2664:in Ferlus
2657:dialect;
2633:in Ferlus
1550:Angkorian
1512:Old Khmer
1479:Mlengbrou
1248:Mlengbrou
1192:Toum-Ruc
1067:Pong–Toum
954:or final
948:voiceless
843:phonation
823:Languages
736:Mlengbrou
669:Mlengbrou
627:Nam Theun
428:Red River
421:Cuoi-Toum
179:Glottolog
85:July 2021
5333:Category
5222:Nyah Kur
5126:Mah Meri
5117:Southern
4971:Southern
4952:Nancowry
4791:Santalic
4730:Mundaric
4450:Lyngngam
4362:Southern
4261:Ksingmul
4102:in China
3752:Bahnaric
3615:. 2010.
3605:. 2010.
3595:. 2013.
3586:. 2014.
3568:. 2014.
3558:. 2014.
3381:40:1-18.
3019:29773666
2793:: 83–100
2755:pig-fish
2724:/ʐɔːŋ˨˨/
2655:Hòa Bình
2621:squirrel
1829:/kʰaːl³/
1812:*k.haːlˀ
1448:Thémarou
1432: ?)
1274:Thémarou
1244:, Phoong
1169:Mol-Toum
1152:Mol-Toum
1084:Cuoi–Tho
901:register
813:(Cham),
732:Thémarou
649:"Salang"
622:Thémarou
598:Thaveung
467:Quanzhou
465:祁東, and
350:Cambodia
185:viet1250
5306:Italics
5241:(Pakan)
5229:Pakanic
5163:Kenaboi
5157:Jah Hut
5136:Semelai
5060:Ten'edn
4988:Shompen
4962:Katchal
4957:Camorta
4944:Central
4934:Teressa
4798:Santali
4782:Agariya
4772:Majhwar
4762:Mundari
4677:Tai Loi
4540:Man Met
4522:Angkuic
4500:Palaung
4455:Maharam
4336:Central
4329:(Chong)
4327:Western
4185:Thavưng
3913:Tampuan
3908:Tariang
3892:Central
3868:Nyaheun
3047:Science
3010:6476732
2979:bioRxiv
2971:Bibcode
2963:Science
2734: '
2645:dialect
2643:Nghệ An
2631:/klu:¹/
2596:/kuːj³/
2550:kao/kol
2492:*ʔ.cɔːˀ
2357:Rooster
2337:/vɔːk⁸/
2237:*m.ɓɛːˀ
2152:*m.ŋǝːˀ
2084:/tʰaɲ³/
2067:*m.səɲˀ
1999:/roːŋ²/
1982:*m.roːŋ
1914:/tʰɔː⁵/
1742:/tluː¹/
1659:/cuot⁸/
1543:Modern
1520:/m.saɲ/
1425:Malieng
1331:Pakatan
1225:Malieng
1164:Kri-Mol
1148:Kri-Mol
1030:Thavung
1022:Malieng
993:Eastern
985:Western
981:Sidwell
871:Thavung
840:breathy
749:swidden
567:), and
503:Recent
447:Pinghua
390:Chinese
322:Mán Bạc
306:Vietnam
276:Origins
270:calques
164:Thavung
77:See why
5252:Proto-
5178:Others
5150:Others
5106:Temiar
5101:Semnam
5075:Senoic
5055:Mintil
5050:Minriq
5045:Kintaq
5040:Kensiu
5011:Jahaic
5002:Aslian
4929:Chaura
4896:Kharia
4879:Others
4752:Birhor
4747:Birjia
4660:Others
4626:Bumang
4593:Savaiq
4464:Others
4425:Khasic
4414:Khasi–
4390:Somray
4383:Others
4374:Sa'och
4353:Kasong
4306:Pearic
4292:Mlabri
4280:Others
4236:Khmuic
4215:Others
4175:Maleng
4070:Vietic
4044:Others
4035:Phuong
3994:Katuic
3981:(East)
3972:Others
3944:Raʼong
3939:Stieng
3873:Sapuan
3812:Rengao
3807:Bahnar
3802:Sedang
3797:Todrah
3777:Kayong
3772:Halang
3660:
3474:
3441:
3318:
3308:
3277:
3267:
3017:
3007:
2999:
2981:
2881:: 105.
2750:cá cúi
2732:*rɔːŋʔ
2662:/saŋ³/
2659:Sơn La
2579:*kuːrˀ
2509:/cɔː³/
2422:/kaː¹/
2405:*r.kaː
2376:rə̆kaː
2272:Monkey
2254:/ɓɛ:³/
2208:mə̆mɛː
2177:măŋəː⁴
2169:/ŋɨa⁴/
2123:mə̆miː
2116:มะเมีย
2050:ម្សាញ់
2038:mə̆saɲ
2031:มะเส็ง
2025:Maseng
1977:m.roːŋ
1972:marooŋ
1940:Marong
1934:Dragon
1849:Rabbit
1834:kʰaːl³
1752:săluː²
1725:*c.luː
1528:Animal
1499:zodiac
1460:Maleng
1457:Malang
1454:Makang
1435:(Kata)
1358:Vietic
1333:, etc.
1320:, etc.
1309:Vietic
1301:Ferlus
1279:Maleng
1257:-Atel
1018:Maleng
1001:Vietic
944:voiced
911:Maleng
899:; the
891:, and
767:Makang
763:Malang
759:Maleng
642:Malang
634:Makang
477:Early
463:Qidong
443:Hezhou
326:Mlabri
312:, the
240:Vietic
234:, and
201:
170:Chutic
127:Vietic
99:Vietic
5239:Bugan
5234:Bolyu
5212:Monic
5185:Khmer
5141:Temoq
5096:Semai
5090:Sabüm
5084:Lanoh
5065:Wila'
5035:Jedek
5030:Jahai
5020:Batek
4891:Juang
4870:Gutob
4865:Bonda
4849:Lodhi
4844:Juray
4834:Gorum
4820:South
4737:Korwa
4714:Korku
4703:North
4695:Munda
4672:Danau
4647:Kiorr
4642:Lamet
4635:Lamet
4621:Kháng
4573:Blang
4505:Riang
4440:Khasi
4348:Samre
4201:Phong
4126:Nguồn
4121:Mường
4109:]
4097:]
4056:Ta'Oi
4051:Pacoh
3959:Thmon
3949:Mnong
3929:Chrau
3922:South
3853:Laven
3827:Katua
3792:Monom
3787:Takua
3782:Kacoʼ
3760:North
3701:RWAAI
3534:. In
3439:S2CID
3316:S2CID
3275:S2CID
3156:(PDF)
2816:(PDF)
2783:(PDF)
2730:
2720:roọng
2711:ruộng
2699:/*ɔː/
2679:*-teː
2677:
2606:kuːl⁴
2601:kuːl⁴
2400:r.kaː
2395:rakaa
2363:Rakaa
2342:vɔːk⁸
2320:*vɔːk
2232:m.ɓɛː
2227:mamɛɛ
2195:Mamɛɛ
2147:m.ŋɨa
2142:mamia
2110:Mamia
2104:Horse
2080:thẳnh
2062:m.saɲ
2057:masaɲ
2044:msāñ'
2019:Snake
2007:roːŋ¹
1946:มะโรง
1919:tʰɔː³
1897:*tʰɔh
1807:kʰa:l
1802:kʰaal
1783:kʰaːl
1764:Tiger
1747:kluː¹
1720:c.luː
1715:caluu
1708:ឆ្លូវ
1702:chlūv
1696:cʰlou
1683:Chalu
1655:chuột
1648:chuột
1642:*ɟuot
1600:Chuat
1572:Mường
1559:Khmer
1553:Khmer
1545:Khmer
1538:Khmer
1516:snake
1476:Phóng
1413:Cheut
1403:Ahlao
1381:Nguồn
1371:Mường
1323:Chut
1255:Ahlao
1200:Phong
1186:Nguồn
1182:Mường
1109:Nguon
1105:Muong
1071:Phong
960:stops
940:Mường
905:pitch
811:Phong
803:Ahlao
779:Phóng
740:Cheut
606:Cheut
560:Phong
546:Nguồn
534:Mường
492:Late
394:Khmer
348:from
346:Khmer
338:India
336:from
252:Mường
153:Muong
5207:Mảng
4886:Gtaʼ
4839:Sora
4777:Turi
4767:Koda
4742:Asur
4667:Kuan
4578:Lawa
4565:Waic
4550:Muak
4514:East
4493:West
4445:Pnar
4369:Suoi
4318:Pear
4287:Khmu
4266:Oʼdu
4251:Prai
4222:Cuối
4206:Liha
4159:Sach
4144:Arem
4136:Chut
4030:Katu
4023:Katu
4002:West
3934:Koho
3903:Alak
3883:Brao
3848:Jru'
3843:Lavi
3836:West
3822:Duan
3658:ISBN
3472:ISSN
3306:ISBN
3265:ISBN
3015:PMID
2997:ISSN
2915:help
2703:/uə/
2695:Tĩnh
2691:Nghệ
2519:cɔː³
2514:cɔː³
2432:kaː¹
2427:kaː¹
2382:rakā
2369:ระกา
2333:voọc
2326:voọc
2315:vɔːk
2310:vɔɔk
2291:vɔːk
2278:Wɔɔk
2214:mamæ
2201:มะแม
2189:Goat
2165:ngữa
2158:ngựa
2129:mamī
2089:siŋ³
1995:rồng
1988:rồng
1953:roːŋ
1892:tʰɔh
1887:tʰɔh
1874:thoḥ
1868:tʰɑh
1861:เถาะ
1825:khảl
1818:khái
1789:khāl
1770:Khan
1731:trâu
1637:ɟuot
1632:ɟuot
1613:cuːt
1582:Kari
1577:Pong
1557:Old
1534:name
1532:Thai
1507:Thai
1451:Arao
1445:Atel
1430:Arem
1419:Sách
1400:Ahao
1397:Ahoe
1318:Cuôi
1263:Ahoe
1221:Sach
1213:Chứt
1204:Liha
1196:Toum
1154:and
1121:Chut
1088:Cuoi
1079:Liha
1075:Toum
1050:Sach
1046:Arem
1041:Chut
946:and
938:and
925:Hung
921:Pong
895:: A
893:Chưt
885:Sach
867:Aheu
857:Hung
853:Cuôi
836:Arem
815:Toum
807:Liha
799:Ahao
775:Ahoe
755:Arao
728:Atel
658:Atop
614:Atel
582:Ahoe
570:Toum
565:Cham
554:Liha
461:瀘溪,
459:Luxi
457:湘鄉,
376:The
366:Kinh
328:and
300:and
294:Laos
288:and
250:and
211:The
158:Cuoi
149:Viet
41:lang
5217:Mon
4978:Car
4803:Kol
4611:Bit
4545:Mok
4471:War
4256:Mal
4180:Kri
4168:Kri
4154:Ruc
4149:Mày
4014:Bru
4009:Kuy
3979:Cua
3863:Juk
3858:Su'
3817:Hrê
3767:Jeh
3639:doi
3578:2-4
3497:hdl
3464:doi
3431:doi
3298:doi
3257:doi
3096:".
3005:PMC
2989:doi
2967:361
2707:Huế
2592:củi
2585:cúi
2574:kur
2569:kur
2562:កុរ
2556:kur
2543:กุน
2537:Kun
2531:Pig
2505:chỏ
2498:chó
2487:cɔː
2482:cɔɔ
2463:cɑː
2450:Jɔɔ
2444:Dog
2388:រកា
2297:vak
2284:วอก
2220:មមែ
2135:មមី
2073:rắn
1965:រោង
1959:roṅ
1910:thó
1903:thỏ
1880:ថោះ
1855:Thɔ
1795:ខាល
1776:ขาล
1738:tlu
1689:ฉลู
1625:ជូត
1619:jūt
1606:ชวด
1594:Rat
1540:IPA
1473:Kri
1463:Tơe
1422:Mày
1416:Rục
1349:Kri
1242:Kri
1217:May
1209:Ruc
1132:Tai
1092:Tho
1069:):
1058:May
1054:Ruc
1014:Kri
1012:):
929:Tum
889:May
881:Ruc
861:Thô
789:Kri
771:Tơe
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