Black Country - Knowledge

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the streams, in which no fishes swim, are black and unwholesome; the natural dead flat is often broken by high hills of cinders and spoil from the mines; the few trees are stunted and blasted; no birds are to be seen, except a few smoky sparrows; and for miles on miles a black waste spreads around, where furnaces continually smoke, steam engines thud and hiss, and long chains clank, while blind gin horses walk their doleful round. From time to time you pass a cluster of deserted roofless cottages of dingiest brick, half swallowed up in sinking pits or inclining to every point of the compass, while the timbers point up like the ribs of a half decayed corpse. The majority of the natives of this Tartarian region are in full keeping with the scenery – savages, without the grace of savages, coarsely clad in filthy garments, with no change on weekends or Sundays, they converse in a language belarded with fearful and disgusting oaths, which can scarcely be recognised as the same as that of civilized England.

612:, largely on foot, to explore the local area. Burritt's association with Birmingham dated back 20 years and he was highly sympathetic to the industrial and political culture of the town as well as being a friend to many of its leading citizens, so his portrait of the surrounding area was largely positive. He was the author of the famous early description of the Black Country as "black by day and red by night", adding appreciatively that it "cannot be matched, for vast and varied production, by any other space of equal radius on the surface of the globe". Burritt used the term to refer to a wider area than its common modern usage, however, devoting the first third of the book to Birmingham, which he described as "the capital, manufacturing centre, and growth of the Black Country", and writing "plant, in imagination, one foot of your compass at the Town Hall in Birmingham, and with the other sweep a circle of twenty miles radius, and you will have, 'the Black Country" (this area includes 588:

Jukes based his Black Country on the seat of the great iron manufacture, which for him was geographically determined by the ironstone tract of the coalfield rather than the thick seam, running from Wolverhampton to Bloxwich, to West Bromwich, to Stourbridge and back to Wolverhampton again. A travelogue published in 1860 made the connection more explicit, calling the name "eminently descriptive, for blackness everywhere prevails; the ground is black, the atmosphere is black, and the underground is honeycombed by mining galleries stretching in utter blackness for many a league". An alternative theory for the meaning of the name is proposed as having been caused by the darkening of the local soil due to the outcropping coal and the seam near the surface.

417: 98: 1166: 1070: 1254:, and the 14th most deprived of the UK's 354 districts. Wolverhampton is the fourth most deprived district in the West Midlands, and the 28th most deprived nationally. Walsall is the fifth most deprived district in the West Midlands region, and the 45th most deprived in the country. Dudley fares better, but still has pockets of deprivation. Overall, Dudley is the 100th most deprived district of the UK, but the second most affluent of the seven metropolitan districts of the West Midlands, with Solihull coming top. It also benefits from tourism due to the popularity of the 667:, was founded in the early 13th century. A number of Black Country villages developed into market towns and boroughs in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, notably Dudley, Walsall and Wolverhampton. Coal mining was carried out for several centuries in the Black Country, starting from medieval times, and metalworking was important in the Black Country area as early as the 16th century spurred on by the presence of iron ore and coal in a seam 30 feet (9 m) thick, the thickest seam in Great Britain, which outcropped in various places. The first recorded 323: 397:, stated "The Black Country commences at Wolverhampton, extends a distance of sixteen miles to Stourbridge, eight miles to West Bromwich, penetrating the northern districts through Willenhall to Bentley, The Birchills, Walsall and Darlaston, Wednesbury, Smethwick and Dudley Port, West Bromwich and Hill Top, Brockmoor, Wordsley and Stourbridge. As the atmosphere becomes purer, we get to the higher ground of Brierley Hill, nevertheless here also, as far as the eye can reach, on all sides, tall chimneys vomit forth great clouds of smoke". 1005: 537:. Gresley's opening paragraph starts "On the border of the agricultural part of Staffordshire, just before you enter the dismal region of mines and forges, commonly called the 'Black Country', stands the pretty village of Oakthorpe", "commonly" implying that the term was already in use. He also writes that "the whole country is blackened with smoke by day, and glowing with fires by night", and that "the 'Black Country' ... is about twenty miles in length and five in bredth reaching from north to south". 786: 76: 751:" (A Puritan nickname for King Charles), or any of his adherents. As an offset to this sword-cutler and men like him in Birmingham, the Royalists had among their adherents Dud Dudley, now a Colonel in the Royalist army, who had experience in iron making, and who claimed he could turn out "all sorts of bar iron fit for making of muskets, carbines, and iron for great bolts", both more cheaply, more speedily and more excellent than could be done in any other way. 1174: 952: 1368: 647: 1468:"'Ow bist," or "Ow bist gooin" (How are you/ How are you going), to which typical responses would be "bostin', ah kid" (bostin' means "busting", as in breaking, and is similar in usage to "smashing"; and "ah kid" (our kid) is a term of endearment) or "'bay too bad," or even "bay three bad" ("I be not too bad"/ I'm not too bad). 964:

parity with their counterparts in nearby Birmingham. This action commenced on 9 May in Wednesbury, at the Old Patent tube works of John Russell & Co. Ltd., and within weeks upwards of 40,000 workers across the Black Country had joined the dispute. Notable figures in the labour movement, including a key proponent of

2062:"Birmingham and the Black Country are neighbouring areas located in the English West Midlands. ... The Black Country has no agreed physical or political boundaries being defined instead of what is it is not, and primarily, by its residents, in opposition to the neighbouring large city of Birmingham" ( 1515:

One participant in the "Where's our Spake Gone" project related the following: "Day say yom call oos rabbits up ere. I say we day, dey say yow say "Tah rah rabbits". We'm say tah-ra a bit, 'n to dem, it sound like we'm calling dem rabbits." ("They say you call us rabbits there, I said we don't, (but)

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Unemployment in Brierley Hill peaked at more than 25% – around double the national average at the time – during the first half of the 1980s following the closure of Round Oak Steel Works, giving it one of the worst unemployment rates of any town in Britain. The Merry Hill development between 1985 and

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In 1913, the Black Country was the location of arguably one of the most important strikes in British trade union history when the workers employed in the area's steel tube trade came out for two months in a successful demand for a 23 shilling minimum weekly wage for unskilled workers, giving them pay

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defines the Black Country's borders as the area on the thirty foot coal seam, regardless the depth of the seam. This definition includes West Bromwich and Oldbury, which had many deep pits, and Smethwick. The thick coal that underlies Smethwick was not mined until the 1870s and Smethwick has retained

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Other examples are "code" for the word cold, and "goost" for the word ghost. A sofa becomes a "sofie", and a fag (cigarette), a "fake". Seen becomes "sid". Put together, "Ah just sid a goost, so Ah'm a gooin to sit on mah sofie and 'ave a fake" (I have just seen a ghost, so I am going to sit upon my

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The local pronunciation includes "goo" (elsewhere "go") or "gewin'" is similar to that elsewhere in the Midlands. It is quite common for broad Black Country speakers to say "'agooin'" where others say "going." A woman is a "wench", a man is a "mon", a nurse is a "nuss" and home is "wum". An apple is

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times, the Black Country was one of the most heavily industrialised areas in Britain, and it became known for its pollution, particularly from iron and coal industries and their many associated smaller businesses. Industrialisation led to the expansion of local railways and coal mine lines. The line

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near Bilston. In 1757 he started making iron there by coke-smelting rather than using charcoal. His example was followed by others and iron making spread rapidly across the Black Country. Another important development of the 18th century was the construction of canals to link the Black Country mines

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made it clear in 1858 that he felt the meaning of the term was self-explanatory to contemporary visitors, remarking that "It is commonly known in the neighbourhood as the 'Black Country', an epithet the appropriateness of which must be acknowledged by anyone who even passes through it on a railway".

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is one of the region's two daily newspapers, publishing eleven local editions from its Wolverhampton headquarters and its five district offices (for example the Dudley edition is considerably different in content from the Wolverhampton or Stafford editions). It is the biggest selling regional paper

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and many more prospered from the post-war boom in Britain, with the West Midlands motor industry being a key driver of the economy. Wages rose faster than the national average, and unemployment remained low into the late 1970s. It was only in the late 1970s and 1980s, as global shocks and political

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Another geological definition, the seam outcrop definition, only includes areas where the coal seam is shallow, making the soil black at the surface. Some coal mining areas to the east and west of the geologically defined Black Country are therefore excluded by this definition because the coal here

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steel plant at Wednesbury. Unemployment rose drastically across the country during this period as a result of Conservative Prime Minister Thatcher's economic policies; later, in an implicit acknowledgement of the social problems this had caused, these areas were designated as Enterprise Zones, and

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In this Black Country, including West Bromwich, Dudley, Darlaston, Bilston, Wolverhampton and several minor villages, a perpetual twilight reigns during the day, and during the night fires on all sides light up the dark landscape with a fiery glow. The pleasant green of pastures is almost unknown,

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As with many urban areas in the UK, there is also a significant ethnic minority population in parts: in Sandwell, 22.6 per cent of the population is from ethnic minorities, and in Wolverhampton the figure is 23.5 per cent. However, in Walsall 84.6 per cent of the population is described as white,

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The Black Country Anthem was written by James Stevens and is performed by Black Country band The Empty Can. The idea for the anthem was raised in 2013 by James Stevens and Steven Edwards who wanted the region to have an official anthem to accompany the Black Country flag & Black Country Day.

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Black Country Day takes place on 14 July each year. Originally in March, the day was later moved to 14 July—the anniversary of the invention of the Newcomen steam engine—and now coincides with a wider series of events throughout the month aimed at promoting Black Country Culture called the Black

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The borders of the Black Country can be defined by using the special cultural and industrial characteristics of the area. Areas around the canals (the cut) which had mines extracting mineral resources and heavy industry refining these are included in this definition. Cultural parameters include

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failed to capture the two arsenals of Portsmouth and Hull, which although in cities loyal to Parliament were located in counties loyal to him. As he had failed to capture the arsenals, Charles did not possess any supply of swords, pikes, guns, or shot; all these the Black Country could and did

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Much but not all of the area now suffers from high unemployment and parts of it are amongst the most economically deprived communities in the UK. This is particularly true in parts of the metropolitan boroughs of Sandwell, Walsall and Wolverhampton. According to the Government's 2007 Index of

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cannon. Numerous small forges which then existed on every brook in the north of Worcestershire turned out successive supplies of sword blades and pike heads. It was said that among the many causes of anger Charles had against Birmingham was that one of the best sword makers of the day,

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Government's armaments programme was jeopardised, especially its procurement of naval equipment and other industrial essentials such as steel tubing, nuts and bolts, destroyer parts, etc. This was of national significance at a time when Britain and Germany were engaged in the

1242:. Clean air legislation has meant that the Black Country is no longer black. The area still maintains some manufacturing, but on a much smaller scale than historically. Chainmaking is still a viable industry in the Cradley Heath area where the majority of the chain for the 580:, noting that "On certain rare holidays these people wash their faces, clothe themselves in decent garments, and, since the opening of the South Staffordshire Railway, take advantage of cheap excursion trains, go down to Birmingham to amuse themselves and make purchases." 654:

A few Black Country places such as Wolverhampton, Bilston and Wednesfield are mentioned in Anglo-Saxon charters and chronicles and the forerunners of a number of Black Country towns and villages such as Cradley, Dudley, Smethwick, and Halesowen are included in the

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A broken ridge runs across the Black Country in a north-westerly direction through Dudley, Wrens Nest and Sedgley, separating the Black Country into two regions. This ridge forms part of a major watershed of England with streams to the north taking water to the

862: 761: 477: 1687:. Both Free Radio (formerly BRMB (Birmingham and Beacon Radio Wolverhampton) and Greatest Hits Radio Black Country and Shropshire (formerly Beacon 303, Radio WABC, Classic Gold Digital, Gold and Free Radio 80s) have broadcast since 1976 from transmitters at 1108:

seams. Other seams also exist. The Thick Coal seam was also known as the "Thirty Foot" or "Ten Yard" seam and is made up of a number of beds that have come together to form one thick seam. Interspersed with the coal seams are deposits of iron ore and

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in 1864, a role that required him to report regularly on "facts bearing upon the productive capacities, industrial character and natural resources of communities embraced in their Consulate Districts" and as a result travelled widely from his home in

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has also contributed to the region's history. It started as a fortnightly publication, but due to its widespread appeal, now appears on a weekly basis. It is now located above the Dudley Archives and Local History Centre on Tipton Road, Dudley.

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By the 19th century or early 20th century, many villages had their characteristic manufacture, but earlier occupations were less concentrated. Some of these concentrations are less ancient than sometimes supposed. For example, chain making in

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The notion of the Black Country, that is to say, a rectangle of territory bounded by Walsall to the north and Smethwick, Halesowen and Stourbridge to the south, is also an anachronism, since the expression cannot be traced back beyond the

1546:, because of the smoke and grime generated by the intense manufacturing activity and the glow from furnaces at night. Early 20th century representations of the region can be found in the Mercian novels of Francis Brett Young, most notably 1346:. The Geopark would increase the area's prospects as a tourism destination thereby supporting the local economy. To this end numerous 'geosites' were subsequently identified, leaflets published and public events organised. As of 2017, 1060:

started to take shape on derelict land near to Dudley. Today this museum demonstrates Black Country crafts and industry from days gone by and includes many original buildings which have been transported and reconstructed at the site.

690:, a natural son of the Baron of Dudley, experimented with making iron using coal rather than charcoal. Two patents were granted for the process: one in 1621 to Lord Dudley and one in 1638 to Dud Dudley and three others. In his work 1121:. Around the exposed coalfield, separated by geological faults, lies a concealed coalfield where the coal lies at much greater depth. A mine was sunk between 1870 and 1874 over the eastern boundary of the then known coal field in 97: 3252:

Industrial minerals and extractive industry geology: based on papers presented at the combined 36th Forum on the Geology of Industrial Minerals and 11th Extractive Industry Geology Conference, Bath, England, 7th–12th May,

836:. In 1882, another Bessemer-style steel works was constructed at Spring Vale in Bilston by the Staffordshire Steel and Ingot Iron Company, a development followed by the construction of an open-hearth steelworks at the 1001:. One of the important consequences of the strike was the growth of organised labour across the Black Country, which was notable because until this point the area's workforce had effectively eschewed trade unionism. 1430:

The traditional Black Country dialect, known as "Black Country Spake" (as in "Where's our Spake Gone", a 2014–2016 lottery-funded project to preserve and document the dialect) preserves many archaic traits of

997:. Following a ballot of the union membership, a settlement of the dispute was reached on 11 July after arbitration by government officials from the Board of Trade led by the Chief Industrial Commissioner Sir 490:

more Victorian character than most West Midland areas. Sandwell Park Colliery's pit was located in Smethwick and had 'thick coal' as shown in written accounts from 1878 and coal was also heavily mined in

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The heavy industry which once dominated the Black Country has now largely gone. The 20th century saw a decline in coal mining and the industry finally came to an end in 1968 with the closure of

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and coal was discovered at a depth of over 400 yards. In the last decade of the 19th century, coal was discovered beyond the western boundary fault at Baggeridge at a depth of around 600 yards.

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who brought the term "the Black Country" into widespread common usage with the third, longest and most important of the travel books he wrote about Britain for American readers, his 1868 work

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The Black Country suffered its biggest economic blows in the late 1970s and early 1980s, when unemployment soared largely because of the closure of historic large factories including the

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and others in quick succession. The population of the Black Country changed from one of the most prosperous industrial working-class regions in the country, to one of the most deprived.

444:(founded in 2011) both define the Black Country as the four metropolitan boroughs of Dudley, Sandwell, Walsall and Wolverhampton, an approximate area of 138 square miles (360 km). 2656: 683:

record that nails were supplied by Reynolde Warde of Dudley at a cost of 11s 4d per thousand. By the 1620s "Within ten miles of Dudley Castle there were 20,000 smiths of all sorts".

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The Oak House, West Bromwich. A Yeoman Farmer's house dating from the late 16th or early 17th century, it represents a rare surviving building from the pre-industrial Black Country.

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Another development of the early 17th century was the introduction of glass making to the Stourbridge area. One attraction of the region for glass makers was the local deposits of

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At Dudley and Wrens Nest, limestone was mined. This rock formation was formed in the Silurian period and contains many fossils. One particular fossilized creature, the trilobite

386:." There are records from the 18th century of shallow coal mines in Wolverhampton, however. Others have included areas slightly outside the coal field which were associated with 1080:

The history of industry in the Black Country is connected directly to its underlying geology. Much of the region lies upon an exposed coalfield forming the southern part of the

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where mining has taken place since the Middle Ages. There are, in fact several coal seams, some of which were given names by the miners. The top, thin coal seam is known as

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Black Country dialect often uses "ar" where other parts of England use "yes" (this is common as far away as Yorkshire). Similarly, the local version of "you" is pronounced

2553:"Keeping history alive; Ian Walden, Director of The Black Country Living Museum in Dudley, explains why he thinks Birmingham and the West Midlands needs more of a vision" 4530: 1188:

In recent years the Black Country has seen the adoption of symbols and emblems with which to represent itself. The first of these to be registered was the Black Country

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Dud Dudley's Metallum Martis: or, Iron made with pit-coale, sea-coale, &c: and with the same fuell to melt and fine imperfect mettals, and refine perfect mettals

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From the 19th century onwards, the area gained widespread notoriety for its hellish appearance, a depiction that made its way into the published works of the time.

4565: 486: 2038:"Official Black Country history website, featuring content supplied by the metropolitan boroughs of Dudley, Sandwell and Walsall, and the City of Wolverhampton" 1041:

change affected British industry, that the region began to become deindustrialised, with the years 1979-1982 witnessing the closure of large employers such as

1029: 4545: 4535: 1042: 2462: 5651: 1317: 5591: 1050: 1037: 1150:, was so common that it became known as the "Dudley Bug" or "Dudley Locust" and was incorporated into the coat-of-arms of the County Borough of Dudley. 3439: 696:, published in 1665, he claimed to have "made Iron to profit with Pit-cole". However, considerable doubt has been cast on this claim by later writers. 2552: 4550: 2320: 1684: 330:

The Black Country has no single set of defined boundaries. Some traditionalists define it as "the area where the coal seam comes to the surface – so

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were active in organising the strike. During this confrontation with employers represented by the Midlands Employers' Federation, a body founded by

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their own beer alongside the larger breweries which opened in the Industrial Revolution. Small breweries and brewpubs in the Black Country include

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they say you say "tah rah rabbits". We say "tah rah a bit" (tah rah for a little while) and to them, it sounds like we are calling them rabbits.")

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was constructed near Dudley and used to pump water from coal mines belonging to Lord Dudley. This is the earliest documented working steam engine.

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Glass cones where glass was made and worked were once a common sight in Brierley Hill, Amblecote and Wordsley. This example, now a museum, is in

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In 2008 the idea of a flag for the region was first raised. After four years of campaigning a competition was successfully organised with the

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The flag was unveiled at the museum on 14 July 2012 as part of celebration in honour of the 300th anniversary of the erection of the first

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In 2011, the government announced the creation of the Black Country Enterprise Zone. The zone includes 5 sites in Wolverhampton and 14 in

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while in Dudley 92 per cent of the population is white. Resistance to mass immigration in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s led to the slogan "

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were worked only on a modest scale for local consumption, but during the Industrial Revolution by the opening of canals, such as the

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starting in Birmingham through the heart of the Black Country and eventually leading to the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal.

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is too deep down and does not outcrop. The seam outcrop definition excludes areas in North Worcestershire and South Staffordshire.

498:. Smethwick and Dudley Port were described as "a thousand swarming hives of metallurgical industries" by Samuel Griffiths in 1872. 3414: 2177: 314:(which produced high levels of soot and air pollution at the time) led to the area's name, which was first recorded in the 1840s. 5797: 3306: 2079: 1691:

and Sedgley, with the studios which were previously located in Wolverhampton being moved to Oldbury and Birmingham respectively.

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is in common use as when "I haven't seen her" becomes "I ain't sid 'er". However, this is often shortened even further to "ay".

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of 1086. At this early date, the area was mostly rural. A monastery was founded in Wolverhampton in the Anglo-Saxon period and a

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Bristow, C.M.; Sedman, J.; Beatty, D.; Nice S.; Lucas H.; Griffiths R.; Stanton W.; Harrison D.; Barrett B.; Roberts D. (2002).

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The local government structure within North Worcestershire and South Staffordshire before the West Midlands 1965 reorganisation

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The ironworks of W. Barrows and Sons, Tipton. Canals were of crucial importance in the development of Black Country industry.

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and supplemented their income by working as nailers or smiths, an example of a phenomenon known to economic historians as

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Deprivation (ID 2007), Sandwell is the third most deprived authority in the West Midlands region, after Birmingham and

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An 18th century enamelled snuff box made in Bilston, now in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

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and Waterfront commercial and leisure complex, while the Patent Shaft site was developed as an industrial estate.

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The best collection of Black Country dialect and slang words — if yow cor spake owr bostin language now yow con!

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The four boroughs of Dudley, Sandwell, Wolverhampton and Walsall submitted a joint bid in late 2015 to become a

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The first recorded use of the term "the Black Country" may be from a toast given by a Mr Simpson, town clerk to

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A dark seam of coal is clearly visible on the sides of Doultons Clay Pit, in Saltwells Wood to the south of

944:. The centre anchor alone weighed 12 tons and was pulled through Netherton on its journey to the ship by 20 5741: 5394: 5214: 5031: 4852: 4601: 4494: 3376: 1012:

The 20th century saw a decline in coal mining in the Black Country, with the last colliery in the region –

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closed in the 1960s, but the Birmingham to Wolverhampton line via Tipton is still a major transport route.

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South Staffordshire in 1911. The Black Country lies to the west and north-west of the city of Birmingham.

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Industrial Enlightenment: Science, technology and culture in Birmingham and the West Midlands, 1760–1820

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Industrial Enlightenment: Science, technology and culture in Birmingham and the West Midlands, 1760–1820

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in the Black Country, of which 110 were in blast. Two years later it was recorded that there were 2,116

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Chain making, once a major Black Country industry, as demonstrated at the Black Country Living Museum.

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A Black Country scene from the 1870s including coal mines, mineral railways, furnaces and factories.

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in the Black Country was built at West Bromwich in the early 1560s. Many people had an agricultural

518:. He describes going into the "black country" of Staffordshire – Wolverhampton, Bilston and Tipton. 408:

although it is said that "no two Black Country men or women will agree on where it starts or ends".

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had given the aspirant geopark its initial backing pending further assessment. Confirmation of the

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The iron industry grew during the 19th century, peaking around 1850–1860. In 1863, there were 200

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to the Midlands area. In the Black Country, the establishment of this device was associated with

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The Resources, Products and Industrial History of Birmingham and the Midland Hardware District

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Food may be called "fittle" (after victuals or "vittles"), so "bostin fittle" is "good food".

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As the heavy industry that had named the region faded away, in the 1970s a museum, called the

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The area also has three other radio stations which only officially cover part of the region.

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as designed by Gracie Sheppard of Redhill School in Stourbridge and was registered with the

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in 2013 and following calls to do more in 2014 more events were planned around the region.

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in Dudley recreates life in the Black Country in the early 20th century, and is a popular

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and priory was built at Dudley during the period of Norman rule. Another religious house,

8: 5751: 5581: 5573: 5471: 5434: 5320: 5305: 5180: 5170: 5097: 4936: 3987: 1745: 1695: 1567:"resonates strongly with contemporary accounts of the Black Country", in his famed novel 1548: 1536:"Poured out their plague of smoke, obscured the light, and made foul the melancholy air". 1309:. On 17 February 2012 the museum's collection in its entirety was awarded Designation by 1290:

some redevelopment occurred. Round Oak and the surrounding farmland was developed as the

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included an entire chapter entitled "The Black Country", including an early description:

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G. Askwith, Industrial Problems and Disputes (New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1920)

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industries to the rest of the country. Between 1768 and 1772 a canal was constructed by

322: 5641: 5608: 5543: 5526: 5381: 5202: 4749: 4739: 4596: 3777: 3256: 2181: 1672: 1385: 1306: 853: 3981:

A Description of Grammatical Features and Their Variation in the Black Country Dialect

3967:

Masters and Men in the West Midlands metalware trades before the industrial revolution

3483: 898:

for the production of iron enabled iron production (hitherto limited by the supply of

290:'s birthplaces. Either the 30-foot-thick coal seam close to the surface or the mix of 5646: 5631: 5603: 5563: 5355: 5292: 5041: 4817: 4781: 4076: 4027: 4004: 3992: 3955: 3931: 3698: 3608: 3582: 3392: 3260: 3145: 2940: 2910: 2885: 2860: 2808: 2800: 2611: 2586: 2434: 2087: 2017: 1987: 1949: 1895: 1779: 1664: 1332: 977: 879: 801:. Items produced included decorative containers such as patch-boxes, snuff boxes and 722: 521:

In published literature, the first reference dates from 1846 and occurs in the novel

5337: 3841: 3735:"UNESCO recommendations strengthen geopark bid | City of Wolverhampton Council" 3071: 711:

in 1628. The slitting mill made it much simpler to produce nail rods from iron bar.

5766: 5719: 5671: 5598: 5506: 5496: 5491: 5481: 5327: 5300: 5158: 5078: 5023: 4921: 4903: 4890: 4727: 4722: 4458: 4356: 4134: 2426: 2367: 1707: 1688: 1560: 1480: 1331:

business park in Wolverhampton is the largest of the 19 sites; its tenants include

894:) opened up the mineral wealth of the area to exploitation. Advances in the use of 829: 824:, in the Black Country. In 1864 the first Black Country plant capable of producing 466: 3226: 3120: 1184:'s description of the region as "black by day and red by night", adopted July 2012 5636: 5538: 5476: 5446: 5254: 5129: 4950: 4926: 4898: 4869: 4842: 4807: 4694: 3672: 3668: 2632:"Houses of Premonstratensian canons: Abbey of Halesowen | British History Online" 2244: 2165:

J. Fletcher, ‘What is the Black Country’, The Blackcountryman 1(1) (1967), 11-13

1785: 1728: 1628: 1525: 994: 692: 664: 604: 2430: 769:

An important milestone in the establishment of Black Country industry came when

5711: 5626: 5586: 5486: 5310: 5063: 4968: 4958: 4874: 4676: 4219: 4071: 3487: 2730:"Dud Dudley & Abraham Darby: Forging New Links | The Black Country Society" 2418: 1436: 1251: 1204: 779: 699:

An important development in the early 17th century was the introduction of the

680: 454: 387: 188: 3884:"Regional newspaper ABCs: Two evening papers buck downward trend | Media" 3509: 2037: 1841: 1004: 5781: 5761: 5676: 5332: 5249: 5190: 5102: 5053: 4931: 4913: 4453: 4448: 4397: 4386: 4236: 4209: 4159: 2792: 2524: 2104: 1740: 1699: 1648: 1643:

and the Old Swan Inn (Ma Pardoe's) in Netherton. They produce light and dark

1624: 1539: 1282: 1263: 1181: 985: 981: 906: 891: 849: 841: 809: 700: 668: 660: 656: 617: 592: 568: 458: 405: 347: 331: 279: 184: 142: 129: 1298:

1990 managed to reduce the local area's unemployment dramatically, however.

785: 576:

This work was also the first to explicitly distinguish the area from nearby

5264: 5112: 4991: 4428: 4316: 4276: 2780:

The Civil War in Worcestershire, 1642–1646: And the Scotch Invasion of 1615

1676: 1640: 1286: 1046: 973: 883: 821: 672: 584: 481:

Mining the thick coal seam at one of the Earl of Dudley's pits in the 1870s

1137:

into the North Sea whilst to the south of the ridge, water flows into the

4381: 4346: 4311: 4034: 3952:

The Economic Emergence of the Black Country: A Study of the Dudley Estate

1668: 1134: 1025: 1021: 965: 945: 930: 911: 895: 731: 541: 4066: 1922: 514:, addressing a Reformer's meeting on 24 November 1841, published in the 286:

was described as "one continuous town" in 1785. The area was one of the

5175: 4667: 4468: 4438: 4391: 4376: 4286: 4214: 4204: 4188: 4129: 4055: 4021: 2537: 1717: 1652: 1632: 1462: 1454: 1259: 1169:

Black Country Tartan designed in 2008 by Philip Tibbetts from Halesowen

915: 833: 825: 798: 687: 577: 530: 495: 367: 311: 307: 303: 4049: 2080:"Enterprise Zones: only one piece of the economic regeneration puzzle" 4732: 4463: 4443: 4336: 4326: 4271: 4261: 4256: 4241: 2782:, Birmingham: The Midland Educational Company, ltd., 1905, pp. 4,5,88 2608:

An Illustrated Chronicle of the Castle and Barony of Dudley 1070–1757

1775: 1458: 1324: 1316:

The four metropolitan boroughs of the Black Country form part of the

1173: 1122: 871: 856: 718:, a material suitable for making the pots in which glass was melted. 715: 621: 511: 494:, further east, whose workings extended well under what is now north 379: 371: 299: 31: 4030:

Series of four films about the history and life of the Black Country

1396:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 951: 4759: 4403: 4366: 4351: 4341: 4306: 4246: 4230: 4199: 4177: 4144: 3842:"Free Radio (Birmingham) - the Biggest Hits the Biggest Throwbacks" 3334: 2536:. London: Sampson Low, Son, and Marston. pp. 1, 6 – via 1698:(born from a merger of 102.5 The Bridge and BCCR) who are based in 1644: 1612: 1574: 1534:, written in 1841, described how the area's local factory chimneys 1471: 1110: 969: 956: 899: 817: 613: 609: 462: 351: 253: 107: 2419:"Burritt, Elihu (1810–1879), peace campaigner and American consul" 1675:. Three region wide radio stations that broadcast to the area are 1663:

The Black Country is served by the regional television services -

5696: 5691: 5501: 4847: 4774: 4769: 4371: 4321: 4301: 4224: 4182: 3027:

Crisis in the Industrial Heartland: Study of the West Midlands: 6

2313:"'Black Country' in print over twenty years before Elihu Burritt" 1733: 1732:– is the region's other daily newspaper. Its regional base is in 1616: 1608: 1336: 1239: 1017: 794: 744: 540:

The phrase was used again, though as a description rather than a

375: 355: 335: 229: 162: 646: 4764: 4744: 4361: 4251: 3820:"Was the Lord of the Rings inspired by Black Country industry?" 3440:"Budding artists invited to design official Black Country flag" 1564: 1347: 1189: 922: 735: 708: 363: 359: 295: 272: 268: 1113:. The Black Country coal field is bounded on the north by the 3860: 1542:, the American Consul in Birmingham, described the region as 1486: 972:, visited the area to support the workers and Jack Beard and 926: 1944:

Jones, Peter M. (2009). "Birmingham and the West Midlands".

4052:

BBC website for Dudley, Sandwell, Walsall and Wolverhampton

3919:(reprint ed.), London: Printed by T. M. for the author 3012:

Forging Ahead: Austerity to Prosperity in the Black Country

1440: 400:

Today the term commonly refers to the majority of the four

3245: 436:

of Sandwell and Walsall, which was disbanded in 1998. The

4061: 3418: 2762:

The Victoria History of the County of Worcester. Volume 2

2703:

The Victoria History of the County of Worcester. Volume 2

1483: 1328: 1033: 941: 747:, Birmingham, refused at any price to supply swords for " 707:, son of a Dudley nailer, who built a slitting mill near 2857:

The Illustrated History of Canal & River Navigations

2576: 2574: 2498:. Black Country Living Museum. p. 3. Archived from 679:. In 1583, the accounts of the building of Henry VIII's 118:

highlighted within the West Midlands metropolitan county

3125:. London: Longman, Green, Longman and Roberts. p. 1948:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 22. 1894:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 27. 1153:

At a number of places, notably the Rowley Hills and at

591:

It was however the American diplomat and travel writer

469:; Black Country humour; and the Black Country dialect. 4106: 4058:

Catalogue of Museums and Archives in the Black Country

3273: 3114: 3112: 3110: 2689:. London: The Iron and Steel Institute. pp. 1–22. 1335:. The largest site in Darlaston is that of the former 3196:"The most fossiliferous place in the United Kingdom!" 2571: 2347: 2335: 1555:

Carol Thompson the curator "The Making of Mordor" at

1495: 1246:

and the Admiralty fleet is made in modern factories.

1192:

in 2009, designed by Philip Tibbetts from Halesowen.

852:

seems only to have begun in about the 1820s, and the

447: 3974:

The Black Country Iron Industry: A Technical History

3248:"Appendix 1: The field excursions at the conference" 3072:"Mineral Resource Information for Development Plans" 2531:

Walks in the Black Country and its Green Border-Land

3502:"Black Country Flag Design – Officially Registered" 3307:"Black Country Flag Design – Officially Registered" 3107: 2710: 597:

Walks in The Black Country and its Green Borderland

2319:. Staffordshire Newspapers Limited. Archived from 1972:"RR Angerstein's Illustrated Travel Diary 1753–55" 1778:(in French meaning "Black country"), referring to 1685:Greatest Hits Radio Black Country & Shropshire 1141:and thence to the Severn and the Bristol Channel. 395:Griffiths Guide to the Iron Trade of Great Britain 3813: 3811: 3669:"New 'enterprise zones' announced around England" 2074: 2072: 1739:Established in 1973, from a site in High Street, 1519: 5779: 4045:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 21. 3063: 2939:. London: The Metals Society. pp. 102–118. 2765:. London: Archibald Constable. pp. 278–281. 4001:Lone Wolf: memoirs in the form of short stories 3558:Department for Communities and Local Government 2909:. London: The Metals Society. pp. 83–101. 2854: 2826:"Newcomen Engine – Black Country Living Museum" 2758: 2699: 1782:, a similar early industrial region in Belgium. 1216:Department for Communities and Local Government 424:Official use of the name came in 1987 with the 3913:Dudley, Dudd (1854) , Bagnall, John N. (ed.), 3808: 3775:Wolverhampton researches Black Country dialect 3579:"Let's fly the flag for the Black Country Day" 3224: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2069: 1753: 1702:, and Ambur Radio who broadcast from Walsall. 4653: 4092: 3881: 3749:"Black Country awarded Unesco geopark status" 1453:are still in use, as is the case in parts of 870:Prior to the Industrial Revolution, coal and 91:Etymology: Effects of industry or coal mining 5011: 3554:"Black Country flag flies high in Whitehall" 1913: 1911: 3009: 3003: 2987:. Blackcountrysociety.co.uk. Archived from 2953: 2706:. London: Archibald Constable. p. 272. 2657:"History of Saltwells Local Nature Reserve" 2295: 1840:. Blackcountrysociety.co.uk. Archived from 1771:List of beer festivals in the Black Country 1607:The Black Country is notable for its small 393:Bilston-born Samuel Griffiths, in his 1876 275:are generally considered to be the centre. 248:. It is mainly urban, covering most of the 5687:Comparison of American and British English 4660: 4646: 4099: 4085: 3969:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 3695:"More than 350 jobs to be created at site" 3250:. In Scott P.W. & Bristow C.M. (ed.). 2930: 2928: 2926: 2898: 2469:. Staffordshire Newspapers. Archived from 2007: 2005: 2003: 844:, which produced its first steel in 1894. 3817: 3096: 2649: 2605: 2599: 2246:Colton Green, a tale of the black country 1908: 1681:Hits Radio Black Country & Shropshire 1439:and can be very confusing for outsiders. 1412:Learn how and when to remove this message 832:was constructed at the Old Park Works in 550:in an 1849 article on the opening of the 523:Colton Green: A Tale of the Black Country 472: 5380: 3464:. British County Flags. 8 September 2013 3103:. London: John Murray. pp. 463–479. 3090: 2610:. Dudley: The Friends of Dudley Castle. 2388: 2011: 1559:in the last quarter of 2014 stated that 1352:Black Country as a UNESCO Global Geopark 1172: 1164: 1068: 1064: 1003: 950: 910:running from Stourbridge to Walsall via 861: 784: 760: 645: 476: 440:(founded in 1999) and the Black Country 415: 321: 3976:. London: The Iron and Steel Institute. 3389:"Flying the Flag for the Black Country" 3239: 3144:. Stroud: Amberley Publishing Limited. 3139: 3024: 3018: 2923: 2884:. London: Robert Hale. pp. 67–87. 2879: 2759:Willis-Bund, W.; Page, William (1906). 2700:Willis-Bund, W.; Page, William (1906). 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2580: 2523: 2463:"'Ackle' – a word causing some hassle!" 2460: 2423:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2353: 2341: 2285: 2242: 2150: 2084:London Chamber of Commerce and Industry 2000: 1981: 1199:. This resulted in the adoption of the 453:unique or characteristic foods such as 14: 5780: 3912: 3534:. British County Flags. 25 August 2013 2716: 2412: 2410: 2155:. Amblerley Publications. p. 152. 1869:"What and where is the Black Country?" 1603:List of breweries in the Black Country 278:The 14-mile (23 km) road between 5803:History of the West Midlands (county) 4641: 4080: 3954:. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. 3923: 3118: 2848: 2752: 2693: 2659:. Dudley Metropolitan Borough Council 2416: 2310: 2259: 2063: 1943: 1889: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1838:"What or where is the Black Country?" 1563:'s description of the grim region of 1357: 1088:. Beneath this lies successively the 426:Black Country Development Corporation 5757:Non-native pronunciations of English 3014:. Birmingham: History West Midlands. 2959: 2934: 2904: 2855:Paget-Tomlinson, Edward W. (2006) . 2684: 2671: 2583:The origins of Wolverhampton to 1085 2461:Chapman, Gordon (23 February 2006). 1361: 665:Premonstratensian Abbey of Halesowen 5793:Areas of the West Midlands (county) 4062:Black Country Living Museum Website 3069: 2550: 2425:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2407: 2030: 1806:"Introduction to the Black Country" 797:became well known for the craft of 793:In the middle of the 18th century, 411: 24: 4505:Staffordshire & Worcestershire 3944: 3930:, Routledge, pp. 92–94, 140, 3927:Language and Identity in Englishes 3484:"Black Country – UK Flag Registry" 3281:"Barrow Hill Local Nature Reserve" 3122:The South Staffordshire coal-field 3029:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2417:Marsh, Peter T. (September 2013). 2365: 1856: 1639:in Sedgley, Black Country Ales in 993:that preceded the outbreak of the 936:were made in the Black Country at 448:Cultural and industrial definition 27:Area of the West Midlands, England 25: 5814: 4015: 3645:"Arts Council Designation Scheme" 3332:Black Country gets its own tartan 2585:. Wolverhampton Borough Council. 2260:Upton, Chris (18 November 2011). 2044:from the original on 12 July 2011 1117:, to the north of which lies the 999:George Askwith, 1st Baron Askwith 404:of Dudley, Sandwell, Walsall and 267:sometimes included. The towns of 203:138 sq mi (360 km) 4617:West Midlands Combined Authority 4150:Metropolitan Borough of Solihull 4145:Metropolitan Borough of Sandwell 3882:John Plunkett (25 August 2010). 3360:"Tartan Details – Black Country" 1479: 1366: 1320:, the second largest in the UK. 642:Coal mining in the Black Country 556:London and North Western Railway 96: 74: 59: 39:Region in West Midlands, England 4531:Population of major settlements 4155:Metropolitan Borough of Walsall 3875: 3848: 3834: 3818:BBC staff (20 September 2014). 3783: 3767: 3741: 3727: 3713: 3687: 3661: 3637: 3623: 3597: 3571: 3546: 3524: 3494: 3476: 3454: 3432: 3407: 3381: 3352: 3340: 3325: 3299: 3255:. Special publication. London: 3218: 3188: 3158: 3133: 3033: 2977: 2968: 2937:The Black Country Iron Industry 2907:The Black Country Iron Industry 2873: 2818: 2785: 2769: 2722: 2687:The Black Country Iron Industry 2624: 2544: 2517: 2485: 2454: 2382: 2359: 2253: 2236: 2210: 2196: 2170: 2159: 2144: 2119: 2097: 2056: 2016:. London: Hodder and Staunton. 1544:"black by day and red by night" 1354:was announced on 10 July 2020. 1318:Birmingham metropolitan economy 261:Metropolitan Borough of Walsall 5798:Coal mining regions in England 5707:English-based creole languages 4140:Metropolitan Borough of Dudley 3415:"A Flag for the Black Country" 3348:Scottish Tartan World Register 3231:. London: Hardwicke. pp. 2799:, Taylor & Francis, 1979. 1975: 1966: 1937: 1883: 1830: 1798: 1520:Depiction in art or literature 859:industry is even more recent. 65:The Black Country in the 1870s 13: 1: 5747:List of English-based pidgins 3906: 3170:www.blackcountrysociety.co.uk 3142:South Staffordshire Coalfield 2882:Portrait of the Black Country 2734:www.blackcountrysociety.co.uk 2311:Jones, Gavin (4 April 2013). 1984:Portrait of the Black Country 1811:. Walsall MBC. Archived from 1712:in the UK. Incidentally, the 1272:Keep the Black Country white! 1082:South Staffordshire Coalfield 743:, who manufactured swords in 599:. Burritt had been appointed 430:urban development corporation 102:The metropolitan boroughs of 30:For the area of Belgium, see 5742:Linguistic purism in English 4602:Coventry/Bedworth Urban Area 4536:Parliamentary constituencies 4495:Birmingham Canal Navigations 4003:. Dudley: Kates Hill Press. 3508:. April 2012. Archived from 3377:Scottish Register of Tartans 3119:Jukes, Joseph Beete (1859). 3097:Murchison, Roderick (1839). 3025:Spencer, Kenneth M. (1986). 2551:Ian, Walden (29 July 2007). 2218:"Reform dinner at Lichfield" 1180:, with colours representing 991:Anglo-German naval arms race 876:Birmingham Canal Navigations 721:In 1642 at the start of the 442:Local Enterprise Partnership 382:or what used to be known as 7: 4843:London & Thames Estuary 4607:Transport for West Midlands 3506:Black Country Living Museum 3078:. British Geological Survey 3010:Briercliffe, Simon (2021). 2964:. Manchester: Newman Neame. 2859:. Landmark Publishing Ltd. 2581:Barnsby, George J. (1985). 2391:"Mapping The Black Country" 2262:"And so it came to pass..." 2086:. July 2012. Archived from 2040:. Blackcountryhistory.org. 2014:The Staffordshire Landscape 1764: 1754:South Staffordshire Railway 1647:, as well as malt-accented 1509:sofa and have a cigarette) 1392:the claims made and adding 1339:James Bridge Copper Works. 1303:Black Country Living Museum 1256:Black Country Living Museum 1212:Newcomen atmospheric engine 1197:Black Country Living Museum 1058:Black Country Living Museum 686:In the early 17th century, 554:. An 1851 guidebook to the 552:South Staffordshire Railway 505: 10: 5819: 5702:English as a lingua franca 4622:Mayor of the West Midlands 4556:Grade II* listed buildings 4510:Worcester & Birmingham 4072:The Black Country Alphabet 4036:"Black Country, The" 1919:"distinctly black country" 1757: 1600: 1596: 1423: 1292:Merry Hill Shopping Centre 1229: 1160: 816:furnaces, which converted 631: 627: 29: 5682:Broad and general accents 5664: 5617: 5592:regional and occupational 5572: 5559: 5552: 5464: 5425: 5373: 5351: 5291: 5223: 5088: 5077: 5022: 5004: 4977: 4949: 4912: 4889: 4828: 4790: 4713: 4704: 4693: 4684: 4612:West Midlands conurbation 4518: 4487: 4421: 4168: 4122: 3442:. Dudley News. 7 May 2012 2636:www.british-history.ac.uk 2559:. Trinity Mirror Midlands 2389:Mugridge, Stuart (2007). 2267:. Trinity Mirror Midlands 2243:Gresley, William (1846). 1726:– a local edition of the 1557:Wolverhampton Art Gallery 1201:Flag of the Black Country 1178:Flag of the Black Country 1049:Steelworks, Rubery Owen, 840:of the Earl of Dudley in 638:History of Worcestershire 317: 228: 220: 215: 207: 199: 194: 178: 168: 158: 123: 95: 90: 70: 58: 51: 44: 4551:Grade I listed buildings 3965:Rowlands, M. B. (1975). 3950:Raybould, T. J. (1973). 3795:Ormiston Academies Trust 3605:"Black Country Day 2014" 2880:Parsons, Harold (1986). 2776:John William Willis-Bund 2606:Hemingway, John (2006). 2222:Staffordshire Advertiser 2178:"Sandwell Park colliery" 2151:Chitham, Edward (2009). 1982:Parsons, Harold (1986). 1890:Jones, Peter M. (2009). 1791: 1760:South Staffordshire line 1658: 1573:. Indeed, in the Elvish 929:for the ill-fated liner 773:set up an iron works at 634:History of Staffordshire 516:Staffordshire Advertiser 438:Black Country Consortium 244:is an area of England's 211:889 ft (271 m) 4042:Encyclopædia Britannica 3972:Gale, W. K. V. (1966). 3924:Clark, Urszula (2013), 3225:Samuel Timmins (1865). 3166:"Sinking of Baggeridge" 3140:Chapman, Nigel (2009). 2985:"Closing of Baggeridge" 2797:The Birmingham Heritage 2431:10.1093/ref:odnb/105131 2370:. AJH Computer Services 2012:Palliser, D.M. (1976). 1986:. London: Robert Hale. 1119:Cannock Chase Coalfield 1038:John Thompson (company) 677:proto-industrialisation 547:Illustrated London News 457:, grey peas and bacon, 4860:Received Pronunciation 4500:Shropshire Union Canal 4123:Metropolitan districts 4028:Archie Hill Comes Home 3986:Led Zeppelin (1975). " 2962:Steel at Brierley Hill 1724:The Black Country Mail 1531:The Old Curiosity Shop 1185: 1170: 1077: 1009: 960: 888:Dudley Canal Line No 1 867: 790: 766: 651: 574: 482: 473:Geological definitions 421: 327: 208:Highest elevation 5054:Multicultural Toronto 4160:City of Wolverhampton 4067:Black Country Society 4056:Black Country History 3983:Schwabe Verlag Basel. 2960:Knox, Collie (1957). 2935:Gale, W.K.V. (1979). 2905:Gale, W.K.V. (1979). 2685:Gale, W.K.V. (1966). 2249:. London: J. Masters. 2127:"Black Country Jokes" 1570:The Lord of the Rings 1426:Black Country dialect 1344:UNESCO Global Geopark 1279:Round Oak Steel Works 1176: 1168: 1147:Calymene blumenbachii 1072: 1065:Geology and landscape 1007: 954: 902:) to expand rapidly. 865: 788: 764: 649: 560: 487:Black Country Society 480: 434:metropolitan boroughs 419: 402:metropolitan boroughs 325: 288:Industrial Revolution 265:City of Wolverhampton 257:metropolitan boroughs 116:City of Wolverhampton 5215:Western Pennsylvania 4627:West Midlands Police 3462:"Black Country Flag" 3311:Black Country Museum 1433:Early Modern English 1311:Arts Council England 1030:Wilkins and Mitchell 601:United States consul 234:Yam Yam (colloquial) 5752:Mid-Atlantic accent 5343:Trinidad and Tobago 4561:Scheduled monuments 4171:(cities in italics) 4022:Black Country Slang 3999:Webster, L. (2012) 3988:Black Country Woman 3773:Staff and Agencies 3532:"Black Country Day" 3100:The Silurian System 3051:on 30 November 2012 2740:on 19 February 2009 2473:on 23 November 2013 2467:Black Country Bugle 2368:"Rides on Railways" 2323:on 18 November 2013 2317:Black Country Bugle 2204:"The Black Country" 2184:on 25 February 2015 2107:. Black Country LEP 1746:Black Country Bugle 1696:Black Country Radio 1549:My Brother Jonathan 1244:Ministry of Defence 1236:Baggeridge Colliery 1043:Bilston Steel Works 1014:Baggeridge Colliery 535:Lichfield Cathedral 139: / 5275:Pennsylvania Dutch 4597:Birmingham Airport 4566:Conservation areas 4130:City of Birmingham 3778:Guardian Unlimited 3699:Express & Star 3631:"Local Statistics" 3609:Express & Star 3583:Express & Star 3490:. 22 January 2014. 3393:Express & Star 3366:on 2 February 2014 3346:Reference: WR3278 3257:Geological Society 2836:on 3 February 2018 2505:on 3 December 2013 2224:. 27 November 1841 2105:"About Us – BCLEP" 2093:on 11 August 2017. 1844:on 17 January 2012 1673:Made in Birmingham 1377:possibly contains 1358:Dialect and accent 1307:tourist attraction 1222:Country Festival. 1186: 1171: 1078: 1010: 961: 868: 791: 767: 652: 571:, Rides on Railway 483: 422: 328: 221: • Total 200: • Total 5775: 5774: 5660: 5659: 5460: 5459: 5369: 5368: 5287: 5286: 5283: 5282: 5208:Pacific Northwest 5069:Standard Canadian 5000: 4999: 4945: 4944: 4885: 4884: 4635: 4634: 4169:Major settlements 4109:Ceremonial county 4050:BBC Black Country 4009:978-1-904552-42-0 3993:Physical Graffiti 3979:Higgs, L. (2004) 3856:"Radio Licensing" 3780:, 27 January 2003 3611:. 21 January 2014 3337:, 12 January 2009 3285:www.dudley.gov.uk 3266:978-1-86239-099-7 3200:www.dudley.gov.uk 2813:978-0-85664-875-5 2440:978-0-19-861411-1 2153:The Black Country 1955:978-0-7190-7770-8 1925:on 8 January 2012 1901:978-0-7190-7770-8 1780:Sillon industriel 1665:BBC West Midlands 1422: 1421: 1414: 1379:original research 1333:Jaguar Land Rover 1133:and then via the 1051:Birmid Industries 880:Stourbridge Canal 749:that man of blood 603:in Birmingham by 529:, who was then a 461:, gammon or pork 238: 237: 180:Historic counties 18:The Black Country 16:(Redirected from 5810: 5672:English language 5557: 5556: 5378: 5377: 5361:Falkland Islands 5260:General American 5233:African-American 5086: 5085: 5020: 5019: 5009: 5008: 4711: 4710: 4702: 4701: 4691: 4690: 4662: 4655: 4648: 4639: 4638: 4576:Lord Lieutenants 4459:River Sherbourne 4357:Sutton Coldfield 4135:City of Coventry 4117: 4111: 4101: 4094: 4087: 4078: 4077: 4046: 4038: 3940: 3920: 3900: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3815: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3787: 3781: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3745: 3739: 3738: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3675:. 17 August 2011 3665: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3649: 3641: 3635: 3634: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3601: 3595: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3575: 3569: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3550: 3544: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3480: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3385: 3379: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3362:. Archived from 3356: 3350: 3344: 3338: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3202:. Archived from 3192: 3186: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3176:on 12 March 2005 3172:. Archived from 3162: 3156: 3155: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3116: 3105: 3104: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3067: 3061: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3047:. Archived from 3037: 3031: 3030: 3022: 3016: 3015: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2981: 2975: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2932: 2921: 2920: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2852: 2846: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2832:. Archived from 2822: 2816: 2791:Joan Zuckerman, 2789: 2783: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2756: 2750: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2736:. Archived from 2726: 2720: 2714: 2708: 2707: 2697: 2691: 2690: 2682: 2669: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2653: 2647: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2603: 2597: 2596: 2578: 2569: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2548: 2542: 2541: 2535: 2521: 2515: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2504: 2497: 2489: 2483: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2458: 2452: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2414: 2405: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2395: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2366:Sidney, Samuel. 2363: 2357: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2308: 2293: 2283: 2277: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2257: 2251: 2250: 2240: 2234: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2214: 2208: 2207: 2200: 2194: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2180:. Archived from 2174: 2168: 2163: 2157: 2156: 2148: 2142: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2123: 2117: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2101: 2095: 2094: 2092: 2076: 2067: 2060: 2054: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2034: 2028: 2027: 2009: 1998: 1997: 1979: 1973: 1970: 1964: 1963: 1941: 1935: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1921:. Archived from 1915: 1906: 1905: 1887: 1881: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1865: 1854: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1834: 1828: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1817: 1810: 1802: 1714:Express and Star 1708:Express and Star 1615:which continued 1561:J. R. R. Tolkien 1498: 1493: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1485: 1417: 1410: 1406: 1403: 1397: 1394:inline citations 1370: 1369: 1362: 959:near Stourbridge 830:Bessemer process 734:came shot, from 572: 525:by the Reverend 467:pork scratchings 412:Local government 154: 153: 151: 150: 149: 144: 143:52.533°N 2.033°W 140: 137: 136: 135: 132: 100: 78: 63: 42: 41: 21: 5818: 5817: 5813: 5812: 5811: 5809: 5808: 5807: 5778: 5777: 5776: 5771: 5656: 5613: 5568: 5548: 5456: 5452:Solomon Islands 5421: 5365: 5347: 5279: 5270:New York Latino 5245:American Indian 5225: 5219: 5080: 5073: 5014: 4996: 4982:Channel Islands 4973: 4941: 4908: 4881: 4824: 4786: 4696: 4680: 4666: 4636: 4631: 4590: 4514: 4483: 4417: 4406: 4170: 4164: 4118: 4113: 4107: 4105: 4033: 4018: 3947: 3945:Further reading 3938: 3909: 3904: 3903: 3893: 3891: 3880: 3876: 3866: 3864: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3840: 3839: 3835: 3825: 3823: 3816: 3809: 3799: 3797: 3791:"Bostin Fittle" 3789: 3788: 3784: 3772: 3768: 3758: 3756: 3747: 3746: 3742: 3733: 3732: 3728: 3719: 3718: 3714: 3704: 3702: 3693: 3692: 3688: 3678: 3676: 3673:BBC News Online 3667: 3666: 3662: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3643: 3642: 3638: 3629: 3628: 3624: 3614: 3612: 3603: 3602: 3598: 3588: 3586: 3585:. 3 August 2013 3577: 3576: 3572: 3562: 3560: 3552: 3551: 3547: 3537: 3535: 3530: 3529: 3525: 3515: 3513: 3512:on 24 July 2012 3500: 3499: 3495: 3482: 3481: 3477: 3467: 3465: 3460: 3459: 3455: 3445: 3443: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3423: 3421: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3398: 3396: 3395:. 17 March 2008 3387: 3386: 3382: 3369: 3367: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3345: 3341: 3330: 3326: 3316: 3314: 3305: 3304: 3300: 3290: 3288: 3279: 3278: 3274: 3267: 3259:. p. 368. 3244: 3240: 3223: 3219: 3209: 3207: 3194: 3193: 3189: 3179: 3177: 3164: 3163: 3159: 3152: 3138: 3134: 3117: 3108: 3095: 3091: 3081: 3079: 3068: 3064: 3054: 3052: 3041:"Coal and Iron" 3039: 3038: 3034: 3023: 3019: 3008: 3004: 2994: 2992: 2991:on 19 July 2011 2983: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2969: 2958: 2954: 2947: 2933: 2924: 2917: 2903: 2899: 2892: 2878: 2874: 2867: 2853: 2849: 2839: 2837: 2824: 2823: 2819: 2790: 2786: 2774: 2770: 2757: 2753: 2743: 2741: 2728: 2727: 2723: 2715: 2711: 2698: 2694: 2683: 2672: 2662: 2660: 2655: 2654: 2650: 2640: 2638: 2630: 2629: 2625: 2618: 2604: 2600: 2593: 2579: 2572: 2562: 2560: 2557:Birmingham Post 2549: 2545: 2522: 2518: 2508: 2506: 2502: 2495: 2491: 2490: 2486: 2476: 2474: 2459: 2455: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2415: 2408: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2387: 2383: 2373: 2371: 2364: 2360: 2352: 2348: 2340: 2336: 2326: 2324: 2309: 2296: 2284: 2280: 2270: 2268: 2265:Birmingham Post 2258: 2254: 2241: 2237: 2227: 2225: 2216: 2215: 2211: 2202: 2201: 2197: 2187: 2185: 2176: 2175: 2171: 2164: 2160: 2149: 2145: 2135: 2133: 2125: 2124: 2120: 2110: 2108: 2103: 2102: 2098: 2090: 2078: 2077: 2070: 2066:, p. 140). 2061: 2057: 2047: 2045: 2036: 2035: 2031: 2024: 2010: 2001: 1994: 1980: 1976: 1971: 1967: 1956: 1942: 1938: 1928: 1926: 1917: 1916: 1909: 1902: 1888: 1884: 1874: 1872: 1867: 1866: 1857: 1847: 1845: 1836: 1835: 1831: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1808: 1804: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1786:Seisdon Hundred 1767: 1762: 1756: 1729:Birmingham Mail 1661: 1605: 1599: 1526:Charles Dickens 1522: 1496: 1482: 1478: 1428: 1418: 1407: 1401: 1398: 1383: 1371: 1367: 1360: 1232: 1163: 1067: 995:First World War 838:Round Oak works 756:Newcomen Engine 693:Metallum Martis 644: 630: 605:Abraham Lincoln 573: 567: 527:William Gresley 508: 475: 450: 414: 370:, and parts of 320: 187: 147: 145: 141: 138: 133: 130: 128: 126: 125: 119: 86: 85: 84: 83: 66: 54: 47: 40: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5816: 5806: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5728: 5727: 5722: 5714: 5712:Englishisation 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5668: 5666: 5662: 5661: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5623: 5621: 5619:Southeast Asia 5615: 5614: 5612: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5595: 5594: 5584: 5578: 5576: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5566: 5560: 5554: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5534:South Atlantic 5531: 5530: 5529: 5524: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5468: 5466: 5462: 5461: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5443: 5442: 5432: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5398: 5397: 5386: 5384: 5375: 5371: 5370: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5363: 5358: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5346: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5324: 5323: 5316:Cayman Islands 5313: 5308: 5303: 5297: 5295: 5289: 5288: 5285: 5284: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5241: 5240: 5229: 5227: 5226:ethno-cultural 5221: 5220: 5218: 5217: 5212: 5211: 5210: 5205: 5195: 5194: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5163: 5162: 5161: 5151: 5150: 5149: 5144: 5134: 5133: 5132: 5122: 5121: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5050: 5049: 5044: 5034: 5028: 5026: 5017: 5006: 5002: 5001: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4978: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4955: 4953: 4947: 4946: 4943: 4942: 4940: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4918: 4916: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4906: 4901: 4895: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4879: 4878: 4877: 4872: 4862: 4857: 4856: 4855: 4850: 4840: 4834: 4832: 4826: 4825: 4823: 4822: 4821: 4820: 4818:Stoke-on-Trent 4815: 4810: 4800: 4794: 4792: 4788: 4787: 4785: 4784: 4779: 4778: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4736: 4735: 4725: 4719: 4717: 4708: 4699: 4688: 4682: 4681: 4677:Modern English 4665: 4664: 4657: 4650: 4642: 4633: 4632: 4630: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4546:Country houses 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4522: 4520: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4491: 4489: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4425: 4423: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4415: 4401: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4227: 4222: 4220:Chelmsley Wood 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4185: 4180: 4174: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4126: 4124: 4120: 4119: 4104: 4103: 4096: 4089: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4053: 4047: 4031: 4025: 4017: 4016:External links 4014: 4013: 4012: 3997: 3984: 3977: 3970: 3963: 3946: 3943: 3942: 3941: 3936: 3921: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3901: 3874: 3847: 3833: 3807: 3782: 3766: 3755:. 10 July 2020 3740: 3726: 3712: 3701:. 16 June 2013 3686: 3660: 3636: 3633:. 7 July 2011. 3622: 3596: 3570: 3545: 3523: 3493: 3488:Flag Institute 3475: 3453: 3431: 3406: 3380: 3351: 3339: 3324: 3313:. 14 July 2012 3298: 3272: 3265: 3238: 3217: 3206:on 13 May 2013 3187: 3157: 3150: 3132: 3106: 3089: 3070:Cameron, D.G. 3062: 3032: 3017: 3002: 2976: 2967: 2952: 2945: 2922: 2915: 2897: 2890: 2872: 2865: 2847: 2830:www.bclm.co.uk 2817: 2784: 2768: 2751: 2721: 2709: 2692: 2670: 2648: 2623: 2616: 2598: 2591: 2570: 2543: 2525:Burritt, Elihu 2516: 2484: 2453: 2439: 2406: 2381: 2358: 2346: 2334: 2294: 2278: 2252: 2235: 2209: 2195: 2169: 2158: 2143: 2118: 2096: 2068: 2055: 2029: 2022: 1999: 1992: 1974: 1965: 1954: 1936: 1907: 1900: 1882: 1855: 1829: 1818:on 19 May 2020 1796: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1788: 1783: 1773: 1766: 1763: 1758:Main article: 1755: 1752: 1660: 1657: 1598: 1595: 1521: 1518: 1437:Middle English 1424:Main article: 1420: 1419: 1374: 1372: 1365: 1359: 1356: 1252:Stoke-on-Trent 1231: 1228: 1207:in July 2012. 1205:Flag Institute 1162: 1159: 1066: 1063: 978:Workers' Union 810:blast furnaces 780:James Brindley 771:John Wilkinson 730:provide. From 681:Nonsuch Palace 629: 626: 583:The geologist 565: 507: 504: 474: 471: 455:groaty pudding 449: 446: 413: 410: 388:heavy industry 319: 316: 236: 235: 232: 226: 225: 222: 218: 217: 213: 212: 209: 205: 204: 201: 197: 196: 192: 191: 189:Worcestershire 182: 176: 175: 170: 166: 165: 160: 156: 155: 148:52.533; -2.033 121: 120: 101: 93: 92: 88: 87: 79: 73: 72: 71: 68: 67: 64: 56: 55: 52: 49: 48: 45: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5815: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5788:Black Country 5786: 5785: 5783: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5732:International 5730: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5663: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5616: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5593: 5590: 5589: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5575: 5571: 5565: 5562: 5561: 5558: 5555: 5551: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5519: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5463: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5441: 5438: 5437: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5424: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5412:Torres Strait 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5396: 5393: 5392: 5391: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5379: 5376: 5372: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5353: 5350: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5322: 5319: 5318: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5290: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5239: 5236: 5235: 5234: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5222: 5216: 5213: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5200: 5199: 5196: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5168: 5167: 5164: 5160: 5157: 5156: 5155: 5152: 5148: 5147:North-Central 5145: 5143: 5140: 5139: 5138: 5135: 5131: 5128: 5127: 5126: 5125:New York City 5123: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5100: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5090: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5076: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5059:Ottawa Valley 5057: 5055: 5052: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5039: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5010: 5007: 5003: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4979: 4976: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4948: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4911: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4888: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4867: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4854: 4853:Multicultural 4851: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4827: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4813:Black Country 4811: 4809: 4806: 4805: 4804: 4803:West Midlands 4801: 4799: 4798:East Midlands 4796: 4795: 4793: 4789: 4783: 4780: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4757: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4734: 4731: 4730: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4720: 4718: 4716: 4712: 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