792:(AD). Research has been conducted to find out how these particular diseases affect TOTs in these individuals. In a study by Beeson, Holland, and Murray (1997), participants with Alzheimer's disease and three classic aphasic syndromes (Broca's, anomic, and conduction aphasia) were instructed to name famous people. Those with anomic aphasia showed to be superior to the other groups in their ability to name famous people that were presented. This finding was expected as the group has relatively mild aphasia. However, the Broca's conduction and AD groups did not differ in immediate or delayed naming of famous faces. All of the groups provided some basic identifying semantic information for at least half of the items presented, suggesting a fair number of items potentially in TOT. Conduction and Broca's groups showed strongest evidence of TOT, performing better than the other groups in identification of initial letters.
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structures based on theories of their functions derived from other studies of these structures, unrelated to TOT. It is hypothesized that the anterior cingulate cortex and the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex operate as a circuit to detect conflict, and may perform this role in detecting the conflict between the feeling of knowing the target word and the recall failure. The anterior cingulate cortex is also implicated in emotion and may show activation because of the emotional response to the tip of the tongue state. The posterior medial parietal cortex, bilateral lateral parietal cortex, and the bilateral superior prefrontal cortex are involved in retrieval and evaluation, and therefore may play a role in the metacognitive processes involved in the tip of the tongue phenomenon such as the evaluation of one's own knowledge and the probability of retrieval.
155:) states. FOK, in contrast, is the feeling that one will be able to recognize—from a list of items—an item that is currently inaccessible. There are still currently opposing hypotheses in the psychological literature regarding the separability of the process underlying these concepts. However, there is some evidence that TOTs and FOKs draw on different parts of the brain. TOTs are associated with the anterior cingulate, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and right inferior cortex while FOKs are not. FOKs can be assessed through memory-monitoring testing in which a test subject is asked to "estimate the likelihood" of recognizing when "prompted with a cue" or information that they previously failed to remember. This test aims to measure a test subject's accuracy of memory monitoring during the "memory extraction stage".
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their answer is incorrect and only experience the subjective feeling of TOT states if they are told their answer is incorrect. Lorazepam may create conditions where alternative answers come to mind more easily. Furthermore, lorazepam suppresses emotions, which may be why participants taking this drug do not experience the subjective feelings that accompany TOT states; thus enabling the recall of alternative responses. These findings suggest that lorazepam does not increase the probability of TOT states but it does inhibit the retrieval of correct responses and the subjective feeling of TOT states, leading participants to give incorrect answers without being aware.
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less-dominant language, bilinguals have more TOTs with the less-dominant language. In a task of picture-naming, bilingual speakers were slower than monolinguals, even when they could use their first and dominant language. This could possibly be the result of bilinguals using the words less often than monolingual speakers. Bilinguals also represent virtually twice as many words and additional cognitive mechanisms for activation and inactivation of languages. Such mechanisms introduce added processing burden that monolinguals do not face. In addition, even when a task seems monolingual, bilingual system is never functionally "off."
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803:, which is a reading disability in which a person is unable to read and interpret words, letters, and symbols, has also been known to have an effect on the frequency of TOT experiences. In one study, dyslexic children experienced TOT states more often than children who read normally as well as showed "more errors in the phonological ... step of word retrieval." However, dyslexic children were still able to recall the semantic meaning behind each word that induced a TOT state.
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the placebo group, suggesting better memory recall. However, in the unrelated condition, the caffeinated group did not do as well as the placebo group in their ability to retrieve words. The results suggest that this dose of caffeine (equivalent to two cups of coffee) can temporarily hinder a person's short-term recall of certain words. Moreover, the general advantageous effect of caffeine on attention can be ruled out.
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quickly. The person recognizes that the related words are incorrect but cannot retrieve the correct word because it is inhibited. These related words are termed blockers because they block the ability to retrieve the correct word. This accounts for why TOTs predict memory performance. Once the inhibition of the correct word is removed or the blockers are forgotten, the TOT will be resolved. Evidence for this
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136:, and words similar in sound, meaning, or both sound and meaning. Individuals report a feeling of being seized by the state, feeling something like mild anguish while searching for the word, and a sense of relief when the word is found. While many aspects of the tip-of-the-tongue state remain unclear, there are two major competing explanations for its occurrence: the
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words of similar meaning, syllabic pattern, and the serial position of some letters in the target word better than would be expected by chance. Their findings demonstrated the legitimacy of the feeling of knowing experienced in a tip of the tongue state. This study was the foundation for subsequent research about tip of the tongue phenomenon.
320:. The direct English translations of these idioms are "on the tongue", "on the tip/point/head of the tongue", "on the top of the tongue", "on the front of the tongue", "sparkling at the end of the tongue", and "in the mouth and throat". Notably, the languages studied that did not have an equivalent idiom for the tip of the tongue were
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is accessible. Thus, emotions may play a role in experiencing TOT. Some research has shown that questions that elicit emotional arousal create TOTs more so than questions that are not emotionally arousing. It has also been found that emotional arousal can extend to subsequent questions or information
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influences many memory variables such as the amount of memory recalled and attributions of nostalgia. The issue regarding emotion and TOT is how it influences the tip-of-the-tongue state and the information that is trying to be recalled. It is common for individuals to ascribe emotions to TOTs. It is
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There is more support for the idea that blockers act as neither primers nor enhancers, but rather more like a side effect. In
Metcalf & Kornell's research the incubation period helped participants to retrieve the word by the same amount for the original non-blocked TOTs and the blocked TOTs. This
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of the priming word. Priming words that are in the same syntactic class as the target word create no difference in TOT state resolution. The TOT state resolution was the same for priming words in the same syntactic class and unrelated priming words. If the priming word is being listed in conjunction
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information is stored in memory and retrieved separately. The transmission deficit model posits that TOTs occur when there is activation of the semantic component of the target word memory but this activation does not pass on to the phonological level of the memory of the target word. Thus, TOTs are
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The incomplete activation hypothesis states that TOTs occur when the target word in memory is not sufficiently activated to be recalled but rememberers can sense its presence nonetheless. The accessibility of the target word fluctuates due to factors that increase its activation level, such as cues.
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feeling that they were in a TOT state (i.e., the feeling of being on the verge of recalling the word). These participants experienced the subjective feeling of a TOT state only after they were told that their response was incorrect. As a result, it appears that these participants are not aware that
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posits that the state occurs when memory strength is not enough to recall an item, but is strong enough to trigger the state. That is, the rememberer has direct access to the target word's presence in memory, even though it cannot be immediately recalled. Theories of the causes of tip of the tongue
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If a participant indicated a tip of the tongue state, they were asked to provide any information about the target word they could recall. Brown and McNeill found that participants could identify the first letter of the target word, the number of syllables of the target word, words of similar sound,
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the definitions) of rare words to the study participants, and asked them to name the object or concept being defined. When the target word was later read by the experimenter participants were instructed to report whether they experienced a tip of the tongue state. Three types of positive TOT states
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words that were displayed on a monitor for a short period of time. Each list of 10 priming words had between two and eight words that were phonologically related to the correct answer of the question, with the remaining words being unrelated. Caffeinated participants had fewer TOT experiences than
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can have multiple effects at the cellular level but is primarily notable for the alertness effect that it has on people. Research has been performed involving phonological priming and TOTs in which participants took either 200 mg of caffeine or a placebo. The participants answered 100 general
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in hospitalized patients, as well as sedation of aggressive patients. Research has been conducted to investigate the effects of lorazepam on TOT states in response to general knowledge question. In a recall task, participants who received lorazepam showed the same number of total recall answers to
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states that TOTs are elicited by the quantity and strength of the information that is retrieved from memory when the target word itself is not. When searching for a target word, the more information that is retrieved from memory, and the more the information retrieved is perceived to be related to
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Cue-familiarity theory suggests that the strong feelings elicited by recognizing a familiar cue about the target word cause the tip of the tongue phenomenon. A familiar cue should create a TOT state, whether or not the target word is known. When one encounters a cue for a target word, the level of
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The blocking hypothesis states that retrieval cues elicit the retrieval of a word related to the target that then blocks the retrieval of the correct word and causes the tip of the tongue phenomenon to occur. In other words, TOTs occur when plausible but incorrect responses to a query come to mind
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to the target word, an increase in the frequency of TOT states and a higher frequency of correctly recalled words when the TOT state is resolved is observed. Incorrect words come to mind involuntarily that share similar phonological features with the target word. Thus, phonological similarity can
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Age is an important factor when considering TOT states. Throughout adulthood, the frequency of TOTs increases, especially during the advanced years. Compared with young adults, older adults generally report having more TOT states, fewer alternate words, and less phonological information about the
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There is a significant difference in the amount of TOTs experienced by monolinguals and bilinguals. Bilinguals seem to report the same amount of TOTs as monolinguals for proper names but significantly more TOTs for other words. Specifically, when adjusted for the degree of use of the dominant and
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suggested that the majority of individuals experience TOTs negatively. It has been shown that experiencing an emotion predicts TOT memory performance later. Emotional TOTs are more likely to be recalled later than TOTs that had no emotional experience attached. Emotion and TOT are related to the
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will likely show activation as the rememberer processes the person's face. Problems like this make it difficult to determine what areas are specifically implicated in TOT states, and which are a byproduct of other cognitive functions. However, some inferences can be made about the roles of these
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It is unknown whether gesturing is helpful in finding the elusive word in a TOT experience. It is difficult to determine if the participant is using gestures as their regular form of communication or if they are using gestures in order to help them overcome their TOT experience and retrieve the
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and practice in reducing TOT states is that most information in TOT states is low-frequency; that is, it has not been used or recalled for some time. The recency of information use can influence the retrieval process of that information. The presentation of a prime is only needed once for it to
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model, where neural connections are strengthened when used more. Although older people experience more tip of the tongue states more often than any other category, recent studies have shown that frequent tip of the tongue states are not linked at all to dementia, which is common in the elderly.
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The hypothesis that blockers act more like retrieval cues is mainly supported by the idea of phonological similarities between the target word and the blocker word. Phonological blockers are words that sound similar to the target word. According to Bown & Harley, "phonological neighbors (of
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Tip of the tongue experiences occur in both men and women, and is known to occur in young adulthood, middle age, and older adulthood. TOT experiences in childhood have not been studied. Education level is not thought to be a factor in the experience of TOT states. Monolinguals, bilinguals, and
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The speed and accuracy with which speakers retrieve a word is influenced by the age in life at which that word was first learned. Specifically, early-acquired words tend to be named more quickly and accurately than late-acquired words (age of acquisition effect). It has been observed that the
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loss in the left insula for older individuals. This is accompanied by less activity in the left insula and is related to higher frequency of TOTs. Furthermore, it was found that older individuals have over-activation in their prefrontal cortex when experiencing TOT states. This may indicate a
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their knowledge of the target word, and the imminence of retrieval depends upon the information that they are able to access about the target word from their memory. These views disregard the presence of the target word in memory as having an effect on creating tip of the tongue states.
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continued search when the retrieval process fails and a TOT state is experienced. More specifically, greater activation in the sensorimotor cortex in older individuals and less in younger adults may reflect differences in the knowledge that is used to retrieve the target information.
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An occasional tip-of-the-tongue state is normal for people of all ages; however, it becomes more frequent as people age. TOT can be referred as an actual medical condition, but only when it becomes frequent enough to interfere with learning or daily life. This disorder is called
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recognition is assessed, and a strong level of recognition will elicit a tip of the tongue state. It has been found that cues that are repetitive tend to create more TOTs than if one single cue is given. This might suggest that cue factors can play a role in causing TOT states.
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participants who had not received lorazepam. However, the lorazepam participants produced more incorrect recall responses to their TOT states. Lorazepam may inhibit the retrieval of the correct response. Participants under the influence of lorazepam did not experience the
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Research on priming and practice use single word tests to assess for the presence of TOT states. The first letter of the target word or a similar-sounding word is given in order to prime for the target word. Evidence that comes from the usefulness of
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is minimal as it is difficult to measure. Most research that takes on this approach give participants blockers and see if they produce TOT states. This method is controversial as it is unclear if the blockers given produce TOT states or act as
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Lindin, M.; Diaz, F.; Capilla, A.; Ortiz, T.; Maestu, F. (2010). "On the characterization of the spatio-temporal profiles of brain activity associated with face naming and the tip-of-the-tongue state: A magnetoencephalographic (MEG) study".
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facilitate TOT state resolution. Support for priming has been found in that when individuals are given the first letter of the word they are trying to recall, they are more likely to overcome their TOT state. When the prime word has similar
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Many languages other than
English have equivalent colloquial terms for the tip of the tongue experience, suggesting that it is a common experience across cultures. In a study by B. L. Schwartz (1999), 45 of the 51 languages surveyed have an
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blockers) usually act as support in lexical retrieval rather than as a hindrance". In contrast, an alternative argument suggests that phonological blockers hinder the ability to retrieve the target word causing a tip of the tongue state.
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Not much is known about the exact function of these areas in the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. The areas activated during TOT may vary depending on the nature of the target word. For example, if the target word is a person's name, the
144:. Emotion and the strength of the emotional ties to what is trying to be remembered can also have an impact on the TOT phenomenon. The stronger the emotional ties, the longer it takes to retrieve the item from memory.
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Seelye AM, Schmitter-Edgecombe M, Flores J. 2010. Episodic memory predictions in persons with amnestic and nonamnestic mild cognitive impairment. J Clin Exp
Neuropsychol. 32:433–441. doi:10.1080/13803390903201751
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Bacon, E.; Schwartz, BL.; Paire-Ficout, L.; Izaute, M. (Jun 2007). "Dissociation between the cognitive process and the phenomenological experience of TOT: effect of the anxiolytic drug lorazepam on TOT states".
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words during word retrieval tests generally reduces the frequency of TOTs and improves the retrieval of the target word and has been shown to have a larger benefit for older adults. This is consistent with the
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compared the brain patterns of younger and older individuals experiencing TOT states. It appears that both older and younger individuals employ a similar network of brain regions during TOT states such as the
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Yu, Hui, Wang, Kai, Zhong, Ping, Cheng, Huai-Dong, Lv, Xin-Yi, Yuan, Li-Li. Investigations of memory monitoring in individuals with subjective cognitive decline and amnestic mild cognitive impairment.
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Tim
Brennen, Anne Vikan & Ragnhild Dybdahl (2007) Are tip-of-the-tongue states universal? Evidence from the speakers of an unwritten language, Memory, 15:2, 167-176, DOI: 10.1080/09658210601164743
1407:"Examining the neurocognitive profile of dysnomia: a comparison of school-aged children with and without dyslexia across the domains of expressive language, attention/memory, and academic achievement"
1635:(2008). "Tip-of-the-Tongue States Yield Language Insights: Probing the recall of those missing words provides a glimpse of how we turn thoughts into speech and how this process changes with age".
268:. Brown and McNeill wanted to determine whether the feeling of imminent retrieval experienced in the tip of the tongue state was based on actual retrieval ability or was just an illusion.
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Galdo-Alvarez, S.; Lindin, M.; Diaz, F. (2009). "Age-related prefrontal over-recruitment in semantic memory retrieval: Evidence from successful face naming and tip of-the-tongue state".
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Several areas of the brain show increased activation in a TOT state. The following is a list of the specific structures that show increased activation during a tip of the tongue state:
455:, this phenomenon occurs due primarily to three reasons, all based on weakened neural connection: the lack of frequent use of a word, the lack of recent use of a word, and aging.
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probability of experiencing a TOT state depends on the age at which the word is acquired in life: more TOT states are obtained with late-acquired than with early-acquired words.
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Despite the association of increased age with lower levels of episodic memory and more frequent TOT states, the two phenomena seem to be largely independent of one another.
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with other unrelated priming words, then the position is of importance. The earlier in the list the priming word is, the less likely it is to help resolve the TOT state.
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of TOTs claims that TOTs aren't completely inaccessible, but arise from clues about the target that the rememberer can piece together. This is to say that the rememberer
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The causes of TOTs are largely unknown but numerous explanations have been offered. These explanations mainly fall within the realms of two overarching viewpoints: the
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and the feeling that retrieval is imminent. The phenomenon's name comes from the saying, "It's on the tip of my tongue." The tip of the tongue phenomenon reveals that
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Maril, A.; Simons, JS.; Weaver, JJ.; Schacter, DL. (Feb 2005). "Graded recall success: an event-related fMRI comparison of tip of the tongue and feeling of knowing".
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Irak M, Soylu C, Turan G, et al. 2019. Neurobiological basis of feeling ofknowing in episodic memory.Cogn
Neurodyn. 13:239–256.doi:10.1007/s11571-019-09520-5
720:, and sensorimotor cortex. However, older individuals show differences in activity in some areas compared to younger individuals. TOTs increase with age-related
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Beattie, G.; Coughlan, J. (Feb 1999). "An experimental investigation of the role of iconic gestures in lexical access using the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon".
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Kikyo, H.; Ohki, K.; Sekihara, K. (2001). "Temporal characterization of memory retrieval processes: an fMRI study of the 'tip of the tongue' phenomenon".
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Beattie, G; Coughlin, J (1999). "An
Experimental Investigation of the Role of Iconic Gestures In Lexical Access Using the Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon".
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Rastle, Kathleen G.; Burke, Deborah M. (1996). "Priming the Tip of the Tongue: Effects of Prior
Processing on Word Retrieval in Young and Older Adults".
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White, Katherine K.; Abrams, Lise (2002). "Does priming specific syllables during tip-of-the-tongue states facilitate word retrieval in older adults?".
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Gollan, T. H.; Bonanni, M. P.; Montoya, R. I. (2005). "Proper names get stuck on bilingual and monolingual speakers' tip of the tongue equally often".
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Thompson, R.; Emmorey, K.; Gollan, T. (2005). "Tip-of-the-fingers experiences by ASL signers: insights into the organization of a sign-based lexicon".
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being recalled even if they are not emotionally arousing themselves. It was found that emotional arousal increased the likelihood of experiencing TOT.
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The subject recalled the word they were seeking before the target word was read by the experimenter, but the recalled word was not the intended target.
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Harley, Trevor A.; Bown, Helen E. (1998). "What causes a tip-of-the-tongue state? Evidence for lexical neighbourhood effects in speech production".
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Heine, M.; Ober, B.; Shenaut, G. (1999). "Naturally
Occurring and Experimentally Induced Tip-of-the-Tongue Experiences in Three Adult Age Groups".
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217:("having the word on the tip of the tongue"). The tip of the tongue phenomenon was first described as a psychological phenomenon in the text
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Salthhouse, Timothy, and
Arielle Mandell. "Do Age-Related Increases in Tip-of-the-Tongue Experiences Signify Episodic Memory Impairments?."
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The target word's activation level may fluctuate to a level that is high enough for it to be retrieved and the TOT state to be resolved.
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Bown, H.; Harley, T. (1998). "What causes a tip-of-the-tongue state? evidence for lexical neighbourhood effects in speech production".
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The body of research on the neurological mechanisms of the tip of the tongue phenomenon is limited. The research in this area has used
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Shafto, M; Stamatatis, E.; Tam, Tyler (2009). "Word
Retrieval Failures in Old Age: The Relationship between Structure and Function".
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Lesk, V. E.; Womble, S. P. (2004). "Caffeine, priming, and tip of the tongue: evidence for plasticity in the phonological system".
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target word. The underpinnings of TOT with regard to age have focused on neurological brain differences. Current research using
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If the inability to recall words, phrases, or names is a temporary but debilitating disorder, it is known as lethologica.
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caused by the deficit in transmission of activation from the semantic memory store to the phonological memory store.
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The transmission deficit model is based on a multi-component theory of memory representation that suggests that
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Hanly, Sarah; Vandenberg, Brian (9 August 2009). "Tip-of-the-Tongue and Word Retrieval Deficits in Dyslexia".
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that is mentioned above. In this theory, TOTs inform the cognitive system if the information one is trying to
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was the first psychologist to describe the tip of the tongue phenomenon, although he did not label it as such
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1919:"Brain mechanisms of the Tip-of-the-Tongue state:An electroencephalography-based source localization study"
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2441:"'Naming famous people: An examination of tip-of-the-tongue phenomena in aphasia and Alzheimer's disease'"
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both decrease and increase TOT states. However, it is possible to fix this problem by changing the
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Gollan, T. H.; Silverberg, N. B. (2001). "Tip-of-the-tongue states in Hebrew–English bilinguals".
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suggests that blockers have no effect on the retrieval or the causes of tip of the tongue states.
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This article is about the psychological phenomenon. For the anatomical portion of the tongue, see
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2249:"On the Tip-of-the-Tongue: Neural Correlates of increased Word-finding Failures in Normal Aging"
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referring to the tip of the tongue phenomenon that references the tongue, mouth, or throat as a
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has also found activation in some areas that are associated with emotion; specifically in the
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multilinguals all experience tip of the tongue states, although with varying frequencies (see
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Askari, N (1999). "Priming Effects on Tip-of-the-tongue States in Farsi-English Bilinguals".
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The participant recognized the word read by the experimenter as the word he had been seeking.
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Jones, G. V.; Langford, S. (1987). "Phonological blocking in the tip of the tongue state".
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knowledge questions, each with one correct answer. For each question, participants read 10
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is the inability to recall words and names and is a common symptom of patients with
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People experiencing the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can often recall one or more
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749:
408:
261:
230:
224:
202:
187:
2618:
1917:
Kozlovskiy, S.A.; Shirenova, S.D.; Neklyudova, A.K.; Vartanov, A.V. (2017).
1884:
1181:
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2987:
2707:
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2494:
2392:
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2317:
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2168:
2117:
2040:
1998:
1935:
1918:
1892:
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1700:
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1290:
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1189:
1146:
1049:
758:
708:
677:
440:
1583:
940:
3467:
3338:
3292:
1648:
1632:
721:
164:
1989:
1972:
1664:
3502:
3365:
2932:
2547:
2530:
1281:
1264:
1040:
919:
Brown, AS. (Mar 1991). "A review of the tip-of-the-tongue experience".
895:
870:
403:
2738:
1916:
1205:"Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) states: retrieval, behavior, and experience"
818:
648:
490:
337:
3227:
2639:
800:
689:
672:
668:
664:
502:
436:
317:
238:
172:
133:
2247:
Shafto, M.; Burke, D.; Stamatakis, E.; Tam, P.; Tyler, L. (2007).
340:. However, tip of the finger experiences are reported by signers.
178:
The tip of the tongue phenomenon has implications for research in
2940:
1265:"The relation of the tip-of-the-tongue states and retrieval time"
889:
875:
785:
744:
660:
325:
2676:
2145:
2091:"Does bilingualism hamper lexical access in speech production?"
823:
494:
the target word, the more likely a TOT state will be elicited.
468:
210:
183:
168:
112:
2640:
Navarrete, E; Pastore, M; Valentini, R; Peressotti, P (2015).
313:
271:
In their study, Brown and McNeill read out definitions (and
2412:
2410:
518:
198:
108:
608:
It was also shown that in TOT state the activation of the
447:
According to cognitive psychologists Deborah M. Burke, of
1740:
2407:
2246:
2370:
2472:
1677:
375:
phenomenon that adopt direct-access views include the
1480:
1458:
Baddeley, A, Eysenck, M., & Anderson, M. (2009).
1377:
2020;33(3):201-207. doi:10.1097/WNN.0000000000000242.
380:
2018:
1973:"The effects of emotion on tip-of-the-tongue states"
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
2438:
2420:
2013; 10: n. pag. Sage Journals. Web. 17 Nov. 2013.
2373:
Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology
1860:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
421:
2439:Beeson, P.M.; Holland, A.L.; Murray, L.L. (1997).
1293:– via doi:10.3758/BF03195746. PMID 11277455.
132:of the target word, such as the first letter, its
1966:
1804:
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1056:
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1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
839:
503:Neuroimaging techniques used in the study of TOT
2604:
2528:
1252:http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/James/Principles/
1167:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
384:
1533:
1087:Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior
266:Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior
227:(1890), although he did not label it as such.
163:when acquired by brain damage, usually from a
2692:
2359:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
1943:
1912:
1910:
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1732:
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1728:
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1724:
1722:
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1718:
1368:
1366:
430:
107:) is the phenomenon of failing to retrieve a
2088:
1297:
1196:
1077:
955:
914:
912:
301:
245:that might cause forgetting familiar words.
64:. There might be a discussion about this on
2823:The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two
2330:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1306:"Tip-of-the-tongue states as metacognition"
1161:
1132:
237:psychological factors, such as unconscious
2699:
2685:
2196:
2124:
1907:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
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1844:
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497:
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2434:
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2240:
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2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1988:
1934:
1874:
1754:
1494:
1324:
1280:
1220:
1039:
909:
475:
84:Learn how and when to remove this message
1970:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1445:
1303:
1262:
1203:Schwartz, BL.; Metcalfe, J. (Jul 2011).
1018:
531:shows increased activation in TOT states
522:
519:Neurological activation in the TOT state
376:
349:
197:
147:TOT states should be distinguished from
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
1841:
1242:
1240:
768:
355:
276:were identified by Brown and McNeill:
14:
3669:
2569:
2563:
2509:
2423:
2233:
2047:
2005:
1923:Psychology in Russia: State of the Art
1693:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.02.025
1671:
1631:
830:
624:
390:
2680:
2289:
1787:
1430:
1078:Brown, Roger; McNeill, David (1966).
918:
806:
738:
659:used for the short-term treatment of
513:functional magnetic resonance imaging
453:University of California, Los Angeles
365:
359:
252:on this phenomenon was undertaken by
215:avoir le mot sur le bout de la langue
2572:Journal of Psycholinguistic Research
2183:
2056:Bilingualism: Language and Cognition
1439:The Psychopathology of Everyday Life
1409:. University of Iowa. Archived from
1237:
1080:"The "tip of the tongue" phenomenon"
36:
2082:
1404:
1375:Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology.
638:
458:
24:
2529:Abrams, L.; Rodriguez, E. (2005).
1619:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1998.tb02677.x
1548:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1998.tb02677.x
25:
3703:
3104:Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm
2535:Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
2253:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
1977:Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
1863:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
1304:Schwartz, Bennett L. (Apr 2006).
1028:Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
776:
701:
577:Bilateral lateral parietal cortex
3649:
3637:
2706:
2475:Journal of Learning Disabilities
1819:10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01711.x
1807:European Journal of Neuroscience
1765:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.10.024
1505:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01626.x
1462:. New York: Psychology Pres Inc.
422:Incomplete-activation hypothesis
381:incomplete-activation hypothesis
41:
2633:
2598:
2466:
2385:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.06.003
2324:
2089:Ivanova, I.; Costa, A. (2008).
1625:
1555:
1527:
1474:
1465:
1398:
1389:
1380:
451:, and Donald G. MacKay, of the
294:
3314:Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model
3187:Memory and social interactions
1256:
1135:Journal of Memory and Language
553:dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
13:
1:
2607:British Journal of Psychology
1607:British Journal of Psychology
1536:British Journal of Psychology
1099:10.1016/S0022-5371(66)80040-3
903:
840:Effects of age of acquisition
264:and published in 1966 in the
3023:Retrieval-induced forgetting
2265:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.12.2060
2161:10.1016/j.concog.2006.05.001
2110:10.1016/j.actpsy.2007.06.003
1576:10.1016/0010-0277(87)90027-8
643:
220:The Principles of Psychology
7:
2211:10.1037/0735-7044.118.3.453
933:10.1037/0033-2909.109.2.204
848:
795:
743:It is well documented that
684:
10:
3708:
3361:Levels of Processing model
3286:World Memory Championships
3119:Lost in the mall technique
2966:dissociative (psychogenic)
2345:10.1037/0882-7974.17.2.226
2310:10.1037/0882-7974.14.3.445
2033:10.1037/0894-4105.19.3.278
1971:Schwartz, BL. (Feb 2010).
1313:Metacognition and Learning
1019:Schwartz, BL. (Sep 1999).
546:Posterior cingulate cortex
431:Transmission-deficit model
394:
385:transmission-deficit model
347:
193:
29:
3632:
3587:
3556:
3415:
3408:
3301:
3273:
3205:
3162:
3134:
3094:
3036:
2931:
2837:
2812:
2764:
2757:
2714:
2659:10.3758/s13421-015-0525-3
2460:10.1080/02687039708248474
2068:10.1017/S136672890100013X
1335:10.1007/s11409-006-9583-z
1263:Schwartz, BL (Jan 2001).
1222:10.3758/s13421-010-0066-8
763:anterior cingulate cortex
540:Anterior cingulate cortex
529:anterior cingulate cortex
343:
3399:The Seven Sins of Memory
3344:Intermediate-term memory
3149:Indirect tests of memory
3126:Recovered-memory therapy
3076:Misattribution of memory
2487:10.1177/0022219409338744
1248:Principles of Psychology
597:Supplementary motor area
511:(MEG) and event-related
306:Effects of bilingualism
115:, combined with partial
3692:English-language idioms
3086:Source-monitoring error
2619:10.1348/000712699161251
2584:10.1023/A:1023214509959
2199:Behavioral Neuroscience
1885:10.1162/jocn.2009.21321
1182:10.1348/000712699161251
630:Effects of bilingualism
592:Superior temporal gyrus
498:Phenomenon in the brain
485:Accessibility heuristic
213:from the French phrase
3493:George Armitage Miller
3453:Patricia Goldman-Rakic
2646:Memory & Cognition
1936:10.11621/pir.2017.0315
1269:Memory & Cognition
1209:Memory & Cognition
1147:10.1006/jmla.1996.0031
921:Psychological Bulletin
885:Neuroanatomy of memory
532:
509:magnetoencephalography
476:Cue-familiarity theory
322:American Sign Language
206:
3656:Philosophy portal
3644:Psychology portal
3508:Henry L. Roediger III
3109:False memory syndrome
3081:Misinformation effect
3061:Imagination inflation
2418:Psychological Science
1483:Psychological Science
610:parahippocampal gyrus
526:
201:
3677:Cognitive psychology
3013:Motivated forgetting
2333:Psychology and Aging
2298:Psychology and Aging
1649:10.1511/2008.71.3626
1405:Howarth, Robyn Ann.
769:Effects of disorders
750:metacognitive theory
732:spreading activation
671:inducing a state of
54:confusing or unclear
3523:Arthur P. Shimamura
3423:Richard C. Atkinson
3240:Effects of exercise
3114:Memory implantation
2998:Interference theory
2914:Selective retention
2894:Meaningful learning
1990:10.3758/PBR.17.1.82
1442:. New York: Norton.
831:Effects of gestures
790:Alzheimer's disease
625:Influential factors
587:Supramarginal gyrus
580:Bilateral superior
565:Bilateral anterior
391:Blocking hypothesis
377:blocking hypothesis
350:Influential factors
62:clarify the article
3620:Andriy Slyusarchuk
3443:Hermann Ebbinghaus
3349:Involuntary memory
3250:Memory improvement
3235:Effects of alcohol
3197:Transactive memory
3175:Politics of memory
3144:Exceptional memory
2548:10.3758/bf03206437
1637:American Scientist
1436:Freud, S. (1965).
1416:on October 6, 2011
1282:10.3758/BF03195746
1246:James, W. (1890).
1041:10.3758/bf03210827
878:and in particular
807:Effects of priming
739:Effects of emotion
618:fusiform face area
533:
489:The accessibility
372:direct-access view
366:Direct-access view
356:direct-access view
250:empirical research
207:
153:feeling of knowing
138:direct-access view
123:occurs in stages.
27:Lexical phenomenon
3687:Figures of speech
3664:
3663:
3628:
3627:
3615:Cosmos Rossellius
3463:Marcia K. Johnson
3334:Exosomatic memory
3319:Context-dependent
3309:Absent-mindedness
3192:Memory conformity
3170:Collective memory
3071:Memory conformity
3008:Memory inhibition
2927:
2926:
2919:Tip of the tongue
2259:(12): 2060–2070.
2098:Acta Psychologica
1552:Quote on page 164
1250:. Retrieved from
861:Psycholinguistics
714:prefrontal cortex
657:psychoactive drug
582:prefrontal cortex
571:Posterior medial
560:prefrontal cortex
180:psycholinguistics
97:Tip of the tongue
94:
93:
86:
18:Tip-of-the-tongue
16:(Redirected from
3699:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3595:Jonathan Hancock
3548:Robert Stickgold
3518:Richard Shiffrin
3473:Elizabeth Loftus
3413:
3412:
3329:Childhood memory
3136:Research methods
3018:Repressed memory
2993:Forgetting curve
2981:transient global
2852:Autobiographical
2762:
2761:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2671:
2661:
2652:(7): 1085–1103.
2637:
2631:
2630:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2550:
2541:(6): 1018–1023.
2526:
2507:
2506:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2445:
2436:
2421:
2414:
2405:
2404:
2368:
2357:
2356:
2328:
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2321:
2293:
2287:
2286:
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2244:
2231:
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2194:
2181:
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2143:
2122:
2121:
2095:
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2080:
2079:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2016:
2003:
2002:
1992:
1968:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1914:
1905:
1904:
1878:
1869:(7): 1530–1540.
1858:
1839:
1838:
1802:
1785:
1784:
1758:
1738:
1713:
1712:
1687:(6): 1757–1766.
1681:Neuropsychologia
1675:
1669:
1668:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1602:
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1595:
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1402:
1396:
1393:
1387:
1384:
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1370:
1361:
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1358:
1357:
1351:
1345:. Archived from
1328:
1310:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1284:
1260:
1254:
1244:
1235:
1234:
1224:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1130:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1107:
1101:. Archived from
1084:
1075:
1054:
1053:
1043:
1025:
1016:
953:
952:
916:
866:Neurolinguistics
856:Memory and aging
639:Effects of drugs
465:inferential view
459:Inferential view
360:inferential view
305:
142:inferential view
131:
130:
89:
82:
78:
75:
69:
45:
44:
37:
21:
3707:
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3702:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3650:
3648:
3638:
3636:
3624:
3605:Dominic O'Brien
3583:
3552:
3533:Susumu Tonegawa
3513:Daniel Schacter
3488:Eleanor Maguire
3478:Geoffrey Loftus
3433:Stephen J. Ceci
3428:Robert A. Bjork
3404:
3323:state-dependent
3297:
3269:
3201:
3182:Cultural memory
3158:
3154:Memory disorder
3130:
3090:
3032:
2923:
2833:
2808:
2753:
2710:
2705:
2675:
2638:
2634:
2603:
2599:
2568:
2564:
2527:
2510:
2471:
2467:
2443:
2437:
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2415:
2408:
2369:
2360:
2329:
2325:
2294:
2290:
2245:
2234:
2195:
2184:
2144:
2125:
2093:
2087:
2083:
2052:
2048:
2021:Neuropsychology
2017:
2006:
1969:
1944:
1915:
1908:
1876:10.1.1.222.5809
1859:
1842:
1803:
1788:
1756:10.1.1.526.9629
1739:
1716:
1676:
1672:
1630:
1626:
1603:
1599:
1560:
1556:
1532:
1528:
1496:10.1.1.384.2100
1489:(11): 856–860.
1479:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1457:
1446:
1435:
1431:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1371:
1364:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1326:10.1.1.529.2568
1308:
1302:
1298:
1261:
1257:
1245:
1238:
1201:
1197:
1166:
1162:
1131:
1120:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1082:
1076:
1057:
1023:
1017:
956:
917:
910:
906:
901:
851:
842:
833:
824:syntactic class
809:
798:
779:
771:
741:
704:
687:
646:
641:
632:
627:
573:parietal cortex
558:Right inferior
521:
505:
500:
487:
478:
461:
433:
424:
416:
399:
397:Blocking effect
393:
368:
352:
346:
303:
297:
233:also discussed
196:
134:syllabic stress
128:
127:
99:(also known as
90:
79:
73:
70:
59:
46:
42:
35:
32:Anterior tongue
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3705:
3695:
3694:
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3684:
3679:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3646:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3600:Paul R. McHugh
3597:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
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3558:
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3535:
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3525:
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3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3458:Ivan Izquierdo
3455:
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3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3419:
3417:
3410:
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3405:
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3395:
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3384:
3383:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3346:
3341:
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3331:
3326:
3316:
3311:
3305:
3303:
3299:
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3296:
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3277:
3275:
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3270:
3268:
3267:
3262:
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3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3215:
3209:
3207:
3203:
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3200:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3166:
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3159:
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3151:
3146:
3140:
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3123:
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3121:
3111:
3106:
3100:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3056:Hindsight bias
3053:
3048:
3042:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3003:Memory erasure
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2961:post-traumatic
2958:
2953:
2948:
2937:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2899:Personal-event
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2854:
2849:
2843:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2829:Working memory
2826:
2818:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2799:Motor learning
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2768:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2718:
2716:
2715:Basic concepts
2712:
2711:
2704:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2681:
2674:
2673:
2632:
2597:
2578:(2): 197–212.
2562:
2508:
2465:
2454:(4): 323–336.
2422:
2406:
2358:
2339:(2): 226–235.
2323:
2304:(3): 445–457.
2288:
2232:
2205:(3): 453–461.
2182:
2149:Conscious Cogn
2123:
2104:(2): 277–288.
2081:
2046:
2027:(3): 278–287.
2004:
1942:
1929:(3): 218–230.
1906:
1840:
1813:(5): 887–892.
1786:
1714:
1670:
1643:(3): 234–239.
1624:
1613:(1): 151–174.
1597:
1570:(2): 115–122.
1554:
1542:(1): 151–174.
1526:
1473:
1464:
1444:
1429:
1397:
1388:
1379:
1362:
1319:(2): 149–158.
1296:
1275:(1): 117–126.
1255:
1236:
1195:
1160:
1141:(4): 586–605.
1118:
1093:(4): 325–337.
1055:
954:
907:
905:
902:
900:
899:
892:
887:
882:
880:anomic aphasia
873:
868:
863:
858:
852:
850:
847:
841:
838:
832:
829:
808:
805:
797:
794:
782:Anomic aphasia
778:
777:Anomic aphasia
775:
770:
767:
740:
737:
703:
702:Effects of age
700:
686:
683:
653:benzodiazepine
645:
642:
640:
637:
631:
628:
626:
623:
612:is decreased.
606:
605:
603:insular cortex
599:
594:
589:
584:
578:
575:
569:
567:frontal cortex
563:
556:
549:
543:
520:
517:
504:
501:
499:
496:
486:
483:
477:
474:
460:
457:
449:Pomona College
432:
429:
423:
420:
409:retrieval cues
392:
389:
367:
364:
345:
342:
296:
293:
288:
287:
284:
281:
195:
192:
161:anomic aphasia
121:lexical access
92:
91:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3704:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3657:
3647:
3645:
3635:
3634:
3631:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3580:
3579:Clive Wearing
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3543:Endel Tulving
3541:
3539:
3538:Anne Treisman
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3498:Brenda Milner
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3483:James McGaugh
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3448:Sigmund Freud
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3392:retrospective
3389:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3371:Muscle memory
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3218:Art of memory
3216:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3066:Memory biases
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3046:Confabulation
3044:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3038:Memory errors
3035:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2956:post-hypnotic
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2909:Rote learning
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2884:Hyperthymesia
2882:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2847:Active recall
2845:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2744:Consolidation
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2702:
2697:
2695:
2690:
2688:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2566:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2419:
2413:
2411:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2155:(2): 360–73.
2154:
2150:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1911:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1749:(4): 1130–8.
1748:
1744:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1674:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1468:
1461:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1441:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1392:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1367:
1352:on 2013-10-20
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1241:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1215:(5): 737–49.
1214:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1108:on 2013-10-20
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1034:(3): 379–93.
1033:
1029:
1022:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
927:(2): 204–23.
926:
922:
915:
913:
908:
898:
897:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
853:
846:
837:
836:target word.
828:
825:
820:
815:
804:
802:
793:
791:
787:
783:
774:
766:
764:
760:
755:
751:
746:
736:
733:
728:
723:
719:
715:
710:
699:
696:
691:
682:
679:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
651:is a type of
650:
636:
622:
619:
613:
611:
604:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
579:
576:
574:
570:
568:
564:
561:
557:
554:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
537:
536:
530:
525:
516:
514:
510:
495:
492:
482:
473:
470:
466:
456:
454:
450:
445:
442:
438:
428:
419:
412:
410:
405:
398:
388:
386:
382:
378:
373:
363:
361:
357:
351:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
309:
307:
292:
285:
282:
279:
278:
277:
274:
269:
267:
263:
262:David McNeill
259:
255:
251:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
231:Sigmund Freud
228:
226:
225:William James
222:
221:
216:
212:
204:
203:William James
200:
191:
189:
188:metacognition
185:
181:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
156:
154:
150:
145:
143:
139:
135:
124:
122:
118:
114:
111:or term from
110:
106:
102:
98:
88:
85:
77:
67:
66:the talk page
63:
57:
55:
50:This article
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3610:Ben Pridmore
3528:Larry Squire
3438:Susan Clancy
3397:
3281:Memory sport
3206:Other topics
3096:False memory
3051:Cryptomnesia
3028:Weapon focus
2988:Decay theory
2918:
2749:Neuroanatomy
2708:Human memory
2649:
2645:
2635:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2538:
2534:
2481:(1): 15–23.
2478:
2474:
2468:
2451:
2447:
2417:
2379:(1): 89–96.
2376:
2372:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2256:
2252:
2202:
2198:
2152:
2148:
2101:
2097:
2084:
2062:(1): 63–83.
2059:
2055:
2049:
2024:
2020:
1980:
1976:
1926:
1922:
1866:
1862:
1810:
1806:
1746:
1742:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1640:
1636:
1633:Abrams, Lise
1627:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1467:
1459:
1437:
1432:
1424:
1418:. Retrieved
1411:the original
1400:
1391:
1382:
1374:
1354:. Retrieved
1347:the original
1316:
1312:
1299:
1272:
1268:
1258:
1247:
1212:
1208:
1198:
1176:(1): 35–56.
1173:
1170:Br J Psychol
1169:
1163:
1138:
1134:
1110:. Retrieved
1103:the original
1090:
1086:
1031:
1027:
924:
920:
894:
843:
834:
810:
799:
780:
772:
759:Neuroimaging
742:
709:neuroimaging
705:
688:
647:
633:
614:
607:
534:
506:
488:
479:
464:
462:
446:
441:phonological
434:
425:
413:
400:
371:
369:
353:
310:
298:
295:Universality
289:
272:
270:
265:
256:researchers
247:
229:
218:
214:
208:
177:
157:
152:
148:
146:
141:
137:
125:
104:
100:
96:
95:
80:
71:
60:Please help
51:
3468:Eric Kandel
3416:Researchers
3388:Prospective
3339:Free recall
3293:Shas Pollak
2946:anterograde
2862:Declarative
2448:Aphasiology
1983:(1): 82–7.
722:gray matter
258:Roger Brown
235:unconscious
165:head injury
105:lethologica
3671:Categories
3503:Lynn Nadel
3381:intertrial
3366:Metamemory
3354:flashbacks
3274:In society
2971:retrograde
2933:Forgetting
2904:Procedural
2814:Short-term
2784:Eyewitness
1743:NeuroImage
1420:2011-05-23
1356:2013-10-20
1112:2013-10-19
904:References
896:Presque vu
871:Metamemory
678:subjective
404:hypothesis
395:See also:
383:, and the
348:See also:
248:The first
56:to readers
3255:Nutrition
3163:In groups
2976:selective
2951:childhood
2879:Flashbulb
2839:Long-term
2739:Attention
2613:: 35–56.
2592:141262297
2076:145762131
1871:CiteSeerX
1835:144381977
1751:CiteSeerX
1657:0003-0996
1564:Cognition
1491:CiteSeerX
1321:CiteSeerX
819:phonology
649:Lorazepam
644:Lorazepam
491:heuristic
338:Kiswahili
330:Icelandic
74:June 2017
3557:Patients
3228:mnemonic
3223:chunking
2889:Implicit
2872:Semantic
2867:Episodic
2857:Explicit
2722:Encoding
2668:25956729
2627:10085545
2557:16615322
2495:19652018
2401:11603830
2393:19559070
2353:12061408
2318:10509699
2283:17892392
2227:27485539
2219:15174922
2177:24903714
2169:16798012
2118:17662226
2041:15910114
1999:20081165
1893:19642890
1827:11576194
1773:15670690
1709:22698772
1701:20206189
1665:27859151
1592:35709036
1513:16262769
1291:11277455
1231:21264637
1190:10085545
1155:13884102
1050:12198776
949:10714865
849:See also
801:Dyslexia
796:Dyslexia
690:Caffeine
685:Caffeine
673:sedation
669:seizures
667:, acute
665:insomnia
515:(fMRI).
437:semantic
358:and the
334:Kalenjin
318:metaphor
308:below).
243:impulses
239:thoughts
173:dementia
140:and the
129:features
3376:Priming
3302:Related
3245:Emotion
2941:Amnesia
2779:Eidetic
2766:Sensory
2727:Storage
2503:7220889
2274:2373253
1901:9197386
1781:3723243
1584:3652647
1521:8595641
1343:6611486
941:2034750
890:TOTimal
876:Aphasia
814:priming
786:aphasia
745:emotion
727:Priming
716:, left
695:priming
661:anxiety
555:(DLPFC)
326:Amharic
304:
254:Harvard
194:History
52:may be
3682:Memory
3409:People
3394:memory
3325:memory
3265:Trauma
2804:Visual
2794:Iconic
2789:Haptic
2774:Echoic
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