227:(Tampa Bay) in May 1549. There they encountered apparently peaceful and receptive Natives who told them of the many populous villages around Tampa Bay. Father Cancer decided to continue north to visit these towns and was met with violent resistance. Most members of the expedition were killed or captured, and Father Cancer was clubbed to death soon after reaching modern day Pinellas County.
292:. In 1612, the Spanish launched a punitive expedition down the Suwannee River and along the Gulf coast, attacking Tocobaga and Pohoy, and killing many of their people, including both chiefs. The Tocobaga were weakened by the Spanish attack, and the Pohoy became the dominant power in Tampa Bay for a while.
271:
As Carlos was anxious to gain an advantage over his enemy
Tocobaga, Menéndez took Carlos and 20 of his warriors to Tocobaga by ship. Menéndez persuaded Tocobaga and Carlos to make peace. He recovered several Europeans and a dozen Calusa being held as slaves by Tocobaga. Leaving a garrison of 30 men
347:
The population of
Tocobaga declined severely in the 17th century, due mostly to the spread of infectious diseases brought by the Europeans, to which the native people had little resistance, as they had no acquired immunity. In addition, all of the Florida tribes lost population due to the raids by
307:
from the mission of San
Lorenzo de Ivitachuco. There is no record of when the Tocobaga settled on the Wacissa River, but they appear to have been there for a while. When the Spanish official criticized the Tocobaga for having lived in a Christian province "for many years" without having converted,
148:
380:
The exact place(s) at which Narváez and de Soto landed is disputed. Bullen and Hann place
Narvaez's landing on the south side of Tampa Bay, with a route north around the east side of the bay, well away from Tocobaga. Milanich suggests Narvaez landed on the Pinellas peninsula, and marched directly
222:
visited the Tampa Bay area in 1549 to attempt to peacefully convert the locals to
Christianity. He intended to build a relationship between the Spanish and indigenous Floridians in the aftermath of earlier visits by aggressive conquistadors. Despite being cautioned to avoid the Gulf Coast, Father
138:
The
Tocobaga and their neighbors disappeared from the historical record by the early 1700s, as endemic diseases carried by European explorers decimated the local population. They had no medical acquired immunity to these new diseases. Survivors were displaced by the raids and incursions of other
114:
The name "Tocobaga" is often applied to all of the native peoples of the immediate Tampa Bay area during the first
Spanish colonial period (1513–1763). While they were culturally very similar, most of the villages on the eastern and southern shores of Tampa Bay were likely affiliated with other
439:, and then to a location south of St. Augustine. Within a year most of them had been killed in raids. Some Tocobaga may have left with either group. In 1719, two Tocobaga men returned to San Marcos from Mobile, as they were unhappy with the treatment they had received from the French.
272:
at
Tocobaga ( to encourage the people of the town to convert to Christianity), he returned Carlos and the other Calusa to their town. In January 1568, Spanish boats taking supplies to the garrison at Tocobaga found the town deserted, and all the Spanish soldiers dead.
134:
But, little is known about the political organization of the early peoples of the Tampa Bay area. The scant historical records come exclusively from the journals and other documents made by members of several
Spanish expeditions that traversed the area in the 1500s.
308:
they replied that no one had come to teach them about
Christianity, but that some twenty of their people had converted on their death beds and been buried at the mission in Ivitachuco. The Tocobaga were engaged in transporting produce from Apalachee Province to
203:), in his history of de Soto's expedition, relates that Narváez had ordered that the nose of the chief of Uzita be cut off, indicating that the two explorers had passed through the same area. Another town near Uzita encountered by de Soto was
385:
marking de Soto's landing is on the south side of Tampa Bay. Bullen and Milanich argue that the descriptions of de Soto's initial travels fit that location better than proposed alternatives, such as
288:
people who had converted to Christianity. In 1611 a raiding party from the two chiefdoms killed several Christianized Natives carrying supplies to the Spanish mission (Cofa) at the mouth of the
344:
attacked the Tocobaga settlement, killing eight and taking three away as captives. A small number of Tocobaga continued to live in the vicinity of San Marcos through the 1720s and 1730s.
186:
253:
being cultivated. (By contrast, the Safety Harbor people made little or no use of maize, and instead gathered most of their food and resources from the bountiful coastal waters.)
211:. Neither Narvaez nor de Soto remained in the area for long, as they each traveled north in search of gold after several violent encounters with the Tocobaga and their neighbors.
320:. Other people carried it overland the rest of the way to St. Augustine. The village was listed again in 1683, but it is not clear what happened when Apalachee Province was
431:
on the Gulf Coast. A few Apalachee from the Pensacola area returned to Apalachee province around 1718, settling near a fort that the Spanish had just built at San Marcos (
356:
around the end of the 17th century. Remnants of the Calusa, who lived to the south of the Tocobaga, were forced into extreme southern Florida. As Florida transitioned to
207:, but evidence suggests that, while Mocoso was in the Safety Harbor culture area together with Uzita and Tocobaga, the Mocoso people spoke a different language, possibly
189:
likely landed on the southern shore of Tampa Bay in 1539, and passed through the eastern part of Safety Harbor territory after occupying the village of
249:
or Paracoxi (also given as Urribarracuxi). De Soto marched to the town of Paracoxi, which appears to have been inland from Tampa Bay, where he found
360:
rule in 1763 following its defeat of France in the Seven Years' War, the Calusa emigrated with the evacuating Spanish, resettling with them in
1005:
423:
When the Spanish abandoned Apalachee province in 1704, some 800 surviving Indians, including Apalachee, Chatot and Yamasee, fled westward to
364:, possibly along with the remnants of the Tocobaga. In any case, the Tocobaga disappeared from historical records in the early 18th century.
332:
in 1718, they found a few Tocobaga living along the Wacissa River. The Spanish commander persuaded the Tocobaga to move to the mouth of the
245:) and Mogoso (Mocoço) as "separate kingdoms" from the Calusa. Ucita and Mocoço at the time of de Soto's visit were subject to a chief named
1010:
91:
of Native Americans, its chief, and its principal town during the 16th century. The chiefdom was centered around the northern end of Old
1035:
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393:. Hann simply says that the landing was on the south side of Tampa Bay. Neither expedition recorded the name Tocobaga.
969:
924:
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230:
196:
985:
233:, a shipwreck survivor who lived with the Natives of southern Florida from 1549–1566 and was rescued from the
257:
238:
175:
and soon skirmished with the indigenous population, probably at the principal town of the Tocobaga at the
793:
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361:
960:(1978). "The Last of the South Florida Aborigines". In Milanich, Jerald T.; Procter, Samuel (eds.).
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317:
139:
indigenous groups from the north. The Tampa Bay area was virtually uninhabited for over a century.
128:
100:
17:
1020:
817:
436:
168:
962:
Tacachale: Essays on the Indians of Florida and Southeastern Georgia during the Historic Period
700:
Tacachale: Essays on the Indians of Florida and Southeastern Georgia during the Historic Period
427:, along with many of the Spanish in the province. Some moved further west to French-controlled
309:
722:
957:
108:
164:
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8:
840:
The Enterprise of Florida: Pedro Menéndez de Avilés and the Spanish Conquest of 1565–1568
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visited what was almost certainly the Safety Harbor site. Menéndez had contacted the
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120:
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842:(Paperback ed.). Gainesville, Florida: The University Presses of Florida.
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103:. The exact location of the principal town is believed to be the archeological
96:
612:
151:
Estimated extent of Tocobaga influence at first contact with Spanish explorers
999:
917:
Laboring in the Fields of the Lord: Spanish Missions and Southeastern Indians
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142:
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246:
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has provided insight into the everyday life of the Safety Harbor culture.
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881:(Paperback ed.). Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida.
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colonists and their Native allies in 1704. When the Spanish returned to
565:
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256:
The name "Tocobaga" first appears in Spanish documents in 1567, when
242:
172:
92:
435:). Many Apalachee from the village of Ivitachuco moved to a site in
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95:, the arm of Tampa Bay that extends between the present-day city of
407:
88:
353:
285:
261:
234:
204:
124:
68:
813:"Apalachee Tribe, Missing for Centuries, Comes Out of Hiding"
690:(1978). "Tocobaga Indians and the Safety Harbor Culture". In
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281:
250:
116:
72:
765:
Hann, John H. (Fall 1995). "Demise of the Pojoy and Bomto".
537:
964:. Gainesville, Florida: The University Presses of Florida.
223:
Cancer's expedition came ashore just south of the mouth of
501:
143:
Encounters with Spanish explorers in the sixteenth century
525:
724:
Florida's Past: People and Events that Shaped the State
111:, of which the Tocobaga are the most well-known group.
489:
477:
295:
In 1677 a Spanish official inspecting the missions in
268:, the Calusa king. Menéndez married Carlos's sister.
942:. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida.
919:. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida.
900:. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida.
861:. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida.
750:. Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida Press.
898:
Florida's Indians from Ancient Times to the Present
628:
453:
312:, carrying it in canoes along the coast and up the
299:visited a village of Tocobaga people living on the
513:
465:
997:
790:Indians of Central and South Florida: 1513-1763
933:
543:
879:Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe
940:Hernando de Soto and the Indians of Florida
956:
670:
87:(occasionally Tocopaca) was the name of a
649:, pp. 41–42, 46, 282, 316, 322–323;
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159:was visited by Spanish explorers during
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14:
998:
748:Apalachee: the land between the rivers
686:
666:
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381:north through Tocobaga territory. The
1006:Post-Archaic period in North America
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650:
646:
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594:
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39:Regions with significant populations
859:Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida
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1011:Native American history of Florida
727:. Vol. 1. Sarasota, Florida:
264:and reached an accommodation with
25:
1047:
1036:Former chiefdoms in North America
1026:Native American tribes in Florida
979:
825:from the original on May 25, 2022
704:The University Presses of Florida
284:and Tocobaga may have threatened
768:The Florida Historical Quarterly
275:
241:, described Tocobaga, Abalachi (
811:Horwitz, Tony (March 9, 2005).
417:
396:
340:. In August that year 25 to 30
231:Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda
107:. This is the namesake for the
986:Who Were the Tocobaga Indians?
374:
161:Florida's early Spanish period
13:
1:
991:Tocobaga Indians of Tampa Bay
680:
915:Milanich, Jerald T. (2006).
896:Milanich, Jerald T. (1998).
877:Milanich, Jerald T. (1995).
857:Milanich, Jerald T. (1994).
621:, pp. 187–8, 191, 195;
446:
27:Chiefdom in Northern America
7:
794:University Press of Florida
410:) meant "war chief" in the
402:"Paracoxi" ("Paracousi" in
10:
1052:
544:Milanich & Hudson 1993
336:under the protection of a
1016:History of Tampa, Florida
597:, pp. 120–121, 131;
383:De Soto National Memorial
182:Several years later, the
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62:
55:
50:
43:
38:
792:. Gainesville, Florida:
702:. Gainesville, Florida:
367:
258:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
239:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
129:archaeological artifacts
818:The Wall Street Journal
330:San Marcos de Apalachee
280:In 1608 an alliance of
115:chiefdoms, such as the
958:Sturtevant, William C.
788:Hann, John H. (2003).
746:Hann, John H. (1988).
721:Burnett, Gene (1996).
152:
934:Milanich, Jerald T.;
838:Lyon, Eugene (1966).
601:, pp. 295, 299;
218:expedition of Father
150:
109:Safety Harbor culture
63:Related ethnic groups
593:, pp. 187–188;
581:, pp. 201, 203.
391:Caloosahatchee River
225:Bahia Espiritu Santo
197:Garcilaso de la Vega
692:Milanich, Jerald T.
562:, pp. 388–389.
534:, pp. 156–158.
510:, pp. 107–108.
316:and, probably, the
35:
657:, pp. 129–30.
577:, pp. 54–55;
558:, pp. 51–52;
433:St. Marks, Florida
297:Apalachee Province
177:Safety Harbor site
169:Pánfilo de Narváez
153:
105:Safety Harbor site
45:Tampa Bay, Florida
33:
949:978-0-8130-1170-7
888:978-0-8130-1636-8
849:978-0-8130-0777-9
803:978-0-8130-2645-9
757:978-0-8130-0854-7
688:Bullen, Ripley P.
498:, pp. 51–53.
412:Timucuan language
82:
81:
34:Tocobaga chiefdom
16:(Redirected from
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101:Pinellas County
57:Native American
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318:Santa Fe River
314:Suwannee River
290:Suwannee River
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220:Luis de Cancer
163:. In 1528, an
157:Tampa Bay area
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827:. Retrieved
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623:Horwitz 2005
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171:landed near
154:
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84:
83:
30:Ethnic group
667:Bullen 1978
575:Bullen 1978
556:Bullen 1978
496:Bullen 1978
460:Bullen 1978
324:by English
127:. Study of
1000:Categories
681:References
326:Carolinian
216:missionary
199:(known as
187:Expedition
165:expedition
655:Hann 2003
651:Hann 1995
647:Hann 1988
635:Hann 1988
595:Hann 2003
591:Hann 1995
579:Lyon 1966
520:Hann 2003
472:Hann 2003
447:Citations
425:Pensacola
243:Apalachee
173:Tampa Bay
93:Tampa Bay
938:(1993).
823:Archived
781:30148820
698:(eds.).
408:Saturiwa
89:chiefdom
85:Tocobaga
51:Religion
18:Tocobago
389:or the
358:British
354:Yamasee
338:battery
322:overrun
209:Timucua
201:el Inca
167:led by
968:
946:
923:
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865:
846:
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429:Mobile
305:league
286:Potano
266:Carlos
262:Calusa
235:Calusa
205:Mocoso
125:Mocoso
123:, and
69:Mocoso
777:JSTOR
368:Notes
350:Creek
342:Pohoy
282:Pohoy
251:maize
191:Uzita
121:Uzita
117:Pohoy
97:Tampa
77:Uzita
73:Pohoy
966:ISBN
944:ISBN
921:ISBN
902:ISBN
883:ISBN
863:ISBN
844:ISBN
831:2022
798:ISBN
752:ISBN
733:ISBN
708:ISBN
362:Cuba
352:and
348:the
303:one
214:The
155:The
237:by
193:.
179:.
1002::
821:.
815:.
796:.
773:74
771:.
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567:^
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20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
