197:, Mexico), with the purpose of founding two settlements. Storms, opposing currents, and strong winds forced them north to present-day Florida. After landing near Boca Ciega Bay, about 15 miles north of the entrance to Tampa Bay, Narváez and his pilots determined that their landing place was not suitable for settlement. Narváez ordered that the expedition be split, with 300 men sent overland northward along the coast and 100 men and ten women aboard the ships were also sent northward along the coast, as Narváez intended to reunify the land and seaborne expeditions at a supposed large harbor to the north of them that would be "impossible to miss". The land expedition and the ships never met, as no large harbor existed north of their landing location. As it marched northward, the land expedition encountered numerous attacks by
956:, Sevilla: Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos, 1989. Note: Italians recorded were, from Genoa: Francisco Cambarrota, merchant; Bernardo Genoves; Sebastian Genoves; Sciion de Grimaldo, merchant; Leonardo Jaso; Bartolome Iustianiano; from Naples/Sicily: Juan de Napoles, mariner; Leonardo Napolitano; Leonardo Tragonete; Juan de Orona (Sicily); :Diego Mollano, auctioneer (Sardinia); from Venice: Luis, shipwright; Andres Venecian; Bernabe Veneciano, the younger brother of Andres Venecian; from other cities/Italy: Nicolau, barber (Florence); Juan Barti, merchant (Lucca); Juan Calabres (Calabria); Esteban Camara (Italy); Antonio Camero (Italy); Jacome Cerriselo (Italy); Francisco de Espinoa, nobleman (Italy); Pedro de Espinola Estefani (Italy).
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797:. As Cabeza de Vaca wrote later, his countrymen were "dumbfounded at the sight of me, strangely dressed and in the company of Indians. They just stood staring for a long time." The Spaniards accompanied the survivors to Mexico City. Estevanico later served as a guide for other expeditions. Cabeza de Vaca returned to Spain, where he wrote a full account, especially describing the many indigenous peoples they encountered. He later served the colonial government in South America.
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523:. That night, an arrow was shot past one of Narváez's men near a watering hole. The next morning, the Spaniards found the natives had deserted the village. They set out again for Apalachee. They soon realized they were being accompanied by hostile natives. Narváez laid a trap for the pursuing natives, and they captured three or four, whom they used as guides. The Spanish had no further contact with those Timucua.
243:("The Account and Commentaries"), published in 1542 as the first written account of the indigenous peoples, wildlife, flora, and fauna of inland North America. It was published again by Cabeza de Vaca in 1555, this time to include descriptions of his subsequent experience as Governor of the Río de la Plata region in South America. A translation was later published under the title
346:. On about October 30, the two ships arrived in Trinidad to collect requisitioned supplies and seek additional crew. A hurricane arrived shortly after they did. During the storm, both ships sank, 60 men were killed, a fifth of the horses drowned, and all the new supplies acquired in Trinidad were destroyed.
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On May 1, 1528, Narváez made the decision to split the expedition into land and sea contingents. He planned to have an army of 300 march overland to the north while the ships, with the remaining 100 people, sailed up the coast to meet them. He believed the mouth to Tampa Bay to be a short distance to
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After battling more storms, the expedition rounded the western tip of Cuba and made its way toward Havana. Although they were close enough to see the masts of ships in port, the wind blew the fleet into the Gulf of Mexico without their reaching Havana. Narváez decided to press on with the journey and
327:, in which 450 of 600 men perished. Nearly 100 men deserted the Narváez expedition in the first month in Santo Domingo. The expedition stopped here to purchase horses, as well as two small ships for exploring the coastline. Although Narváez was able to buy only one small ship, he set sail once again.
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When the
Spanish finally reached Aute, they found the village already deserted and burnt. They harvested enough corn, beans, and squash from the garden to feed their party, many of whom were starving, wounded and sick. After two days, Narváez sent Cabeza de Vaca to look for an opening to the sea. He
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Years later, Cabeza de Vaca learned what had become of the ships. Miruelo had returned to Old Tampa Bay in the brigantine and found all the ships gone. He sailed to Havana to pick up the fifth ship, which had been supplied, and brought it back to Tampa Bay. After heading north for some time without
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By
September 20, they had finished building five boats. They sailed on September 22, 1528. After being ravaged by disease, starvation, and attacks by the various peoples they intended to conquer, 242 men had survived. About 50 men were carried by each boat, which were thirty to forty feet long and
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For the first two days out of the village, the
Spaniards were not attacked, but once they were up to their chests in water in the swamp, the Apalachee attacked them with a shower of arrows. Nearly helpless, the Spanish could neither use their horses nor quickly reload their heavy weapons, and they
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a license to claim what is now the Gulf Coast of the United States for the
Kingdom of Spain. The contract gave him one year to gather an army, leave Spain, found at least two towns of one hundred people each, and garrison two additional forts anywhere along the coast. Narváez had to secure his own
818:, the Moroccan slave who accompanied Cabeza de Vaca as one of the four survivors of the expedition. He is known as the first black explorer of America. Lalami explains that nothing is known about him except for one line in Cabeza de Vaca's chronicle: "The fourth is Estevanico, an Arab Negro from
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knew the
Spanish party was nearing their territory. They decided to meet the Europeans as they came near on June 18. Through hand signs and gestures, Narváez communicated to their chief, Dulchanchellin, that they were headed to Apalachee. Dulchanchellin appeared pleased by this (it turned out the
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by order of the pope. He also said that natives had the choice of converting to
Christianity. If they converted, they would be loved and welcomed with open arms; if they chose not to, war would be made against them. The expedition ignored both pleas and threats by a party of natives the next day.
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Soon after Narváez took the village, Apalachee warriors began attacking the
Europeans. Their first attack was a force of 200 warriors, who used burning arrows to set fire to the houses the Europeans occupied. The warriors quickly dispersed, losing only one man. The next day a second force of 200
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continuously for the next three weeks. During this time, Narváez sent out three scouting missions in search of larger or wealthier towns. All three came back without good news. Frustrated by misfortune and failing health, Narváez ordered the expedition to head south. The
Apalachee and Timucua
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The men killed their horses for food and material while they were building the boats – one horse every three days. They used horsehair to braid rope and the skins for water storage bags. As horses were highly valued by the
Spanish, especially the nobility, they named the bay, now known as
684:. However, other historians have pointed out that there are several inconsistencies between Cabeza de Vaca's description of the island and Galveston Island. As a result, many historians believe that it is more likely that Cabeza de Vaca and his companions actually landed at what is now
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the north, when in fact it was to the south. Cabeza de Vaca argued against this plan, but was outvoted by the rest of the officers. Narváez wanted Cabeza de Vaca to lead the sea force, but he refused. He later wrote it was a matter of honor, as Narváez had implied he was a coward.
476:. They enslaved the natives and for three days helped themselves to corn from their fields. They sent two exploratory parties downstream on both sides of the river looking for signs of the ships, but found none. Narváez ordered the party to continue north to Apalachee.
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The comptroller Alonso Enríquez was one of the first ashore. Making his way to the nearby native village, he traded items such as glass beads, brass bells, and cloth for fresh fish and venison. Narváez ordered the rest of the company to debark and establish a camp.
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under the command of Cabeza de Vaca. Narváez stayed ashore in order to recruit men and purchase more ships. After nearly four months, on
February 20, 1528, he arrived in Cienfuegos with one of two new ships and a few more recruits. The other ship he sent on to
516:. During the crossing, an officer named Juan Velázquez charged into it on his horse, and both drowned. His was the first non-shipwreck casualty of the expedition, and the men were disturbed by his death. The starving army cooked and ate his horse that night.
404:. They turned south and traveled for two days looking for what the pilot Miruelo described as a great harbor. During these two days, one of the five remaining ships was lost. Finally, after spotting a shallow bay, Narváez ordered entry. They passed into
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Closely following the Gulf Coast, the boats proceeded to the west, but frequent storms, thirst and starvation reduced the expedition to about 80 survivors before a hurricane cast Cabeza de Vaca and his remaining men on the western shore of a
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in late September. As Cuba was the home of Narváez and his family, he had many contacts through whom he could collect more supplies, horses, and men. After meeting with his wealthy friend Vasco Porcallo, Narváez sent part of the fleet to
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After a few days stuck near the shallow waters, one man came up with a plan: he suggested reforging their weaponry and armor to make tools and to build new boats to sail to Mexico. The party agreed and started action on August 4, 1528.
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Narváez decided to go to the oyster beds for the food. With many of the horses carrying the sick and wounded, the Spanish realized they were struggling for survival. Some considered cannibalism to survive. During the march, some of the
365:, who claimed extensive knowledge of the Gulf Coast. Historians have debated for centuries his full identity and the extent of his knowledge. In any case, two days after leaving Cienfuegos, every ship in the fleet ran aground on the
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just off the coast of Cuba. They were stuck for two to three weeks, while the men depleted the already meager supplies. Not until the second week of March, when a storm created large seas, were they able to escape the shoals.
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They constructed a forge out of a log and used deerskins for the bellows. They cut down trees and made charcoal for the forge. Then they made hammers, saws, axes, and nails out of their iron gear. Caulking was made from the
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found their armor weighing them down in water. After regaining solid ground, they drove off the attackers. For the next two weeks, they made their difficult way through the swamp, occasionally under attack by the Apalachee.
323:(Hispaniola) sometime in August 1527. During the stay, troops began deserting. Although always a problem on such expeditions, the men may also have deserted because of hearing about the recent return of an expedition led by
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of the present-day United States and into the American southwest. Only four of the expedition's original members survived, reaching Mexico City in 1536. These survivors were the first known non-Native Americans to see the
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and diocesan priests led by Padre Juan Suárez (sometimes spelled Xuárez). Most of the expedition's 600 men were soldiers, chiefly from Spain and Portugal, including some of mixed African descent, and some 22 from Italy.
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and Cuba on the way to La Florida, the fleet was devastated by a hurricane, among other storms, and lost two ships. They left Cuba in February 1528. Their intended destination was the Rio de las Palmas (near present-day
680:. There they suffered hunger and disease, causing them to name the island the "island of misfortune," "island of doom," or "island of ill fortune" (variously translated). Historians believe they landed at present-day
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territory. Finding a community of forty houses, they thought it was the capital, but it was a small outlying village of a much larger culture. The Spanish attacked, took several hostages including the village's
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finding the party on land, commanders of the other three ships decided to return to Tampa Bay. After meeting, the fleet again searched for the land party for nearly a year before finally departing for Mexico.
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forces and suffered from disease and starvation. By September 1528, following an attempt by the survivors to sail on makeshift rafts from Florida to Mexico, only 80 men survived a storm and were swept onto
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was to serve as the king's eyes and ears, and was second-in-command. He was to ensure the Crown received one fifth of any wealth acquired during the expedition. Other expedition members included
766:. They headed west and gradually south hoping to reach the Spanish Empire's outpost in Mexico, becoming the first men of Europe and Africa to enter Southwestern North America (present day
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north of the entrance to Tampa Bay. They spotted buildings set upon earthen mounds, encouraging signs of culture, food, and water. The natives have since been identified as members of the
358:. At this point, the expedition had about 400 men and 80 horses. The winter layover caused a depletion of supplies, and they planned to restock in Havana on the way to the Florida coast.
228:—made it to Mexico (the 5th known survivor was Juan Ortiz who live with Native Americans north of Tampa until de Soto arrived in 1538), during which they wandered through what is now the
304:. The total force included about 450 troops, officers, and slaves. About 150 others were sailors, wives (married men could not travel without their wives to the Indies), and servants.
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After these direct attacks, the Apalachee changed to quick assaults after the Spanish started trekking again. They could fire their bows five or six times while the Spanish loaded a
456:. The villagers were using Spanish freight boxes as coffins. The Spanish destroyed these and found a little food and gold. The locals told them that there was plenty of both in
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in search of the great harbor he had talked about. If he was unsuccessful, he should return to Cuba. Narváez never regained contact with Miruelo or any of the crew of the brig.
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talked about stealing their horses and abandoning everyone else. Although Narváez was too ill to take action, Cabeza de Vaca learned of the plan and convinced them to stay.
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The next day, the royal officials assembled ashore and, with ritual, performed the formal declaration of Narváez as royal governor of La Florida. He read (in Spanish) the
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Narváez's crew initially numbered about 600, including men from Spain, Portugal, Greece, and Italy. The expedition met with disaster almost immediately. Making stops at
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A land so strange : the epic journey of Cabeza de Vaca : the extraordinary tale of a shipwrecked Spaniard who walked across America in the sixteenth century
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in central Texas. Most tribe names in the Relación, however, are not attested by any other written source and difficult to link to any tribes mentioned elsewhere.
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captives told him that the people of Aute had a great deal of food, and their village was near the sea. The party had to cross a large swamp to reach the place.
578:, he found shallow, salty water filled with oyster beds. Two more days of scouting produced no better results, and the men returned to tell Narváez the news.
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of corn to sustain themselves during the construction. Twice, within sight of the camp, ten men gathering shellfish were killed by Apalachee raids.
311:, about a week's journey and 850 miles into the Atlantic. There the expedition resupplied such items as water, wine, firewood, meats, and fruit.
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warriors, equipped with large bows, attacked from the opposite side of the village. This force also quickly dispersed and lost only one man.
774:). Their precise route has been difficult for historians to determine, but they apparently traveled across present-day Texas, perhaps into
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Narváez put Cabeza de Vaca and a captain named Pantoja in charge of two ships sent to Trinidad, while he took the other four ships to the
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in 1536, and with them, the four men finally reached Mexico City. Upon returning to Spain, Cabeza de Vaca wrote of the expedition in his
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off the coast of Texas. The stranded survivors were enslaved by indigenous nations, and more men continued to die from harsh conditions.
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The gentle conquistadors : the ten year odyssey across the American Southwest of three Spanish captains and Esteban, a black slave
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The Journey of the Vaca Party: The Account of the Narváez Expedition, 1528–1536, as Related by Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés
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For the next four years, Cabeza de Vaca and a steadily dwindling number of his comrades lived in the complex indigenous world of
412:. The Spaniards dropped anchors and prepared to go ashore. Narváez landed with 300 men in Boca Ciega Bay at what is known as the
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funding for the expedition. He recruited investors by marketing the promise of riches comparable to those recently discovered by
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in Mexico. He also called in many debts owed to him, and used this money to pay for major expenses of the expedition.
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838:, a 2018 nonfiction biography by Dennis Herrick, dispels centuries of myths and inaccuracies about the African.
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After the two leaders exchanged gifts, the expedition followed the Timucua into their territory and crossed the
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colonization plans. They spent the next month trying to reach the Mexican coast but could not overcome the
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The approximate route of the Narváez expedition from Santo Domingo. From Galveston in November 1528,
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When the Spaniards arrived at the Timucua village on June 19, the chief sent them provisions of
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1336:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca: His Account, His Life, and the Expedition of Panfilo de Narváez
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Wolff, Thomas (1969). "The Karankawa Indians: Their Conflict with the White Man in Texas".
883:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca: His Account, His Life, and the Expedition of Panfilo de Narváez
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The men marched in near-starvation for two weeks before coming upon a village north of the
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to the north. After returning to their base camp, the Spanish made plans to head north.
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Meanwhile, Narváez took another party inland, where they found another village, perhaps
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This article is about the 16th century expedition. For the 18th century expedition, see
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1000:(Paperback ed.). Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. p. 118.
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and Thomas Morley, gives a somewhat fictionalized account of the expedition.
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and northern Mexico. They eventually encountered Spanish slave-catchers in
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Recognizing the need to regroup, Narváez sent the four remaining ships to
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924:, title of 1993 English translation by Martin Favata and Jose Fernandez.
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and establish colonial settlements. The expedition was initially led by
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was a Spanish expedition started in 1527 that was intended to explore
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traveled for eight years on foot across the Southwest, accompanied by
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Brutal Journey: the epic story of the first crossing of North America
973:, Miami: Academy of the Arts and Sciences of the Americas, p. 56
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628:, "Bahia de los Caballos" in honor of the sacrifice of the animals.
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On April 12, 1528, the expedition spotted land north of what is now
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Cabeza de Vaca’s Primahaitu Pidgin, O’odham Nation, and euskaldunak
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After some exploring, Narváez and some other officers discovered
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On June 17, 1527, the expedition departed Spain from the port of
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By 1532, only four members of the original expedition survived:
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as royal inspector of mines, Alonso Enríquez as comptroller, an
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to collect horses and other supplies from his friend's estate.
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did not find the sea, but after half a day's march along the
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prince called Don Pedro by the Spanish, and a contingent of
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Hurricanes of the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions, 1492–1800
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Appointed by the Spanish Crown as treasurer and sheriff,
1419:. Translated by Martin Favata; Jose Fernández. Houston:
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Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca: el gran burlador de América
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Among those hired by Narváez was a master pilot named
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A Land So Strange: The Epic Journey of Cabeza de Vaca
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484:, a member of the naval force, was captured by the
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1416:The Account: Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca's Relación
922:The Account: Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca's Relacion
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152:, until reaching present-day Mexico City in 1536.
16:16th-century Spanish exploration in North America
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1490:Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca: American Trailblazer
1447:. Translated by Basil Hedrick; Carroll L Riley.
954:Presencia italiana en Andalucía: Siglos XIV-XVII
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600:of pine trees, and palmetto leaves were used as
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1313:Esteban: The African Slave Who Explored America
1252:Esteban: The African Slave who Explored America
836:Esteban: The African Slave Who Explored America
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1334:Adorno, Rolena; Pautz, Patrick (1999-09-15).
881:Adorno, Rolena; Pautz, Patrick (1999-09-15).
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998:Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe
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531:On June 25, 1528, the expedition entered
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
1385:Enrique Pupo-Walker, ed. (1993-09-23) .
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1048:Cabeza de Vaca's La Relacion, page 65
632:had a shallow draft, sail, and oars.
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307:The first stop on the voyage was the
1580:Spanish colonization of the Americas
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54:adding citations to reliable sources
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1565:Battles involving Native Americans
1555:Native American history of Florida
1441:Oviedo y Valdez, Gonzalo Fernandez
822:." It was a finalist for the 2015
492:, where he lived until rescued by
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1507:
830:, a 2007 historical narrative by
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1560:Native American history of Texas
1550:Colonial United States (Spanish)
1492:. University of Oklahoma Press.
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209:Only four of the original party—
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1317:University of New Mexico Press
1256:University of New Mexico Press
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1451:: University Museum Studies,
996:Milanich, Jerald T. (1998) .
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842:, a 1971 children's novel by
801:Representation in other media
748:Alonso del Castillo Maldonado
699:along the Gulf Coast and the
509:Apalachee were his enemies).
257:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
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215:Alonso del Castillo Maldonado
138:Alonso del Castillo Maldonado
1535:Exploration of North America
1453:Southern Illinois University
1371:. Parnaseo/Lemir. Valencia:
1340:University of Nebraska Press
1338:. Vol. 3 vol. Lincoln:
1069:. Retrieved 2008-08-07.
1058: Donald E. Chipman:
911:Cabeza de Vaca's La Relacion
887:University of Nebraska Press
615:Narváez expedition in 1528,
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7:
1379:Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, Álvar
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814:, is a fictional memoir of
752:Andrés Dorantes de Carranza
219:Andrés Dorantes de Carranza
142:Andrés Dorantes de Carranza
10:
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1545:Catholic Church in Florida
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1079:Andrés., Reséndez (2007).
934:Mark Sumner (2011-01-30).
768:Southwestern United States
756:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
707:Southwestern North America
330:The expedition arrived in
273:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
230:southwestern United States
211:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
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1286:. London: Kaye and Ward.
1282:; Morley, Thomas (1972).
1085:. New York: Basic Books.
319:The explorers arrived in
221:, and Dorantes' enslaved
1362:Journal of the Southwest
1311:Herdick, Dennis (2018).
1250:Herrick, Dennis (2018).
840:The Gentle Conquistadors
504:From scout reports, the
1373:Universidad de Valencia
1367:Maura, Juan Francisco.
1356:Gil-Osle, Juan Pablo. “
936:"America, the artifact"
325:Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón
1488:Varnum, Robin (2014).
1471:Henry Holt and Company
1393:Frances Lopez-Morillas
1149:Carson, David (2021).
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488:. He later escaped to
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255:On December 25, 1526,
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1520:World Digital Library
858:, Narváez's successor
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464:Narváez splits forces
410:Safety Harbor culture
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381:'s powerful current.
298:Sanlúcar de Barrameda
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1449:Carbondale, Illinois
1364:60.1 (2018): 252-68.
300:at the mouth of the
65:"Narváez expedition"
50:improve this article
1585:Spanish West Indies
1174:Cabeza de Vaca 1542
1036:Cabeza de Vaca 1542
1021:Cabeza de Vaca 1542
984:Cabeza de Vaca 1542
967:Millás, José Carlos
785:In July 1536, near
500:Meeting the Timucua
474:Withlacoochee River
344:Gulf of Guacanayabo
315:Hispaniola and Cuba
177:, and to cross the
1423:. February 1993 .
1421:Arte Público Press
1191:The Moor's Account
952:Boscolo, Alberto.
810:, a 2014 novel by
807:The Moor's Account
726:. You can help by
655:. You can help by
621:
398:
385:Arrival in Florida
302:Guadalquivir River
261:Pánfilo de Narváez
166:Pánfilo de Narváez
158:Narváez expedition
154:
21:José María Narváez
1575:Conflicts in 1528
1570:Conflicts in 1527
1480:978-0-8050-6835-1
1430:978-1-55885-060-6
1406:978-0-520-07063-9
1349:978-0-8032-1463-7
1326:978-0-8263-5981-0
1280:Mirsky, Jeannette
1204:978-0-307-91166-7
1092:978-0-465-06841-8
1065:Handbook of Texas
896:978-0-8032-1463-7
828:A Land So Strange
744:
743:
673:
672:
559:guerrilla tactics
414:Jungle Prada Site
395:Jungle Prada Site
175:Mississippi River
126:
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118:
100:
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1434:
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1391:. Translated by
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1219:Reséndez, Andrés
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844:Jeannette Mirsky
772:Northwest Mexico
739:
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697:Karankawa people
682:Galveston, Texas
668:
665:
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494:Hernando de Soto
332:Santiago de Cuba
247:("Shipwrecks").
204:Galveston Island
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1461:Schneider, Paul
1431:
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1315:. Albuquerque:
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832:Andrés Reséndez
803:
789:in present-day
740:
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724:needs expansion
709:
686:Follet's Island
669:
663:
660:
653:needs expansion
638:
576:St. Marks River
529:
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496:'s expedition.
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416:in present-day
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1176:, Chap. XXXIII
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393:Marker at the
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179:Gulf of Mexico
134:Cabeza de Vaca
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654:
651:This section
649:
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626:Apalachee Bay
618:
617:Apalachee Bay
613:
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430:Requerimiento
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266:Hernán Cortés
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241:y comentarios
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106:November 2014
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67: –
66:
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61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
1514:
1489:
1469:. New York:
1465:
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1395:. Berkeley:
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1274:
1251:
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1225:. New York:
1222:
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1193:. New York:
1190:
1181:
1169:
1158:. Retrieved
1154:
1144:
1119:
1116:Ethnohistory
1115:
1109:
1081:
1074:
1063:
1054:
1043:
1038:, Chap. VIII
1016:
997:
991:
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953:
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939:
929:
921:
917:
906:
882:
876:
839:
835:
827:
826:in fiction.
812:Laila Lalami
805:
804:
784:
745:
732:
728:adding to it
723:
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661:
657:adding to it
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72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
1515:Shipwrecked
1227:Basic Books
1122:(1): 1–32.
885:. Lincoln:
693:South Texas
636:South Texas
379:Gulf Stream
238:La relación
1529:Categories
1236:0465068413
1160:2021-10-04
1023:, Chap. IV
868:References
816:Estebanico
776:New Mexico
760:Estevanico
585:caballeros
482:Juan Ortiz
447:brigantine
351:Cienfuegos
285:Franciscan
251:Background
245:Naufragios
226:Estevanico
199:indigenous
190:Hispaniola
170:Gulf Coast
146:Estevanico
76:newspapers
1388:Castaways
1101:171151948
1062:from the
940:Daily Kos
901:, 3 vols.
795:New Spain
735:July 2017
664:July 2017
555:harquebus
533:Apalachee
527:Apalachee
458:Apalachee
435:Charles V
402:Tampa Bay
367:Canarreos
1443:(1974).
1221:(2007).
1189:(2014).
969:(1968),
850:See also
787:Culiacán
551:crossbow
454:Tocobaga
337:Trinidad
259:granted
1305:Sources
791:Sinaloa
780:Arizona
701:Tonkawa
606:bushels
539:cacique
506:Timucua
234:Sinaloa
195:Tampico
162:Florida
150:Indians
90:scholar
1496:
1477:
1427:
1403:
1375:, 2008
1346:
1323:
1290:
1262:
1233:
1201:
1136:480941
1134:
1099:
1089:
1067:Online
1004:
893:
862:Mocoso
820:Azamor
758:, and
490:Mocoso
370:shoals
356:Havana
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
1132:JSTOR
602:oakum
598:pitch
521:maize
486:Uzita
281:Aztec
183:Texas
97:JSTOR
83:books
1494:ISBN
1475:ISBN
1425:ISBN
1401:ISBN
1344:ISBN
1321:ISBN
1288:ISBN
1260:ISBN
1231:ISBN
1199:ISBN
1097:OCLC
1087:ISBN
1002:ISBN
891:ISBN
778:and
770:and
764:Moor
574:and
223:Moor
181:and
156:The
144:and
69:news
1360:.”
1124:doi
730:.
659:.
553:or
52:by
1531::
1473:.
1399:.
1381:.
1342:.
1319:.
1258:.
1229:.
1197:.
1153:.
1130:.
1120:16
1118:.
1095:.
1028:^
938:.
889:.
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733:(
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662:(
619:.
119:)
113:(
108:)
104:(
94:·
87:·
80:·
73:·
46:.
23:.
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