271:, was transformed into the country's first military force, the 1st Battalion of the Uganda Rifles. It numbered just 700 soldiers at this point, but was rapidly expanded by enlisting volunteers. The national military was renamed to "Uganda Army" on 1 August 1962, though it was often still called the "Uganda Rifles". Uganda officially became independent on 9 October 1962. At this point, British officers recommended one of the few native officers, Major Augustine Karugaba, as new army chief to Prime Minister Obote. Instead, Obote dismissed Karugaba, considering him disloyal and preferring less educated, northern officers. He was also forced to leave several British officers in place for the time being, with one of them, J.M.A. Tillet, serving as first head of the Uganda Army.
541:, who played an important part in the officer corps as they had advantages in education as a result of British colonial politics; and a small number of Nubians. Langi had initially been a very small minority, but their number quickly grew as a result of Obote's influence. After Obote overthrew Mutesa II, he purged the army of most Bantu officers and a significant number of Teso troops. Afterwards, the military was dominated by Langi, Acholi, and West Nile people whose members were eventually drawn into the Obote-Amin rivalry. Obote consequently enlisted an increasing number of Langi. By 1971, most Uganda Army troops were Langi, Acholi, and Teso, while soldiers belonging to West Nile peoples constituted a minority.
324:
512:, but were defeated by the Uganda Army. The Ugandan government consequently intensified purges of internal opponents, including those in the military. These purges alongside mass recruitment of new troops and the patronage system which Amin implemented to keep the army loyal resulted in growing unrest and corruption within the Uganda Army. Elements in the military repeatedly attempted to overthrow the President, while exile factions including Obote's attempted to facilitate coups or rebellions by organizing guerilla attacks and mobilizing discontented soldiers. The Tanzania-based militant group loyal to Obote was eventually named
454:
especially underprivileged, and even the Acholi soldiers felt that the
President was unduly favoring Langi in regard to promotions. In January 1970, someone attempted to murder Obote, while UA deputy commander Pierino Yere Okoya, a rival of Amin, was assassinated. It was suspected that Amin had plotted both the unsuccessful attack on Obote as well as Okoya's murder. The UA commander fuelled these suspicions by temporarily fleeing from Kampala after being informed that Obote had survived the assassination attempt.
499:
many Acholi and Langi soldiers deserted to link up with Obote in exile. When hundreds of deserters were captured at the
Sudanese border in April 1971, showcasing just how many troops were disloyal and possibly joining an exile army supportive of Obote, President Amin's government reacted by initiating purges of all suspected dissidents in the military. Instead of selective actions, entire groups of soldiers were massacred. About 5,000 Acholi and Langi soldiers were killed or
41:
312:
forced to work with the
Tanganyikans. Obote was convinced by his arguments, and rejected the proposal. Researcher Timothy Parsons stated that Cheyne's claims were based on bias instead of facts, and that the Uganda Army was actually the "least stable" ex-KAR formation in East Africa. By July 1963, the army had grown to 1,500 personnel. Considering various security threats, posed by local militant resistance groups such as the
368:(GSU) was set up as a militarised intelligence agency and bodyguards to protect the government from civilian and military threats. The GSU was almost entirely composed of Langi. In addition, Obote decided to not only africanize the officer corps, but also reduce cooperation with the British military in general so that the latter had less leverage in Uganda. In late July 1964, the
185:(known as Obote I). As time went on, the military was gradually expanded and increasingly interfered in Uganda's national politics. It played a prominent role in defeating local insurgencies, suppressing opposition to Obote, and intervened in conflicts in the Congo as well as Sudan. Dissatisfied soldiers overthrew Obote in 1971, resulting in the establishment of the
423:, culminating in Obote deposing Mutesa in a violent coup. Uganda Army troops under Amin assaulted Mutesa's palace, overpowering and killing his guards, resulting in his flight into exile. Obote consequently assumed the presidency, and increased the military budget, acquiring more heavy equipment and deepening military ties with the
316:, and potential threats from the Congo and Sudan, the country's military was further expanded through the establishment of a 2nd Battalion. By this point, Uganda also enlisted Israeli help in training and arming its forces. On 27 December 1963, an army company killed and captured some Rwandan rebels at Kizinga after they had been
391:
to the rebels. Border clashes between the Uganda and Congo took place in 1964, and the
Congolese launched air attacks on two Ugandan villages. Obote responded by further expanding in Uganda Army, as the 3rd Battalion was set up in February and the 4th Battalion in March 1965. There were also reports
311:
with the Uganda Army to improve the strength of both countries. Even though Obote initially considered the idea, it was strongly opposed by a
British UA commander, W.W. Cheyne. The latter argued that the Tanganyikan military was inferior, and that the morale of his soldiers would suffer if they were
465:
and thereby a West Nile tribesman, the West Nile soldiers had begun to associate their fortunes with those of Amin, as the latter had begun to present himself as their champion and protector. Accordingly, Amin's removal led to considerable opposition, which the officer exploited by rallying several
444:
students who had grown increasingly anti-military as well as anti-Obote. Unrest and infighting also significantly worsened among the military, as Obote and Amin had become rivals and attempted to dominate the Uganda Army by recruiting partisans supportive of their political factions. Although these
294:
compatriots. Uganda also continued to cooperate with the United
Kingdom in military matters, and most of the early Ugandan officers were trained in the United Kingdom, while equipment was also of British origin. The UA soon began operations against local tribal resistance and banditry, particularly
507:
After his loyalists in the Uganda Army had been mostly killed, Obote attempted to organize a guerrilla force to regain power using the troops who had managed to flee Uganda. Obote's rebels were initially provided with bases in Sudan and
Tanzania, although the former expelled them in May 1972. The
498:
In the coup's immediate aftermath, several Uganda Army units remained loyal to Obote, but failed to quickly respond to Amin's seizure of power. In a matter of weeks, the pro-coup troops mostly crushed the pro-Obote troops in a series of violent clashes, arrests, and selective purges. In response,
453:
and Langi soldiers. This development resulted in growing ethnic tensions within the army. Although Obote initially succeeded in maintaining control of the military by placing important positions in the hands of Langi, his policies alienated members of other ethnicities. The West Nile troops felt
439:
The military continued to grow in the following years: The
Military Police, the Paratrooper Battalion, the Border Guard Unit, the 5th Mechanised Regiment, and the 2nd Brigade were organized, and the entire Uganda Army consisted of about 9,800 soldiers by 1968, of which only 200 were officers.
503:
in the next months. Journalist
Patrick Keatley estimated that as much as two thirds of the original military personnel were killed within a year. Amin replaced the purged troops by mass recruiting people regarded as loyal to his regime, mostly West Nile tribesmen.
347:
met with the mutineers to discuss their demands, they manhandled him and locked him up until he agreed to support their demands in the cabinet. The
Ugandan government was only able to put down the mutineers with British assistance in the form of the
342:
On 23 January 1964, the 1st Battalion mutinied following similar mutinies in Kenya and Tanzania. The soldiers were upset about the conditions of their service, and the slow progress of Africanisation in the officer corps. When Minister for Defence
440:
Northerners remained dominant at about 61%, whereas 22% were from the eastern and 12% from the western parts of Uganda. Indiscipline worsened in the military, and drunken Uganda Army troops became notorious for abusing
289:
Following independence, Obote's government embarked on a programme of military expansion. At the same time, Obote tried to ensure that the army's enlargement benefitted the northerners, most importantly his own
364:
was made Army Commander. The mutiny also strongly impacted national politics, as Obote's government increasingly viewed the military as a potential threat as well as asset. In April 1964, the
1730:
1238:
466:
anti-Obote factions in the Uganda Army and among the civilian elite to his cause. By January 1971, the tensions had reached a critical point, as Obote had travelled abroad for a meeting in
1944:
356:. Regardless, the government agreed to meet the soldiers' demands, including an increase in pay as well as the Africanisation of the officer corps. As a result of the latter agreement,
240:", which had the effect of intensifying ethnic rivalries. As a result, soldiers from northern Uganda dominated the 4th Battalion of the KAR, which was drawn from Ugandan recruits.
193:. The Uganda Army was purged, with thousands of suspected pro-Obote troops killed or fleeing the country. The military was consequently split into an army serving under Amin – the
988:
365:
600:
established in 1960; mutinied in January 1964; deployed to the Congolese border during the border clashes of the Simba rebellion; fought against Rwenzururu rebels; guarded the
383:
of the Congo. Prime Minister Obote's government supported the Simba rebels, and Uganda Army soldiers occasionally fought alongside the Congolese insurgents against the Congo's
264:. However, the KAR's officer corps was exclusively European, and by the point of Ugandan independence, there was not enough time to train suitable African replacements.
445:
factions did not completely correspond to ethnicities, Amin found most of his support among troops from the West Nile Region and migrants from Sudan as well as
372:
completely withdrew from the country, while cooperation with Israel was increased to set up armoured forces well as an air force for the Uganda Army. The
415:
By July 1965, the Uganda Army counted 4,500 troops and organized its 1st Brigade. In 1966, political tensions between Prime Minister Obote and President
529:
After Uganda's independence, there were three main regional/ethnic groups in the military: The largest number were northerners, mostly Acholi, Langi,
470:. At that time, Obote loyalists in the army acted in a way which suggested that they were preparing to arrest Amin. West Nile troops then launched a
1738:
1246:
1804:
1395:
461:
as new Uganda Army Chief of Staff on 29 September 1970, relegating Amin to head of a military training center. Although Hussein was an ethnic
431:
to increase his following in the army. At this point, the army had established itself in "an indispensable position" in Uganda's politics.
474:
that resulted in Amin's seizure of power in the country. A military dictatorship with Amin as President was consequently established.
244:
were especially overrepresented, although their numbers dwindled over time. Ugandan KAR troops had served in various conflicts of the
2240:
2215:
2153:
2049:
1912:
1868:
1558:
1155:
2235:
2007:
308:
2174:
2028:
229:
50:
400:
in retaliation for the Congolese air attacks. Around 15 March 1965, Uganda Army soldiers attacked ANC forces led by
2088:
493:
236:. The British preferred to draw the KAR's recruits from specific ethnic groups in the region, regarding them as "
202:
471:
427:. He rewarded soldiers who remained loyal to him during the crisis, and used the expanded budget to disburse
384:
2060:
323:
267:
As Uganda approached its independence from the United Kingdom, the KAR's 4th Battalion, then stationed at
483:
194:
331:
300:
2109:
Mujaju, Akiiki B. (October 1987). "The Gold Allegations Motion and Political Development in Uganda".
186:
233:
225:
219:
1506:
509:
198:
798:
Okoya served as 2nd Brigade commander and deputy commander of the Uganda Army at the same time.
353:
844:
409:
2185:
1967:
Hansen, Holger Bernt (2013). "Uganda in the 1970s: a decade of paradoxes and ambiguities".
500:
416:
178:
8:
2122:
441:
335:
313:
103:
1999:
Congo Unravelled: Military operations from Independence to the Mercenary Revolt, 1960–68
376:
success of the mutinies also proved very harmful to the UA soldiers' future discipline.
2145:
2126:
1984:
1931:
1887:
393:
2211:
2170:
2149:
2045:
2024:
2003:
1988:
1955:
1945:"Collapse, War and Reconstruction in Uganda. An analytical narrative on state-making"
1922:
Dinwiddy, Hugh (January 1983). "The Ugandan Army and Makerere under Obote, 1962-71".
1908:
1864:
317:
296:
197:– and exiled rebel factions. The latter helped to overthrow Amin's regime during the
2061:"The 'Nubians' of East Africa: Muslim Club or African "Tribe"? The View From Within"
2118:
2075:
1976:
622:
458:
379:
While these internal developments affected the military, Uganda was drawn into the
257:
241:
146:
2205:
2164:
2139:
2039:
2018:
1997:
1980:
380:
107:
685:
401:
304:
245:
2090:
Beyond Idi Amin: Causes and Drivers of Political Violence in Uganda, 1971-1979
2079:
549:
The Uganda Army consisted of its ground forces and the Uganda Army Air Force.
2229:
1959:
583:
534:
516:("Special Force"); most of its members were ex-Uganda Army officers by 1978.
513:
487:
450:
361:
268:
138:
2207:
Managing ethnic conflict in Africa: pressures and incentives for cooperation
424:
420:
388:
369:
349:
291:
284:
280:
274:
261:
253:
237:
182:
170:
126:
111:
61:
1220:
1218:
700:
615:
530:
462:
344:
249:
2038:
Kasozi, A.B.K. (1994). Nakanyike Musisi; James Mukooza Sejjengo (eds.).
1891:
1215:
989:"Maj Augustine Karugaba and Milton Obote's most consequential decision"
328:
2130:
1935:
467:
428:
1904:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
594:
357:
205:
which would serve as Uganda's national military from 1980 to 1986.
190:
142:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1589:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1332:
1295:
1293:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
772:
656:
638:
538:
85:
1782:
1780:
1060:
934:
932:
930:
817:
815:
224:
Uganda's post-independence military originated as cadres of the
1664:
1652:
747:
601:
405:
174:
46:
1642:
1640:
1290:
1087:
1083:. Vol. 40, no. 2061. 9 April 1964. pp. 625–627.
1777:
1712:
1710:
1601:
1577:
1541:
1539:
1457:
1305:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1178:
1176:
927:
812:
446:
397:
392:
about Ugandan troops crossing the border in a raid targeting
1805:"Lt. Col. Ogole Memorium: Country; Justice, Unity And Peace"
1625:
900:
2166:
The 1964 Army Mutinies and the Making of Modern East Africa
1637:
1156:"Shaban Opolot rejected plans to attack the Lubiri in 1966"
917:
915:
867:
865:
1835:
1823:
1765:
1707:
1613:
1536:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1261:
1188:
1173:
477:
1524:
1396:"Brig Pierino Yere Okoya: Was he architect of own death?"
1322:
1320:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1079:"Death Tally in Rwanda Massacres "Will Never Be Known"".
1026:
1024:
1022:
944:
16:
Ugandan national armed forces under Mutesa II and Obote I
1420:
1418:
1416:
1205:
1203:
1007:
912:
862:
275:
Increasing involvement in internal and foreign conflicts
1952:
Makerere University Crisis States Working Papers Series
1486:
1469:
1435:
1433:
1344:
1048:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
1317:
1128:
1036:
1019:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
213:
2044:. Montreal; Quebec: McGill-Queen's University Press.
1413:
1278:
1200:
1753:
1430:
1368:
1366:
1364:
956:
533:, and a minority of West Nile origin; a minority of
387:(ANC). Uganda Army troops also provided weaponry in
360:
was appointed commander of the 1st Battalion, while
1878:Anstey, Roger (April 1965). "The Congo Rebellion".
1445:
877:
849:
University of Toronto: Jackman Humanities Institute
669:5th Mechanised Specialist Reconnaissance Regiment
1898:
1701:
1658:
1361:
1338:
1299:
1122:
1066:
938:
821:
2227:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
2041:Social Origins of Violence in Uganda, 1964–1985
1728:
1236:
2141:Politics and the Military in Uganda, 1890–1985
1942:
1631:
842:
1799:
1797:
1795:
827:
2137:
2068:Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs Journal
1863:. Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Publishing House.
1858:
1841:
1829:
1786:
1771:
1716:
1646:
1619:
1607:
1595:
1583:
1545:
1463:
1393:
1311:
1272:
1194:
1182:
950:
906:
871:
674:Mechanized Malire Specialist Recce Regiment
232:regiment which was organized to secure the
2193:Institute of Current World Affairs Letters
1943:Golooba-Mutebi, Frederick (January 2008).
1792:
843:Bruce-Lockhart, Katherine (7 March 2018).
2203:
1901:Wars and Insurgencies of Uganda 1971–1994
1899:Cooper, Tom; Fontanellaz, Adrien (2015).
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1054:
434:
189:under the dictatorship of army commander
1921:
1326:
1141:
1042:
1030:
921:
322:
2162:
1504:
1498:
1013:
975:
643:Pierino Yere Okoya (acting, from 1965)
478:Coup aftermath and division of the army
201:of 1978–79, and became the core of the
2228:
2108:
2086:
2058:
2037:
2016:
1995:
1966:
1877:
1759:
1530:
1492:
1480:
1439:
1424:
1378:
1355:
1284:
1224:
1209:
894:
404:which were in the procces of retaking
1861:War in Uganda: The Legacy of Idi Amin
1859:Avirgan, Tony; Honey, Martha (1983).
2183:
2123:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097945
1729:Risdel Kasasira (27 February 2017).
1451:
1372:
1237:Risdel Kasasira (27 February 2017).
1153:
1147:
449:, whereas Obote was mainly aided by
51:"Sovereign State" and First Republic
1505:Keatley, Patrick (18 August 2003).
1072:
320:by Rwandan forces over the border.
214:Origin of the national armed forces
13:
1969:Journal of Eastern African Studies
14:
2252:
230:British Colonial Auxiliary Forces
2023:. Kampala: Fountain Publishers.
1907:: Helion & Company Limited.
1731:"Life as an Amin army commander"
1394:Henry Lubega (25 January 2020).
1239:"Life as an Amin army commander"
752:Pierino Yere Okoya (until 1970)
39:
2210:. Brookings Institution Press.
2184:Rice, Andrew (20 August 2003).
2096:(PhD thesis). Durham University
1722:
1551:
1230:
981:
792:
604:after the Mengo Crisis in 1966
519:
510:invasion of Uganda in late 1972
494:Uganda National Liberation Army
203:Uganda National Liberation Army
2020:Uganda, a Century of Existence
2017:Kalema, Andrew Ndaula (1995).
1851:
1154:Kato, Joshua (23 March 2012).
552:
1:
2241:20th-century military history
2204:Rothchild, Donald S. (1997).
2087:Lowman, Thomas James (2020).
1702:Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015
1659:Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015
1339:Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015
1300:Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015
1123:Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015
1067:Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015
939:Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015
822:Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015
805:
661:Y. Omoya (acting, from 1965)
651:4th Infantry Battalion (4UA)
633:3rd Infantry Battalion (3UA)
609:2nd Infantry Battalion (2UA)
577:1st Infantry Battalion (1UA)
508:anti-Amin rebels launched an
457:Obote's government appointed
338:, and jeeps in the late 1960s
1981:10.1080/17531055.2012.755315
845:"Becoming "Amin's Soldiers""
544:
524:
7:
2138:Omara-Otunnu, Amii (1987).
1559:"The rise of Kikosi Maalum"
177:during the presidencies of
10:
2257:
2236:Military history of Uganda
695:2nd Paratrooper Battalion
491:
481:
385:Armée Nationale Congolaise
278:
217:
208:
2163:Parsons, Timothy (2003).
2080:10.1080/13602008508715952
2059:Kokole, Omari H. (1985).
408:from Simba rebels during
187:Second Republic of Uganda
169:, served as the national
132:
122:
117:
99:
91:
81:
67:
57:
34:
26:
21:
1830:Avirgan & Honey 1983
1647:Avirgan & Honey 1983
1620:Avirgan & Honey 1983
1608:Avirgan & Honey 1983
1596:Avirgan & Honey 1983
1584:Avirgan & Honey 1983
1546:Avirgan & Honey 1983
1464:Avirgan & Honey 1983
1227:, Operation White Giant.
1081:East Africa and Rhodesia
872:Avirgan & Honey 1983
785:
234:East Africa Protectorate
1996:Hudson, Andrew (2012).
682:Camp Malire in Kampala
620:Richard Groome (1963–?)
484:Uganda Army (1971–1980)
195:Uganda Army (1971–1980)
2002:. Helion and Company.
1598:, pp. 7–8, 31–32.
759:Uganda Army Air Force
592:J. Musa (acting, 1964)
590:J.B. Hamilton (?–1964)
435:The Obote-Amin rivalry
354:Staffordshire Regiment
339:
309:his country's military
744:2nd Infantry Brigade
492:Further information:
410:Operation White Giant
326:
226:King's African Rifles
220:King's African Rifles
218:Further information:
165:), also known as the
104:Rwenzururu insurgency
779:established in 1964
736:established in 1965
722:established in 1967
707:established in 1969
690:established in 1967
664:established in 1965
646:established in 1965
628:established in 1963
588:W.W. Cheyne (1962–?)
563:Alternative name(s)
501:forcibly disappeared
417:Mutesa II of Buganda
366:General Service Unit
336:Ferret armoured cars
307:proposed to combine
260:in the neighbouring
2169:. London: Praeger.
1632:Golooba-Mutebi 2008
1533:, pp. 111–112.
442:Makerere University
314:Rwenzururu movement
299:. In January 1963,
199:Uganda–Tanzania War
2146:Palgrave Macmillan
612:2nd Uganda Rifles
580:1st Uganda Rifles
340:
123:Commander-in-Chief
2217:978-0-8157-7593-5
2155:978-1-349-18738-6
2051:978-0-7735-1218-4
1914:978-1-910294-55-0
1870:978-9976-1-0056-3
1842:Omara-Otunnu 1987
1787:Omara-Otunnu 1987
1772:Omara-Otunnu 1987
1717:Omara-Otunnu 1987
1610:, pp. 39–42.
1586:, pp. 35–36.
1495:, pp. 38–39.
1483:, pp. 39–40.
1466:, pp. 33–34.
1358:, pp. 85–86.
1314:, pp. 78–79.
1312:Omara-Otunnu 1987
1273:Omara-Otunnu 1987
1195:Omara-Otunnu 1987
1183:Omara-Otunnu 1987
1016:, pp. 73–74.
951:Omara-Otunnu 1987
924:, pp. 43–44.
909:, pp. 34–37.
907:Omara-Otunnu 1987
783:
782:
767:Ugandan Air Force
389:exchange for gold
297:Karamojong people
152:
151:
2248:
2221:
2200:
2190:
2180:
2159:
2134:
2117:(345): 479–504.
2105:
2103:
2101:
2095:
2083:
2065:
2055:
2034:
2013:
1992:
1963:
1949:
1939:
1918:
1895:
1874:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1801:
1790:
1789:, p. xviii.
1784:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1737:. Archived from
1726:
1720:
1714:
1705:
1699:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1428:
1422:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1391:
1376:
1370:
1359:
1353:
1342:
1341:, pp. 6, 8.
1336:
1330:
1324:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1245:. Archived from
1234:
1228:
1222:
1213:
1207:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1126:
1120:
1085:
1084:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1017:
1011:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1000:
995:. 7 October 2019
985:
979:
973:
954:
948:
942:
936:
925:
919:
910:
904:
898:
892:
875:
869:
860:
859:
857:
855:
840:
825:
819:
799:
796:
712:Military Police
623:Suleiman Hussein
557:
556:
459:Suleiman Hussein
258:Mau Mau uprising
147:Suleiman Hussein
45:
43:
42:
19:
18:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2218:
2188:
2177:
2156:
2111:African Affairs
2099:
2097:
2093:
2063:
2052:
2031:
2010:
1947:
1924:African Affairs
1915:
1880:The World Today
1871:
1854:
1849:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1814:
1812:
1809:Black Star News
1803:
1802:
1793:
1785:
1778:
1770:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1744:
1742:
1727:
1723:
1715:
1708:
1700:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1649:, pp. 6–7.
1645:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1618:
1614:
1606:
1602:
1594:
1590:
1582:
1578:
1568:
1566:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1544:
1537:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1513:
1503:
1499:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1454:, pp. 6–7.
1450:
1446:
1438:
1431:
1423:
1414:
1404:
1402:
1392:
1379:
1371:
1362:
1354:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1325:
1318:
1310:
1306:
1298:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1271:
1262:
1252:
1250:
1235:
1231:
1223:
1216:
1208:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1174:
1164:
1162:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1129:
1121:
1088:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1069:, pp. 7–8.
1065:
1061:
1053:
1049:
1041:
1037:
1029:
1020:
1012:
1008:
998:
996:
987:
986:
982:
974:
957:
949:
945:
937:
928:
920:
913:
905:
901:
893:
878:
870:
863:
853:
851:
841:
828:
820:
813:
808:
803:
802:
797:
793:
788:
719:Mustafa Adrisi
677:Malire Regiment
621:
593:
591:
589:
555:
547:
527:
522:
496:
490:
482:Main articles:
480:
437:
381:Simba rebellion
287:
277:
222:
216:
211:
155:
145:
141:
134:
110:
108:Simba rebellion
106:
76:
74:
72:
40:
38:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2254:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2223:
2222:
2216:
2201:
2181:
2175:
2160:
2154:
2135:
2106:
2084:
2074:(2): 420–448.
2056:
2050:
2035:
2029:
2014:
2009:978-1907677632
2008:
1993:
1964:
1940:
1930:(326): 43–59.
1919:
1913:
1896:
1886:(4): 169–176.
1875:
1869:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1834:
1822:
1791:
1776:
1764:
1752:
1741:on 11 May 2019
1721:
1706:
1663:
1651:
1636:
1624:
1612:
1600:
1588:
1576:
1550:
1535:
1523:
1497:
1485:
1468:
1456:
1444:
1429:
1427:, p. 431.
1412:
1377:
1360:
1343:
1331:
1316:
1304:
1289:
1287:, p. 173.
1277:
1260:
1249:on 11 May 2019
1229:
1214:
1212:, p. 484.
1199:
1187:
1172:
1146:
1127:
1086:
1071:
1059:
1055:Rothchild 1997
1047:
1035:
1018:
1006:
980:
955:
943:
926:
911:
899:
876:
861:
826:
810:
809:
807:
804:
801:
800:
790:
789:
787:
784:
781:
780:
777:
775:
770:
769:
768:
765:
760:
756:
755:
753:
750:
745:
742:
738:
737:
734:
732:
730:
728:
724:
723:
720:
717:
715:
713:
709:
708:
705:
703:
698:
696:
692:
691:
688:
686:Mustafa Adrisi
683:
680:
679:
678:
675:
670:
666:
665:
662:
659:
654:
652:
648:
647:
644:
641:
636:
634:
630:
629:
626:
618:
613:
610:
606:
605:
598:
586:
581:
578:
574:
573:
570:
567:
564:
561:
554:
551:
546:
543:
526:
523:
521:
518:
479:
476:
436:
433:
305:Julius Nyerere
295:targeting the
276:
273:
246:British Empire
215:
212:
210:
207:
153:
150:
149:
136:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
115:
114:
101:
97:
96:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
69:
65:
64:
59:
55:
54:
36:
32:
31:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2253:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2219:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2186:"The General"
2182:
2178:
2176:0-325-07068-7
2172:
2168:
2167:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2092:
2091:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2036:
2032:
2030:9789970020225
2026:
2022:
2021:
2015:
2011:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1975:(1): 83–103.
1974:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1856:
1844:, p. 79.
1843:
1838:
1832:, p. 82.
1831:
1826:
1811:. 10 May 2014
1810:
1806:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1788:
1783:
1781:
1774:, p. 54.
1773:
1768:
1762:, p. 12.
1761:
1756:
1740:
1736:
1735:Daily Monitor
1732:
1725:
1719:, p. 60.
1718:
1713:
1711:
1704:, p. 23.
1703:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1661:, p. 18.
1660:
1655:
1648:
1643:
1641:
1634:, p. 11.
1633:
1628:
1622:, p. 75.
1621:
1616:
1609:
1604:
1597:
1592:
1585:
1580:
1565:. 31 May 2020
1564:
1563:Daily Monitor
1560:
1554:
1548:, p. 34.
1547:
1542:
1540:
1532:
1527:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1494:
1489:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1465:
1460:
1453:
1448:
1442:, p. 86.
1441:
1436:
1434:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1401:
1400:Daily Monitor
1397:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1340:
1335:
1329:, p. 49.
1328:
1327:Dinwiddy 1983
1323:
1321:
1313:
1308:
1301:
1296:
1294:
1286:
1281:
1275:, p. 71.
1274:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1248:
1244:
1243:Daily Monitor
1240:
1233:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1197:, p. 66.
1196:
1191:
1185:, p. 65.
1184:
1179:
1177:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1144:, p. 48.
1143:
1142:Dinwiddy 1983
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1082:
1075:
1068:
1063:
1057:, p. 90.
1056:
1051:
1045:, p. 45.
1044:
1043:Dinwiddy 1983
1039:
1033:, p. 44.
1032:
1031:Dinwiddy 1983
1027:
1025:
1023:
1015:
1010:
994:
993:Daily Monitor
990:
984:
978:, p. 74.
977:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
953:, p. 52.
952:
947:
940:
935:
933:
931:
923:
922:Dinwiddy 1983
918:
916:
908:
903:
897:, p. 85.
896:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
873:
868:
866:
850:
846:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
823:
818:
816:
811:
795:
791:
778:
776:
774:
771:
766:
763:
762:
761:
758:
757:
754:
751:
749:
746:
743:
740:
739:
735:
733:
731:
729:
726:
725:
721:
718:
716:
714:
711:
710:
706:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
693:
689:
687:
684:
681:
676:
673:
672:
671:
668:
667:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
649:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
631:
627:
624:
619:
617:
614:
611:
608:
607:
603:
599:
596:
587:
585:
582:
579:
576:
575:
571:
569:Commander(s)
568:
565:
562:
559:
558:
550:
542:
540:
536:
532:
517:
515:
514:Kikosi Maalum
511:
505:
502:
495:
489:
488:Kikosi Maalum
485:
475:
473:
469:
464:
460:
455:
452:
448:
443:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
390:
386:
382:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
362:Shaban Opolot
359:
355:
351:
346:
337:
333:
330:
325:
321:
319:
315:
310:
306:
302:
298:
293:
286:
282:
272:
270:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
238:martial races
235:
231:
227:
221:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
167:Uganda Rifles
164:
161:(abbreviated
160:
154:Military unit
148:
144:
140:
139:Shaban Opolot
137:
131:
128:
125:
121:
116:
113:
109:
105:
102:
98:
94:
90:
87:
84:
80:
70:
66:
63:
60:
56:
52:
48:
37:
33:
29:
25:
20:
2206:
2196:
2192:
2165:
2140:
2114:
2110:
2098:. Retrieved
2089:
2071:
2067:
2040:
2019:
1998:
1972:
1968:
1951:
1927:
1923:
1900:
1883:
1879:
1860:
1837:
1825:
1813:. Retrieved
1808:
1767:
1755:
1743:. Retrieved
1739:the original
1734:
1724:
1654:
1627:
1615:
1603:
1591:
1579:
1567:. Retrieved
1562:
1553:
1526:
1514:. Retrieved
1511:The Guardian
1510:
1500:
1488:
1459:
1447:
1403:. Retrieved
1399:
1375:, p. 6.
1334:
1307:
1302:, p. 6.
1280:
1251:. Retrieved
1247:the original
1242:
1232:
1190:
1163:. Retrieved
1159:
1149:
1125:, p. 8.
1080:
1074:
1062:
1050:
1038:
1014:Parsons 2003
1009:
997:. Retrieved
992:
983:
976:Parsons 2003
946:
941:, p. 7.
902:
874:, p. 7.
852:. Retrieved
848:
824:, p. 5.
794:
741:2nd Brigade
727:1st Brigade
625:(from 1964)
597:(from 1964)
548:
528:
520:Organization
506:
497:
456:
438:
425:Eastern Bloc
421:Mengo Crisis
414:
378:
373:
370:British Army
350:Scots Guards
341:
327:Uganda Army
288:
285:Mengo Crisis
281:Gold Scandal
266:
262:Kenya Colony
254:World War II
248:, including
223:
183:Milton Obote
171:armed forces
166:
162:
158:
156:
127:Milton Obote
112:Mengo Crisis
77:9,800 (1968)
75:4,500 (1965)
73:1,500 (1963)
62:Armed forces
1852:Works cited
1815:23 December
1760:Kalema 1995
1531:Kasozi 1994
1493:Lowman 2020
1481:Lowman 2020
1440:Hansen 2013
1425:Kokole 1985
1356:Hansen 2013
1285:Anstey 1965
1225:Hudson 2012
1210:Mujaju 1987
895:Hansen 2013
701:Fort Portal
553:Known units
472:coup d'état
419:led to the
345:Felix Onama
301:Tanganyikan
250:World War I
159:Uganda Army
100:Engagements
92:Nickname(s)
82:Garrison/HQ
22:Uganda Army
2230:Categories
2144:. London:
1569:7 December
1507:"Idi Amin"
1165:12 October
1160:New Vision
806:References
402:Mike Hoare
329:OT-64 SKOT
303:President
279:See also:
256:, and the
135:commanders
118:Commanders
71:700 (1962)
1989:144443665
1960:1749-1800
1452:Rice 2003
1373:Rice 2003
545:Structure
537:, mostly
525:Ethnicity
468:Singapore
429:patronage
228:(KAR), a
179:Mutesa II
30:1962–1971
1905:Solihull
1892:40393719
1516:16 March
595:Idi Amin
572:History
566:Base(s)
374:de facto
358:Idi Amin
318:repulsed
191:Idi Amin
143:Idi Amin
999:12 June
854:1 March
773:Entebbe
657:Mbarara
639:Mubende
539:Baganda
242:Nubians
209:History
133:Notable
86:Kampala
35:Country
2214:
2173:
2152:
2131:722666
2129:
2100:6 July
2048:
2027:
2006:
1987:
1958:
1936:721477
1934:
1911:
1890:
1867:
1745:11 May
1405:9 June
1253:11 May
748:Masaka
616:Moroto
602:Lubiri
451:Acholi
406:Mahagi
394:Mahagi
175:Uganda
47:Uganda
44:
27:Active
2199:(12).
2189:(PDF)
2127:JSTOR
2094:(PDF)
2064:(PDF)
1985:S2CID
1954:(2).
1948:(PDF)
1932:JSTOR
1888:JSTOR
786:Notes
584:Jinja
560:Unit
535:Bantu
447:Zaire
398:Bunia
292:Langi
269:Jinja
181:and
2212:ISBN
2171:ISBN
2150:ISBN
2102:2020
2046:ISBN
2025:ISBN
2004:ISBN
1956:ISSN
1909:ISBN
1865:ISBN
1817:2021
1747:2019
1571:2020
1518:2020
1407:2021
1255:2019
1167:2020
1001:2021
856:2020
764:UAAF
531:Teso
486:and
463:Alur
396:and
352:and
332:APCs
283:and
157:The
68:Size
58:Type
2119:doi
2076:doi
1977:doi
173:of
2232::
2197:AR
2195:.
2191:.
2148:.
2125:.
2115:86
2113:.
2070:.
2066:.
1983:.
1971:.
1950:.
1928:82
1926:.
1903:.
1884:21
1882:.
1807:.
1794:^
1779:^
1733:.
1709:^
1666:^
1639:^
1561:.
1538:^
1509:.
1471:^
1432:^
1415:^
1398:.
1380:^
1363:^
1346:^
1319:^
1292:^
1263:^
1241:.
1217:^
1202:^
1175:^
1158:.
1130:^
1089:^
1021:^
991:.
958:^
929:^
914:^
879:^
864:^
847:.
829:^
814:^
412:.
334:,
252:,
163:UA
95:UA
2220:.
2179:.
2158:.
2133:.
2121::
2104:.
2082:.
2078::
2072:6
2054:.
2033:.
2012:.
1991:.
1979::
1973:7
1962:.
1938:.
1917:.
1894:.
1873:.
1819:.
1749:.
1573:.
1520:.
1409:.
1257:.
1169:.
1003:.
858:.
53:)
49:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.