54:
372:
279:
1149:
406:. Ngarinyin is found at the centre of the region, and the other Aboriginal languages in the area face similar levels of endangerment. Ngarinyin was previously one of the most prevalent of the Aboriginal languages in Northern Kimberley, but it has since become a language known only by a small number of the elderly.
420:
Ngarinyin places great emphasis on the classification of family members and is similar to the neighbouring
Aboriginal languages of Worrorra and Wunambal to the point of being virtually identical, though it is still considered unusual among those that study
362:
According to Rumsey, Ngarinyin may be applied to either the language or the people who speak it, whereas
Ungarinyin only refers to the language. McGregor reported that "Ngarinyin has been chosen as the preferred language name" by the community.
3412:
1073:
McConvell, P., Keen, I., & Henderey, R. (2013). 7. The
Evolution of Yolngu and Ngarinyin Kinship Terminologies. In, Kinship Systems: Change and Reconstruction (132). University of Utah Press.
387:
language, though there are efforts being made to documenting speech and grammar structures before it becomes extinct, including the specifics on the terms of the kinship system of the language.
846:
831:
736:
220:
425:
of
Aboriginal languages. One of the most noticeable features of this system is the use of identical terms given to kin usually separated by generation level. For instance, the titles
1181:
1174:
394:, and other local languages are found in the surrounding region instead due to the small population of Ngarinyin speakers, including the
412:
is often used by younger generations instead of
Ngarinyin, though some knowledge of the language is still retained by these people.
1167:
707:
3417:
355:
lists Guwidj (Orla), Waladja (Worla), Ngarnawu, Andadjin, Munumburru, Wolyamidi, and
Waladjangarri (Waladjangari) as dialects.
3089:
1140:
807:
17:
3241:
3201:
1330:
1288:
3069:
3285:
3129:
2109:
2065:
1391:
1190:
309:
1123:
3194:
3156:
1364:
3280:
3267:
3147:
313:
3407:
3045:
2517:
1870:
1448:
1009:
Capell, A. (1 January 1972). "The
Languages of the Northern Kimberley, W. A.: Some Structural Principles".
265:
858:
751:
682:
673:
657:
652:
636:
631:
626:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
510:
498:
493:
481:
476:
3275:
3181:
3104:
3020:
2739:
2194:
815:
3246:
3083:
2072:
2016:
1203:
3094:
409:
884:
3118:
2933:
1750:
1650:
1630:
1590:
1477:
1462:
1340:
1265:
1064:
910:
Capell, Arthur (1 May 2017). "The
Classification of Languages in North and North-West Australia".
3366:
2726:
2541:
2316:
1929:
1335:
1159:
2734:
2703:
2670:
2637:
2365:
1901:
1770:
1454:
1227:
1132:
380:
3290:
3378:
1845:
1838:
1826:
1681:
1657:
2222:
3360:
3235:
3112:
3059:
2903:
2839:
2693:
2688:
2660:
2655:
2647:
2414:
2204:
1795:
1299:
1293:
842:
827:
732:
256:
250:
244:
238:
232:
226:
8:
3318:
3077:
3053:
3009:
2938:
2872:
2862:
2678:
2624:
2601:
2487:
2359:
2344:
2322:
2265:
2248:
1959:
1936:
1687:
1601:
1427:
1325:
1248:
1237:
1232:
1194:
538:
395:
333:
306:
284:
109:
3028:
2834:
2821:
2784:
2632:
2591:
2570:
2434:
2349:
2217:
2183:
2152:
2141:
2078:
2060:
2032:
1908:
1694:
1617:
1573:
1433:
1420:
1271:
1103:
1099:
1049:
1026:
1022:
987:
983:
927:
923:
779:
533:
528:
422:
391:
352:
1892:
1086:
Scheffler, H. W. (1 January 1984). "Meaning and Use in
Ngarinyin Kin Classification".
212:
3210:
3123:
2994:
2974:
2918:
2892:
2880:
2849:
2794:
2711:
2596:
2554:
2420:
2393:
2380:
2300:
2163:
2123:
2092:
2087:
2021:
2011:
1742:
1735:
1729:
1702:
1624:
1566:
1500:
1468:
1440:
1306:
1136:
783:
771:
619:
543:
403:
399:
384:
341:
337:
317:
67:
752:"The sociocultural dynamics of indigenous multilingualism in northwestern Australia"
3188:
3165:
2969:
2807:
2802:
2779:
2771:
2761:
2753:
2683:
2526:
2503:
2449:
2398:
2384:
2327:
2227:
2212:
2146:
1987:
1981:
1972:
1945:
1807:
1783:
1756:
1610:
1531:
1524:
1095:
1018:
979:
919:
763:
645:
767:
3300:
3034:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2857:
2531:
2354:
2295:
2289:
2177:
2171:
2131:
1952:
1922:
1915:
1819:
1763:
1664:
1581:
1540:
1488:
1415:
1410:
1397:
1383:
1279:
1242:
548:
348:
101:
270:
3313:
3308:
2923:
2615:
2575:
2482:
2454:
2259:
2253:
2243:
2041:
2026:
1863:
1558:
1370:
1060:
555:
159:
1153:
3401:
3355:
3327:
2999:
2829:
2716:
2464:
2459:
1551:
1512:
1403:
775:
356:
2928:
166:
58:
Worrorran languages (purple), among other non-Pama-Nyungan languages (grey)
970:
Rumsey, Alan (1 January 1981). "Kinship and
Context among the Ngarinyin".
945:
195:
188:
3350:
459:
1107:
1030:
991:
931:
3372:
587:
471:
464:
53:
3323:
3216:
847:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
832:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
737:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
668:
505:
488:
379:
With only 38 people recorded as speaking the language at home in the
321:
205:
179:
77:
3333:
3252:
851:
371:
3174:
1189:
383:, Ngarinyin is considered a critically endangered and currently
1152:
Text may be copied from this source, which is available under a
1079:
An intra-sentence grammar of Ungarinjin, north-western Australia
278:
3413:
Endangered indigenous Australian languages in Western Australia
705:
845:
Waladjangari at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
2135:
1148:
81:
27:
Aboriginal Australian language of northern Western Australia
735:
Ngarinyin at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
830:
Ngarnawu at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
1055:. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.
1125:
Worrorra: a language of the north-west Kimberley coast
351:, and may be considered more than a single language;
885:"Census 2016, Language spoken at home by Sex (SA2+)"
1046:
390:Ngarinyin is found only within the local region of
1066:Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development
1048:
1037:
3399:
739: (see the info box for additional links)
1175:
812:Anggarrgoon: Australian languages on the web
808:How Many Languages Were Spoken in Australia?
359:(2011) lists Ngarinyin, Andajin, and Worla.
327:
859:"Master List of Australian Languages, v1.2"
1182:
1168:
1154:Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
277:
52:
1085:
728:
726:
724:
1069:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1047:Coate, H. H. J.; Oates, Lynette (1970).
1042:. Sydney: Oceania Linguistic Monographs.
802:
800:
706:Australian Bureau of Statistics (2021).
370:
1121:
437:in English all share the same title of
14:
3400:
1076:
1038:Coate, H. H. J.; Elkin, A. P. (1974).
1008:
969:
909:
749:
721:
1163:
1059:
797:
742:
24:
1115:
1100:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1984.tb02060.x
1023:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1972.tb01196.x
984:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1981.tb01448.x
924:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1940.tb00292.x
25:
3429:
1147:
1081:. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
415:
3286:South Australian Pidgin English
963:
938:
863:Historical and Pama-Nyungan Lab
903:
877:
836:
821:
699:
375:Sign in the Ngarinjin language
310:Australian Aboriginal language
13:
1:
3418:Kimberley (Western Australia)
3281:Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin
768:10.1016/j.langcom.2018.04.011
518:
392:Northern Kimberley, Australia
2656:Malak-Malak (Nguluk Wanggar)
1040:Ngarinjin-English Dictionary
756:Language & Communication
708:"Cultural diversity: Census"
444:
7:
3276:Port Jackson Pidgin English
2638:Pungu Pungu (Kandjerramalh)
10:
3434:
2415:Kungarakany (KoongurrukuƱ)
1002:
3343:
3299:
3266:
3226:
3164:
3155:
3142:
3103:
3068:
3044:
3019:
3008:
2987:
2947:
2911:
2902:
2871:
2848:
2820:
2793:
2770:
2752:
2725:
2702:
2669:
2646:
2623:
2614:
2584:
2563:
2550:
2540:
2516:
2496:
2476:Eastern (Goulburn Island)
2475:
2442:
2433:
2407:
2379:
2337:
2309:
2282:
2275:
2236:
2203:
2193:
2162:
2122:
2105:
2050:
2004:
1971:
1891:
1884:
1858:
1839:Wilson River (Wangkumara)
1782:
1722:
1715:
1674:
1643:YimidhirrāYalanjiāYidinic
1642:
1600:
1487:
1382:
1360:
1353:
1318:
1258:
1220:
1213:
1202:
509:
449:
328:Classification and naming
276:
264:
219:
203:
177:
172:
156:
123:
98:
88:
73:
63:
51:
44:
39:
34:
2712:Matngele (Werret/Dakayu)
2186:(Kurnindirri, southwest)
692:
366:
332:Ngarinyin is one of the
297:language, also known as
2555:Gulumoerrgin (Larrakia)
1289:Central New South Wales
806:Bowern, Claire. 2011. "
3035:Southwestern Tasmanian
3029:Northwestern Tasmanian
2319:(Kunwinjku, Gunwinggu)
2149:(Ganggalida, Nyangga)
1133:University of Adelaide
1122:Clendon, Mark (2014).
1051:A Grammar of Ngarinjin
435:wife's father's father
381:2016 Australian census
376:
192: ā Ngarinyin
2633:Batjamalh (Wadjiginy)
2625:Wagaydyic (Anson Bay)
2616:Daly River Sprachbund
1846:Bulloo River (Galali)
1365:Western Torres Strait
1191:Australian Aboriginal
814:, December 23, 2011 (
750:Rumsey, Alan (2018).
374:
260: Worla (Waladja)
236: Guwidj (Orla),
94:59 (2021 census)
3236:Torres Strait Creole
3148:Aboriginal Englishes
2912:Western (Nyulnyulic)
1808:ArabanaāWangkangurru
1280:Anewan (Nganyaywana)
889:stat.data.abs.gov.au
199: ā Andajin
3408:Worrorran languages
3173:Roper River Kriol (
3124:Southeast Tasmanian
3013:family-level groups
1259:New South Wales PāN
1077:Rumsey, A. (1982).
396:Worrorran languages
334:Worrorran languages
285:Worrorran languages
18:Ungarinyin language
3090:Lhotsky/Blackhouse
3054:Northern Tasmanian
2276:Gunwinyguan proper
2110:Proto-PamaāNyungan
1973:Ngarna/Warluwarric
1723:ArandicāThuraāYura
1547:GuwaāYanda ?
377:
353:Robert M. W. Dixon
342:(Western) Worrowan
3395:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3262:
3261:
3211:Mornington Island
3187:Kimberley Kriol (
3138:
3137:
3084:Tyerrernotepanner
2983:
2982:
2816:
2815:
2748:
2747:
2610:
2609:
2512:
2511:
2443:Central (Warrkbi)
2429:
2428:
2375:
2374:
2195:Macro-Gunwinyguan
2118:
2117:
2101:
2100:
2066:KanyaraāMantharta
1880:
1879:
1791:Northern (Palku)
1711:
1710:
1525:BidyaraāGungabula
1349:
1348:
1142:978-1-922064-59-2
865:. 6 February 2012
818:February 6, 2012)
690:
689:
516:
515:
318:Western Australia
303:Eastern Worrorran
291:
290:
248: Wolyamidi,
242: Munumburu,
230: Ngarinyin,
68:Western Australia
40:Eastern Worrorran
16:(Redirected from
3425:
3242:Cape York Creole
3200:Westside Kriol (
3166:Australian Kriol
3162:
3161:
3153:
3152:
3017:
3016:
2948:Eastern (Dyukun)
2909:
2908:
2768:
2767:
2621:
2620:
2564:LimilnganāWulna?
2548:
2547:
2440:
2439:
2280:
2279:
2201:
2200:
1889:
1888:
1720:
1719:
1651:Guugu Yimidihirr
1358:
1357:
1218:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1161:
1160:
1151:
1146:
1130:
1111:
1082:
1070:
1056:
1054:
1043:
1034:
996:
995:
967:
961:
960:
958:
956:
942:
936:
935:
907:
901:
900:
898:
896:
881:
875:
874:
872:
870:
855:
849:
840:
834:
825:
819:
804:
795:
794:
792:
790:
746:
740:
730:
719:
718:
716:
714:
703:
684:
675:
659:
654:
638:
633:
628:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
523:
522:
512:
500:
495:
483:
478:
454:
453:
281:
259:
253:
247:
241:
235:
229:
215:
198:
191:
182:
162:
104:
56:
32:
31:
21:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3387:
3339:
3301:Mixed languages
3295:
3291:Pidgin Ngarluma
3258:
3228:
3222:
3180:Bamyili Kriol (
3146:
3144:
3143:New Indigenous
3134:
3119:Little Swanport
3099:
3086:(North Midland)
3064:
3040:
3037:(Toogee) ?
3012:
3004:
2979:
2943:
2934:Djabirr-Djabirr
2898:
2867:
2844:
2812:
2789:
2766:
2744:
2740:Nganāgityemerri
2721:
2698:
2665:
2642:
2606:
2580:
2559:
2536:
2508:
2492:
2471:
2425:
2403:
2371:
2368:(Enindhilyagwa)
2333:
2305:
2271:
2232:
2189:
2174:(Garrwa, north)
2158:
2114:
2097:
2046:
2000:
1967:
1876:
1854:
1778:
1707:
1670:
1638:
1596:
1483:
1478:Flinders Island
1449:Southwest Paman
1378:
1345:
1314:
1254:
1206:
1198:
1188:
1143:
1128:
1118:
1116:Further reading
1061:Dixon, R. M. W.
1005:
1000:
999:
968:
964:
954:
952:
944:
943:
939:
908:
904:
894:
892:
883:
882:
878:
868:
866:
857:
856:
852:
841:
837:
826:
822:
805:
798:
788:
786:
747:
743:
731:
722:
712:
710:
704:
700:
695:
521:
452:
447:
423:kinship systems
418:
369:
349:dialect cluster
347:It is itself a
330:
287:
255:
254: Andajin,
249:
243:
237:
231:
225:
211:
194:
193:
187:
186:
178:
163:
158:
144:Worla (Waladja)
119:
105:
102:Language family
100:
91:
90:Native speakers
84:(Waladjangarri)
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3431:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3384:Murdi Language
3382:
3376:
3370:
3364:
3358:
3353:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3331:
3321:
3316:
3314:Gurindji Kriol
3311:
3309:Light Warlpiri
3305:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3272:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3250:
3247:Lockhart River
3244:
3239:
3232:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3214:
3208:
3205:
3202:Victoria River
3198:
3192:
3189:Fitzroy Valley
3185:
3178:
3170:
3168:
3159:
3150:
3145:languages and
3140:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3121:
3116:
3109:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3081:
3080:(Northeastern)
3074:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3050:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3032:
3025:
3023:
3014:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2915:
2913:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2890:
2884:
2877:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2854:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2826:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2765:
2764:
2758:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2731:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2708:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2694:Marramaninjsji
2691:
2686:
2681:
2675:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2652:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2629:
2627:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2521:
2518:MarrkuāWurrugu
2514:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2452:
2446:
2444:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2411:
2409:
2408:Other isolates
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2390:
2388:
2377:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2325:
2320:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2286:
2284:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2246:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2209:
2207:
2198:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2181:
2180:(Wanji, south)
2175:
2168:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2139:
2128:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2054:
2052:
2051:South-West PāN
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2029:
2024:
2014:
2008:
2006:
2005:Desert Nyungic
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1985:
1977:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1949:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1933:
1923:DhuwalāDhuwala
1919:
1912:
1905:
1897:
1895:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1867:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1842:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1823:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1788:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1739:
1726:
1724:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1691:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1631:Lower Burdekin
1621:
1614:
1606:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1591:Lower Burdekin
1588:
1587:
1586:
1578:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1555:
1545:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1528:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1493:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1463:Southern Paman
1460:
1459:
1458:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1441:Mbarrumbathama
1437:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1392:Northern Paman
1388:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1371:Kalaw Lagaw Ya
1361:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1276:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1224:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1200:
1199:
1187:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1141:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1094:(4): 310ā322.
1083:
1074:
1071:
1057:
1044:
1035:
1004:
1001:
998:
997:
978:(3): 181ā192.
962:
937:
918:(3): 241ā272.
902:
876:
850:
835:
820:
796:
741:
720:
697:
696:
694:
691:
688:
687:
685:
680:
678:
676:
671:
665:
664:
662:
660:
655:
650:
648:
642:
641:
639:
634:
629:
624:
622:
616:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
584:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
552:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
520:
517:
514:
513:
508:
502:
501:
496:
491:
485:
484:
479:
474:
468:
467:
462:
457:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:in Ngarinyin.
427:wife's brother
417:
414:
368:
365:
329:
326:
320:spoken by the
289:
288:
282:
274:
273:
268:
262:
261:
223:
217:
216:
209:
201:
200:
183:
175:
174:
173:Language codes
170:
169:
164:
160:Writing system
157:
154:
153:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
139:
136:
133:
130:
125:
121:
120:
118:
117:
108:
106:
99:
96:
95:
92:
89:
86:
85:
75:
71:
70:
65:
61:
60:
57:
49:
48:
42:
41:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3430:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3356:Nunga English
3354:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3328:Tennant Creek
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3227:Northeastern
3225:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3141:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:(Paredarerme)
3114:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2735:Murrinh-patha
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2727:Southern Daly
2724:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2648:Northern Daly
2645:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2542:Darwin Region
2539:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2317:Bininj Kunwok
2315:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1930:DjambarrpuyÅu
1927:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1773:
1772:
1771:Adnyamathanha
1768:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1532:MarganyāGunya
1529:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1455:Kuuk Thayorre
1452:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1336:Gumbaynggiric
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1221:Victorian PāN
1219:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1155:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1006:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
966:
951:
947:
941:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
906:
890:
886:
880:
864:
860:
854:
848:
844:
839:
833:
829:
824:
817:
813:
809:
803:
801:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
748:Adapted from
745:
738:
734:
729:
727:
725:
709:
702:
698:
686:
681:
679:
677:
672:
670:
667:
666:
663:
661:
656:
651:
649:
647:
644:
643:
640:
635:
630:
625:
623:
621:
618:
617:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
589:
586:
585:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
557:
554:
553:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
524:
507:
504:
503:
497:
492:
490:
487:
486:
480:
475:
473:
470:
469:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
455:
442:
440:
436:
432:
431:wife's father
428:
424:
416:Kinship terms
413:
411:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
388:
386:
382:
373:
364:
360:
358:
357:Claire Bowern
354:
350:
345:
343:
339:
336:, along with
335:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
308:
304:
300:
296:
286:
280:
275:
272:
269:
267:
263:
258:
252:
246:
240:
234:
228:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
208:
207:
202:
197:
190:
184:
181:
176:
171:
168:
165:
161:
155:
149:
146:
143:
140:
137:
134:
132:Guwidj (Orla)
131:
128:
127:
126:
122:
116:
113:
112:
111:
107:
103:
97:
93:
87:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69:
66:
62:
55:
50:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3207:Barkly Kriol
3130:Bruny Island
3070:Northeastern
3056:(Tommeginne)
2886:
2840:Gajirrawoong
2704:Eastern Daly
2671:Western Daly
2366:Anindilyakwa
2077:
2073:KartuāNhanda
2031:
2017:NgumpināYapa
1980:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1869:
1862:
1844:
1837:
1827:Yandruwandha
1825:
1818:
1806:
1794:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1741:
1734:
1693:
1686:
1663:
1658:Kuku Yalanji
1656:
1649:
1623:
1616:
1609:
1580:
1572:
1557:
1550:
1539:
1530:
1523:
1511:
1499:
1476:
1467:
1453:
1439:
1432:
1421:Umbindhamuic
1411:Middle Paman
1396:
1369:
1331:Bandjalangic
1305:
1298:
1278:
1270:
1247:
1228:Lower Murray
1214:Southeastern
1204:PamaāNyungan
1124:
1091:
1087:
1078:
1065:
1050:
1039:
1017:(1): 54ā65.
1014:
1010:
975:
971:
965:
953:. Retrieved
949:
940:
915:
911:
905:
893:. Retrieved
888:
879:
867:. Retrieved
862:
853:
838:
823:
811:
787:. Retrieved
759:
755:
744:
711:. Retrieved
701:
438:
434:
430:
426:
419:
408:
389:
378:
361:
346:
331:
302:
298:
294:
292:
283:Map showing
204:
150:Waladjangari
114:
45:
29:
3351:Neo-Nyungar
3324:Wumpurrarni
3319:Modern Tiwi
3238:(Yumplatok)
3060:Port Sorell
3031:(Peerapper)
2689:Marrithiyel
2684:Merranunggu
2679:Marri Ngarr
2455:GarigāIlgar
2134:(register:
1960:GanhalpuyÅu
1902:DhaÅuāDjaÅu
1796:Pitta-Pitta
1682:Kalkatungic
1319:North Coast
1300:Barranbinja
946:"Ngarinyin"
3402:Categories
3195:Daly River
3126:(Nuenonne)
3113:Oyster Bay
3078:Pyemmairre
2939:Nimanburru
2904:Nyulnyulan
2883:(Northern)
2863:Gooniyandi
2602:Bugurnidja
2585:Umbugarlic
2488:Manangkari
2360:Nunggubuyu
2345:Rembarrnga
2330:(Ngalkbun)
2323:Kunbarlang
2266:Mangarrayi
2249:Warndarang
2205:Maningrida
1751:ThuraāYura
1688:Kalkatungu
1341:WakaāKabic
1294:Wiradhuric
1266:YuināKuric
1249:Bungandidj
950:Ethnologue
895:30 October
869:7 November
789:7 November
762:: 91ā101.
713:13 October
519:Consonants
316:region of
307:endangered
299:Ungarinjin
135:Munumburru
46:Ungarinjin
3379:Cherbourg
3326:English (
3217:Kowanyama
3010:Tasmanian
2895:(Western)
2889:(Eastern)
2887:Ngarinyin
2873:Worrorran
2835:Miriwoong
2785:Jaminjung
2592:Umbugarla
2571:Limilngan
2381:Yangmanic
2350:Ngalakgan
2223:NdjƩbbana
2218:Gurr-goni
2184:Gunindiri
2153:Mingginda
2142:Kayardild
2079:Yinggarda
2033:Warumungu
1937:GupapuyÅu
1909:RitharrÅu
1871:Paakantyi
1695:Yalarnnga
1618:Warrgamay
1602:Dyirbalic
1574:Dharumbal
1520:Southern
1496:Northern
1434:Umbuygamu
1428:Lamalamic
1326:Durubalic
1272:Dhanggati
1238:Gippsland
1233:Yotayotic
1207:subgroups
1197:languages
1195:Tasmanian
816:corrected
784:150007441
776:0271-5309
669:Semivowel
539:Retroflex
445:Phonology
322:Ngarinyin
314:Kimberley
295:Ngarinyin
271:Ngarinyin
206:Glottolog
180:ISO 639-3
138:Wolyamidi
129:Ngarinyin
115:Ngarinyin
110:Worrorran
78:Ngarinjin
74:Ethnicity
35:Ngarinyin
3334:Alyawarr
3253:Napranum
3046:Northern
2995:Giimbiyu
2988:isolates
2975:Ngumbarl
2919:Nyulnyul
2893:Worrorra
2881:Wunambal
2822:Jarrakan
2661:Tyerraty
2597:Ngurmbur
2497:Southern
2435:Iwaidjan
2421:Gaagudju
2394:Wardaman
2301:Uwinymil
2292:(Djauan)
2155:(Minkin)
2061:Ngayarda
2057:Pilbara
1988:Southern
1834:Eastern
1815:Central
1803:Western
1743:Kaytetye
1736:Arrernte
1625:Nyawaygi
1569: ?
1508:Eastern
1501:Warrongo
1469:Mbabaram
1416:Umpilaic
1354:Northern
1307:Muruwari
1156:licence.
1108:40330770
1063:(2002).
1031:40330037
992:40332242
932:40327769
534:Alveolar
529:Bilabial
404:Worrorra
400:Wunambal
385:moribund
338:Wunambal
324:people.
305:, is an
213:ngar1284
147:Ngarnawu
141:Andadjin
124:Dialects
3336:English
3268:Pidgins
3229:creoles
3182:Barunga
3175:Ngukurr
3157:Creoles
3105:Eastern
3021:Western
2970:Nyigina
2850:Bunuban
2808:Wambaya
2803:Ngarnka
2795:Ngurlun
2780:Nungali
2762:Jingulu
2544: ?
2527:Wurrugu
2520: ?
2504:Amurdag
2450:Iwaidja
2417: ?
2399:Wagiman
2385:Wagiman
2362:(Wubuy)
2338:Eastern
2328:Dalabon
2310:Central
2283:Western
2268: ?
2262: ?
2256: ?
2228:Nakkara
2213:Burarra
2197: ?
2164:Garrwan
2147:Yukulta
2124:Tangkic
2088:Mirning
2082: ?
2036: ?
2022:Ngumpin
2012:Marrngu
1982:Yanyuwa
1885:Western
1849: ?
1757:Wirangu
1730:Arandic
1716:Central
1633: ?
1611:Dyirbal
1593: ?
1585: ?
1577: ?
1567:Kingkel
1544: ?
1283: ?
1275: ?
1088:Oceania
1011:Oceania
1003:Sources
972:Oceania
912:Oceania
620:Lateral
544:Palatal
439:waiingi
312:of the
221:AIATSIS
185:Either:
3373:Woorie
3361:Yarrie
3344:Others
3255:Creole
3249:Creole
3219:Creole
3213:Creole
3095:Norman
2965:Warrwa
2960:Dyugun
2955:Yawuru
2858:Bunuba
2772:Yirram
2754:Mirndi
2532:Marrgu
2355:Ngandi
2290:Jawoyn
2237:Marran
2178:Waanyi
2172:Garawa
2132:Lardil
2093:Nyunga
1992:Ngarru
1953:Djinba
1946:DjinaÅ
1820:Diyari
1784:Karnic
1764:Kaurna
1665:Yidiny
1582:Bayali
1541:Bindal
1398:Uradhi
1139:
1106:
1029:
990:
930:
782:
774:
646:Rhotic
450:Vowels
64:Region
3363:Lingo
3197:Kriol
2924:Bardi
2576:Wulna
2483:Maung
2465:Ilgar
2460:Garig
2296:Waray
2260:Alawa
2254:Yugul
2244:Marra
2136:Damin
1995:Thawa
1916:NhaÅu
1893:YolÅu
1864:Yarli
1559:Yanda
1489:Maric
1384:Paman
1243:Kulin
1129:(PDF)
1104:JSTOR
1027:JSTOR
988:JSTOR
955:1 May
928:JSTOR
891:. ABS
780:S2CID
693:Notes
588:Nasal
549:Velar
460:Front
410:Kriol
367:Usage
167:Latin
82:Wurla
3381:Talk
3375:Talk
3369:Talk
3367:Palm
3000:Tiwi
2929:Jawi
2830:Kija
2717:Kamu
2042:Wati
2027:Yapa
1703:Mayi
1675:Gulf
1552:Guwa
1513:Biri
1193:and
1137:ISBN
957:2017
897:2017
871:2020
791:2020
772:ISSN
715:2022
556:Stop
472:High
465:Back
433:and
402:and
340:and
301:and
293:The
1404:Wik
1096:doi
1019:doi
980:doi
920:doi
843:K24
828:K52
810:",
764:doi
733:K18
511:aaĖ
506:Low
489:Mid
482:uuĖ
477:iiĖ
398:of
266:ELP
257:K43
251:K23
245:K26
239:K25
233:K19
227:K18
196:ajn
189:ung
3404::
1135:.
1131:.
1102:.
1092:54
1090:.
1025:.
1015:43
1013:.
986:.
976:51
974:.
948:.
926:.
916:10
914:.
887:.
861:.
799:^
778:.
770:.
760:62
758:.
754:.
723:^
429:,
344:.
80:,
3330:)
3204:)
3191:)
3184:)
3177:)
2387:?
2383:ā
2138:)
1183:e
1176:t
1169:v
1145:.
1110:.
1098::
1033:.
1021::
994:.
982::
959:.
934:.
922::
899:.
873:.
793:.
766::
717:.
683:j
674:w
658:É»
653:r
637:Ź
632:É
627:l
613:Å
608:ɲ
603:ɳ
598:n
593:m
581:k
576:c
571:Ź
566:t
561:p
499:o
494:e
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
