Weather Underground

900:" sessions (also called "CSC" or "Weatherfries") were the most distressing part of life in the collective. Derived from Maoist techniques, it was intended to root out racist, individualist and chauvinist tendencies within group members. At its most intense, members would be berated for a dozen or more hours non-stop about their flaws. It was intended to make group members believe that they were, deep down, white supremacists by subjecting them to constant criticism to break them down. The sessions were used to ridicule and bully those who didn't agree with the party line and force them into acceptance. However, the sessions were also almost entirely successful at purging potential informants from the Weathermen's ranks, making them crucial to the Weathermen's survival as an underground organization. The Weathermen were also determined to destroy "bourgeois individualism" amongst members that would potentially interfere with their commitment to both the Weathermen and the goal of revolution. Personal property was either renounced or given to the collective, with income being used to purchase the needs of the group and members enduring Spartan living conditions. Conventional comforts were forbidden, and the leadership was exalted, giving them immense power over their subordinates (in some collectives the leadership could even dictate personal decisions such as where one went). Martial arts were practiced and occasional 1598:

operate as an isolated underground group. Prairie Fire urged people to never "dissociate mass struggle from revolutionary violence". To do so, asserted Weather, was to do the state's work. Just as in 1969–1970, Weather still refused to renounce revolutionary violence for "to leave people unprepared to fight the state is to seriously mislead them about the inevitable nature of what lies ahead". However, the decision to build only an underground group caused the Weather Underground to lose sight of its commitment to mass struggle and made future alliances with the mass movement difficult and tenuous.

938:

throughout the country, anger against "the Establishment's" practices prompted both peaceful and violent protest. The members of Weatherman targeted high school and college students, assuming they would be willing to rebel against the authoritative figures who had oppressed them, including cops, principals, and bosses. Weather aimed to develop roots within the class struggle, targeting white working-class youths. The younger members of the working class became the focus of the organizing effort because they felt the oppression strongly in regard to the military draft, low-wage jobs, and schooling.

401:

full and fair employment or guaranteed annual income and political rights for poverty class Americans. Their goal was to create a more democratic society "which guarantees political freedom, economic and physical security, abundant education, and incentives for wide cultural variety". While the initial phase of the SDS involved campus organizing, phase two involved community organizing. These experiences led some SDS members to conclude that deep social change would not happen through community organizing and electoral politics, and that more radical and disruptive tactics were needed.

913:

well as finding themselves confined to second-tier leadership roles. Certain feminist political beliefs had to be disavowed or muted and the women had to prove, regardless of prior activist credentials, that they were as capable as men in engaging in political action as part of "women's cadres", which were felt to be driven by coerced machismo and failed to promote genuine solidarity amongst the women. While the Weathermen's sexual politics did allow women to assert desire and explore relationships with each other, it also made them vulnerable to sexual exploitation.

945:, Weather members invaded educational institutions as a means by which to recruit high school and college students. The motivation of these jailbreaks was the organization's belief that school was where the youth were oppressed by the system and where they learned to tolerate society's faults instead of rise against them. According to "Prairie Fire", young people are channeled, coerced, misled, miseducated, misused in the school setting. It is in schools that the youth of the nation become alienated from the authentic processes of learning about the world. 1481: 687:, thus the organizational basis of the SDS, which had begun in the elite colleges and had been extended to public institutions as the organization grew could be extended to youth as a whole including students, those serving in the military, and the unemployed. Students could be viewed as workers gaining skills prior to employment. This contrasted to the Progressive Labor view which viewed students and workers as being in separate categories which could ally, but should not jointly organize. 6881: 53: 6869: 2054:, in which one officer was killed, one was maimed, and eight more were wounded by shrapnel from a pipe bomb. They ultimately concluded that members of the Black Liberation Army were responsible, with whom WUO members were affiliated. They were also responsible for the bombing of another police precinct in San Francisco, as well as bombing the Catholic Church funeral services of the police officer killed in the Park Precinct bombing in the early summer of 1970. Ayers said in a 2001 1641:. The group stole files with several hundred pages. The files detailed the targeting of civil rights leaders, labor rights organizations, and left-wing groups in general, and included documentation of acts of intimidation and disinformation by the FBI and attempts to erode public support for those popular movements. By the end of April, the FBI offices were to terminate all files dealing with leftist groups. The files were part of an FBI program called COINTELPRO. 6892: 1614:

government in 1973) against them creating an above ground organization was more feasible. The May 19 Communist Organization continued in hiding as the clandestine organization. A decisive factor in Dohrn's coming out of hiding was her concerns about her children. The Prairie Fire Collective faction started to surrender to the authorities from the late 1970s to the early 1980s. The remaining Weather Underground members continued to attack U.S. institutions.

502:. By 1968 and 1969 they would profoundly affect SDS, particularly at national gatherings of the membership, forming a well-groomed, disciplined faction which followed the Progressive Labor Party line. At the beginning of the convention, two position papers were passed out by the National Office leadership, one a revised statement of Klonsky's RYM manifesto, the other called "You Don't Need a Weatherman to Know Which Way the Wind Blows". 1677:" for the Bureau's work. "I think this is justified and I'd do it again tomorrow," he said on the program. While admitting the break-ins were "extralegal," he justified it as protecting the "greater good." Felt said, "To not take action against these people and know of a bombing in advance would simply be to stick your fingers in your ears and protect your eardrums when the explosion went off and then start the investigation." 1699:. The indictment charged Felt and the others "did unlawfully, willfully, and knowingly combine, conspire, confederate, and agree together and with each other to injure and oppress citizens of the United States who were relatives and acquaintances of the Weatherman fugitives, in the free exercise and enjoyments of certain rights and privileges secured to them by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America. 6902: 1649:," referring to searches conducted in the homes of relatives and acquaintances of Weatherman. The Weather Underground was no longer a fugitive organization and could turn themselves in with minimal charges against them. Additionally, the illegal domestic spying conducted by the CIA in collaboration with the FBI also lessened the legal repercussions for Weatherman turning themselves in. 1843:'s amnesty for draft dodgers by turning themselves in. Mark Rudd turned himself into authorities on January 20, 1978. Rudd was fined $ 4,000 and received two years' probation. Bernardine Dohrn and Bill Ayers turned themselves in on December 3, 1980, in New York, with substantial media coverage. Charges were dropped for Ayers. Dohrn received three years' probation and a $ 15,000 fine. 616:

that youth were moving away from passivity and apathy and toward a new high-energy culture of "depersonalization" brought about by drugs, sex, and armed revolution. "We're against everything that's 'good and decent' in honky America," Jacobs said in his most commonly quoted statement. "We will burn and loot and destroy. We are the incubation of your mother's nightmare."

675:. In Weatherman theory "oppressed peoples" are the creators of the wealth of empire, "and it is to them that it belongs." "The goal of revolutionary struggle must be the control and use of this wealth in the interest of the oppressed peoples of the world." "The goal is the destruction of U.S. imperialism and the achievement of a classless world: world communism" 1393:. True to Dohrn's words, this single event, in the continuing string of public killings of black leaders of any political stripe, was the trigger that pushed a large number of Weatherman and other students who had just attended the last SDS national convention months earlier to go underground and develop its logistical support network nationally. 1232:

operation led by more extreme Greenwich Village townhouse residents, Ayers singling out Terry Robbins. However, later researchers concluded Weather Underground leaders planned and approved the bombings of an NCO dance, a Columbia University building, and several bombings in Detroit which were defused by the Detroit Police aided by informant

934:, and Celia Sojourn, entitled "Prairie Fire: The Politics of Revolutionary Anti-Imperialism," Weatherman explained that their intention was to encourage the people and provoke leaps in confidence and consciousness in an attempt to stir the imagination, organize the masses, and join in the people's day-to-day struggles in every way possible. 695:, a program which involved U.S. students volunteering to work in the sugar harvest in Cuba, is highlighted as a common factor in the background of the founders of the Weather Underground, with China a secondary influence. This experience was cited by both Kathy Boudin and Bernardine Dohrn as a major influence on their political development. 1083:. They smashed the windows of a bank and those of many cars. The crowd ran four blocks before encountering police barricades. They charged the police but broke into small groups; more than 1,000 police counter attacked. Many protesters were wearing motorcycle or football helmets, but the police were well trained and armed. Large amounts of 1099:, Chicago's main business district, watched by a double line of heavily armed police. The protesters suddenly broke through the police lines and rampaged through the Loop, smashing the windows of cars and stores. The police were prepared, and quickly isolated the rioters. Within 15 minutes, more than half the crowd had been arrested. 1938:

government through her writings. However, there were tensions within the organization, brought about by her famous manifesto, "Mother Right", that specifically called on the female members of the organization to focus on their own cause rather than anti-imperialist causes. Weather members then wrote in response to her manifesto.

380:" (1965). That Dylan line was also the title of a position paper distributed at an SDS convention in Chicago on June 18, 1969. This founding document called for a "White fighting force" to be allied with the "Black Liberation Movement" and other radical movements to achieve "the destruction of U.S. imperialism and form a 1797:. These older members found they were no longer liable for federal prosecution because of illegal wire taps and the government's unwillingness to reveal sources and methods favored a strategy of inversion where they would be above ground "revolutionary leaders". Jeremy Varon argues that by 1977 the WUO had disbanded. 1021: 636:. Jacobs was one of Robbins' biggest supporters, and pushed the Weathermen to let Robbins be as violent as he wanted to be. The Weatherman national leadership agreed, as did the New York City collective. The collective's first target was Judge John Murtagh, who was overseeing the trial of the "Panther 21". 1519:

that barred electronic surveillance without a court order. This Supreme Court decision would hamper any prosecution of the WUO cases. In addition, the government did not want to reveal foreign intelligence secrets that a trial would require. Bernardine Dohrn was removed from the FBI's Ten Most Wanted

841:

Members of Weather further contended that efforts at "organizing whites against their own perceived oppression" were "attempts by whites to carve out even more privilege than they already derive from the imperialist nexus". Weather's political theory sought to make every struggle an anti-imperialist,

785:

We felt that doing nothing in a period of repressive violence is itself a form of violence. That's really the part that I think is the hardest for people to understand. If you sit in your house, live your white life and go to your white job, and allow the country that you live in to murder people and

541:

The most important task for us toward making the revolution, and the work our collectives should engage in, is the creation of a mass revolutionary movement, without which a clandestine revolutionary party will be impossible. A revolutionary mass movement is different from the traditional revisionist

329:

In the 1970s, the WUO conducted a bombing campaign targeting government buildings and several banks. Some attacks were preceded by evacuation warnings, along with threats identifying the particular matter that the attack was intended to protest. Three members of the group were killed in an accidental

1605:

detailed a different strategy for the 1970s which demanded both mass and clandestine organizations. The role of a clandestine organization would be to build the "consciousness of action" and prepare the way for the development of a people's militia. Concurrently, the role of the mass movement (i.e.,

1300:

We were very careful from the moment of the townhouse on to be sure we weren't going to hurt anybody, and we never did hurt anybody. Whenever we put a bomb in a public space, we had figured out all kinds of ways to put checks and balances on the thing and also to get people away from it, and we were

1231:

at Columbia University. An FBI report stated that they had enough explosives to "level… both sides of the street". Weather Underground leadership members Bill Ayers, Bernardine Dohrn, and Jeff Jones claimed the planned bombings of the Fort Dix NCO dance and Columbia University building were a rogue

1075:

in 2003, "The Days of Rage was an attempt to break from the norms of kind of acceptable theatre of 'here are the anti-war people: containable, marginal, predictable, and here's the little path they're going to march down, and here's where they can make their little statement.' We wanted to say, "No,

904:

were engaged in. Critical of monogamy, they launched a "smash monogamy" campaign, in which couples (whose affection was deemed unacceptably possessive, counterrevolutionary or even selfish) were to be split apart; collectives underwent forced rotation of sex partners (including allegations that some

643:

of SDS and retained control of the SDS National Office. Thereafter, any leaflet, label, or logo bearing the name "Students for a Democratic Society" (SDS) was in fact the views and politics of Weatherman, not of the slate elected by Progressive Labor. Weatherman contained the vast majority of former

619:

Two major decisions came out of the War Council. The first was to go underground and to begin a violent, armed struggle against the state without attempting to organize or mobilize a broad swath of the public. The Weather Underground hoped to create underground collectives in major cities throughout

400:

of the 1960s. One of the factors that contributed to the radicalization of SDS members was the Economic Research and Action Project that the SDS undertook in Northern urban neighborhoods from 1963 to 1968. This project was aimed at creating an interracial movement of the poor that would mobilize for

1937:

Throughout their years in the underground, the members of the Weather Underground worked closely with their counterparts in other organizations, including Jane Alpert, to bring attention to their further actions to the press. She helped the Weathermen pursue their main goal of overthrowing the U.S.

1644:

After COINTELPRO was dissolved in 1971 by J. Edgar Hoover, the FBI continued its counterintelligence on groups like the Weather Underground. In 1973, the FBI established the "Special Target Information Development" program, where agents were sent undercover to penetrate the Weather Underground. Due

1344:

We've known that our job is to lead white kids into armed revolution. We never intended to spend the next five to twenty-five years of our lives in jail. Ever since SDS became revolutionary, we've been trying to show how it is possible to overcome frustration and impotence that comes from trying to

1283:

that killed two police officers and a Brink's guard, and was jailed for murder, " goal was to not hurt any people, and a lot of work went into that. But we wanted to pick targets that showed to the public who was responsible for what was really going on." After the Greenwich Village explosion, in a

1267:

decisions the group was now well underground, and began to refer to themselves as the Weather Underground Organization. At this juncture, WUO shrank considerably, becoming even fewer than they had been when first formed. The group was devastated by the loss of their friends, and in late April 1970,

1121:

The Flint War Council was a series of meetings of the Weather Underground Organization and associates in Flint, Michigan, that took place 27–31 December 1969. During these meetings, the decisions were made for the Weather Underground Organization to go underground and to "engage in guerilla warfare

1102:

The Days of Rage cost Chicago and the state of Illinois about $ 183,000 ($ 100,000 for National Guard expenses, $ 35,000 in damages, and $ 20,000 for one injured citizen's medical expenses). Most of the Weathermen and SDS leaders were now in jail, and the Weathermen would have to pay over $ 243,000

837:

at the center of their political theory. Weather warned that other political theories, including those addressing class interests or youth interests, were "bound to lead in a racist and chauvinist direction". Weather denounced other political theories of the time as "objectively racist" if they did

442:

RYM promoted the philosophy that young workers possessed the potential to be a revolutionary force which could overthrow capitalism, if not by themselves then by transmitting radical ideas to the working class. Klonsky's document reflected the philosophy of the National Office and it was eventually

2030:

terrorist group" that is no longer an active concern. Some members have disputed the "terrorist" categorization and justified the group's actions as an appropriate response to what they described as the "terrorist activities" of the war in Vietnam, domestic racism, and the deaths of black leaders.

2029:

Magazine. The group fell under the jurisdiction of the FBI-New York City Police Anti-Terrorist Task Force, a forerunner of the FBI's Joint Terrorism Task Forces. The FBI refers to the organization in a 2004 news story titled "Byte out of History" published on its website as having been a "domestic

1777:

Despite the change in their legal status, the Weather Underground remained underground for a few more years. However, by 1976 the organization was disintegrating. The Weather Underground held a conference in Chicago called Hard Times. The idea was to create an umbrella organization for all radical

1702:

Felt and Miller attempted to plea bargain with the government, willing to agree to a misdemeanor guilty plea to conducting searches without warrants—a violation of 18 U.S.C. sec. 2236—but the government rejected the offer in 1979. After eight postponements, the case against Felt and Miller went to

937:

In the year 1960, over a third of America's population was under 18 years of age. The number of young citizens set the stage for a widespread revolt against perceived structures of racism, sexism, and classism, the violence of the Vietnam War and America's interventions abroad. At college campuses

912:

Life in the collectives could be particularly hard for women, who made up about half the members. Their political awakening had included a growing awareness of sexism, yet they often found that men took the lead in political activities and discussion, with women often engaging in domestic work, as

577:

Weatherman would shove the war down their dumb, fascist throats and show them, while we were at it, how much better we were than them, both tactically and strategically, as a people. In an all-out civil war over Vietnam and other fascist U.S. imperialism, we were going to bring the war home. 'Turn

4969:

United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Crime. (1984). False identification: hearing before the Subcommittee on Crime of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, Ninety-seventh Congress, second session, on H.R. 352, H.R. 6105, H.R. 6946, and S.

4259:

Especially when you look at the Weather Underground the myth has arisen, largely propagated by alumni of the Weather Underground, that they never intended to hurt a soul; that they only bombed ... symbols of American power. In fact I think I show persuasively through on-the-record interviews with

2049:

admitted that the group intended to target people prior to the accidental explosion in the town house. "On the morning of March 6, 1970, three of my comrades were building pipe bombs packed with dynamite and nails, destined for a dance of non-commissioned officers and their dates at Fort Dix, New

1814:

The federal government estimated that only 38 Weathermen had gone underground in 1970, though the estimates varied widely, according to a variety of official and unofficial sources, as between 50 and 600 members. Most modern sources lean towards a much larger number than the FBI reference. An FBI

1396:

On May 21, 1970, a communiqué from the Weather Underground was issued promising to attack a "symbol or institution of American injustice" within two weeks. The communiqué included taunts towards the FBI, daring them to try to find the group, whose members were spread throughout the United States.

1091:

For the next two days, the Weathermen held no rallies or protests. Supporters of the RYM II movement, led by Klonsky and Noel Ignatin, held peaceful rallies in front of the federal courthouse, an International Harvester factory, and Cook County Hospital. The largest event of the Days of Rage took

922:

America's presence overseas. They also aimed to convince people to resist reliance upon their given privilege and to rebel and take arms if necessary. According to Weatherman, if people tolerated the unjust actions of the state, they became complicit in those actions. In the manifesto compiled by

615:

The War Council ended with a major speech by John Jacobs. Jacobs condemned the "pacifism" of white middle-class American youth, a belief which he claimed they held because they were insulated from the violence which afflicted blacks and the poor. He predicted a successful revolution, and declared

1597:

in several American cities. Hundreds of above-ground activists helped further the new political vision of the Weather Underground. Essentially, after the 1969 failure of the Days of Rage to involve thousands of youths in massive street fighting, Weather renounced most of the Left and decided to

1383:

were killed, with four of the seven other people in the apartment wounded. The survivors of the raid were all charged with assault and attempted murder. The police claimed they shot in self-defense, although a controversy arose when the Panthers, other activists and a Chicago newspaper reporter

607:

by the 300 people who attended, adopted Jacobs' call for violent revolution. Dohrn opened the conference by telling the delegates they needed to stop being afraid and begin the "armed struggle." Over the next five days, the participants met in informal groups to discuss what "going underground"

1613:

and the Prairie Fire Collective—with Bernardine Dohrn and Bill Ayers in the latter. The Prairie Fire Collective favored coming out of hiding and establishing an above-ground revolutionary mass movement. With most WUO members facing limited criminal charges (most charges had been dropped by the

956:, a member of the radical women's liberation group Cell 16 spoke about her personal recruitment agenda saying that she wanted their group to go out in every corner of the country and tell women the truth, recruit the local people, poor and working-class people, in order to build a new society. 921:

Weather used various means by which to recruit new members and set into motion a nationwide revolt against the government. Weather members aimed to mobilize people into action against the established leaders of the nation and the patterns of injustice which existed in America and abroad due to

959:

Berger explains the controversy surrounding recruitment strategies saying, "As an organizing strategy it was less than successful: white working class youths were more alienated than organized by Weather's spectacles, and even some of those interested in the group were turned off by its early

678:

The Vietnamese and other third world countries, as well as third world people within the United States play a vanguard role. They "set the terms for class struggle in America ..." The role of the "Revolutionary Youth Movement" is to build a centralized organization of revolutionaries, a

652:

and Bernardine Dohrn. The group, while small, was able to commandeer the mantle of SDS and all of its membership lists, but with Weatherman in charge there was little or no support from local branches or members of the organization, and local chapters soon disbanded. At the War Council, the

5005:

State Department bombing by Weatherman Underground: hearing before the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Ninety-fourth Congress, first session, January 31,

493:

group that had turned to SDS as fertile ground for recruiting new members after meeting with little success in organizing industrial workers, their preferred base. SDS members of that time were nearly all anti-communist, but they also refused to be drawn into actions that appeared like

5472: 1388:

and fired only one shot, as opposed to the more than one hundred the police fired into the apartment. The charges were later dropped, and the families of the dead won a $ 1.8 million settlement from the government. It was discovered in 1971 that Hampton had been targeted by the FBI's

1063:

One of the first acts of the Weathermen after splitting from SDS was to announce they would hold the "Days of Rage" that autumn. This was advertised to "Bring the war home!" Hoping to cause sufficient chaos to "wake" the American public out of what they saw as complacency toward the

2037:. "Terrorists terrorize," he argues, "they kill innocent civilians, while we organized and agitated. Terrorists destroy randomly, while our actions bore, we hoped, the precise stamp of a cut diamond. Terrorists intimidate, while we aimed only to educate." Dan Berger asserts in 1044:. The blast broke nearly 100 windows and scattered pieces of the statue onto the Kennedy Expressway below. The city rebuilt the statue and unveiled it on May 4, 1970, but the Weathermen blew it up as well on October 6, 1970. The city rebuilt the statue once again, and Mayor 484:

At an SDS convention in Chicago on June 18, 1969, the National Office attempted to persuade unaffiliated delegates not to endorse a takeover of SDS by Progressive Labor who had packed the convention with their supporters.It was at the 1966 convention of SDS that members of

5858:

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Ninety-fourth Congress, First Session (1975).

1146:

over a plot to bomb New York landmarks and department stores. Justice Murtagh and his family were unharmed, but two panes of a front window were shattered, an overhanging wooden eave was scorched, and the paint on a car in the garage was charred. "Free the Panther 21" and

1327:

in December 1969 during a police raid, on May 21, 1970, the Weather Underground issued a "Declaration of War" against the United States government, using for the first time its new name, the "Weather Underground Organization" (WUO), adopting fake identities, and pursuing

905:

male leaders rotated women between collectives in order to sleep with them) and in some cases engaged in sexual orgies. This formation continued during 1969 and 1970 until the group went underground and a more relaxed lifestyle was adopted as the group blended into the

842:

anti-racist struggle; out of this premise came their interrogation of critical concepts that would later be known as "white privilege". As historian Dan Berger writes, Weather raised the question "what does it mean to be a white person opposing racism and imperialism?"

1155:

neighborhood of Manhattan. The judge's house had been under hourly police surveillance and an unidentified woman called the police a few minutes before the explosions to report several prowlers there, which resulted in a police car being sent immediately to the scene.

690:

FBI analysis of the travel history of the founders and initial followers of the organization emphasized contacts with foreign governments, particularly the Cuban and North Vietnamese and their influence on the ideology of the organization. Participation in the

2062:, and he has said that he doesn't speak publicly about his experiences because he has "mixed feelings, guilt and shame". "These are things I am not proud of, and I find it hard to speak publicly about them and to tease out what was right from what was wrong." 895:

To try to turn their members into hardened revolutionaries and to promote solidarity and cohesion, members of collectives engaged in intensive criticism sessions which attempted to reconcile their prior and current activities to Weathermen doctrine. These

1547:

to be subpoenaed in Seattle and Portland for the investigation of one of the first (and last) captured WUO members. Four months afterwards the cases were dismissed. The decisions in these cases led directly to the subsequent resignation of FBI Director,

1835:

and four Weather people. The arrests were the results of the infiltration. WUO members Judith Bissell, Thomas Justesen, Leslie Mullin, and Marc Curtis pleaded guilty while Van Lydegraf, who helped write the 1974 Prairie Fire Manifesto, went to trial.

5224:

and Margret M. Braungart, "From Protest to Terrorism: The Case of the SDS and The Weathermen.", International Movement And Research: Social Movements and Violence: Participation in Underground Organizations, Volume 4, (Greenwich: Jai Press, 1992.),

1397:

Many leftist organizations showed curiosity in the communiqué, and waited to see if the act would in fact occur. However, two weeks would pass without any occurrence. Then on June 9, 1970, their first publicly acknowledged bombing occurred at a

620:

the country. In fact, the Weathermen eventually created only three significant, active collectives; one in California, one in the Midwest, and one in New York City. The New York City collective was led by Jacobs and Terry Robbins, and included

682:

The theoretical basis of the Revolutionary Youth Movement was an insight that most of the American population, including both students and the supposed "middle class," comprised, due to their relationship to the instruments of production, the

5480: 1087:

were used, and at least twice police ran squad cars into the mob. The rioting lasted about half an hour, during which 28 policemen were injured. Six Weathermen were shot by the police and an unknown number injured; 68 rioters were arrested.

4981:

False identification hearing before the Subcommittee on Crime of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, Ninety-seventh Congress, second session, on H.R. 352, H.R. 6105, H.R. 6946, and S. 2043 false identification, May 5,

1915:'s alliance with the Black Liberation Army continued to perpetrate a series of jail breaks, armed robberies and bombings until 1985, when most of them were finally arrested and sentenced for their involvement in the Brink's robbery and the 829:

Weather maintained that their stance differed from the rest of the movements at the time in the sense that they predicated their critiques on the notion that they were engaged in "an anti-imperialist, anti-racist struggle". Weather put the

5848:

Terroristic Activity: Hearings before the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and other Internal Security Laws, of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Ninety-third Congress, Second

443:

adopted as the SDS's official doctrine. During the summer of 1969, the National Office began to split. A group led by Klonsky became known as RYM II, and the other side, RYM I, was led by Dohrn and endorsed more aggressive tactics such as

1471:

On March 1, 1971, members of the Weather Underground set off a bomb on the Senate side of the United States Capitol. While the bomb smashed windows and caused hundreds of thousands of dollars' worth of damage, there were no casualties.

1692:, and Gray with conspiracy to violate the constitutional rights of American citizens by searching their homes without warrants. The case did not go to trial and was dropped by the government for lack of evidence on December 11, 1980. 1756:

claimed that Felt and Miller were being used as scapegoats by the Carter administration and that it was an unfair prosecution. Cohn wrote it was the "final dirty trick" and that there had been no "personal motive" for their actions.

2390:"I.T.T. OFFICE HERE DAMAGED BY BOMB; Caller Linked Explosion at Latin-American Section to 'Crimes in Chile' I.T.T. Latin-American Office on Madison Ave. Damaged by Bomb Fire in Rome Office Bombing on the Coast Rally the Opponents" 1718:

It was Nixon's first courtroom appearance since his resignation in 1974. Nixon also contributed money to Felt's legal defense fund, with Felt's legal expenses running over $ 600,000. Also testifying were former Attorneys General

1645:

to the illegal tactics of FBI agents involved with the program, government attorneys requested all weapons- and bomb-related charges be dropped against the Weather Underground. The most well-publicized of these tactics were the "

1888:

Boudin, Clark, and Gilbert were found guilty and sentenced to lengthy terms in prison. Media reports listed them as former Weatherman Underground members considered the "last gasps" of the Weather Underground. The documentary

1182:'s 2007 memoir, the fire-bombing of Judge Murtagh's home, in solidarity with the Panther 21, was carried out by four members of the New York cell that was devastated two weeks later by the March 6, 1970 townhouse explosion. 4717:"Prairie fire : the politics of revolutionary anti-imperialism : the political statement of the Weather Underground. : Weather Underground Organization. : Free Download & Streaming: Internet Archive" 1499:. The damage caused flooding that destroyed computer tapes holding classified information. Other radical groups worldwide applauded the bombing, illustrated by German youths protesting against American military systems in 1125:

During a closed-door meeting of the Weather Underground's leadership, the decision was also taken to abolish Students for a Democratic Society. This decision reflected the splintering of SDS into hostile rival factions.

2041:

that the group "purposefully and successfully avoided injuring anyone" as an argument that their actions were not terrorism. "Its war against property by definition means that the WUO was not a terrorist organization."

1416:

On July 23, 1970, a Detroit federal grand jury indicted 13 Weathermen members in a national bombing conspiracy, along with several unnamed co-conspirators. Ten of the thirteen already had outstanding federal warrants.

1048:

posted a 24-hour police guard to protect it, but the Weathermen destroyed the third one, as well. The city compromised and rebuilt the monument once more, but this time they located it at Chicago Police Headquarters.

590:

requested armed political action in order to stop the U.S. government's war in Vietnam. Subsequently, they accepted funding, training, recommendations on tactics and slogans from Cuba, and perhaps explosives as well.

1880:

containing $ 1.6 million. The robbery resulted in a shootout and the deaths of Brink's Guard Peter Paige, Police Sergeant Edward O'Grady Jr., and Police Officer Waverly Brown, the first black police officer on the

845:

At one point, the Weathermen adopted the belief that all white babies were "tainted with the original sin of "skin privilege", declaring "all white babies are pigs" with one Weatherwoman telling feminist poet

1583:, "a single spark can set a prairie fire." By the summer of 1974, five thousand copies had surfaced in coffee houses, bookstores and public libraries across the U.S. Leftist newspapers praised the manifesto. 1574:

ideological approach to the post-Vietnam reality. The leading members of the Weather Underground (Bill Ayers, Bernardine Dohrn, Jeff Jones, and Celia Sojourn) collaborated on ideas and published a manifesto:

6095:. Guests: Mark Rudd, former member of the Weather Underground, Sam Green and Bill Siegel, documentary filmmakers/directors. Interviewers: Juan Gonzalez and Amy Goodman. Democracy Now!. Segment available via 1068:, the Weathermen meant it to be the largest protest of the decade. They had been told by their regional cadre to expect thousands to attend; however, when they arrived, they found only a few hundred people. 3625:

Bernardine Dohrn, Bill Ayers. and Jeff Jones, editors (2006). Sing a Battle Song: The Revolutionary Poetry, Statements, and Communiqués of the Weather Underground, 1970-1974. New York: Seven Stories Press.

1365:

We felt that the murder of Fred required us to be more grave, more serious, more determined to raise the stakes and not just be the white people who wrung their hands when black people were being murdered.

1122:

against the U.S. government." This decision was made in response to increased pressure from law enforcement, and a belief that underground guerilla warfare was the best way to combat the U.S. government.

1606:

above-ground Prairie Fire collective) would include support for, and encouragement of, armed action. Such an alliance would, according to Weather, "help create the 'sea' for the guerrillas to swim in".

546:

in China, based on the full participation and involvement of masses of people in the practice of making revolution; a movement with a full willingness to participate in the violent and illegal struggle.

1811:

about the ease of creating fake identification, the first ex-Weatherman interview on national television. (The House document has the date wrong, it aired February 1, 1976, and the title was Fake ID.)

1345:

reform this system. Kids know the lines are drawn: revolution is touching all of our lives. Tens of thousands have learned that protest and marches don't do it. Revolutionary violence is the only way.

1765:

saluted the convictions, saying that it showed "the case has established that zeal is no excuse for violating the Constitution". Felt and Miller appealed the verdict, and they were later pardoned by

1079:

Though the October 8, 1969, rally in Chicago had failed to draw as many as the Weathermen had anticipated, the two or three hundred who did attend shocked police by rioting through the affluent

5318: 4539: 1746:

The jury returned guilty verdicts on November 6, 1980. Although the charge carried a maximum sentence of 10 years in prison, Felt was fined $ 5,000. (Miller was fined $ 3,500.) Writing in

5473:"Blown to Peaces: Weather Underground leaders claimed their bombings were devised to avoid bloodshed. But FBI agents suspect the radical '70s group killed a cop in the name of revolution" 1556:

or "Deep Throat" and Edwin Miller and which, earlier, was the factor leading to the removal of federal "most-wanted" status against members of the Weather Underground leadership in 1973.

467:. I was willing to get hit over the head, I did; I was willing to go to prison, I did. To me, it was a question of what had to be done to stop the much greater violence that was going on. 5282:, July 19, 1980: "the terrorist Weather Underground"; Powers, Thomas, and Franks, Lucinda, "Diana: The Making of a Terrorist," UPI, news feature series and winner of the Pulitzer Prize; 1413:

headquarters of the New York City Police Department. The explosion was preceded by a warning about six minutes prior to the detonation and was followed by a WUO claim of responsibility.

4052: 6609: 4260:

former Weatherman leaders that the first 90 days up until that explosion, it's very clear now that they had intended to kill — not just anyone, but their intent was to kill policemen.

1831:

for almost six years. FBI agents Richard J. Gianotti and William D. Reagan lost their cover in November when federal judges needed their testimony to issue warrants for the arrest of

777:-led independence movements throughout Africa; and within the United States, the prominence of the Black Panther Party, together with a series of "ghetto rebellions" throughout poor 6170: 1857:

Some members remained underground and joined splinter radical groups. The U.S. government states that years after the dissolution of the Weather Underground, three former members,

1001:

were used, generally in vents in restrooms, which exploded at times the spaces were empty. Timely warnings were made, and communiqués issued explaining the reason for the actions.

706:," which featured the lyrics "You don't need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows." The lyrics had been quoted at the bottom of an influential essay in the SDS newspaper, 5846:

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws (1974).

974: 653:

Weathermen had decided to close the SDS National Office, ending the major campus-based organization of the 1960s which at its peak was a mass organization with 100,000 members.

1271:

In 2003, Weather Underground members stated in interviews that they had wanted to convince the American public that the United States was truly responsible for the calamity in

7448: 997:

was adopted. This consisted of a series of bombings of government and corporate targets in retaliation for specific imperialist and oppressive acts. Small, well-constructed

729:

action, and that university campus-based demonstrations needed to be punctuated with more dramatic actions, which had the potential to interfere with the U.S. military and

558:. The resolution, titled "The Elections Don't Mean Shit—Vote Where the Power Is—Our Power Is In The Street" and adopted by the council, was prompted by the success of the 6145: 6088: 2076: 569:

As part of the "National Action Staff", Jacobs was an integral part of the planning for what quickly came to be called "Four Days of Rage". For Jacobs, the goal of the "

1665:

publicly stated he had ordered break-ins and that individual agents were merely obeying orders and should not be punished for it. Felt also stated that acting Director

6237: 2219: 393: 1785:

The conference increased divisions within the Weather Underground. East coast members favored a commitment to violence and challenged the commitments of old leaders,

5419: 3695:

Dohrn, Bernardine. Sing a Battle Song: The Revolutionary Poetry, Statements, and Communiques of the Weather Underground 1970–1974. Seven Stories Press. 2006. p. 370.

1782:

Committee of limiting their roles in racial issues. The Weather Underground faced accusations of abandonment of the revolution by reversing their original ideology.

1704: 4254: 2397: 679:"Marxist–Leninist Party" supported by a mass revolutionary movement to support international liberation movements and "open another battlefield of the revolution." 4639:"In the Matter of Sylvia Jane Brown, a Witness Before The United States Grand Jury, Appellant, v. United States of America, Appellee, 465 F.2d 371 (9th Cir. 1972)" 3845: 3039: 7458: 6604: 3732: 554:

slogan, "bring the war home". The National Action grew out of a resolution drafted by Jacobs and introduced at the October 1968 SDS National Council meeting in

365:

The WUO began to disintegrate after the United States reached a peace accord in Vietnam in 1973, and it was defunct by 1977. Some members of the WUO joined the

291:) beginning in 1970, the group's express political goal was to create a revolutionary party to overthrow the United States government, which WUO believed to be 6797: 1743:

matters were commonplace and not understood to be illegal, but Mitchell and Kleindienst denied they had authorized any of the break-ins at issue in the trial.

639:

The second major decision was the dissolution of SDS. After the summer of 1969 fragmentation of SDS, Weatherman's adherents explicitly claimed themselves the

2685:

Karin Asbley; Bill Ayers; Bernardine Dohrn; John Jacobs; Jeff Jones; Gerry Long; Home Machtinger; Jim Mellen; Terry Robbins; Mark Rudd; Steve Tappis (1969).

2587:

Frost, Jennifer (2001). An Interracial Movement of the Poor: Community Organizing and the New Left in the 1960s. New York: New York University Press; Pg. 28

7413: 6275: 5196: 4378: 4298: 2051: 559: 5514: 2239: 5278:, January 30, 1975; Montgomery, Paul L., "Guilty Plea Entered in 'Village' Bombing: Cathy Wilkerson Could Be Given Probation or Up to 7 Years", article, 5235: 2508: 17: 5317:

Mehnert, Klaus, "Twilight of the Young, The Radical Movements of the 1960s and Their Legacy," Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1977, page 47; Martin, Gus,

4033: 968:

In 2006, Dan Berger (writer, activist, and longtime anti-racism organizer) states that following their initial set of bombings, which resulted in the

737:

actions would act as a catalyst for the coming revolution. Many international events indeed seemed to support the Weathermen's overall assertion that

326:. In 1970, the group issued a "Declaration of a State of War" against the United States government under the name "Weather Underground Organization." 6311: 5923: 4157:

Barber, David (2006). "Leading the Vanguard: White New Leftists School the Panthers on Black Revolution". In Lazerow, Jama; Williams, Yohuru (eds.).

550:

At this convention the Weatherman's faction of the Students for a Democratic Society, planned for October 8–11, as a "National Action" built around

7468: 5721: 2762:

Report of the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws of the Committee of the Judiciary

2603:

Riots, Civil and Criminal Disorders: Hearings ... United States Senate, Ninetieth [-Ninety-first] Congress, First [-second] Session

4078:

Weather Underground; Dohrn, Bernardine (December 6, 1970). "New Morning—Changing Weather". In Ayers, Bill; Dohrn, Bernardine; Jones, Jeff (eds.).

948:

Factions of the Weatherman organization began recruiting members by applying their own strategies. Women's groups such as The Motor City Nine and

665:, was that "the main struggle going on in the world today is between U.S. imperialism and the national liberation struggles against it", based on 6565: 6182: 2289: 4412: 608:

meant, how best to organize collectives, and justifications for violence. In the evening, the groups reconvened for a mass "wargasm"—practicing

7423: 6178: 6130: 6118: 4349: 2655: 1634: 1163:'s International Law Library at 434 W. 116th Street and at a police car parked across the street from the Charles Street police station in the 4594: 7443: 6214: 6126: 5053: 3352: 3325: 2153: 1275:. The group began striking at night, bombing empty offices, with warnings always issued in advance to ensure a safe evacuation. According to 5120: 4944: 4010: 1220:

townhouse on March 6, 1970, when one of the bombs detonated. Oughton, Gold, and Robbins were killed; Wilkerson and Boudin escaped unharmed.

1065: 671: 1080: 6938: 1076:

what we're going to do is whatever we had to do to stop the violence in Vietnam.'" The protests did not meet Ayers' stated expectations.

6103: 5178: 3022: 1037: 5160: 5085: 4683: 4193: 6970: 6291: 850:"You have no right to that pig male baby" after she saw Morgan breastfeeding her son and told Morgan to put the baby in the garbage. 758: 599:

After the Days of Rage riots the Weatherman held the last of its National Council meetings from December 26 to December 31, 1969, in

105: 6167: 3082: 2562: 2050:

Jersey, that night." Grand juries were convened in 2001 and 2009 to investigate whether Weather Underground was responsible for the

870:

Shortly after its formation as an independent group, Weatherman created a central committee, the Weather Bureau, which assigned its

7408: 5445: 4817: 7473: 7438: 7005: 6286: 3795:

Bringing the War Home: The Weather Underground, the Red Army Faction, and the Revolutionary Violence in the Sixties and Seventies

3614:

Bringing The War Home: The Weather Underground, The Red Army Faction, and The Revolutionary Violence in the Sixties and Seventies

3577:

Bringing The War Home: The Weather Underground, The Red Army Faction, and The Revolutionary Violence in the Sixties and Seventies

3503:

Bringing The War Home: The Weather Underground, The Red Army Faction, and The Revolutionary Violence in the Sixties and Seventies

2071: 486: 424: 5344: 4716: 3713:

Berger, Dan, "Outlaws of America: The Weather Underground and the Politics of Solidarity," AK Press: Oakland, California, 2006,

3669:

Berger, Dan, "Outlaws of America: The Weather Underground and the Politics of Solidarity," AK Press: Oakland, California, 2006,

1515:

In 1973, the government requested dropping charges against most of the WUO members. The requests cited a recent decision by the

978:, which abjured attacks on people. The shift in the organization's outlook was in good part due to the 1970 death of Weatherman 6594: 4250: 1524:

in the U.S. Capitol bombing case, these investigations were known as "fishing expeditions", with the evidence gathered through

5289: 5286: 5283: 5274:

No byline, UPI wire story, "Weathermen Got Name From Song: Groups Latest Designation Is Weather Underground", as published in

3211: 2804:

Bringing the War Home: The Weather Underground, the Red Army Faction, and Revolutionary Violence in the Sixties and Seventies,

6560: 5830: 5801:

Bringing the War Home: The Weather Underground, the Red Army Faction, and Revolutionary Violence in the Sixties and Seventies

5731: 5691: 5643: 5603: 4176: 4091: 3833: 3802: 3780: 3601: 3555: 3527: 3362: 3335: 3311: 3296: 3265: 3148: 3133: 3106: 2988: 2973: 2946: 2922: 2724: 2639: 2485: 2430: 2213: 1384:

presented visual evidence, as well as the testimony of an FBI ballistics expert, showing that the sleeping Panthers were not

1191: 1092:

place on Friday, October 9, when RYM II led an interracial march of 2,000 people through a Spanish-speaking part of Chicago.

969: 897: 505:

The latter document outlined the position of the group that would become the Weathermen. It had been signed by Karen Ashley,

331: 31: 4752:

Bringing the War Home: the Weather Underground, the Red Army Faction and Revolutionary Violence in the Sixties and Seventies

1715:

had authorized the bureau to engage in break-ins while conducting foreign intelligence and counterespionage investigations.

1332:

activities only. These initially included preparations for a bombing of a U.S. military non-commissioned officers' dance at

6301: 5146: 2059: 1460: 730: 35: 5980: 5322: 2389: 1609:

According to Bill Ayers, writing in 2001, by the late 1970s, the Weatherman group had further split into two factions—the

6271: 6140: 6083: 1268:

members of the Weathermen met in California to discuss what had happened in New York and the future of the organization.

1095:

On October 10, the Weatherman attempted to regroup and resume their demonstrations. About 300 protesters marched through

5423: 3849: 2058:

interview, "I don't regret setting bombs". He has since claimed that he was misquoted. Mark Rudd teaches mathematics at

1151:

have won" were written in large red letters on the sidewalk in front of the judge's house at 529 W. 217th Street in the

3962: 3704:

Ortiz, Roxanne Dunbar. Outlaw woman: a memoir of the war years, 1960-1975. San Francisco, CA. City Lights: 2001. p. 154

2600:

Investigations, United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Government Operations. Permanent Subcommittee on (1969).

1516: 1340:

said had been intended to be "the most horrific hit the United States government had ever suffered on its territory".

7056: 6645: 6624: 6589: 6261: 6207: 6048: 6027: 5808: 5789: 5767: 5710: 5665: 5622: 5579: 5402: 5381: 5020: 4693: 4141: 4116: 3917: 3826: 3773: 3742: 3718: 3674: 3631: 3468: 3429: 3398: 3304: 3289: 3258: 3194: 3141: 3126: 2981: 2966: 1779: 1594: 710:. By using this title the Weathermen meant, partially, to appeal to the segment of U.S. youth inspired to action for 420: 359: 280: 181: 6096: 3937:

Jones, A Radical Line: From the Labor Movement to the Weather Underground, One Family's Century of Conscience, 2004.

2914:

Witness to the Revolution: Radicals, Resisters, Vets, Hippies, and the Year America Lost Its Mind and Found Its Soul

2749:. November 1998 – via Columbia University Computing History: A Chronology of Computing at Columbia University. 1401:

police station. The FBI placed the Weather Underground organization on the ten most-wanted list by the end of 1970.

7030: 7010: 6990: 6783: 4832:

Nelson Blackstock, Cointelpro: The FBI's Secret War on Political Freedom, (New York: Anchor Foundation, 1990), 185.

4283: 4232: 2686: 2420: 1171:

campus in Brooklyn, causing no or minimal damage in incidents of unknown relation to that at Judge Murtagh's home.

1142:

Justice John M. Murtagh, who was presiding over the pretrial hearings of the so-called "Panther 21" members of the

862:; Dohrn's cell subsequently made its salute a four-fingered gesture that represented the "fork" used to stab Tate. 814:

in poor black neighborhoods intensified in the early 1970s, Bernardine Dohrn said, "White youth must choose sides

6931: 6905: 6649: 6306: 5536: 3026: 2104: 2091: 1912: 1906: 1828: 1610: 1425: 413: 366: 249: 3566:

Page 110, Staughton Lynd, "From Here to There: The Staughton Lynd Reader", PM Press (2010), paperback, 305 pages

1661:

revealed the FBI's illegal activities, many agents were investigated. In 1976, former FBI Associate Director W.

6788: 6688: 6554: 5658:

Sing a Battle Song: The Revolutionary Poetry, Statements, and Communiqués of the Weather Underground, 1970–1974

5515:"No Regrets for a Love Of Explosives - In a Memoir of Sorts, a War Protester Talks of Life With the Weathermen" 5361:

Sing a Battle Song: The Revolutionary Poetry, Statements, and Communiques of the Weather Underground, 1970-1974

5200: 4080:

Sing a Battle Song: The Revolutionary Poetry, Statements, and Communiqués of the Weather Underground, 1970–1974

2374: 2142: 2114: 1286: 942: 334:, but none were killed in any of the bombings. The WUO communiqué issued in connection with the bombing of the 231: 2422:

Sing a Battle Song: The Revolutionary Poetry, Statements, and Communiques of the Weather Underground 1970-1974

1823:

In November 1977, five WUO members were arrested on conspiracy to bomb the office of California State Senator

1778:

groups. However, the event turned sour when Hispanic and Black groups accused the Weather Underground and the

1375:

In December 1969, the Chicago Police Department, in conjunction with the FBI, conducted a raid on the home of

355: 7135: 3990:

Rudd, M. (2009). Underground: my life with sds and the weatherman. New York, NY: HarperCollins. pgs. 185-193.

1593:

and believed every American should be given a copy. The manifesto's influence initiated the formation of the

412:

escalated, especially in Vietnam. In the U.S., the anti-war sentiment was particularly pronounced during the

5305: 3270:

Prairie Fire: The Politics of Revolutionary Anti-Imperialism: Political Statement of the Weather Underground

882:, the home of the SDS's head office. The collectives set up under the Weather Bureau drew their design from 423:

following a split between office holders of the SDS, or the "National Office", and their supporters and the

7403: 7140: 7069: 6265: 6200: 4638: 4625:

U.S. Select Committee on Intelligence, Report on Illegal Domestic Intelligence Gathering Activities (1974)

1529: 1174:

According to the December 6, 1970, "New Morning—Changing Weather" Weather Underground communiqué signed by

838:

not side with the international proletariat; such political theories, they argued, needed to be "smashed".

551: 436: 123: 5931: 7453: 7433: 7341: 7040: 6822: 6709: 6242: 2159: 1533: 1437: 906: 703: 451:

had done little or nothing to stop the Vietnam War. The Weathermen strongly sympathized with the radical

377: 5737: 5363:; edited by Bernardine Dohrn, Bill Ayers, and Jeff Jones; Seven Stories Press; 2006; Pgs. 21-42, 121-129 4656: 2264: 858:

claimed he truly understood the iniquity of white America, with the Manson family being praised for the

30:

This article is about the United States militant organization. For the weather forecasting service, see

7418: 7025: 6924: 6628: 6584: 6542: 6321: 6296: 6153: 5293: 3002:

Varon, J. (2004). Bringing the war home. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. pgs. 158–171.

2856:

A Radical Line: From the Labor Movement to the Weather Underground, One Family's Century of Conscience,

2297: 2202:

Bryan Burrough (2016). "3 - "You Say You Want A Revolution" The Movement And Emergence Of Weatherman".

2109: 2086: 2081: 1916: 1827:. It was later revealed that the Revolutionary Committee and the PFOC had both been infiltrated by the 1544: 1536:

against the support network, friends, and family members of the Weather Underground as part of Nixon's

1380: 1324: 1010: 875: 770: 405: 100: 5635:

Days of Rage - America's Radical Underground, the FBI, and the Forgotten Age of Revolutionary Violence

4416: 2205:

Days Of Rage - America's Radical Underground, the FBI, and the Forgotten Age of Revolutionary Violence

892:

theory, which focused on the building of small, semi-autonomous cells guided by a central leadership.

7045: 6802: 6570: 5112: 4882:, September 19, 1980; & "Long Delayed Trial Over F.B.I. Break-ins to Start in Capital Tomorrow", 4324: 2045:

Others, however, have suggested that these arguments are specious. Former Weather Underground member

1894: 1877: 1852: 1441: 1280: 1167:

in Manhattan, and at Army and Navy recruiting booths on Nostrand Avenue on the eastern fringe of the

859: 3251:

Sing a Battle Song: The Revolutionary Poetry, Statements, and Communiqués of the Weather Underground

2663: 1495:'s birthday, the Weather Underground placed a bomb in the women's bathroom in the Air Force wing of 7273: 7100: 6730: 6716: 6666: 6402: 6115:

Jennifer Dohrn: I Was The Target Of Illegal FBI Break-Ins Ordered by Mark Felt a.k.a. "Deep Throat"

6022:. Willimantic, CT : New York, NY: Curbstone Press; Distributed to the trade by the Talman Co. 5182: 4602: 1959: 1928: 1866: 1824: 1520:

List on 7 December 1973. As with the earlier federal grand juries that subpoenaed Leslie Bacon and

1276: 649: 472: 6186: 6134: 5063: 4275:

The Way the Wind Actually Blew: Weatherman Underground Terrorism and the Counterculture, 1969-1971

4224:

The Way the Wind Actually Blew: Weatherman Underground Terrorism and the Counterculture, 1969-1971

3946:

Federal Bureau of Investigation. (1976) Weather underground organization. Retrieved , pgs. 382–383

7084: 7000: 6723: 6702: 6619: 6532: 5948: 5502:

Allegiance to Liberty: The Changing Face of Patriots, Militias, and Political Violence in America

5164: 4948: 3589: 3543: 2127: 2096: 2007: 1669:

had also authorized the break-ins, but Gray denied this. Felt said on the CBS television program

1209: 1179: 734: 629: 499: 2740: 435:

began announcing their emerging perspectives, and Klonsky published a document titled "Toward a

7293: 6995: 6985: 6670: 6507: 6417: 6384: 6251: 2607: 2378:, produced by Carrie Lozano, directed by Bill Siegel and Sam Green, New Video Group, 2003, DVD. 2203: 1736: 1139: 586:

and met with North Vietnamese representatives to gain from their revolutionary experience. The

514: 322:" was the WUO's first riot in October 1969 in Chicago, timed to coincide with the trial of the 272: 6113: 4518: 4490: 4462: 4357: 4168: 4083: 3909: 2452: 1480: 7110: 7105: 7064: 6599: 6427: 6100: 5874: 5328: 2912: 1971: 1874: 1794: 1712: 1681: 931: 526: 518: 448: 397: 339: 335: 194: 6125:. Guest: Jennifer Dohrn. Interviewers: Juan Gonzalez and Amy Goodman. Segment available via 6085:

The Weather Underground: A Look Back at the Antiwar Activists Who Met Violence with Violence

3483:

Christensen, Mark. Acid Christ: Ken Kesey, LSD and the Politics of Ecstasy. IPG, 2010, p.264

7428: 7035: 6980: 6873: 6847: 6828: 6744: 5221: 4390: 1832: 1720: 1571: 1567: 953: 498:, which they viewed as mostly irrelevant and out of date. The PLP soon began to organize a 347: 292: 4540:"A history of attacks on the U.S. Capitol, 44 years after the Weather Underground bombing" 4164: 4158: 3958:

Federal Bureau of Investigation. (1976). Weather underground organization. Retrieved from

2190:

Ayers, along with Bernardine Dohrn, probably had the most authority within the Weatherman.

2033:

Ayers objected to the description of the WUO as a terrorist organization in his 2001 book

8: 7374: 7145: 7120: 6773: 6751: 4273: 4222: 3644: 3080: 2566: 2149: 1724: 1646: 1638: 1525: 1376: 1160: 1143: 941:

Schools became a common place of recruitment for the movement. In direct actions, dubbed

818:

They must either fight on the side of the oppressed or be on the side of the oppressor."

750: 742: 578:

the imperialists' war into a civil war', in Lenin's words. And we were going to kick ass.

459:

prompted the Weatherman to issue a declaration of war upon the United States government.

452: 268: 199: 3421: 3415: 3390: 3384: 1815:

estimate in 1976, or slightly later, of the current membership was down to 30 or fewer.

1543:

These grand juries caused Sylvia Jane Brown, Robert Gelbhard, and future members of the

1420:

In September 1970, the group accepted a $ 20,000 payment from the largest international

1227:, which would be attended by non-commissioned officers and their companions, as well as 537:, and Steve Tappis. The document called for creating a clandestine revolutionary party. 376:'s lyric "You don't need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows", from the song " 7348: 7074: 6895: 6812: 6379: 6364: 5569: 4815: 2745: 1862: 1761: 1748: 1696: 1240: 972:, the organization adopted a new paradigm of direct action set forth in the communiqué 692: 303: 166: 5138: 3327:

Pursuing Justice: Traditional and Contemporary Issues in Our Communities and the World

1361:'s death that prompted the Weather Underground to declare war on the U.S. government. 802:

The Weathermen were outspoken critics of the concepts that later came to be known as "

7463: 7355: 7177: 6975: 6457: 6281: 6044: 6023: 5826: 5804: 5785: 5763: 5727: 5706: 5687: 5661: 5639: 5618: 5599: 5593: 5575: 5398: 5377: 5003: 4804:

There's Something Happening Here: the New Left, the Klan, and FBI Counterintelligence

4791:

There's Something Happening Here: the New Left, the Klan, and FBI Counterintelligence

4689: 4574:. Washington DC: US Government Printing Office. 1975. pp. 40, 47, 65–65, 111–112 4569: 4512: 4484: 4456: 4172: 4137: 4112: 4087: 3913: 3902: 3829: 3822: 3798: 3776: 3769: 3738: 3714: 3670: 3627: 3597: 3551: 3523: 3464: 3425: 3394: 3358: 3331: 3307: 3300: 3292: 3285: 3261: 3254: 3190: 3144: 3137: 3129: 3122: 3102: 2984: 2977: 2969: 2962: 2942: 2918: 2780: 2720: 2635: 2481: 2446: 2426: 2209: 1740: 1421: 1410: 1264: 1217: 1152: 1116: 807: 778: 726: 604: 555: 522: 419:

The origins of the Weathermen can be traced to the collapse and fragmentation of the

381: 264: 171: 141: 5341: 3686:

Jacobs, Ron The Way the Wind Blew: A History of the Weather Underground, 1997, p. 19

1711:

appeared as a rebuttal witness for the defense, and testified that presidents since

874:

to a series of collectives in major cities. These cities included New York, Boston,

7268: 7227: 7222: 7115: 6885: 6838: 6768: 6695: 6432: 6369: 6038: 5753: 5653: 4989: 4985: 3219: 2132: 2011: 1786: 1732: 1689: 1658: 1456: 1449: 1385: 1350: 1175: 1168: 1135: 1045: 1025: 994: 927: 871: 855: 738: 510: 428: 151: 74: 5676:

Bad Moon Rising: How the Weather Underground Beat the FBI and Lost the Revolution.

4160:

In Search of the Black Panther Party: New Perspectives on a Revolutionary Movement

7381: 7367: 7212: 7207: 7182: 7015: 6947: 6843: 6793: 6575: 6527: 6502: 6394: 6174: 6149: 6122: 6107: 6092: 5818: 5633: 5348: 5058: 4821: 3966: 3520:

Bad Moon Rising: How the Weather Underground Beat the FBI and Lost the Revolution

3086: 2684: 2601: 2475: 1999: 1951: 1882: 1666: 1549: 1233: 1159:

In the preceding hours, Molotov cocktails had been thrown at the second floor of

803: 600: 432: 146: 6065: 5899: 4878:

Robert Pear: "Conspiracy Trial for 2 Ex-F.B.I. Officials Accused in Break-ins",

354:

building in New York City was bombed for the involvement of this company in the

7334: 7298: 6806: 6487: 6472: 6389: 6162: 5984: 2164: 2136: 1979: 1955: 1337: 1296:

journalist restated the film's contention that no one was killed by WUO bombs.

1228: 1041: 1036:

demonstrations on October 6, 1969, the Weatherman planted a bomb which blew up

851: 811: 711: 666: 409: 6002: 5306:

The New Encyclopædia Britannica: in 32 Volumes by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.

3284:, edited by Harold Jacobs, Ramparts Press (1970), trade paperback, 520 pages, 3121:, edited by Harold Jacobs, Ramparts Press (1970), trade paperback, 520 pages, 2961:, edited by Harold Jacobs, Ramparts Press (1970), trade paperback, 520 pages, 2320: 7397: 7303: 7288: 6737: 6580: 6517: 6497: 6477: 6452: 6447: 6437: 6412: 6374: 6349: 6015: 5589: 3959: 2784: 1991: 1983: 1975: 1800: 1766: 1708: 1586: 1433: 1398: 1248: 1244: 1205: 1197: 983: 979: 901: 754: 684: 633: 587: 563: 530: 444: 323: 315: 5252:

Alpert, Jane (1981). Growing up Underground. New York: Morrow & Co, Inc.

2021:

The Weather Underground was referred to as a terrorist group by articles in

1484:

Investigators search for clues after the May 19, 1972 Weatherman bombing of

7361: 7253: 7197: 7187: 7125: 6614: 6550: 6492: 6482: 6467: 6442: 6359: 6354: 6344: 5027: 3445: 3160: 3067: 3053: 3012: 1947: 1858: 1840: 1808: 1728: 1685: 1496: 1485: 1358: 1320: 1292: 1213: 1164: 1096: 1058: 1033: 847: 625: 612:, engaging in physical exercise, singing songs, and listening to speeches. 570: 456: 343: 319: 226: 52: 6078:

Contains online audiorecordings, texts, and other media related to the WUO

5615:

Outlaws of America: The Weather Underground and the Politics of Solidarity

5395:

Outlaws of America: The Weather Underground and the Politics of Solidarity

3819:

Outlaws of America: The Weather Underground and the Politics of Solidarity

3766:

Outlaws of America: The Weather Underground and the Politics of Solidarity

3734:

Outlaws of America: the Weather Underground and the politics of solidarity

3240:

Lader, Lawrence. Power on the Left. (New York City: W W Norton, 1979.) 192

2543:

Outlaws of America: The Weather Underground and the Politics of Solidarity

1688:, investigated, and on April 10, 1978, a federal grand jury charged Felt, 1223:

These bombs were made to target a Non-Commissioned Officer (NCO) dance at

1020: 7313: 7308: 7258: 7217: 7202: 7192: 7150: 6833: 6522: 6422: 6329: 6157: 5777: 5723:

Swords in the Hands of Children: Reflections of an American Revolutionary

5565: 5351:, at F.B.I. website, dated January 29, 2004. Retrieved September 2, 2008. 5342:"Byte Out of History: 1975 Terrorism Flashback: State Department Bombing" 4841:

John Crewdson (August 30, 1976), "Ex-F.B.I. Aide Sees 'Scapegoat' Role",

2240:"Quieter Lives for 60's Militants, but Intensity of Beliefs Hasn't Faded" 1995: 1967: 1932: 1521: 1492: 1409:

On June 9, 1970, a bomb made with ten sticks of dynamite exploded in the

883: 834: 821:

The Weathermen called for the overthrow of the United States government.

795: 722: 495: 311: 307: 136: 6142:

Growing Up in the Weather Underground: A Father and Son Tell Their Story

5757: 5009:. Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office. 1975. pp. 43–45. 4655:

Gelbard vs. United States, 408 U.S. 41, 92 S.Ct. 2357 (1972), reversing

3492:

Stine, Peter, ed. The sixties. Wayne State University Press, 1995, p.222

1869:, joined the May 19 Communist Organization, and on October 20, 1981, in 1818: 790:, and you sit there and you don't do anything about it, that's violence. 661:

The thesis of Weatherman theory, as expounded in its founding document,

7283: 7263: 7237: 7130: 6853: 6334: 3175:, a film by Emile de Antonio, Turin Film (1976) DVD Image Entertainment 3117:

Pages 39-49 in the essay "More on the Youth Movement" by Jim Mellen in

2015: 1790: 1623: 1580: 1537: 1390: 1306: 1263:

After the Greenwich Village townhouse explosion, per the December 1969

1072: 990:, all graduate students, in the Greenwich Village townhouse explosion. 923: 543: 506: 69: 6192: 5296:, post April 20, 2006, "Bill Ayers" blog, retrieved September 21, 2008 4667:"New York Times.com/archives/1972/"Barnard Coed Subpoenaed to Seattle" 1532:, burglaries by FBI field offices, and electronic surveillance by the 1134:

On February 21, 1970, at around 4:30 a.m., three gasoline-filled

427:(PLP). During the factional struggle, National Office leaders such as 7232: 6817: 6512: 6462: 6339: 5415: 4970:

2043 false identification, May 5, 1982. Washington: U.S. G.P.O.. p.55

3253:, Seven Stories Press (September, 2006), trade paperback, 390 pages, 3101:, Cathy Wilkerson, Seven Stories Press (2007), hardcover, 422 pages, 2046: 2003: 1987: 1674: 1662: 1553: 1500: 1148: 998: 824: 762: 699: 645: 534: 490: 489:

began to make their presence known for the first time. The PLP was a

373: 131: 6916: 6110:. 1 hour 40 minutes. Thursday, June 5, 2003. Retrieved May 20, 2005. 5197:"The Brink's Robbery of 1981 - The Crime Library - Crime Library on" 4945:"Statement on Granting Pardons to W. Mark Felt and Edward S. Miller" 4595:"FBI "Ten Most Wanted Fugitives" Program Frequently Asked Questions" 3505:(Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2004), 57 7278: 6407: 6247: 5882: 4767:, (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1992), pp. 258–259. 3280:

Page 42 in the essay "More on the Youth Movement" by Jim Mellen in

2872:

Revolution in the Air: Sixties Radicals Turn to Lenin, Mao and Che,

2546: 1963: 1753: 1333: 1224: 1201: 1084: 987: 787: 718: 621: 369:

and continued their activities until that group disbanded in 1985.

267:

Marxist militant organization first active in 1969, founded on the

156: 6189:. 17:01 minutes. Friday, December 3, 2004. Retrieved May 20, 2005. 1695:

The indictment charged violations of Title 18, Section 241 of the

698:

Terry Robbins took the organization's name from the lyrics of the

6778: 6003:

Aftermath of Weather Underground Explosion at the Pentagon (1972)

3522:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. pp. 76–77. 1445: 1272: 949: 879: 774: 766: 351: 314:. The WUO took part in domestic attacks such as the jailbreak of 6137:. 29:32 minutes. Thursday, June 2, 2005. Retrieved June 2, 2005. 4754:, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), pgs. 292-298 4517:. Washington D.C.: US Government Printing Office. 1975. p. 3616:(Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2004) 3579:(Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2004) 3249:

Page 249, Bernardine Dorn, Bill Ayers, and Jeff Jones, editors,

6255: 5324:

An Encyclopaedic Survey of Global Terrorism in the 21st Century

5319:"Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues" 4489:. Washington DC: US Government Printing Office. 1975. pp. 4461:. Washington DC: US Government Printing Office. 1975. pp. 4437:

Harold Jacobs ed., Weatherman, (Ramparts Press, 1970), 508-511.

2774: 2764:. Government Printing Office. pp. 5, 8–9, 13, 18, 137–147. 2451:. Washington DC: US Government Printing Office. 1975. pp. 2419:

Ayers, Bill; Dohrn, Bernardine; Jones, Jeff (January 4, 2011).

1870: 1528:

jobs including illegal mail openings that involved the FBI and

1329: 1038:

a statue in Chicago commemorating the deaths of police officers

746: 609: 464: 5964: 2656:"You Don't Need a Weatherman to Know Which Way the Wind Blows" 2563:"You Don't Need a Weatherman to Know Which Way the Wind Blows" 2186:

Bringing Down America: An FBI Informant in with the Weathermen

1239:

The site of the Village explosion was the former residence of

993:

According to Dan Berger a relatively sophisticated program of

582:

In July 1969, 30 members of Weatherman leadership traveled to

7020: 5981:"Weatherman (Weather Underground Organization, WUO), 1969-77" 1577:

Prairie Fire: The Politics of Revolutionary Anti-Imperialism.

1504: 358:. The WUO announced that its January 29, 1975 bombing of the 5803:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 3978:

Jacobs, R. (1997). The way the wind blew. Verso. pgs. 41-43.

3447: