295:
receipt of
Working for Families payments, meeting or exceeding original forecasts. Since the introduction of the package, the number of families receiving the Domestic Purposes Benefit has fallen by 8,000; with 2,600 recipients cancelling the benefit since the implementation of the In-Work Tax Credit. – While awareness of the package and its advertising appears high, the evaluation-report found that only around three-quarters of people who believe they receive a tax credit actually did so when matched to administrative records. Further, of the people surveyed who did receive a tax credit only two-thirds realised that they did.
1073:
306:
higher income paid to families with dependent children would mean that mothers could spend less time in work. Maloney believes that "some women already working were probably increasing their hours worked in order to qualify for family assistance payments". The authors class the results as preliminary – given the relatively recent introduction of the
Working for Families package.
143:
Formerly known as family tax credit, and prior to that as guaranteed minimum family income, the
Minimum Family Tax Credit aims to ensure that the total annual income of a family with dependent children 18 or younger, who work the required number of hours per week, does not fall below a set level. The
111:
For an eldest dependent child aged 16 to 18, the maximum tax credit increases by $ 13 a week. For dependent children (other than the eldest) aged 13 to 15, the maximum tax credit increases by $ 8 a week. For dependent children (other than the eldest) aged 16 to 18, the maximum tax credit increases by
294:
The first formal government evaluation of the
Working for Families package describes public awareness of the package and details classes of recipients of Working for Families entitlements to the end of August 2006. The report cites a high level of awareness of the overall package and a high level of
208:
In the tax year from 1 April 2005 to 31 March 2006 approximately 285,000 families received
Working for Families Tax Credits. In August 2006 beneficiary families received an average of $ 110 per week of tax-credits, an increase of $ 30 per week compared to August 2004. Families paid by Inland Revenue
445:
While the package had been completely implemented with the final stage on 1 April 2007, the Income Tax Act 2007 provided for regular adjustments to rates based on cumulative movements in the New
Zealand Consumer Price Index; a minimum movement of 5% was required before rates would be amended. These
134:
From 2006 this amount was paid to a maximum of $ 60 per week for 1 to 3 children, with an additional $ 15 per week for the fourth and any additional children (thus a family with five children could receive a maximum of $ 90 per week). The maximum amount was changed in Budget 2015 to be $ 72.50 per
453:
As part of the 2008 Budget, the Labour
Government amended the Income Tax Act 2007 to increase the rates of family tax credit and the abatement-free level by an anticipated movement in Consumer Price Index of 5.22%. The increases would occur from 1 October 2008. This has required the Inland Revenue
425:
Regular inflation-adjustment put in the Income Tax Act 2007 to prevent the erosion of payments over time. Family tax credit amounts and abatement-free threshold to increase when inflation reaches a cumulative five per cent. Minimum family tax credit to be reviewed annually. In-work tax credit and
268:
has commenced legal proceedings against the New
Zealand Government for discriminating against those not in employment in the "Working for Families" package. The case focuses on the In-Work Tax Credit and on the Child Tax Credit it replaced. The Action Group estimates that at least 175,000 children
487:
As part of the 2010 Budget, the
National Government amended the Income Tax Act 2007 to increase the amounts of family tax credit by an anticipated movement in Consumer Price Index of 2%; the expected result of the increase in GST rate from 12.5% to 15%. The increases apply from 1 October 2010.
309:
A study found that changes in neither In-Work Tax Credit, nor Family Tax Credit were associated with any meaningful changes in self-rated health, a measure of general health status. However, the study found that each additional year of receiving Family Tax Credit led to a very small reduction in
305:
economist Tim
Maloney and American welfare-reform researcher John Fitzgerald found that, on average, working mothers spent an extra three hours a week working after the 2005 and 2006 changes from the Working for Families package. Initial speculation suggested that working hours would fall as the
272:
Susan St John has supported poverty-prevention over poverty-alleviation, advocating policies such as a simple universal basic payment indexed to wages as well as prices for pensioners – not conditional on work. She criticises the Working for Families package for not delivering extra income until
491:
The indexation of the abatement-free threshold for Working for Families tax credits has been removed from the Income Tax Act 2007 and the abatement-free threshold will remain at $ 36,827. Future indexation of the family tax credit rates will ignore any price movement relating to tobacco in the
191:
The Minimum Family Tax Credit consists of a "top-up" payment, so that regardless of the amount of income earned, it gets topped up to the minimum amount per week (currently $ 534 after tax). This comprises effectively a 100% withdrawal with earned income up to the set income-level.
58:" (formerly known as Family Assistance) to families with dependent children to help with the cost of raising a family. Dependent children are defined as aged 18 or under who are not in full-time employment. The Working for Family tax credits include four types of payments:
269:
have been "left behind". In a judgement from the Human Rights Review Tribunal, it was stated that the in-work tax credit payment is discriminatory, but in this case, is justified. The Action Group are appealing the decision claiming the discrimination is not justified.
162:
Best Start is a payment of $ 60 a week for families with a new baby. Families who qualify for Best Start will get the payment until their baby turns 1, no matter how much they earn. They can still get Best Start until their child turns 3 if they earn under $ 93,858.
216:
stated that Working for Families had made beneficiaries better off by around $ 31.00 per week, and working families by around $ 64.00 per week, with the April 2007 increase lifting families' incomes further. Estimates suggest that Working for Families has reduced
273:
2005, provided nothing for the poorest in 2006 and only a small increase in 2007. She states: "a large part of Working for Families is based on the flawed logic that all families need to escape poverty is an incentive to get off benefits."
279:
Some find the very name of the "Working for Families" package ambiguous. While supporters portray "working for families" as meaning "making efforts for the benefit of families", others interpret the phrase as " families work to perform".
699:
Pega, Frank; Carter, Kristie; Kawachi, Ichiro; Davis, Peter; Lundberg, Olle; Gunasekara, Fiona; Balkely, Tony (2013). "The impact of in-work tax credit for families on self-rated health in adults: a cohort study of 6900 New Zealanders".
454:
department to develop composite rates and income limits for the tax year 1 April 2008 to 31 March 2009 (the average between the annual amount before 1 October 2008 and the annual amount after 1 October 2008 inflation adjustment).
261:, or to families not in work. Critics say this social group will become worse off, and get left further behind (relatively speaking) by not having access to the in-work tax credit and minimum family tax credit components.
743:
Pega, Frank; Carter, Kristie; Kawachi, Ichiro; Davis, Peter (2015). "The impact of an unconditional tax credit for families on self-rated health in adults: further evidence from the cohort study of 6900 New Zealanders".
153:
Families who earn a lesser amount from employment, and who are not receiving an income-tested form of social assistance, will receive a payment equal to the difference between their income and the minimum income level.
195:
Some New Zealand households also receive money from the increased income-thresholds and rates for Accommodation Supplement and Childcare Assistance. These two types of assistance have separate withdrawal rates.
204:
Under current payment rates and abatement rates the New Zealand Government has stated that three out of four families would qualify for extra financial assistance under the Working for Families package.
24:
package as part of the 2004 budget. The package, which effectively commenced operating on 1 April 2005, had three primary aims: to make work pay; to ensure income adequacy; and to support people "into
91:
Formerly known as Family Support, the Family Tax Credit gets paid to families with dependent children aged 18 or younger. There is no employment requirement to qualify for the Family Tax Credit.
147:
Families must work at least 30 hours a week (for a couple) and 20 hours a week (for a sole parent). They do not qualify if they receive a main form of state assistance through social welfare.
276:
Phil O’Reilly has included Working for Families in a list of alleged low-quality governmental spending that has purportedly contributed to higher interest-rates and lower productivity rates.
174:
The authorities assess income for tax credit purposes based on a "household", which will consist of the pooled resources from up to two adults in any family with dependent children.
403:
The 18% abatement rate applying to the lower abatement threshold for family tax credit vanishes completely and the 30% rate applying to the higher abatement threshold reduces to 20%
188:
The rate of withdrawal (the abatement rate) for the Family Tax Credit, Parental Tax Credit and the In-Work Tax Credit comprises 20%. An abatement-free threshold of $ 36,350 exists.
827:
Pega, Frank; Gilsanz, Paola; Kawachi, Ichiro; Wilson, Nick (2015). "Cumulative receipt of an anti-poverty tax credit for families did not impact tobacco smoking among parents".
228:
also stated that Working for Families had made it easier for some women to start work, while in other families it had made it easier for one partner to spend more time at home.
250:
Others, however, have criticised the package for potentially extending to the relatively wealthy and for increasing effective marginal tax rates for many people. The economist
394:
The in-work tax credit replaced the Child Tax Credit: it pays up to $ 60 per week for families with three children, and up to an extra $ 15 per week for each other child
177:
Nearly all households earning under $ 70,000 a year, many households with children earning up to $ 100,000 a year, and some earning more, qualify to receive assistance.
362:
Stage One of Working for Families implementation applied from 1 April 2005 (with a further implementation deliverable released in October 2005). The changes included:
378:
Family tax credit became treated as income for Special Benefit, with standard costs set at 70% of main benefit plus family tax credit for people with children
1130:
1125:
643:
343:
Announcement of the Working for Families package as part of the 2004 Budget. The first changes came into effect from October 2004. Changes included:
265:
458:
The previous abatement-free threshold was $ 35,000. From 1 October 2008 it increased to $ 36,827. The composite threshold for the year was $ 35,914
286:
called the scheme "communism by stealth" but did not repeal or cut back the Working for Families tax credits, during his time as Prime Minister.
571:
536:
128:
39:
415:
Stage Three involves the final components of Working for Families implementation and applied from 1 April 2007. The changes include:
257:
The package (with the exception of the family tax credit, accommodation and childcare components) does not extend to families on the
247:
Professor Robert Stephens) have praised the package for encouraging adults to come off benefits, and for targeting families in need.
221:
by 70% since its introduction. This would equate to at least 70,000 children lifted out of income poverty by Working for Families.
43:
400:
A single higher abatement threshold of $ 35,000 replaces the two family tax credit abatement thresholds of $ 20,356 and $ 27,481
108:
The maximum amount of family tax credit increases with the age and number of children. An eldest child garners a higher amount.
1062:
1035:
329:
Employment incentives for sole parents: Labour market effects of changes to financial incentives and support. Technical report.
17:
1045:
1003:
963:
1023:
785:"Using Marginal Structural Modeling to Estimate the Cumulative Impact of an Unconditional Tax Credit on Self-Rated Health"
254:, for example, commented on how some (generally middle-income) people can face effective marginal tax rates of over 100%.
446:
increases would apply from the following 1 April of a year when a change was triggered based on actual data published by
657:
1229:
1109:
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1099:
1094:
1089:
244:
975:
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519:
185:
The level of assistance to individual households depends on their income and on the number and age of children.
1183:
1029:
326:
Employment incentives for sole parents: Labour market effects of changes to financial incentives and support
83:, with increases in amounts of the existing Accommodation Supplement and the existing Childcare Assistance.
298:
Several articles have addressed the potential or theoretical impacts of the Working for Families package.
934:
68:
Minimum family tax credit: paid to working families to ensure they earn a minimum annual income after tax
862:
372:
Foster Care Allowance, Unsupported Child’s Benefit and Orphan’s Benefit rates increased by $ 15 per week
62:
Family tax credit: provides ongoing support for beneficiary and working families with dependent children
898:
166:
Parents receiving paid parental leave or income-tested social welfare do not qualify for this payment.
1177:
1041:
996:
258:
251:
232:
916:
784:
390:
Stage Two of Working for Families implementation applied from 1 April 2006. The changes included:
600:
144:
minimum family tax credit usually applies if annual family income is $ 27,768 or less after tax.
124:
from 1 April 2006. It is paid to families with dependent children (aged 18 or younger) who work.
880:
313:
Further evaluations completed by the Ministry of Social Development and Inland Revenue include:
1198:
447:
366:
Family tax credit rates increased by $ 25 for the first child and $ 15 for additional children
585:
1234:
989:
685:
554:
488:
Composite amounts and income limits for the tax year 1 April 2010 to 31 March 2011 apply.
369:
The child component of main income-tested benefits moved into the family tax credit amount
8:
636:
302:
353:
Childcare and OSCAR Subsidy rates increased and aligned, and income thresholds increased
1072:
725:
350:
Accommodation Supplement entry and abatement thresholds increased for non-beneficiaries
32:
501:
The after-tax income threshold for the minimum family tax credit increased to $ 22,204
478:
The after-tax income threshold for the minimum family tax credit increased to $ 20,800
468:
The after-tax income threshold for the minimum family tax credit increased to $ 20,540
436:
The after-tax income threshold for the minimum family tax credit increased to $ 18,460
375:
Accommodation Supplement maximum rates increased in some areas with high housing costs
959:
844:
809:
761:
717:
225:
213:
840:
757:
729:
209:
received an average of $ 138 per week of tax-credits, an increase of $ 54 per week.
1146:
958:, edited by Raymond Miller, 4th edition, 2006, Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
836:
799:
780:
753:
709:
671:
121:
127:
Families do not qualify if they receive a main form of state assistance through
243:
The Working for Families package has received a mixed response. Some (such as
1213:
713:
218:
422:
The income-threshold for the minimum family tax-credit increased to $ 18,044
406:
Introduction of the Temporary Additional Support to replace Special Benefit.
848:
813:
765:
721:
397:
The minimum family tax credit threshold increased from $ 15,080 to $ 17,680
1012:
804:
317:
The summary report of the evaluation of the Working for Families package.
55:
310:
self-rated health, but it did not impact tobacco smoking among parents.
235:
recipients since the Working for Families package has fallen by 8,000.
120:
Formerly known as In-work Payment, the In-Work Tax Credit replaced the
25:
1188:
1156:
76:
75:
The Working for Families package also included additional help with
1193:
637:"CPAG seeks to meet ministers following significant legal decision"
283:
231:
A government evaluation (see below) has found that the number of
80:
347:
Abatement of Accommodation Supplement removed for beneficiaries
981:
419:
Family tax-credit rates increased by $ 10 per week per child
381:
Childcare and OSCAR Subsidy rates increased by another 10%
150:
The annual and weekly amounts are amended every tax year.
935:"Employment incentives for sole parents technical report"
899:"Receipt of the Working for Families Package 2007 Update"
212:
The Former Minister of Social Development and Employment
826:
778:
658:"Better productivity may beat our exchange rate monster"
71:
Best start: paid to assist with the costs of a new baby
742:
698:
65:
In-work tax credit: available to working families only
426:
parental tax credit to be reviewed every three years.
863:"Summary report of the Working for Families Package"
46:
have involvement in jointly delivering the package.
574:. Ministry of Social Development. 1 October 2007.
1211:
917:"Employment Incentives for sole parents summary"
31:The main component resembles the United Kingdom
702:Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health
199:
1024:Administrator of the UN Development Programme
997:
881:"Receipt of the Working for Families Package"
572:"Receipt of the Working for Families Package"
537:"Receipt of the Working for Families Package"
531:
529:
323:Receipt of Working for Families – 2007 Update
820:
772:
736:
692:
180:
138:
49:
783:; Carter, Kristie; Kawachi, Ichiro (2015).
586:"Working for Families an incentive to work"
289:
1004:
990:
526:
238:
40:New Zealand Ministry of Social Development
803:
169:
1212:
598:
54:The scheme pays "Working for Families
985:
619:
617:
566:
564:
115:
98:total annual family income before tax
86:
956:New Zealand Government and Politics
660:. New Zealand Herald. 24 June 2007.
135:week, implemented on 1 April 2016.
13:
1071:
672:"Key admits support for communism"
614:
599:Morgan, Gareth (1 December 2005).
561:
14:
1246:
969:
688:. Sunday Star Times. 1 July 2007.
557:. Sunday Star Times. 1 July 2007.
978:, Ministry of Social Development
792:American Journal of Epidemiology
624:The Independent Financial Review
101:the number of dependent children
1011:
949:
927:
909:
891:
873:
855:
841:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.03.001
758:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.03.002
678:
664:
482:
440:
338:
320:Receipt of Working for Families
939:Ministry of Social Development
921:Ministry of Social Development
903:Ministry of Social Development
885:Ministry of Social Development
867:Ministry of Social Development
686:"Mothers spend longer at work"
650:
629:
592:
578:
555:"Mothers spend longer at work"
547:
541:Ministry of Social Development
512:
1:
1030:Prime Minister of New Zealand
829:Social Science & Medicine
746:Social Science & Medicine
505:
495:
472:
462:
430:
410:
385:
357:
157:
104:the age of dependent children
779:Pega, Frank; Blakely, Tony;
588:. NewstalkZB. 30 March 2006.
94:The amount paid depends on:
7:
333:
200:Impact and level of take-up
10:
1251:
1036:Leader of the Labour Party
644:Child Poverty Action Group
266:Child Poverty Action Group
1170:
1139:
1118:
1082:
1069:
1055:
1019:
259:Domestic Purposes Benefit
233:Domestic Purposes Benefit
181:Withdrawal of tax credits
139:Minimum Family Tax Credit
50:Components of the package
16:In 2004, the New Zealand
1230:New Zealand Labour Party
714:10.1136/jech-2012-202300
290:Evaluations and research
1225:Politics of New Zealand
492:Consumers Price Index.
239:Opinions on the package
1220:Welfare in New Zealand
1199:Helen Clark Foundation
1076:
674:. Scoop. 29 July 2008.
601:"A Nation of Bludgers"
520:"Support for families"
448:Statistics New Zealand
1075:
1152:Working for Families
1119:Leadership elections
1042:Member of Parliament
976:Working for Families
170:Assessment of income
22:Working for Families
646:. 18 December 2008.
303:Auckland University
245:Victoria University
1077:
805:10.1093/aje/kwv211
116:In-work Tax Credit
33:Working Tax Credit
1207:
1206:
964:978-0-19-558492-9
543:. 1 October 2007.
226:David Benson-Pope
214:David Benson-Pope
87:Family Tax Credit
18:Labour government
1242:
1171:Related articles
1147:Closing the Gaps
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1048:(1981–2009)
1038:(1993–2008)
1032:(1999–2008)
1026:(2009–2017)
1013:Helen Clark
835:: 160–165.
56:Tax credits
1214:Categories
506:References
496:April 2011
473:April 2010
463:April 2009
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386:April 2006
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158:Best Start
1189:Helengrad
1180:(husband)
1157:KiwiSaver
1083:Elections
1063:1999–2008
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