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extra time to harvest ice. A wall is usually built in an east–west direction near the yakhchāl, often as high as 10 m (33 ft) and sometimes as high as 15 m (49 ft) to minimize convection losses as well as to provide shade. Due to their height, the base of the walls was often significantly thicker, and in some design the walls were arched and/or buttressed in order to support the load (as pictured at the yakhchāl at Sirjan).
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297:(windcatchers or wind towers) built of mud or mud brick in square or round shapes with vents at the top which funnel cool air down through internal, vertically placed wooden slats to the water or structure below. A bâdgir can also function as a chimney, releasing warm air out the top and pulling cool air in from a base opening or a connected
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Water is often channeled from a qanat to a yakhchāl, which is used to fill the provisioning pools or used to power the evaporative cooling throughout the ice house. Incoming water is channeled along the north side of the wall so that radiative cooling in the wall's shadow pre chills the water before
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effect, creating a convection current to guide any remaining heat upward and outside through openings at the very top of the building. Through this passive process, the air inside the yakhchāl remains cooler than the outside. At the same time, the building allows cold air to pour in from entries at
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The temperature differences between shaded and non-shaded area in most areas where the yakhchāls were constructed often have temperature differences of nearly 15 °C (27 °F) to 20 °C (36 °F) cooler, making shade walls necessary for production and storage, as well as giving workers
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The structure typically had a domed shape above ground, a subterranean storage space, shade walls, and ice pools. It was often used to store ice, but sometimes was used to store food as well as produce ice. The subterranean space and thick heat-resistant construction material insulated the storage
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humidity. The low relative humidity increases the efficiency of evaporative cooling due to the vapor pressure differential, and the low absolute humidity increases the efficiency of radiative cooling because the water vapor in the air otherwise inhibits it. In addition, in some desert climates,
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Records indicate that these structures were built as far back as 400 BCE, and many that were built hundreds of years ago remain standing, where
Persian engineers built yakhchāls in the desert to store ice, usually made nearby. The ice created nearby and stored in yakhchāls is used throughout the
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Many yakhchāls contained ice pools. These pools were constructed to either provision the yakhchāl with water needed for evaporative cooling, so that ice could easily be prepared and transferred to inside storage, or for the production of ice on site. Sometimes these pools were channels that were
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The ice inside the structure was often separated using wood and straw to separate the layers of ice and keep them from sticking to each other. Furthermore, most designs incorporated a hole at the bottom that would connect back to the qanat, or simply act as a well for drainage.
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286:, goat hair, and ash in specific proportions, is resistant to heat transfer and is thought to be completely water-impenetrable. This material acts as effective insulation all year round. The sarooj walls are at least two meters thick at the base.
171:(over a mile above sea level), have been well-preserved. These still have their cone-shaped, eighteen meter high building, massive insulation, and continuous cooling waters that spiral down its side and keep the ice frozen throughout the summer.
301:(air in a qanat is cooled by the underground stream). It is this construction that allows the ice house of a yakhchāl to take advantage of evaporative cooling, keeping the structure cool to well below ambient temperatures.
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Due to the low moisture content of the air, very little of the heat radiated upwards from the pool would be reflected back to the pool by the air above it, allowing the pool's heat to be largely emitted into
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it enters the yakhchāl (as pictured at the yakhchāl at Kowsar). Ice is then brought from either the ice pools covered by the walls, or from nearby mountains to be stored in the reservoir.
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square in shape of dimensions roughly 100 m (330 ft) × 10 m (33 ft) with a depth of 40 cm (16 in) to 50 cm (20 in), comparable to a
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Although many have deteriorated over the years due to widespread commercial refrigeration technology, some interest in them has been revived as a source of inspiration in
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Heat conduction into the pool would be minimal due to the construction of the shade walls throughout the day and / or straw covering over the pool bed during the day.
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This meant that ice pools could use the cold of the desert nights and/or radiative cooling to freeze water which would later be transported to storage as ice.
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year especially during hot summer days, for various purposes, including preservation of food, to chill treats, or making traditional
Persian desserts like
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HOSSEINI, Bahareh; NAMAZIAN, Ali (2012). "An
Overview of Iranian Ice Repositories, an Example of Traditional Indigenous Architecture".
632:"New insight on passive ice making and seasonal storage of the Iranian Yakhchal and their potential for contemporary applications"
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However, they varied greatly, as some used all three components, whereas others were simply a large shade wall over a thin pool.
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Hot air convection towards the pools would be minimal, either by location or again due to the height and position of the walls.
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like those at high altitudes, temperatures drop below freezing at night. Their design is generally split into three areas:
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673:"Yakhchāls, Āb Anbārs, & Wind Catchers – Passive Cooling & Refrigeration Technologies Of Greater Iran (Persia)"
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the structure's base and descend to the lowest part of the yakhchāl: large underground spaces up to 5,000
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Most yakhchāls operate like a traditional ice house. The tall, conical shape of the building is to optimize the
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space year-round. These structures were mainly built and used since ancient times in
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Evaporation would take heat away from the pools, as with the rest of the yakhchāl.
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A yakhchāl's engineering is optimized to take advantage of the physics of
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By night time, the ice pools would often have a negative energy budget:
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702:"یخچال ایرانی چگونه کار میکند؟ - سالارکتاب: اطلاعات معتبر و مستند"
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In the
Footsteps of Marco Polo : a Twentieth Century Odyssey
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The yakhchāl is built of a unique water-resistant mortar called
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255:, Iran showing conical chimney and ice house interior
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Hareth Pochee, John
Gunstone, Oliver Wilton (2017).
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293:(Iranian aqueduct), and are sometimes equipped with
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140:Workers clearing ice from ice pit at a Yakhchāl
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519:Mahdavinejad, M; Kavan Javanrudi (July 2012).
492:Traditional water sources of Persian antiquity
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651:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
589:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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476: – Traditional Iranian water reservoir
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708:(in Persian). 2018-06-06. Archived from
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488: – City in Zanjan province, Iran
58:meaning "pit") is an ancient type of
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482: – Part of Persian architecture
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608:"Yakhchal: Ancient refrigerators"
289:They also often have access to a
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751:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
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2092:List of ab anbars of Qazvin
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768:. New York: Viking Press.
671:Ayre, James (2018-04-28).
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128:Yakhchāl of Abarkuh, Iran
34:Yakhchāl of Moayedi, Iran
27:Ancient Persian ice-house
480:History of Persian domes
251:Interior of yakhchal in
165:sustainable architecture
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340:The twin Yakhchāls of
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82:(BWh) desert regions.
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924:Yahkchāl of Eshaqabad
914:Yakhchāls of Sabzevar
894:Yakhchāl of Mirfattah
210:The ice pits or pools
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2102:List of ziyarat-gahs
2049:Islamic architecture
1631:Iranian architecture
929:Yahkchāls of Abarkuh
538:10.5539/ach.v4n2p133
397:Ice Pool beside the
224:Ice house (building)
2042:Theory and analysis
1464:Iceman (occupation)
919:Yakhchāls of Sirjan
899:Yakhchāl of Moayedi
879:Yakhchāl of Kheshti
874:Yakhchāl of Kashmar
614:. 9 September 2009.
452:Architecture portal
181:evaporative cooling
2133:Iranian inventions
2123:Cooling technology
2075:Architects of Iran
1876:Traditional cities
1016:Crystalline phases
909:Yakhchāl of Zericf
904:Yakhchāl of Nimvar
889:Yakhchāl of Meybod
884:Yakhchāl of Kowsar
739:. In Fleet, Kate;
326:Yakhchāl of Kowsar
62:, which also made
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853:Yakhchāls in Iran
816:radiative cooling
370:radiative cooling
185:radiative cooling
16:(Redirected from
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1862:Windcatchers
1834:
1478:
1373:Tour skating
1173:Frost flower
1004:Major phases
807:. Retrieved
803:
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710:the original
705:
682:. Retrieved
676:
647:cite journal
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84:
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39:
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1958:Khorramabad
1645:Pre-Islamic
1543:Pleistocene
1257:Ice-related
1168:Frost heave
1102:Stalactites
736:"Icehouses"
466:Iran portal
309:Shade walls
91:Afghanistan
68:Dasht-e Lut
50:"ice pit";
2117:Categories
2003:Shahrisabz
1983:Persepolis
1973:Nakhchivan
1923:Gur-e-Amir
1652:Achaemenid
1589:Wiktionary
1533:Glaciology
1488:Other uses
1358:Ice racing
1353:Ice hockey
1328:Iceboating
1259:activities
1030:Formations
1021:Superionic
809:2020-03-06
716:2018-10-03
684:2020-02-18
498:References
486:Soltaniyeh
368:See also:
273:cu ft
95:Tajikistan
2148:Ice trade
1998:Samarkand
1908:Ctesiphon
1852:Shabestan
1808:Imamzadeh
1783:Chahartaq
1300:Sculpture
1116:Phenomena
757:1873-9830
364:Ice pools
218:Ice house
202:ice house
78:(BWk) to
60:ice house
1978:Nishapur
1867:Yakhchāl
1828:Panjdari
1768:Andaruni
1763:Ab anbar
1756:Elements
1737:Khaneqah
1688:Ilkhanid
1662:Sasanian
1567:Category
1525:Ice ages
1479:Yakhchāl
1459:Icehouse
1285:Climbing
1280:Blocking
1275:Blasting
1193:Hair ice
1143:Crystals
747:(eds.).
474:Ab Anbar
438:See also
193:absolute
189:relative
150:faloodeh
40:yakhchāl
18:Yakhchal
2085:ghal'eh
1963:Mashhad
1948:Kashmar
1938:Isfahan
1913:Derbent
1903:Bukhara
1888:Andijan
1742:Mosques
1727:Bazaars
1698:Safavid
1693:Timurid
1671:Islamic
1638:Periods
1449:Cutting
1423:Pykrete
1343:Cycling
1338:Curling
1333:Cricket
1305:Skating
1295:Rafting
1290:Fishing
1270:Bathing
1213:Nucleus
1198:Jacking
1177:sea ice
1175: (
1107:Volcano
1071:calving
1069: (
1067:Iceberg
1062:Glacier
784:6197014
295:bâdgirs
154:sorbets
113:History
44:Persian
2028:Tehran
2018:Tabriz
2008:Shiraz
1988:Qazvin
1943:Kashan
1823:Kucheh
1798:Hashti
1793:Gonbad
1773:Biruni
1747:Takyeh
1683:Seljuk
1582:
1571:
1560:
1454:Icebox
1413:Palace
1398:Bridge
1315:Sports
1233:Slurry
1208:Needle
1158:Frazil
1077:Icicle
1037:Anchor
782:
772:
755:
430:space.
399:Meybod
342:Sirjan
280:sarooj
253:Meybod
175:Design
169:Kerman
107:Persia
93:, and
2068:Lists
1953:Khiva
1933:Herat
1928:Hatra
1918:Ganja
1857:Talar
1842:Qanat
1835:hayāt
1818:Kariz
1720:Types
1505:Cream
1495:Chips
1474:Trade
1408:Igloo
1403:Hotel
1323:Bandy
1248:Storm
1238:Slush
1228:Shuga
1223:Shove
1183:Glaze
1163:Frost
1138:Clear
1128:Black
1097:Spike
1092:Sheet
1057:Field
997:water
993:state
990:solid
635:(PDF)
531:(2).
299:qanat
291:qanat
48:یخچال
2033:Yazd
2013:Susa
1968:Merv
1893:Baku
1883:Amol
1847:Sahn
1813:Iwan
1803:Howz
1778:Burj
1515:Pack
1510:Cube
1500:Core
1469:Pick
1442:Work
1433:Road
1428:Rink
1418:Pier
1243:Snow
1218:Rime
1203:Névé
1188:Hail
1148:Firn
1052:Dune
1047:Cave
988:The
780:OCLC
770:ISBN
753:ISSN
653:link
639:PLEA
591:link
284:lime
200:The
191:and
183:and
163:and
152:and
87:Iran
76:cold
70:and
56:chāl
52:yakh
2081:Arg
1993:Qom
1898:Bam
1393:Bar
1153:Fog
1087:Sea
1082:Jam
1042:Cap
995:of
980:Ice
804:TED
573:doi
533:doi
80:hot
64:ice
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