Łódź - Knowledge

48: 3462: 2885: 4509: 3307: 2894: 3870: 3884: 1351: 4282: 3915: 1060: 2677: 1568: 5165: 94: 1576: 79: 1660: 108: 1249: 1166: 12991: 5176: 4520: 313: 5156: 3101: 1695: 982: 5185: 2547: 5521: 5505: 5361: 13182: 5735: 188: 3901: 4271: 160: 3299: 138: 5787: 3508: 5768: 62: 222: 3722: 3077: 176: 4164: 3745:, which remains the high-street and main tourist attraction in the city, runs north to south for a little over five kilometres (3.1 miles). This makes it one of the longest commercial streets in the world. Most of the building façades, many of which date back to the 19th century, have been renovated. It is the site of most restaurants, bars and cafes in Łódź's city centre. Important monuments of architecture along Piotrkowska Street are the Old Town Hall, the Descent Of The Holy Spirit Church, the 4025: 3494: 3160: 3847:, and a broken oak tree with leaves stemming from the tree (symbolizing death, especially death at a young age). As of 2014, the cemetery has an area of 39.6 hectares (98 acres). It contains approximately 180,000 graves, approximately 65,000 labelled tombstones, ohels and mausoleums. Many of these monuments have significant architectural value; 100 of these have been declared historical monuments and have been in various stages of restoration. The mausoleum of 3707: 5329: 4483: 456: 122: 5393: 5409: 5425: 5489: 5473: 5345: 3097:

industry declined dramatically in 1990 and 1991, and no major textile company survives in Łódź. However, countless small companies still provide a significant output of textiles, mostly for export. Łódź is no longer a significant industrial centre, but it has become a major hub for the business services sector in Poland owing to the availability of highly skilled workers and active cooperation between local universities and the business sector.

5377: 3477: 5441: 5589: 4494: 5297: 5281: 4537: 5313: 5575: 3730: 293: 5457: 229: 3773:'s industrial empire, hosts a shopping mall, numerous restaurants, 4-star hotel, multiplex cinema, factory museum, bowling and fitness facilities and a science exhibition centre. Opened in 2006, it quickly became a centre of cultural entertainment and shopping, as well as a recognizable city landmark attracting both domestic and foreign tourists. Another example is the former factory of 849: 611: 601: 606: 596: 9909: 10051: 3096:

capital of Poland". As a result, Łódź grew from a population of 13,000 in 1840 to over 500,000 in 1913. By the time right before World War I Łódź had become one of the most densely populated industrial cities in the world, with 13,280 inhabitants per km, and also one of the most polluted. The textile

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of 2,292 persons per square kilometre (5,940/sq mi), as of December 2020. Approximately 55.7 per cent of inhabitants are of working age (18–64 years), which is a considerable decrease from 64.1 per cent in 2010. An estimated 29.1 per cent is of post-working age compared to 21.8 per cent ten

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Among the 14 registered museums to be found in Łódź, there is the independent Book Art Museum, awarded the American Printing History Association's Institutional Award for 2015 for its outstanding contribution to the study, recording, preservation, and dissemination of printing history in Poland over

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The Government of the State of Qatar has formally requested BIE approval to change the opening dates of Expo 2021 Doha to 2 October 2023 – 28 March 2024. The request follows in depth discussions on the global impact of the Covid-19 pandemic. The Executive Committee of the BIE unanimously agreed to

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Montwiłła-Mireckiego, Karolew-Retkinia Wschód, Koziny, Lublinek-Pienista, Retkinia Zachód-Smulsko, Stare Polesie, Zdrowie-Mania, Złotno, Śródmieście-Wschód, Osiedle Katedralna, Andrzejów, Dolina Łódki, Mileszki, Nowosolna, Olechów-Janów, Stary Widzew, Stoki, Widzew-Wschód, Zarzew, and Osiedle nr 33.

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has three branches, two of which (ms1 and ms2) display collections of 20th and 21st-century art. The newest addition to the museum, ms2 was opened in 2008 in the Manufaktura complex. The unique collection of the Museum is presented in an unconventional way. Instead of a chronological lecture on the

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was opened. It is considered to be the largest and most modern of all train stations in Poland and is designed to handle increased traffic after the construction of the tunnel. It also serves as a multimodal transport hub, featuring an underground intercity bus station, and is integrated with a new

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to participate in many different sports for all ages and sexes. Many of these traditional clubs still survive. Originally they were owned directly by a public body, but have become independently operated by clubs or private companies. However, they get public support through the cheap rent of land

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In the 2018 general ranking of state-owned tertiary education institutions in Poland, the University of Łódź came 20th (6th place among universities) and Lodz University of Technology 12th (6th place among technical universities). The Medical University of Łódź was ranked 5th among Polish medical

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going from the east to the west, intersect northeast of the city. As of 2012, the A2 is complete to Warsaw and the northern section of A1 is largely completed. With these connections, the advantages of the city's central location should increase even further. Work has also begun on upgrading the

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and other subsidies from the city. Some of their sections have gone professional and separated from the clubs as private companies. For example, Budowlani S.A is a private company that owns the only professional rugby team in Łódź, while Klub Sportowy Budowlani remains a community amateur club.

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List of the 36 units or neighbourhoods: Bałuty-Centrum, Bałuty-Doły, Bałuty Zachodnie, Julianów-Marysin-Rogi, Łagiewniki, Radogoszcz, Teofilów-Wielkopolska, Osiedle Wzniesień Łódzkich, Chojny, Chojny-Dąbrowa, Górniak, Nad Nerem, Piastów-Kurak, Rokicie, Ruda, Wiskitno, Osiedle im. Józefa

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The Municipal Transport Company – Łódź (Miejskie Przedsiębiorstwo Komunikacyjne – Łódź), owned by the Łódź City Government, is responsible for operating 58 bus routes and 19 tram lines. The tram network is one of the longest in the country and was the first electrified cable tramway in

10862: 1098:(1863–1864), a unit of 300 Polish insurgents entered the city without resistance and seized weapons, and later on, there were also clashes between Polish insurgents and Russian troops in the city. In 1864, the inhabitants of adjacent villages were permitted to settle in Łódź 1153:

became one of Europe's largest industrial complexes, employing 5,000 workers within a single facility. The years 1870–1890 saw the most intense industrialisation, which was marked by social inequalities and dire working conditions. Łódź soon became a notable centre of the

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with its open-air display of wooden architecture, the Cinematography Museum, located in Scheibler Palace, and the Museum of Independence Traditions, occupying the building of a historical Tsarist prison from the late 19th century. A more unusual establishment, the

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Because of rapid and, consequently, chaotic development in the previous century, Łódź did not possess the adequate infrastructure and living standards for its inhabitants. Pollution was acute, sanitary conditions were poor and the authorities did not invest in a

3088:, which had developed in the city in the nineteenth century owing to the abundance of rivers used to power the industry's fulling mills, bleaching plants and other machinery. Because of the growth in this industry, the city has sometimes been called the "Polish 7970: 3351:Łódź has a number of long distance and local railway stations. There are two main stations in the city, but with no direct rail connection between them—a legacy of 19th-century railway network planning. Originally constructed in 1866, the centrally-located 1685:

The local government's efforts to transform the former industrial city into a thriving urban environment and tourist destination formed the basis for the city's failed bid to organise the 2022 International EXPO exhibition on the subject of urban renewal.

1710:, not exceeding 300 metres in elevation. Topographically, the Łódź region is generally characterised by a flat landscape, with only several highlands which do not exceed 50 metres above the terrain level. The soil is predominantly sandy (62%) followed by 9876: 3790:('Łagiewnicki Forest') is recognized as the largest forested area within the administrative borders of any city in Europe. It has an area of 1,245 ha and is cut across by a number of hiking trails that traverse the hilly landscape on the western edge of 11316: 3801:

Out of a total of 44 parks in Łódź (as of 2014), 11 have historical status, the oldest of them dating back to the middle of the 19th century. The largest of these, Józef Piłsudski Park (188.21 hectares (0.7267 sq mi)), is located near the

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Many neglected tenement houses and factories throughout the entire city centre have been renovated in recent years as part of the ongoing revitalization project run by the local authorities. The best example of urban regeneration in Łódź is the

10961: 9985: 11027: 10528: 10018: 3658:) is the most notable academy for future actors, directors, photographers, camera operators and TV staff in Poland. It was founded on 8 March 1948 and was initially planned to be moved to Warsaw as soon as the city was rebuilt following the 11126: 9820: 10202: 2662:) – Bałuty, Górna, Polesie, Śródmieście, and Widzew. In January 1993, the system of boroughs was abolished and the city became a single entity with no real subdivisions. In April 2000, a system of 36 neighbourhoods or dependent units ( 10994: 10763: 10697: 2839:

and ageing are major impediments for the future development of the city, putting strain on social infrastructure and medical services. As a result of the continuing demographic crisis and rapid population loss, Łódź was overtaken by

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in the voivodeship, is the head of the combined government administration, acts as supervisory authority over local government units and as a higher-level authority within the meaning of the provisions on administrative proceedings.

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network operating from the city's various train stations. Bus and tram services are operated by a municipal public transport company. There are 193 km (120 mi) of bicycle routes throughout the city (as in January 2019).

1644:, Teofilów, Widzew, Radogoszcz, and Chojny. These block housing estates were constructed between 1960 and 1990, covering an area of almost 30 square kilometres (12 sq mi) and accommodating a large part of the populace. 9424:

Krakowiak, p. 88. Krakowiak also lists 13 more institutions that operate as museums but are not registered with the National Institute for Museums and Public Collections (p. 95), bringing the total number of museums in Łódź to

10235: 11786: 11250: 5736: 1224:, Łódź grew exponentially and was one of the world's most densely populated industrial cities, with a population density of 13,200 inhabitants per square kilometre (34,000/sq mi) by 1914. In the aftermath of the 3532:

universities, six higher education establishments operating for more than a half of the century, and a number of smaller schools of higher education. The tertiary institutions with the most students in Łódź include:

3371:. For this reason most intercity train traffic goes to this day through Łódź Kaliska station, despite its relative distance from the city centre, and Łódź Fabryczna serves mainly as a terminal station for trains to 3283:

located 6 kilometres (4 miles) from the city centre. Flights connect the city with destinations in Europe including Turkey. In 2014 the airport handled 253,772 passengers. It is the 8th largest airport in Poland.

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railway connection with Warsaw, which reduced the 2-hour travel time to make the 137 km (85 mi) journey 1.5 hours in 2009. As of 2018, travel time from Łódź to Warsaw is around 1.2 hours with the modern

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became an early tourist attraction. In the 2000s the city's main street, the Piotrkowska Street, was revitalized, providing space for shops and restaurants. By 2011 the city hosted around 60 festivals per year.

10895: 10561: 11691: 11516: 1213:(1905), approximately 100,000 unemployed labourers went on a mass strike, barricaded the streets and clashed with troops. Officially, 151 demonstrators were killed and thousands were wounded. In 1912, the 2951:

in Łódź is one of the lowest in Poland; mass attendance was estimated at 26% in 2013 and fell to 17% by 2023. Statistics also show that the city and its environs have one of the highest concentration of

5844: 9575: 10928: 5750: 702:(from 1870) brought rapid growth in textile manufacturing and in population owing to the inflow of migrants, notably Germans and Jews. Ever since the industrialization of the area, the city has been 752:Łódź experienced a sharp demographic and economic decline after 1989. It was only in the 2010s that the city began to experience revitalization of its neglected downtown area. Łódź is ranked by the 7194: 10169: 9778: 8982: 9804: 9495: 10594: 5788: 1527:) operated in the city and aided the Jewish people throughout its existence. However, only 877 Jews were still alive by 1945. Of the 223,000 Jews in Łódź before the invasion, 10,000 survived 11622: 5769: 11185: 9949: 4007:

development of art, works of art representing various periods and movements are arranged into a story touching themes and motifs important for the contemporary public. The third branch of

11283: 3375:. The situation will be remedied in 2026 after the construction of a tunnel connecting the two, which is likely to make Łódź Poland's main railway hub. The tunnel will additionally serve 1013:, became the president of a commission that subdivided the works two major phases; the first (1821–23) comprised the creation of a new city centre with an octagonal square (contemporary 9893: 3669:

gave Łódź a role of greater importance from a cultural viewpoint, which before the war had belonged exclusively to Warsaw and Kraków. Early students of the School include the directors

11159: 1590:, Łódź informally and temporarily took over the functions of Poland's capital, and most of the government and country administration resided in the city prior to the reconstruction of 11214: 8772: 47: 8541: 11840: 8287: 3839:). Between 1940 and 1944, approximately 43,000 burials took place within the grounds of this rounded-up cemetery. In 1956, a monument by Muszko in memory of the victims of the 8576: 3383:

system for the city, dubbed the Łódź Metro by the media and local authorities. Three new stations are being constructed on the underground line, one serving the needs of the

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Kaczmarek, Sylwia; Marcinczak, Szymon (2013). "The Blessing in Disguise: Urban Regeneration in Poland in a Neo-Liberal Milieu". In Leary, Michael E.; McCarthy, John (eds.).

7243: 3784:Łódź also provides plenty of green spaces for recreation. Woodland areas cover 9.61% of the city, with parks taking up an additional 2.37% of the area of Łódź (as of 2014). 8955: 8838: 9695: 7584: 7558: 10730: 9330: 2871:, the total population of 604,000 included 375,000 (59%) Poles, 192,000 (32%) Jews and 54,000 (9%) Germans. By 1939, the Jewish minority had grown to well over 200,000. 1301:

system until the 1920s. From 1918 to 1939, many cultural, educational and scientific institutions were created, including elementary schools, museums, art galleries and

9469: 8861: 7610: 3139:, Ireland to its plant in Łódź, largely because the labour costs in Poland are a fraction of those in Ireland. The city's investor friendly policies have attracted 980 10829: 3461: 10334: 9836:

Kossert, Andreas (2010). "Religion in urban everyday life: shaping modernity in Lódz and Manchester, 1820-1914". In Berglund, Bruce R.; Porter-Szűcs, Brian (eds.).

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propose the postponement of Horticultural Expo 2021 Doha, with the BIE General Assembly to vote on the recommendation during its next meeting on 1 December 2020.

2964: 909: 10441: 8805: 3410: 720:. The contrasts greatly reflected on the architecture of the city, where luxurious mansions coexisted with red-brick factories and dilapidated tenement houses. 11483: 10301: 8406: 5879: 3049:(ZGWŻ) manages the Łódź municipality; the local base is situated at a newer synagogue on Pomorska Street where the Community maintains kosher facilities and a 2963:

population (11% in 1921, 9.2% in 1931) that had its origins with the migration of German-speaking weavers and textile workers throughout the 19th century. The

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from 2021/22 to 23/24 among them. As a result, the Horticultural Expo in Łódź has been rescheduled to 2029 to maintain a required time interval between them.

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craftsmen settled in the city, encouraged by exemptions from tax obligations. Their settlement in Poland was encouraged by renowned philosopher and statesman

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Despite its large population and economic output, Łódź did not serve as the seat of its province until the 20th century. Following the establishment of the

3794:. A "natural complex which has remained nearly intact as oak-hornbeam and oak woodland," the forest is also rich in history, and its attractions include a 1485: 253: 11093: 8737: 4013:, located in one of the city's many industrial palaces, also has more traditional art on display, presenting works by European and Polish masters such as 8599: 7186: 1548: 9770: 8978: 8110: 4433: 4118:

was partially shot in Łódź. Chava Rosenfarb's Yiddish trilogy "The Tree of Life" (1972; English translation 1985) portrays life within the Łódź Ghetto.

11044: 10796: 4508: 2884: 13138: 12942: 10664: 8917: 8173: 1086:(1830–1831). The suppression of tariffs allowed the city to freely export its goods to Russia, where the demand for textiles was high. Poland's first 10846: 10268: 1663: 8891:

Kozlowski, Remigiusz; Palczewska, Anna; Jablonski, Jakub (2016). "The Scope and Capabilities of ITS – The Case of Łódź". In Mikulski, Jerzy (ed.).

4300: 4236:) was once a well-established comfort and party food in the city. Łódź and the surrounding region is also known for having a strong preference for 3405:

transport interchange serving taxis and local trams and buses. The construction of the new Łódź Fabryczna station was part of a broader project of

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rates among Poland's major cities, a legacy of the city's industrial past, when the textile factories attracted large numbers of female employees.

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Cox, Wendell (2014). "International Shrinking Cities: Analysis, Classification, and Prospects". In Richardson, Harry W.; Nam, Chang Woon (eds.).

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and a lower life expectancy than in other parts of Poland. Łódź was the country's second largest city until 2007, when it lost its position to

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The city benefits from its central location in Poland. A number of firms have located their logistics centres in the vicinity. Two motorways,

1702:Łódź covers an area of approximately 293 square kilometres (113 sq mi) and is located in the centre of Poland. The city lies in the 11143: 3622:

There is also a number of private-owned institutions of higher learning in Łódź. The largest of these are the University of Social Sciences (

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Strumiłło, Krystyna (2016). "Adaptive Reuse of Buildings as an Important Factor of Sustainable Development". In Charytonowicz, Jerzy (ed.).

7636: 11300: 9860: 8768: 13085: 9006: 8650: 2976: 1648: 12016: 11562: 9306: 8508: 6233: 4206:. These were once the staples of the working-class population employed in textile factories. Popular breads and baked goods include the 3280: 3274: 1310: 953:), at the time had only 190 residents, 44 occupied dwellings, a church and a prison. In 1806, Łódź was incorporated into the Napoleonic 582: 12092: 8377: 5612: 3665:

At the end of the Second World War Łódź was the only large Polish city besides Kraków which war had not destroyed. The creation of the

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museum offers tourists a chance to visit the municipal sewer designed in the early years of the 20th century by the British engineer

3869: 2620:, who began his term as early as 1470. The first individual who held the title of "president" was Karol Tangermann, a close aide of 10512: 9969: 8140: 7890: 7873: 7856: 7839: 6028: 2893: 401: 10387: 10002: 8568: 3813: 3769:

complex, occupying a large area of a former cotton factory dating back to the nineteenth century. The site, which was the heart of

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The industrial development and demographic surge made Łódź one of the largest cities in Poland. Under the German occupation during

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style, it is the tallest building in the city and one of Poland's tallest churches since the completion of the tower in 1927. The

13166: 10912: 10113: 9203: 9027: 7404: 4713: 3662:. However, in the end the school remained in Łódź and became one of the best-known institutions of higher education in the city. 2668:) was imposed by the City Council for administrative purposes only; these units have no local governing or regulatory authority. 1453: 10978: 10747: 10681: 10186: 9747: 8947: 8334: 7374: 7344: 5960: 13264: 11364: 10611: 9691: 8830: 7580: 7554: 7494: 7434: 7314: 1350: 13131: 12935: 12101: 10714: 9356: 9326: 8681: 4285: 11908: 11886: 9598:"Szkoła Mistrzostwa Sportowego im. K. Górskiego w Łodzi – Oficjalna strona internetowa Szkoły Mistrzostwa Sportowego w Łodzi" 9461: 9287: 9134: 9105: 7606: 6227: 4281: 10219: 10153: 3750: 2984: 2906: 11770: 10813: 9661: 7524: 3319:, beginning its operation on 23 December 1898. The regional tramway network also connects Łódź with the adjacent cities of 1240:. Subsequently, the textile industry of Łódź stalled and its population briefly decreased as ethnic Germans left the city. 1059: 11234: 10578: 6331:

Atlas historyczny Polski. Województwo sieradzkie i województwo łęczyckie w drugiej połowie XVI wieku. Część I. Mapy, plany

6163: 3883: 3666: 3643: 3605: 3581: 3499: 3364: 3327:(since 2024), which are within the Łódź Agglomeration. The rolling stock largely comprises older but modernised wagons by 1722:(equivalent to 4.2% of the whole country) is considerably low compared to other cities, regions, and provinces of Poland. 757: 10318: 9665: 4471: 2835:

economy after 1989 and the resulting economic crisis, but the economic growth which followed has not reversed the trend.

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Rise and decline of industry in Central and Eastern Europe a comparative study of cities and regions in eleven countries

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Recent years have seen many foreign companies opening and establishing their offices in Łódź. The Indian IT company

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Ledniowski, Krzysztof; Gola, Beata (2020). "Niemiecki obóz dla małoletnich Polaków w Łodzi przy ul. Przemysłowej".

8471: 6081:"Integrated Approach as a Means of Leading the Degraded Post-Industrial Areas Out of Crisis – A Case Study of Lodz" 5544: 5220: 5138: 2947:

is widely celebrated and annual marches take place on Piotrkowska Street, in front of the Cathedral. Despite this,

940: 6135: 3593: 3513: 3167:Łódź is situated near the geographical centre of Poland, only a short distance away from the motorway junction in 1735: 10352:

Bitwy i potyczki 1863-1864. Na podstawie materyałów drukowanych i rękopiśmiennych Muzeum Narodowego w Rapperswilu

7800: 7776: 4901: 3421: 3376: 1233: 1102:. The development of railways in the region was also instrumental in expanding the textile industry; in 1865 the 889: 664: 9028:"Museums in Łódź as an Element of Tourism Space and the Connection Between Museums and the City's Tourism Image" 3179:) Polish transport corridors meet, which positions the city on two of the ten major trans-European routes: from 2676: 1464:

was imposed on the city's inhabitants aged 16 to 60; many were subsequently deported to Germany. As part of the

93: 12085: 11652: 11510: 11477: 11444: 11244: 11153: 11077: 10790: 10621: 10295: 10163: 8730: 8200: 7169: 4466:Łódź was planned to host the Horticultural Expo in 2024. However, multiple Expo events were delayed due to the 1177:

The turn of the 20th century coincided with cultural and technological progress; in 1899, the first stationary

1110:, was opened, thus providing a train connection to larger markets. In 1867, the city was incorporated into the 1099: 1006: 187: 8619: 7788: 5618: 5164: 3619:

universities. Leading courses taught in Łódź include administration (3rd place), law (4th) and biology (4th).

3045:. All were destroyed during the Second World War, except for the defunct 19th-century Synagoga Reicherów. The 3038: 3026: 2570: 501: 4091: 3553: 3482: 3420:. There are also many other stations and train stops in the city, many of which were upgraded as part of the 2609: 1556: 1282: 738: 78: 11267: 10780: 5054: 4540: 4001: 3950: 3889: 3875: 3820: 1567: 1544: 1507:) in the city and populated it with more than 200,000 Jews from the region, who were systematically sent to 1341: 1225: 221: 20: 12586: 10644: 4893: 862: 699: 541: 11981: 10252: 8925: 8600:"Poland as a Regional Logistic Hub Serving the Development of the Northern Corridor of the New Silk Route" 7757: 5607: 4147: 2693:

years earlier. In 2020, 54.39 per cent (365,500) of all residents were women. Łódź has one of the highest

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and the city's botanical garden, and together with them it comprises an extensive green complex known as

3758: 3634:). In the 2018 ranking of private universities in Poland the former was ranked 9th, and the latter 23rd. 2940: 2939:, which is often reserved for special occasions or during religious holidays. Constructed in 1912 in the 2585:

assembly comprising 37 elected deputies. The term in office for deputies is 5 years. Łódź also acts as a

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Historically, Łódź was multi-ethnic and its diverse population comprised migrants from other regions of

1632:. However, as a result, the inner-city and historical areas fell in significance and degenerated into a 1575: 1407:. After fierce resistance, a Polish delegation surrendered to the Germans on 8 September, and the first 12036: 8084: 6334: 5951: 4421: 4038: 3424:

commuter rail project. The rail service, founded as part of a major regional rail upgrade and owned by

2972: 962: 932: 672: 569: 10144: 9635: 9546: 5985: 3537: 3467: 1610: 1142: 84: 13269: 12592: 12078: 11642: 10355: 10103: 4936: 4066: 4014: 3261: 3144: 3140: 2860: 1286: 1248: 1165: 1107: 708: 12048: 11533: 9434: 7891:"Demographic and occupational structure and housing conditions of the urban population in 1978-1988" 3920: 3523: 1745:

Climate data for Łódź, elevation: 68 m (223 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present

1210: 373: 159: 11935: 11900: 11826: 10478:"New-Build Gentrification in the Post-Socialist City: Łódź and Leipzig Two Decades After Socialism" 8255:"A Small River Within the Urban Space: the Evolution of the Relationship Using the Example of Łódź" 8028: 8011: 5781: 5762: 4400: 4304: 4049: 3212: 3172: 2815:

At its peak in 1988 the population was around 854,000; however, this has since declined due to low

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Zbrodnia bez kary... Eksterminacja i cierpienie polskich dzieci pod okupacją niemiecką (1939–1945)

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Długoński, Andrzej; Szumański, Marek (2015). "Analysis of Green Infrastructure in Lodz, Poland".

5904: 5088: 4090:(1937). Roth's novel depicts the city on the eve of a workers' riot in 1919. Reymont's novel was 3249: 2944: 2586: 1508: 772: 610: 12975: 12548: 11366:

Through a Catholic lens: religious perspectives of nineteen film directors from around the world

11203: 7809: 7794: 7782: 7632: 5602: 5155: 2621: 1392: 1111: 1027:

situated south of the old marketplace; the second stage (1824–28) involved the establishment of

1002: 981: 832: 5120: 5024: 4972: 4086: 4061: 3962: 3774: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3176: 3116: 3112: 3030: 3008: 2992: 2920: 2629: 1512: 1368: 1266: 1206: 1122: 997:

In 1820, the government of the Congress Kingdom designated Łódź and its rural surroundings for

801:. There is no unanimous consensus on its precise origin, but popular theories link it with the 717: 605: 600: 595: 305: 13100: 12748: 12646: 12554: 12391: 11986: 9003: 8642: 6370: 6368: 5006: 4331: 3851:

is perhaps the largest Jewish tombstone in the world and the only one decorated with mosaics.

3746: 3401: 3352: 3215:, an international airport, and long-distance and regional railways. It is at the centre of a 3100: 2936: 2902: 2546: 1309:

scene, with 34 movie theatres opened by 1939. On 13 September 1925, the city's first airport,

1214: 1170: 1159: 67: 13005: 12668: 12501: 12406: 10580:

Advancing Sustainability at the Sub-National Level: the Potential and Limitations of Planning

6217: 5594: 5184: 5115: 5111: 4951:(born 1951), alpine and high-altitude climber, the 20th man to climb all 14 eight-thousanders 4814: 4296: 4137: 3368: 3360: 2996: 2868: 2566: 2550: 1678: 866: 520: 358: 13249: 12820: 9303: 8361: 6096: 4866: 4425: 3293: 1258: 13181: 12713: 9169: 6365: 6092: 4773: 4406: 4356: 4081: 3387:

complex, another one serving Koziny neighbourhood and the third one located in the area of

3204: 1707: 1498: 1430: 1396: 1237: 1188: 939:. In 1798, the Kuyavian bishops' ownership over the region was formally revoked during the 530: 12781: 10947:

The Price of Freedom: A History of East Central Europe from the Middle Ages to the Present

9378: 8711:

Statistic taken from the Łódź Władysław Reymont Airport Knowledge article on 19 July 2015.

7472: 4438: 4377: 4109: 1053: 164: 8: 13080: 13025: 9806:

Natural environment of Poland and its protection in Łódź University Geographical Research

9803:

Marszał, Tadeusz; Kobojek, Elżbieta; Niewiadomski, Arkadiusz; Tołoczko, Wojciech (2014).

6105: 6080: 6024: 4384: 4076: 1674: 1400: 1217:

was completed and its tower at 104 metres (341 ft) is one of the tallest in Poland.

820: 809:

River Łódka on which the modern city was founded. It may have also derived from the term

703: 13095: 13060: 10613:

Poland in the geographical centre of Europe: political, social and economic consequences

10364: 8798:"Superdworzec już jest, będzie (prawie) metro. Łódź ma być komunikacyjnym centrum kraju" 5036: 4854: 4626:(1908–1974), writer, mathematician and Britain's leading academic TV figure of the 1970s 4560: 4396: 4032:, an art gallery within a historical mansion, which holds paintings from all over Europe 3978: 3848: 3840: 3812:

serving the recreational needs of the city. Another notable park located in Łódź is the

3770: 1694: 1354: 1345: 1126: 1117:

The infrastructure and edifices of Łódź were built at the expense of industrialists and

1063: 742: 10423: 10109: 9225: 9173: 9049: 8141:"Skład narodowościowy, wyznaniowy i językowy ludności Łodzi w Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej" 8111:"Polskie zagłębie ateizmu zaczyna się we Włocławku? Poznaj tajemnice "zaklętego kręgu"" 7687: 6110: 6012: 4960: 4872: 4709: 4691: 4596: 4584: 4572: 4566: 4352: 3959:

Muzeum Tradycji Niepodległościowych (Independence Traditions Museum) with three parts:

3824: 3742: 3715: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3388: 2689: 2601: 1703: 1490: 1376: 1321: 1032: 990: 958: 936: 695: 676: 589: 53: 13055: 13050: 11879:

Ludzie którzy zbudowali Łódź Leksykon architektów i budowniczych miasta (do 1939 roku)

11564:

Case studies on modern European economy : entrepreneurs, inventions, institutions

10365:"Socio-Economic Changes in Lodz – The Result of Twenty Years of System Transformation" 7412: 4848: 4681: 11939: 11904: 11882: 11867: 11830: 11806: 11776: 11745: 11714: 11681: 11648: 11614: 11606: 11568: 11541:. Łódź: Institute of Architecture and Urban Planning, Lodz University of Technology. 11506: 11473: 11440: 11409: 11370: 11339: 11306: 11273: 11240: 11149: 11116: 11083: 11050: 11017: 10984: 10951: 10918: 10885: 10852: 10819: 10786: 10753: 10720: 10687: 10656: 10617: 10584: 10551: 10518: 10499: 10462: 10379: 10324: 10291: 10258: 10225: 10192: 10159: 10086:

Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion

10072: 10041: 10008: 9975: 9941: 9899: 9866: 9845: 9810: 9743: 9283: 9243: 9181: 9130: 9101: 9067: 8896: 8611: 8533: 8487: 8369: 8326: 8279: 8227: 8206: 8064: 7763: 7382: 7352: 7221: 7165: 6223: 6118: 5946: 5392: 5193:

From top, left to right: honorary consulates of Denmark, Czechia, Ukraine and Albania

5078: 5018: 4994: 4906: 4887: 4752: 4703: 4697: 4605: 4523: 4486: 4467: 4018: 3968: 3340: 2948: 2932: 2916: 2685: 2478: 2431: 2383: 1673:

in Łódź collapsed and the city suffered from social and economic decline. The city's

1473: 1467: 1387:

defended the city against the German assault by forming a line of resistance between

1290: 1192: 1083: 1031:

colonies and a linear street system along with an arterial north-south thoroughfare,

998: 477: 12686: 12010: 10494: 10477: 7502: 7442: 7322: 5126: 4772:(1914–1972), Israeli pioneer in study of electrochemistry of biopolymers; killed in 4748: 4270: 3655:

Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Filmowa, Telewizyjna i Teatralna im. Leona Schillera w Łodzi

1384: 1380: 896:. For centuries, it remained a small remote settlement situated among woodlands and 756:

on the "Sufficiency" level of global influence and is internationally known for its

13045: 12846: 12367: 10489: 10431: 10415: 9352: 9233: 9215: 9165: 9057: 9039: 8862:"Łódź Fabryczna: największy podziemny dworzec kolejowy w Polsce i trzeci w Europie" 8673: 8523: 8269: 7295: 6100: 5678: 5645: 5012: 5000: 4878: 4842: 4836: 4826: 4796: 4647: 4617: 4512: 4258:, a mixed-use development complex situated in a heritage-listed red brick factory. 4187: 3844: 3711: 3529: 3356: 3057: 1670: 1629: 1298: 1278: 1277:

was characterised by considerable economic hardship and industrial stagnation. The

1130: 1118: 1095: 798: 13090: 13035: 12337: 7907: 5926: 4912: 3803: 3798:

friary dating back to the early 18th century and two 17th-century wooden chapels.

3734: 2529:

Source 2: Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020), WeatherAtlas (UV)

873:. The document enumerated the privileges of its inhabitants, notably the right to 13206: 13196: 13065: 13010: 12043: 12030: 12003: 11929: 11894: 11713:(in Polish). Łódź: Muzeum Historii Miasta Łodzi, Centrum Informacji Kulturalnej. 9927:"Charakterystyka powierzchni miejskich Łodzi z klimatologicznego punktu widzenia" 9553: 9441: 9310: 9010: 8405:(Report). Association of Business Service Leaders (ABSL). 2019. pp. 28, 55. 7247: 6191: 6142: 5931: 5754: 5729: 5413: 5199:Łódź is home to fourteen foreign consulates, i.e. honorary consulates general of 5132: 5099: 4988: 4966: 4948: 4918: 4784: 4724: 4635: 4623: 4600: 4308: 4292: 4255: 4029: 3900: 3659: 3507: 3316: 3061: 2855:. In 1913, Łódź had a population of 506,100 people, of whom 251,700 (49.7%) were 2828: 2641: 2633: 2625: 1606: 1540: 1457: 1274: 1024: 954: 788: 687: 683: 383: 13201: 12840: 12515: 12352: 10067:

Wardzyńska, Maria (2009b). "Obozy niemieckie na okupowanych terenach polskich".

7532: 7283: 7271: 4429: 4291:

The city has experience as a host for international sporting events such as the

3076: 3017:

was once the city's second largest denomination (33.4% in 1931), with up to 250

1481: 1305:

which prior to the First World War did not exist. Łódź also began developing an

61: 13161: 13075: 13040: 12920: 12730: 12692: 12427: 11803:Łódź Ghetto : A Community History Told in Diaries, Journals, and Documents 9628:"Spółdzielczy Klub Sportowy START Łódź ul. św. Teresy 56/58 – Oficjalny serwis" 8060:

Organizacja Kościoła Rzymskokatolickiego na ziemiach polskich od X do XXI wieku

7926: 6155: 5872:"Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions" 5795: 5224: 5042: 4982: 4954: 4942: 4897: 4820: 4808: 4802: 4736: 4671: 4254:

Major food venues are primarily located at Piotrkowska Street, for example the

4163: 3823:, one of the largest of its kind in Europe, was established in 1892. After the 3674: 3298: 3264:: Gdańsk – Tczew – Toruń – Łódź – Piotrków Trybunalski – Radomsko – Częstochowa 3151:

in Łódź to 6.5 per cent in December 2008, from 20 per cent four years earlier.

3042: 3004: 2832: 1637: 1625: 1621: 1427:

incorporated Łódź into a new administrative subdivision of Nazi Germany called

1424: 1418: 1302: 970: 924:

in 1535 and 1577, with the latter illustrating a boat-like vessel and a turned

886: 765: 691: 13020: 12857: 12266: 11749: 10752:. Vol. 1: Rendezvous in Cambridge 1899-1939. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 9718:"Misje dyplomatyczne, urzędy konsularne i organizacje międzynarodowe w Polsce" 9657: 5105: 4730: 3685:(one of the founders of the so-called Black Series of Polish Documentary) and 1601:. Many migrated into the suburbs and occupied the empty properties. Under the 1582:, one of many post-war utilitarian residential areas on the outskirts of Łódź. 175: 137: 13243: 13105: 12872: 12852: 12024: 11718: 11618: 11610: 11413: 11395: 11343: 11013:

Lodz and Getto Litzmannstadt : promised land and croaking hole of Europe

10660: 10503: 10427: 10383: 10076: 9945: 9773:[Summary of the 56. extraordinary session of the Łódź City Council], 9568:"Poland and Hungary awarded upcoming editions of European Universities Games" 9247: 9229: 9185: 9177: 9071: 9053: 8615: 8537: 8528: 8373: 8330: 8283: 8274: 7971:"GUS: Wrocław stał się trzecim największym miastem Polski, wyprzedzając Łódź" 7950: 6374: 6122: 6114: 5956: 5580: 5445: 5072: 4860: 4769: 4718: 4659: 4641: 4629: 4611: 4554: 4497: 4388: 4248: 4237: 4208: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4024: 3974: 3678: 3649: 3406: 3380: 3336: 3255:

DK14: Łowicz – Stryków – Łódź – Zduńska Wola – Sieradz – Złoczew – Walichnowy

3220: 3216: 3034: 2856: 2145: 1586:

Following liberation by Soviet forces on 19 January 1945, and the end of the

1536: 1528: 1461: 1446: 1306: 1229: 1178: 1091: 1056:, who acted as the director of the Department of Trade, Crafts and Industry. 921: 893: 882: 761: 734: 268: 255: 127: 12564: 10419: 8431: 8202:

Próby odnowy życia religijnego w Królestwie Polskim po powstaniu styczniowym

7215: 4712:(born 1976), Polish political scientist and diplomat, Consul General at the 3721: 1494:

operated a camp for kidnapped Polish children from various regions in Łódź.

13171: 13015: 12980: 12771: 12765: 12680: 12057: 11925: 9268:

See Jaskulski and Szmidt, p. 29, for a map of tourism trails in the forest.

9220: 9044: 6053: 5093: 5084: 5048: 5030: 4832: 4778: 4757: 4687: 4665: 4653: 4578: 4456: 4413: 4339: 4195: 3828: 3670: 3437: 3148: 2836: 1719: 1587: 1364: 1087: 966: 917: 776: 724: 12825: 12798: 12529: 12508: 12480: 12420: 12231: 11605:(in Polish) (1). Urząd Miasta Łodzi Biuro Analiz Medialnych i Wydawnictw. 8720:

Sourced from the Łódź article on the Polish Knowledge site on 19 July 2015

7531:(in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from 7501:(in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from 7471:(in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from 7441:(in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from 7411:(in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from 7381:(in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from 7351:(in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from 7321:(in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from 4662:(1919/1922–2009), politician, human rights activist and Holocaust survivor 4399:– association football (four time Polish champions, semi-finalists of the 3689:, who at the end of the 1950s became famous as one of the founders of the 3394:

In December 2016, a few years after the demolition of the old building of

13070: 12628: 12598: 11204:

Statistical Office in Łódź – Łódzkie Centre for Regional Surveys (2021).

11112:

Urban Environmentalism: Global Change and the Mediation of Local Conflict

10188:

Hitler's Slaves: Life Stories of Forced Labourers in Nazi-Occupied Europe

5552: 5270: 5066: 4976: 4882: 4742: 4590: 4548: 4528: 4335: 4323: 4274: 4071: 3992: 3766: 3493: 3448:, with plans for further expansion after the construction of the tunnel. 3384: 3104: 2971:

is the largest of the Protestant denominations. The city falls under the

2851:. In 1839, approximately 78 per cent (6,648) of the total population was 2617: 1617:

was opened, later becoming Poland's primary academy of drama and cinema.

1221: 1134: 1069: 1028: 944: 913: 802: 713: 660: 143: 12862: 12719: 12697: 12674: 12615: 8979:"Janusz Morgenstern, reżyser m.in. "Stawki większej niż życie" nie żyje" 7658: 4482: 3706: 3246:: Wrocław – Sieradz – Łódź – Piotrków Trybunalski – Warszawa – Białystok 3159: 760:, a cradle for the most renowned Polish actors and directors, including 652:. As of 2023, Łódź has a population of 655,279, making it the country's 12792: 12635: 11856: 10406:

Szukalski, Piotr; Martinez-Fernandez, Cristina; Weyman, Tamara (2013).

9238: 9062: 8314: 5537: 5240: 5060: 4930: 4790: 4763: 4675: 4364: 4360: 4347: 4259: 4203: 4114: 3795: 3332: 3089: 2960: 2820: 904:

bishops. It was administratively located in the Brzeziny County in the

12570: 12441: 12281: 12157: 10436: 4262:

are a common sight around the city centre and several neighbourhoods.

3168: 2841: 121: 12759: 12754: 12724: 12603: 12298: 12213: 12052: 11815:"A Stairwell in Lodz," Constance Cappel, 2004, Xlibris, (in English). 11502:

Institutional Capital: Building Post-communist Government Performance

11398:"Prace i materiały Muzeum Archeologicznego i Etnograficznego w Łodzi" 9204:"The Tourism Attractiveness of Landforms in Łagiewnicki Forest, Łódź" 8569:"Europe Finally Wakes Up To The New Silk Road, And This Could Be Big" 7810:

Statistical Office in Łódź – Łódzkie Centre for Regional Surveys 2021

7795:

Statistical Office in Łódź – Łódzkie Centre for Regional Surveys 2021

7783:

Statistical Office in Łódź – Łódzkie Centre for Regional Surveys 2021

6917: 5509: 5328: 5301: 5236: 4460: 4452: 4343: 4319: 4182: 4168: 3985: 3367:

was built more than thirty years later on the central section of the

3320: 3018: 3000: 2980: 2968: 2924: 2816: 2658: 2562: 1410: 1325: 1155: 1138: 1035:. Many of the early dwellings were timber cottages built for housing 916:

and farming until the 19th century. The earliest two versions of the

806: 511: 12891: 12867: 12786: 12702: 12494: 12434: 12399: 12195: 12175: 12137: 11647:(in Polish). Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich Wydawnictwo. 10412:

OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Working Papers

6446: 6434: 4489:, one of the greatest pianists of the 20th century, was born in Łódź 3781:, which was turned into a mixed-use complex of offices and housing. 3441: 3310:

Piotrkowska Centrum tram station, also known as "The Unicorn Stable"

3184: 3180: 2824: 2553:(left) serves as the seat of city authorities and the local council. 1522: 13116: 12810: 12576: 12487: 12448: 12240: 12204: 12070: 11402:

Prace i materiały Muzeum Archeologicznego i Etnograficznego w Łodzi

9768: 9496:"Czy warto odwiedzić Łódź? Te powody rozwieją wszelkie wątpliwości" 9462:"'HollyŁódź': A Film Lover's Guide to Poland's Most Cinematic City" 6521: 6424: 6422: 6025:"Łódź – Warszawa trasa i odległość na mapie • dojazd PKP, BUS, PKS" 5408: 5381: 5285: 4924: 4536: 4493: 4368: 4191: 3528:Łódź is a thriving center of academic life. Łódź hosts three major 3476: 3258:

DK72: Konin – Turek – Poddębice – Łódź – Brzeziny – Rawa Mazowiecka

3136: 3093: 3060:

diocese, initially created in 1910. The Marivites are followers of

3022: 2953: 2864: 1641: 1579: 1472:, Polish intellectuals from the city and region were imprisoned at 1317:

transmission from a newly-founded broadcasting station took place.

1020: 986: 706:

and struggled with social inequalities, as documented in the novel

680: 192: 12652: 12413: 12290: 11772:

Borderlands: comparing border security in North America and Europe

10547:

Water systems analysis, design, and planning: urban infrastructure

9802: 7713: 7301: 7289: 7277: 6929: 6905: 1718:(8%), and organogenic formations (6%) from regional wetlands. The 1515:, and the last major ghetto to be liquidated, in August 1944. The 1082:

barrier which was imposed on Congress Poland following the failed

912:

of the Kingdom of Poland. The economy was predominantly driven by

12835: 12581: 12522: 12473: 12322: 12314: 11178:

Ludność Łodzi i innych wielkich miast w Polsce w latach 1984-2006

10683:

Independence Day: Myth, Symbol, and the Creation of Modern Poland

10476:

Holm, Andrej; Marcińczak, Szymon; Ogrodowczyk, Agnieszka (2015).

10408:"Lódzkie Region: Demographic Challenges Within an Ideal Location" 10405: 8315:"Fluctuations in the Development of Cities. A Case Study of Lodz" 8205:(in Polish). Toruń: Europejskie Centrum Edukacyjne. p. 140. 7932: 7073: 5560: 5548: 5525: 5488: 5472: 5429: 5424: 5397: 5365: 5344: 5333: 5296: 5280: 5252: 5248: 5228: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5200: 4638:(1925–2024), Holocaust survivor, teacher, psychologist and author 4245: 4241: 3729: 3433: 3339:. Among the popular models for buses are Mercedes Conecto LF and 3328: 3234:: Gdańsk – Toruń – Łódź – Częstochowa – Cieszyn (national border) 3208: 3128: 3121: 3085: 3065: 3014: 2852: 2844:

and dropped to become the country's fourth-largest city in 2022.

2664: 2605: 1532: 1435:

on 9 November 1939, and on 11 April 1940 the city was renamed to

1388: 1329: 1293:

in Russia put an end to the most profitable trade with the East.

1079: 1049: 1036: 1010: 901: 878: 874: 668: 12609: 12535: 6977: 6716: 6419: 3652:

National Higher School of Film, Television and Theatre in Łódź (

3587:

Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Filmowa, Telewizyjna i Teatralna w Łodzi

1628:, where the population from the old core was relocated into new 12951: 12815: 12804: 12707: 12658: 12621: 12466: 12360: 12330: 12306: 12259: 12222: 12117: 11535:

New Image of Post-factory Buildings in Lodz in Kopernika Street

10881:

Festivalisation of Urban Spaces: Factors, Processes and Effects

8674:"Our destinations – Port Lotniczy Łódź im. Władysława Reymonta" 7187:"Polish Minister and Union Reach Compromise on Meat Ration Cut" 6509: 6485: 6409: 6407: 5898: 5493: 5461: 5440: 5376: 5312: 5232: 5204: 4372: 4217: 3445: 3372: 3252:: Pabianice – Konstantynów Łódzki – Aleksandrów Łódzki – Zgierz 3200: 3196: 3192: 3050: 2988: 2848: 2590: 1591: 816: 769: 649: 641: 537: 516: 325: 298: 12641: 11996: 9971:

Between history and archaeology papers in honour of Jacek Lech

6989: 6941: 4060:

Three major novels depict the development of industrial Łódź:

2927:

was established in December 1920 and has been elevated to the

659:Łódź first appears in records in 14th-century. It was granted 19:

This article is about the city in Poland. For other uses, see

12890:

The list includes the 107 urban municipalities governed by a

12878: 12830: 12663: 12559: 12541: 12383: 12375: 12344: 12273: 10323:(in Polish). Łódź: Instytut Historii Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego. 10185:

von Plato, Alexander; Leh, Almut; Thonfeld, Cristoph (2010).

9771:"Podsumowanie LVI nadzwyczajnej sesji Rady Miejskiej w Łodzi" 7216:

Alastair M. Morrison; J. Andres Coca-Stefaniak, eds. (2020).

6965: 6953: 6668: 6463: 6461: 5702: 5690: 5687: 5657: 5556: 5520: 5504: 5456: 5360: 5349: 5244: 4221: 4108:'s family flees pre-World War II Berlin and settles in Łódź. 3843:

was erected at the cemetery. It features a smooth obelisk, a

3429: 3025:

in existence prior to 1939 and a strong cultural output. The

2987:, which seasonally serves as a concert hall. There is also a 2827:. A major contributing factor was the abrupt transition from 2578: 1598: 1442: 1415:

troops entered in the early hours of 9 September. The German

1314: 1236:

restored in November 1918, the local population disarmed the

897: 12033: (archived 5 September 2019) —English language newspaper 9895:

Growth and Change in Post-socialist Cities of Central Europe

8890: 7241:"Poland to invest in Łódź despite failed bid for Expo 2022." 6770: 6748: 6746: 6497: 6404: 6341: 6260: 4714:

Consulate General of the Republic of Poland in New York City

3599:

Akademia Muzyczna im. Grażyny i Kiejstuta Bacewiczów w Łodzi

3084:

Before 1990, the economy of Łódź was heavily reliant on the

3064:

and a considerable minority; there are only three Mariavite

1605:, the city's industry and private companies were subject to 1480:

or murdered in the forests of Łagiewniki and the village of

749:. The city became Poland's temporary seat of power in 1945. 12009: 11269:

Shapers of Urban Form: Explorations in Morphological Agency

11213:. Łódź: Statistics Poland (Główny Urząd Statystyczny GUS). 9627: 7739: 7737: 7735: 6799: 6797: 5477: 5317: 4307:, with the opening and final of the latter taking place at 3207:, a regular cargo rail connection with the Chinese city of 3188: 3132: 2608:, the province's governor who is the representative of the 1715: 1711: 1633: 1423:

paramilitary death squad entered the city on 12 September.

848: 396: 11991: 11976: 7822: 7820: 7818: 7025: 6881: 6869: 6833: 6809: 6620: 6458: 5705: 5654: 3998:Łódź has one of the best museums of modern art in Poland. 3753:. Other important churches in the city center include the 3741:

The most notable and recognizable landmark of the city is

3628:) and the University of Humanities and Economics in Łódź ( 3135:

announced that it will shift production from its plant in

2983:. The only active Lutheran church in Łódź is the historic 961:, the duchy was dissolved and the town became part of the 622: 10475: 9597: 8918:"The New Centre of Łódź has a Local Action Plan – URBACT" 8509:"Łódź in the Regional and National Transportation System" 7956: 7102: 7061: 7049: 6743: 6289: 6287: 4501: 3991:

The Centre for Science and Technology EC1 in former Łódź

1173:, completed in 1912, is one of Poland's tallest churches. 976: 925: 11046:

A Modern History of European Cities: 1815 to the Present

9327:"Jewish Lodz Cemetery – About Cemetery At Bracka Street" 9127:

Advances in Human Factors and Sustainable Infrastructure

7732: 7131: 7129: 7092: 7090: 7088: 7001: 6794: 6758: 6644: 6632: 6608: 6219:

A Catalog of Holocaust Medals: A History Etched in Metal

6085:

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering

5991:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

4656:(born 1980), China's first Chinese speaking Polish actor 4620:(1901–1960), industrial coding and classification expert 3007:

temples. Łódź is considered to be one of the centres of

2604:– a regional assembly. The city is also the seat of the 2524:

Source 1: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management

1738:). The lowest temperature was recorded in January 1987. 1649:

hunger demonstration of local mothers and their children

1624:

after World War II was conducted in accordance with the

648:, and is located 120 km (75 mi) south-west of 11855:"Lodz – The Last Ghetto in Poland," Michal Unger, 11299:

Reddaway, W. F.; Penson, J. H.; Halecki, Oskar (2016).

8063:(in Polish). Warszawa (Warsaw): Aspra-JR. p. 288. 7815: 7261: 7259: 6782: 6733: 6731: 6692: 6078: 671:

bishops and clergy until the late 18th century. In the

11969: 11680:. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 11396:

Muzeum Archeologiczne i Etnograficzne w Łodzi (1976).

11331: 10851:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 8769:"Łódź: Tunel średnicowy – kolejne dwa lata opóźnienia" 7988: 7914: 6857: 6845: 6586: 6584: 6569: 6533: 6440: 6311: 6284: 6272: 5547:, Łódź terminated the partnership with Russian cities 3611:

Akademia Sztuk Pięknych im. Wł. Strzemińskiego w Łodzi

3302:

Mercedes Conecto LF buses are heavily utilised in Łódź

3240:: Świecko (national border) – Poznań – Łódź – Warszawa 2688:(GUS), Łódź was inhabited by 672,185 people and had a 1654: 861:Łódź first appears in a 1332 written record issued by 11298: 10785:(in Polish). Łódź: Archidiecezjalne Wydawn. Łódzkie. 9455: 9453: 7633:"Monthly weather forecast and Climate – Lodz, Poland" 7141: 7126: 7085: 6704: 6680: 6545: 6452: 6392: 6299: 6197: 5714: 5684: 5666: 5651: 4037:

the last 35 years. Other notable museums include the

2863:, 75,000 (14.8%) were Germans, and 6,300 (1.3%) were 737:. The city's population was persecuted and its large 644:

and a former industrial centre. It is the capital of

11677:

Innovative Solutions for Creating Sustainable Cities

11148:. Vol. 2. New York: Columbia University Press. 11145:

God's Playground; A History of Poland in Two Volumes

10184: 9769:

Dorota Adamska, City Council Office (2 March 2022),

9694:(in Polish). Urząd Miasta Łodzi. 23 September 2020. 9402: 9400: 8056: 7256: 7114: 7013: 6935: 6923: 6911: 6893: 6821: 6728: 6656: 6596: 6473: 6248: 6136:"4 Billion PLN for Revitalization of Downtown Łódź." 5699: 5570: 4632:(1928–2023), Holocaust survivor, activist and author 3131:

has one of its centres in the city. In January 2009

3115:

spanning from the north to the south of Poland, and

2680:

Female employees at a textile factory in Łódź, 1950s

2628:. The first president of Łódź under the independent 1531:

in other places. The Germans also created camps for

1456:, with Polish and Jewish establishments closed, and 1332:

activity in Polish politics during the interbellum.

1285:

closed western markets to Polish textiles while the

1162:

in May 1892 was quelled by a military intervention.

1129:, who sponsored schools, hospitals, orphanages, and 892:

officially granted town rights to the village under

741:

minority was forced into a walled zone known as the

9095: 7755: 6581: 6557: 6380: 5696: 5681: 5648: 5114:(born 1984), engineer and reserve astronaut of the 5087:(1928–2012), computer manufacturer, the founder of 2656:Łódź was previously divided into 5 major boroughs ( 1137:composed of twelve factories, power plants, worker 1133:. From 1872 to 1892, Poznański established a major 12020:. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 862. 11338:. 1. Vol. 10. Selinsgrove: University Press. 10642: 10461:. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 11–27. 9746:(in Polish). Biuletyn informacji publicznej Łódź. 9450: 9155: 8468:"AFP: Dell seeks refuge in Poland as crisis bites" 7938: 7756:Podolska, Joanna; Waingertner, Przemysław (2008). 6722: 6527: 6375:Muzeum Archeologiczne i Etnograficzne w Łodzi 1976 6215: 6079:Cysek-Pawlak, Monika; Krzysztofik, Sylwia (2017). 2975:, though the congregation is headquartered at the 1640:block housing estates were constructed, including 11744:(in Polish). Łódź: Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Łodzi. 10848:Jozef Pilsudski: Founding Father of Modern Poland 10320:Województwo łódzkie 1919-2009: studia i materiały 9459: 9397: 8465: 7720:(in Polish). Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej. 2024 7694:(in Polish). Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej. 2024 7665:(in Polish). Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej. 2024 7599: 6353: 6048: 6046: 4933:(born 1974), Polish-British guitarist and teacher 3107:– a textile factory that became a shopping centre 2935:. The primary church for Catholic worship is the 1597:Łódź also experienced an influx of refugees from 1320:The ideological orientation of Łódź was strongly 869:, which transferred the village of Łodzia to the 13241: 12950: 8057:Jakubowski, Wojciech; Stolarczyk, Marek (2011). 7184: 7037: 6054:"Lodz Tourism: Tourist Information Lodz, Poland" 4055: 2959:Historically, Łódź had a strong and influential 2616:In medieval times, the town was governed by the 1562: 1379:in September 1939, the Polish forces of General 1324:and the city was a notable centre of socialist, 11822:Ghettostadt: Łódź and the making of a Nazi city 11184:. Łódź: Urząd Statystyczny w Łodzi. p. 5. 10716:Breakthrough: the Gorlice-Tarnow Campaign, 1915 10108:The Chronicle of the Łódź Ghetto, 1941–1944 by 9201: 8008:Ghettostadt: Łódź and the Making of a Nazi City 7933:Szukalski, Martinez-Fernandez & Weyman 2013 7427: 4311:. Łódź will also host the sixth edition of the 3831:in 1939, this cemetery became a part of Łódź's 3637: 3047:Union of Jewish Religious Communities in Poland 1647:In mid-1981 Łódź became famous for its massive 1335: 843: 754:Globalization and World Cities Research Network 11266:Larkham, Peter J.; Conzen, Michael P. (2014). 11075: 10134: 9692:"Rok 2029: nowy termin Zielonego Expo w Łodzi" 9445:AEPM: Association of European Printing Museums 9202:Jaskulski, Marcin; Szmidt, Aleksander (2015). 8831:"Łódź będzie miała 'metro'. I to już niedługo" 8604:Journal of Management, Marketing and Logistics 8134: 8132: 8091:(in Polish). Kuria Metropolitalna Łódzka. 2024 7625: 7457: 7253:. 16 November 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2017 7079: 6971: 6959: 6674: 6515: 6503: 6043: 5265:List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland 4593:(born 1952), politician, former Prime Minister 4380:– association football, volleyball, basketball 4190:and potato soup, often served with mushrooms, 2600:, one of Poland's 16 provinces, and hosts the 2589:, exercising the powers and duties of a local 1243: 1078:In 1851, the Imperial authorities abolished a 985:One of the first city plans, illustrating the 13132: 12936: 12086: 11893:Trunk, Isaiah; Shapiro, Robert Moses (2006). 11768: 11265: 10317:Badziak, Kazimierz; Łapa, Małgorzata (2009). 10152:Trunk, Isaiah; Shapiro, Robert Moses (2006). 9522:"Barszcz czy grzybowa? Wiemy, co wolą Polacy" 9435:"Discover the Book Art Museum, Łódź, Poland." 9197: 9195: 9151: 9149: 9147: 9120: 9118: 9098:The Routledge Companion to Urban Regeneration 9091: 9089: 8948:"Rekordowy rok Łódzkiej Kolei Aglomeracyjnej" 8671: 8022: 8020: 7487: 6428: 6413: 6347: 6216:Szperling, Severin; Szperling, Julie (2010). 5258: 4766:(1914–2000), diplomat and anti-nazi resistant 4301:2014 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship 4176:Among the traditional dishes of Łódź and the 3761:, Lutheran part of Ogrodowa Street Cemetery. 3071: 2965:Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession 1195:, settled in the city and began printing the 12062: 11924: 10517:. Warsaw: Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN). 10354:(in Polish). Rapperswil: Fundusz Wydawniczy 10221:The Holocaust: Roots, History, and Aftermath 10151: 10071:(in Polish). Vol. 4, no. 99. IPN. 9838:Christianity and Modernity in Eastern Europe 8180:(in Polish). Gmina Wyznaniowa Żydowska. 2024 8085:"Parafia Świętego Stanisława Kostki w Łodzi" 7762:(in Polish). Łódź: Tow. Naukowe. p. 6. 7055: 7031: 6995: 6983: 5980: 5978: 5839: 5837: 5775: 4043: 4008: 3999: 3807: 3785: 3653: 3629: 3623: 3609: 3597: 3585: 3573: 3561: 3545: 3395: 3331:and newer Polish-manufactured types such as 3211:operating since 2013. Łódź is served by the 2915:The majority of believers in Łódź adhere to 1520: 1502: 1465: 1436: 1428: 1416: 1408: 1358: 1252: 1182: 1146: 1090:loom commenced operations at Ludwik Geyer's 1067: 1040: 1014: 948: 810: 792: 728: 11864:Gmachy użyteczności publicznej dawnej Łodzi 11593: 11108: 11076:Liszewski, Stanisław; Young, Craig (1997). 10782:Atlas architektury dawnej Łodzi: do 1939 r. 10316: 10083: 10066: 10007:. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. 9277: 8859: 8792: 8790: 8500: 8492:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 8461: 8459: 8457: 8234:(in Polish). Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej 8129: 7743: 7547: 7397: 7067: 6947: 6887: 6815: 6467: 6266: 4921:(1921–2010), Oklahoma Supreme Court Justice 3416:The third-largest train station in Łódź is 3147:was one of the factors which decreased the 1313:, commenced operations. In 1930, the first 852: 205: 13139: 13125: 12943: 12929: 12093: 12079: 11079:A Comparative Study of Łódź and Manchester 10745: 10510: 10372:Geografický časopis (Geographical Journal) 9968:Werra, Dagmara H.; Woźny, Marzena (2018). 9967: 9809:. Łódź: University Press. pp. 79–99. 9556:, ARCHIVE.FIBA.com, Retrieved 5 June 2016. 9489: 9487: 9192: 9144: 9115: 9086: 8506: 8138: 8052: 8050: 8017: 7609:(in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. 6 April 2018. 7583:(in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. 6 April 2018. 7573: 7557:(in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. 6 April 2018. 7375:"Średnia maksymalna temperatura powietrza" 7108: 6752: 6638: 6626: 6185:"Poland's Łódź named UNESCO City of Film." 5613:International Festival of Comics and Games 5145: 5102:(born 1957), astronomer and astrophysicist 4985:(1908–2005), physicist, Nobel Prize winner 4829:(born 1988), karateka and nutrition expert 4700:(1922–2013), Holocaust survivor and writer 4446: 3956:Natural History Museum, University of Łódź 3631:Akademia Humanistyczno-Ekonomiczna w Łodzi 2903:Catholic Basilica of St. Stanislaus Kostka 2651: 1539:deported from abroad, who were ultimately 768:. In 2017, the city was inducted into the 11531: 11469:Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945 10844: 10778: 10749:Michał Kalecki: An Intellectual Biography 10679: 10576: 10493: 10435: 10349: 10158:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 10104:"The Agony of the Łódź Ghetto, 1941–1944" 10033: 9891: 9316:. . 3 April 2009. Retrieved 28 July 2017. 9237: 9219: 9158:Journal of Urban Planning and Development 9124: 9061: 9043: 9025: 8825: 8823: 8527: 8312: 8273: 7749: 7345:"Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza" 7096: 7007: 6776: 6764: 6698: 6650: 6614: 6491: 6333:(in Polish). Warszawa: Instytut Historii 6278: 6104: 5975: 5834: 4957:(1890–1970), Israeli painter and sculptor 4674:(1877–1938), businessman, founder of the 2636:(1917–1919), who subsequently became the 1145:. By the end of the century, Scheibler's 11432: 11174: 11009: 10543: 10283: 10097:(in Polish). Warszawa: Książka i Wiedza. 9381:. Fundacja Monumentum Iudaicum Lodzese. 8787: 8454: 8219: 8192: 7920: 7682: 7680: 7517: 7495:"Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm" 7367: 7337: 7307: 6827: 6788: 6539: 6317: 6194:Radio Poland. Retrieved 3 November 2017. 4575:(born 1950), cameraman and film director 4535: 4518: 4507: 4492: 4481: 4280: 4269: 4202:) served with potato dumplings and pork 4162: 4023: 3728: 3720: 3705: 3305: 3297: 3158: 3099: 3075: 2675: 2640:. The incumbent president since 2010 is 2545: 1693: 1658: 1574: 1566: 1349: 1247: 1187:) was opened in Łódź. In the same year, 1164: 1058: 980: 847: 455: 99:Church of the Descent of the Holy Spirit 11818: 11603:Ilustrowana Encyklopedia Historii Łodzi 11505:. Lanham: University Press of America. 11498: 11042: 10976: 10943: 10712: 10287:Działo się w Łodzi, It Happened in Łódź 10254:Case White: The Invasion of Poland 1939 10250: 10114:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 10004:Black and White Cinema: A Short History 9835: 9493: 9484: 9447:. January 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2017. 9280:Ilustrowana Encyklopedia Historii Łodzi 8566: 8400:Business Services Sector in Poland 2019 8362:"The Best Bras Might Be Made in Poland" 8359: 8252: 8198: 8166: 8047: 7994: 7968: 7957:Holm, Marcińczak & Ogrodowczyk 2015 7908:"Statistics Poland - National Censuses" 7555:"Łódź Absolutna temperatura maksymalna" 6875: 6863: 6851: 6839: 6686: 6575: 6563: 6551: 6293: 5984: 4569:(1913–1995), theatre director and actor 3701: 3279:The city has an international airport: 3033:were the primary places of worship for 2218:Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 1497:The German authorities established the 1452:The city became subjected to immediate 1261:Monument and Holy Spirit Church in 1930 1220:Despite the impending crisis preceding 1094:in 1839. During the first weeks of the 1048:During this time, a sizeable number of 797:, directly translates to 'boat' in the 416:293.25 km (113.22 sq mi) 13242: 11843:from the original on 28 September 2023 11789:from the original on 28 September 2023 11756:from the original on 28 September 2023 11737: 11725:from the original on 28 September 2023 11694:from the original on 28 September 2023 11673: 11581:from the original on 28 September 2023 11560: 11519:from the original on 28 September 2023 11486:from the original on 28 September 2023 11465: 11453:from the original on 28 September 2023 11420:from the original on 28 September 2023 11383:from the original on 28 September 2023 11362: 11350:from the original on 28 September 2023 11319:from the original on 28 September 2023 11286:from the original on 28 September 2023 11253:from the original on 28 September 2023 11232: 11162:from the original on 28 September 2023 11141: 11129:from the original on 28 September 2023 11109:Brand, Peter; Thomas, Michael (2013). 11096:from the original on 28 September 2023 11063:from the original on 28 September 2023 11030:from the original on 28 September 2023 10997:from the original on 28 September 2023 10964:from the original on 28 September 2023 10931:from the original on 28 September 2023 10898:from the original on 28 September 2023 10865:from the original on 28 September 2023 10832:from the original on 28 September 2023 10799:from the original on 28 September 2023 10766:from the original on 28 September 2023 10733:from the original on 28 September 2023 10700:from the original on 28 September 2023 10667:from the original on 28 September 2023 10649:Zeszyty naukowe Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego 10630:from the original on 28 September 2023 10609: 10597:from the original on 28 September 2023 10564:from the original on 28 September 2023 10531:from the original on 28 September 2023 10514:East Central Europe: A Concise History 10459:Shrinking Cities: A Global Perspective 10444:from the original on 28 September 2023 10337:from the original on 28 September 2023 10304:from the original on 28 September 2023 10271:from the original on 28 September 2023 10238:from the original on 28 September 2023 10205:from the original on 28 September 2023 10172:from the original on 28 September 2023 10092: 10054:from the original on 28 September 2023 10021:from the original on 28 September 2023 9988:from the original on 28 September 2023 9924: 9912:from the original on 28 September 2023 9879:from the original on 28 September 2023 9858: 9823:from the original on 28 September 2023 9698:from the original on 28 September 2023 9565: 8860:Rogaczewska, Beata (1 November 2016). 8841:from the original on 19 September 2017 8820: 8597: 8340:from the original on 28 September 2023 7581:"Łódź Absolutna temperatura minimalna" 7315:"Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza" 7160:Ash, Timothy Garton (1 January 1999). 7147: 7135: 7019: 6737: 6710: 6479: 6398: 6386: 6305: 6203: 5963:from the original on 16 September 2018 5882:from the original on 15 February 2023. 5135:(born 1959), politician, Mayor of Łódź 4668:(born 1947), Israeli basketball player 3930:Archaeological and Ethnographic Museum 3041:, the largest of its kind, served the 2714: 1730:Łódź has a humid continental climate ( 1613:was inaugurated. On 8 March 1948, the 1511:. It was the second-largest ghetto in 1215:Archcathedral of St. Stanislaus Kostka 1171:Archcathedral of St. Stanislaus Kostka 1141:, a private fire station, and a large 977:Partitions and development (1815–1918) 745:, from where they were sent to German 667:and it remained a private town of the 13120: 12924: 12074: 12061: 11640: 11548:from the original on 26 December 2022 11191:from the original on 13 November 2017 10983:. New York: Parkstone International. 10910: 10877: 10811: 10362: 10217: 10000: 9955:from the original on 13 November 2017 9892:Cudny, Waldemar; Kunc, Josef (2021). 9514: 8985:from the original on 15 February 2018 8466:(AFP)–24 Jan 2009 (24 January 2009). 8380:from the original on 30 December 2019 8077: 8026: 7969:Wołodko, Maciej (20 September 2022). 7826: 7706: 7677: 7651: 7265: 7120: 6899: 6803: 6662: 6602: 6590: 6254: 6145:lodzpost.com. Retrieved 18 July 2017. 6129: 5780: 5761: 5728: 4727:(1913–1945), Łódź ghetto photographer 3967:Mausoleum and museum in Radogoszcz – 3163:Major road network in the city (2009) 2557:The city's governance is executed by 747:concentration and extermination camps 13255:Cities and towns in Łódź Voivodeship 13146: 12100: 10284:Wojalski, Mirosław Zbigniew (1992). 10101: 10069:Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej 10040:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 9662:Bureau International des Expositions 9333:from the original on 7 November 2016 9278:Grzegorczyk, Arkadiusz, ed. (2015). 8976: 8731:"About MPK – MPK-Lodz Spolka z o.o." 8684:from the original on 3 February 2016 8442:from the original on 6 November 2020 8412:from the original on 11 January 2020 8360:Cormier, Amanda (25 December 2019). 7613:from the original on 21 January 2022 7587:from the original on 21 January 2022 7561:from the original on 21 January 2022 7218:Routledge Handbook of Tourism Cities 7043: 6236:from the original on 8 February 2023 5624: 5045:(born 1952), track-and-field athlete 4733:(1891–1951), engraver and printmaker 4477: 4424:Łódź have three professional clubs: 3988:museum of stop-motion film animation 1201:(The Worker; p. 1894–1939), an 782: 241:Location of Łódź in Łódź Voivodeship 11706: 11016:. Toronto: Art Gallery of Ontario. 10456: 9974:. Oxford: Archaeopress Publishing. 8653:from the original on 15 August 2019 8353: 8225: 7944: 7159: 6453:Reddaway, Penson & Halecki 2016 6359: 6166:from the original on 24 August 2020 5828: 5075:(born 1970), art critic and curator 4393:SKS Start Łódź – football, swimming 4158: 3835:known as the enclosed Łódź ghetto ( 3755:Alexander Nevsky Orthodox Cathedral 3287: 3080:High-rise buildings in central Łódź 3029:, commonly known as Alte Szil, and 2999:), dating back to 1888, as well as 2569:. The power is divided between the 1655:Contemporary history (1990–present) 1551:camp, four transit camps for Poles 1488:, and from 1942 to 1945 the German 424:2,496 km (964 sq mi) 13: 11955:– via Google Books, preview. 11851:– via Google Books, preview. 11661:from the original on 15 April 2023 11596:"Okres Pradziejów i Średniowiecza" 10122:from the original on 31 March 2020 9750:from the original on 5 August 2023 9668:from the original on 12 April 2023 9638:from the original on 28 April 2022 9608:from the original on 11 March 2022 9578:from the original on 14 April 2018 9472:from the original on 30 March 2024 9460:Alena Aniskiewicz (21 June 2017). 9385:from the original on 18 April 2012 9359:from the original on 13 March 2013 9282:. Łódź: MyDesign. pp. 59–61. 9170:10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000242 8958:from the original on 4 August 2017 8872:from the original on 4 August 2017 8775:from the original on 11 April 2024 8567:Shepard, Wade (10 November 2016). 8117:(in Polish). Gazeta Pomorska. 2023 7639:from the original on 3 August 2020 7465:"Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej" 7435:"Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm" 6936:von Plato, Leh & Thonfeld 2010 6924:von Plato, Leh & Thonfeld 2010 6912:von Plato, Leh & Thonfeld 2010 6162:. Globalization and World Cities. 6156:"The World According to GaWC 2020" 6031:from the original on 2 August 2018 5861:Data for territorial unit 1061000. 4900:leader and mercenary commander in 4422:Ekstraklasa of Polish beach soccer 3854: 2929:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Łódź 2709: 1403:, who encircled the city with the 1395:. The attack was conducted by the 900:, which was privately held by the 14: 13281: 11961: 11928:; Shapiro, Robert Moses (2008) . 11801:Alan Adelson and Robert Lapides, 11628:from the original on 9 March 2022 11220:from the original on 16 June 2022 11115:. Hoboken: Taylor & Francis. 10680:Biskupski, Mieczysław B. (2012). 10393:from the original on 24 July 2018 9842:Central European University Press 9781:from the original on 2 March 2022 9566:Pavitt, Michael (13 April 2018). 8977:Dana, Przemek (16 January 2015). 8893:Challenge of Transport Telematics 8740:from the original on 8 April 2022 8645:[Bike roads statistics]. 8579:from the original on 22 July 2018 8547:from the original on 17 July 2018 8293:from the original on 13 July 2018 7525:"Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h)" 7185:James M. Markham (28 July 1981). 7162:The Polish Revolution: Solidarity 5851:from the original on 19 June 2023 5081:(1897–1986), composer and pianist 4817:(born 1985), mixed martial artist 4472:Horticultural Expo in Doha, Qatar 2937:Basilica of St. Stanislaus Kostka 2536: 1664:EC1 Science and Technology Center 1486:forcibly taken from their parents 941:secularisation of church property 28:Place in Łódź Voivodeship, Poland 13180: 12989: 11769:Brunet-Jailly, Emmanuel (2017). 11236:The History of Poland Since 1863 10884:. Cham: Springer International. 9762: 9736: 9710: 9684: 9650: 9620: 9590: 9559: 9540: 9494:Salamon, Natalia (12 May 2023). 9428: 9418: 9409: 9371: 9345: 9319: 9296: 9271: 9262: 9019: 9014:Poland's Official Travel Website 8997: 8970: 8940: 8910: 8884: 8853: 8808:from the original on 9 July 2018 8761: 8752: 8723: 8714: 8705: 8696: 8665: 8635: 8591: 8560: 8432:"Pociągi Łódź – Warszawa – Omio" 8424: 8392: 8306: 8246: 8103: 8000: 7962: 7900: 7883: 7866: 7849: 7832: 7197:from the original on 13 May 2022 6060:from the original on 12 May 2016 5809: 5677: 5644: 5587: 5573: 5519: 5503: 5487: 5471: 5455: 5439: 5423: 5407: 5391: 5375: 5359: 5343: 5327: 5311: 5295: 5279: 5221:Democratic Republic of the Congo 5183: 5174: 5163: 5154: 4875:(1926–2024), author and survivor 4515:, notable architect and designer 3913: 3899: 3882: 3868: 3821:Jewish Cemetery at Bracka Street 3506: 3492: 3475: 3460: 3171:where the two main north–south ( 2977:Church of St. Peter and St. Paul 2892: 2883: 1698:Panorama of the Łódź city center 1555:from the city and region, and a 609: 604: 599: 594: 454: 311: 291: 227: 220: 186: 174: 158: 136: 120: 106: 92: 77: 60: 46: 11594:Grzegorczyk, Arkadiusz (2008). 11332:Susquehanna University (1975). 11305:. Cambridge: University Press. 11302:The Cambridge History of Poland 11239:. Cambridge: University Press. 10645:"Acta Universitatis Lodziensis" 10495:10.37040/geografie2015120020164 10356:Muzeum Narodowego w Rapperswilu 10118:. The Simon Wiesenthal Center. 10001:Dixon, Wheeler Winston (2015). 9795: 9775:Urząd Miasta Łodzi, uml.lodz.pl 8035:(in Polish). Instytut Niedziela 7234: 7209: 7178: 7153: 6323: 6209: 6178: 6148: 6072: 6056:. staypoland.com. eTravel S.A. 5063:(born 1978), actor and musician 4650:(born 1954), American architect 4277:, the main indoor arena of Łódź 2671: 1269:, it became the capital of the 1232:occupation on 6 December. With 1019:; Liberty Square) and arranged 957:. In the aftermath of the 1815 487: • Metro density 11977:Public Transport Official Site 11335:Susquehanna University Studies 11175:Obraniak, Włodzimierz (2007). 10944:Wandycz, Piotr Stefan (2001). 10914:Revolutionary social democracy 9100:. Routledge. pp. 98–106. 8139:Rzepkowski, Arkadiusz (2008). 6222:. Wheatmark, Inc. p. 31. 6106:10.1088/1757-899X/245/8/082036 6017: 6006: 5939: 5932:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 5919: 5886: 5864: 5631: 5129:(born 1990), volleyball player 4991:(1903–1994), nuclear physicist 4721:(born 1984), basketball player 4551:(1938–2007), Israeli physicist 4416:(three times Polish champions) 4367:(two times Polish champions), 4359:(two times Polish champions), 4338:(six times Polish champions), 3281:Łódź Władysław Reymont Airport 3275:Łódź Władysław Reymont Airport 2923:in Poland. The first Catholic 2624:, when it was still a part of 583:Łódź Władysław Reymont Airport 1: 13265:Holocaust locations in Poland 13216:Seat (not part of the county) 11877:Stefański, Krzysztof (2009). 11862:Stefański, Krzysztof (2000). 11010:van Pelt, Robert Jan (2015). 10845:Zimmerman, Joshua D. (2022). 10779:Stefański, Krzysztof (2003). 10511:Roszkowski, Wojciech (2015). 10350:Zieliński, Stanisław (1913). 8895:. Springer. pp. 305–16. 5994:(5th ed.). HarperCollins 5823: 5207:, and honorary consulates of 4056:Łódź in literature and cinema 3862:Primary cultural institutions 3849:Izrael and Eleanora Poznański 3751:St. Matthew's Lutheran Church 3554:Lodz University of Technology 3483:Łódź University of Technology 2907:St. Matthew's Lutheran Church 2541: 1736:Köppen climate classification 1563:Post World War II (1945–1989) 935:in 1793, Łódź was annexed by 675:in 1793, Łódź was annexed to 12910:· Voivodeship cities are in 11892: 11825:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: 11775:. Ottawa: University Press. 11532:Strumiłło, Krystyna (2015). 11433:Podgarbi, Bronisław (1990). 11369:. Lanham: Sheed & Ward. 11233:Leslie, Roy Francis (1983). 10713:DiNardo, Richard L. (2010). 10686:. Oxford: University Press. 10191:. New York: Berghahn Books. 9129:. Springer. pp. 51–59. 9004:"Piotrkowska Street Stroll." 8029:"Łódź: Kościelne statystyki" 5039:(1958–2001), cinematographer 4894:Konstantin Petrovich Nechaev 4793:(born 1929), Israeli actress 3644:National Film School in Łódź 3638:National Film School in Łódź 3606:Academy of Fine Arts In Łódź 3582:National Film School in Łódź 3575:Uniwersytet Medyczny w Łodzi 3451: 3154: 1689: 1336:Second World War (1939–1945) 1228:(1914), the city came under 844:Early beginnings (1332–1815) 700:Second Industrial Revolution 679:before becoming part of the 228: 7: 12898:) instead of a town mayor ( 11819:Horwitz, Gordon J. (2009). 11472:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. 11436:The Jewish Cemetery in Lodz 10643:University of Łódź (1979). 10544:Karamouz, Mohammad (2021). 10088:(in Polish). Warszawa: IPN. 10084:Wardzyńska, Maria (2009a). 10034:Wieviorka, Annette (2006). 8507:Wiśniewski, Szymon (2017). 8313:Lamprecht, Mariusz (2014). 8148:Przegląd Nauk Historycznych 7529:Normy klimatyczne 1991–2020 7499:Normy klimatyczne 1991–2020 7469:Normy klimatyczne 1991–2020 7439:Normy klimatyczne 1991–2020 7409:Normy klimatyczne 1991–2020 7379:Normy klimatyczne 1991–2020 7349:Normy klimatyczne 1991–2020 7319:Normy klimatyczne 1991–2020 6441:Susquehanna University 1975 5566: 5545:Russian invasion of Ukraine 5139:Aleksandra Ziółkowska-Boehm 5021:(born 1948), fantasy writer 4823:(1966-2022), fantasy writer 4313:European Universities Games 4028:Herbst Palace, designed by 3941:City of Lodz History Museum 3725:Light Move Festival in Łódź 2874: 2610:Polish Council of Ministers 2288:Average precipitation days 2004:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1864:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1244:Restored Poland (1918–1939) 1158:movement and the so-called 989:and new development around 663:in 1423 by the Polish King 471:2,245/km (5,810/sq mi) 10: 13286: 11992:Łódź Special Economic Zone 11829:. pp. 27, 54–55, 62. 11082:. Łódź: University Press. 11043:Wakeman, Rosemary (2020). 10977:Charles, Victoria (2015). 10616:. New York: Nova Science. 10610:Czerny, Miroslawa (2006). 9925:Kłysik, Kazimierz (1998). 9353:"The New Cemetery in Łódź" 9314:Archiwum Państwowe w Łodzi 9304:"Najstarsze łódzkie parki. 8253:Kobojek, Elżbieta (2017). 7080:Ledniowski & Gola 2020 6972:Ledniowski & Gola 2020 6960:Ledniowski & Gola 2020 6675:Liszewski & Young 1997 6516:Liszewski & Young 1997 6504:Liszewski & Young 1997 5952:Collins English Dictionary 5262: 5259:Twin towns – sister cities 5027:(1820–1881), industrialist 4945:(born 1933), film director 4939:(born 1959), film director 4915:(born 1951), archaeologist 4739:(born 1990), tennis player 4684:(born 1997), tennis player 4614:(1918–2019), film producer 4453:Specialized Expo 2022/2023 4409:- motorcycle speedway team 4121: 4098:in 1975. In the 1990 film 4039:Central Museum of Textiles 3937:Central Museum of Textiles 3907:Central Museum of Textiles 3714:and his childhood home at 3696: 3641: 3570:Medical University of Łódź 3521: 3444:, and on selected days to 3422:Łódzka Kolej Aglomeracyjna 3291: 3272: 3268: 3072:Economy and infrastructure 2973:Lutheran Diocese of Warsaw 2528: 2523: 1744: 1725: 1517:Polish resistance movement 1509:German extermination camps 1363:), was the second-largest 1339: 1257:(Liberty Square) with the 963:Congress Kingdom of Poland 943:. The town, governed by a 933:Second Partition of Poland 857:– seal dating back to 1577 836: 830: 826: 805:village of Łodzia and the 694:client state, at the 1815 673:Second Partition of Poland 18: 13215: 13189: 13178: 13154: 12998: 12987: 12962: 12904:Cities with powiat rights 12888: 12740: 12458: 12251: 12186: 12148: 12128: 12108: 12068: 11710:Dzieje Łodzi przemysłowej 11641:Rymut, Kazimierz (1987). 10550:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 10102:Peck, Abraham J. (1997). 9934:Folia Geographica Physica 9859:Müller, Bernhard (2005). 9026:Krakowiak, Beata (2015). 9016:. Retrieved 18 July 2017. 8835:Wyborcza.pl: Magazyn Łódź 8598:Bentyn, Zbigniew (2016). 7607:"Łódź Średnia wilgotność" 7164:. Yale University Press. 6429:Larkham & Conzen 2014 6414:Larkham & Conzen 2014 5536:Łódź belongs also to the 4851:(born 1995), rally driver 4811:(1892–1965), cryptologist 4799:(born 1972), opera singer 4706:(born 1946), Polish actor 4363:(Polish champions 1953), 4244:(borscht) for the Polish 4148:Schiller's Studio Theatre 4044: 4009: 4000: 3973:exhibition Kuźnia Romów ( 3792:Łódź Hills Landscape Park 3396: 3359:for a branch line of the 3213:national motorway network 3203:. It is also part of the 3043:Reformed Jewish community 2808: 2727:— 2476: 2429: 2381: 2334: 2287: 2217: 2143: 2073: 2003: 1933: 1863: 1793: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1441:after German general and 1409: 1283:German–Polish customs war 1147: 727:Łódź was briefly renamed 617: 588: 578: 568: 558: 548: 527: 510: 499: 494: 490:440/km (1,100/sq mi) 486: 475: 467: 449: 444: 436: 428: 420: 412: 407: 394: 379: 369: 364: 352: 344: 336: 324: 304: 284: 249: 215: 202: 154: 40: 33: 12063:Articles related to Łódź 11936:Indiana University Press 11903:, Bloomington, Indiana. 11901:Indiana University Press 11827:Harvard University Press 10878:Cudny, Waldemar (2016). 10746:Toporowski, Jan (2013). 10577:Feitelson, Eran (2017). 10363:Cudny, Waldemar (2012). 10251:Forczyk, Robert (2019). 10218:Crowe, David M. (2021). 10141:Uniwersytet Jagielloński 8529:10.18778/1733-3180.19.04 8275:10.18778/1733-3180.19.01 8012:Harvard University Press 7220:. Taylor & Francis. 7056:Trunk & Shapiro 2006 7032:Trunk & Shapiro 2006 6996:Trunk & Shapiro 2006 6984:Trunk & Shapiro 2006 4760:(1912–1943), épée fencer 4587:(born 1989), high jumper 4305:2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup 4265: 4194:sausage and bread – and 4152:Teatr Studyjny Schillera 4050:William Heerlein Lindley 3759:Karol Scheibler's Chapel 3594:Academy of Music in Łódź 3514:Academy of Music in Łódź 3428:, operates on routes to 2638:prime minister of Poland 1636:. A number of extensive 1603:Polish People's Republic 1476:and then either sent to 1001:industrial development. 440:162 m (531 ft) 432:278 m (912 ft) 13260:City counties of Poland 12587:Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski 12042:20 October 2018 at the 12017:Encyclopædia Britannica 11987:Historic images of Łódź 11859:, 600 pages (in Hebrew) 11741:Łódź w latach 1945–1960 11738:Rosset, Edward (1962). 11674:Albert, Sylvie (2020). 11499:Brunell, Laura (2005). 11466:Lerski, Halina (1996). 11272:. New York: Routledge. 11142:Davies, Norman (1982). 10420:10.1787/5k4818gt720p-en 10224:. New York: Routledge. 10145:Biblioteka Jagiellońska 10093:Datner, Szymon (1968). 9898:. New York: Routledge. 9309:31 January 2022 at the 8199:Górecki, Artur (2010). 7759:Prezydenci miasta Łodzi 7744:Badziak & Łapa 2009 7405:"Miesięczna suma opadu" 6816:Badziak & Łapa 2009 6723:University of Łódź 1979 6528:University of Łódź 1979 6468:Brand & Thomas 2013 6160:GaWC – Research Network 6097:2017MS&E..245h2036C 5905:Oxford University Press 5146:International relations 5033:(born 1981), footballer 5015:(born 1978), footballer 4969:(born 1989), footballer 4745:(born 1944), journalist 4644:(1921–2016), translator 4599:(born 1999), model and 4447:Horticultural Expo 2029 4286:Stadion Miejski Widzewa 3892:, gallery of modern art 3747:Łódź Catholic Cathedral 3625:Społeczna Akademia Nauk 3402:new underground station 3346: 2945:Feast of Corpus Christi 2652:Administrative division 2596:Łódź is the capital of 2587:city with powiat rights 2577:), a title held by the 1484:. Polish children were 1460:press banned. Low-wage 1066:'s industrial complex ( 910:Greater Poland Province 863:Władysław the Hunchback 773:Creative Cities Network 380: • City mayor 11931:Łódź Ghetto: A History 11896:Łódź Ghetto: a history 11363:Malone, Peter (2007). 11049:. London: Bloomsbury. 10818:. Kraków: Biały Kruk. 10155:Łódź Ghetto: A History 10037:The Era of the Witness 9221:10.1515/tour-2015-0003 9045:10.1515/tour-2015-0008 8643:"Statystyki rowerówek" 8027:Bugaj, Marcin (2023). 7688:"Rada Miejska w Łodzi" 7109:Werra & Woźny 2018 6494:, pp. 22, 35, 47. 6335:Polskiej Akademii Nauk 5799: 5776: 5758: 5619:Bednarska Street, Łódź 5025:Karl Wilhelm Scheibler 4890:(1923–2013), physician 4845:(born 1946), architect 4781:(1900–1973), conductor 4544: 4533: 4516: 4505: 4490: 4288: 4278: 4173: 4087:The Brothers Ashkenazi 4033: 3963:Radegast train station 3814:Józef Poniatowski Park 3808: 3786: 3738: 3726: 3718: 3654: 3630: 3624: 3610: 3598: 3586: 3574: 3562: 3546: 3413:(New Centre of Łódź). 3311: 3303: 3164: 3108: 3081: 3056:Łódź is the seat of a 3031:Ezras Israel Synagogue 3011:' activity in Poland. 2993:Polish Reformed Church 2921:religious denomination 2681: 2630:Second Polish Republic 2554: 1708:Central European Plain 1699: 1666: 1609:. On 24 May 1945, the 1583: 1572: 1521: 1503: 1466: 1437: 1429: 1417: 1372: 1369:German-occupied Europe 1359: 1267:Second Polish Republic 1262: 1253: 1207:Polish Socialist Party 1183: 1174: 1123:Karl Wilhelm Scheibler 1075: 1068: 1041: 1015: 1007:Administrative Council 994: 949: 871:Bishopric of Włocławek 858: 854:Sigillum oppidi Lodzia 853: 811: 793: 729: 506:€16.839 billion (2020) 429:Highest elevation 210:("From a boat a ship") 206: 16:City in central Poland 12002:14 April 2012 at the 11997:Łódź-Lublinek Airport 11934:. Bloomington, Ind.: 11707:Puś, Wiesław (1987). 11567:. London: Routledge. 11561:Berend, Ivan (2013). 10950:. London: Routledge. 10583:. London: Routledge. 10139:(in Polish). Kraków: 9552:7 August 2016 at the 8516:Space-Society-Economy 8262:Space-Society-Economy 8089:archidiecezja.lodz.pl 7097:Cudny & Kunc 2021 5901:UK English Dictionary 5847:. Statistics Poland. 5595:European Union portal 5116:European Space Agency 5055:Władysław Strzemiński 5009:(born 1949), animator 4975:(1867–1925), writer, 4815:Karolina Kowalkiewicz 4787:(1898–1951), sculptor 4563:(1909–1969), composer 4541:Władysław Strzemiński 4539: 4522: 4511: 4496: 4485: 4297:2011 EuroBasket Women 4284: 4273: 4166: 4142:Teatr Stefana Jaracza 4138:Stefan Jaracz Theatre 4027: 3732: 3724: 3709: 3377:Łódź Commuter Railway 3369:Warsaw-Kalisz railway 3361:Warsaw-Vienna railway 3309: 3301: 3227:Major roads include: 3162: 3103: 3079: 2859:, 171,900 (34%) were 2701:Historical population 2679: 2567:Juliusz Heinzl Palace 2565:, currently based at 2561:, a local council or 2551:Juliusz Heinzl Palace 2549: 1697: 1662: 1578: 1571:A city street in 1981 1570: 1547:, as well as a penal 1353: 1342:Battle of Łódź (1939) 1251: 1203:underground newspaper 1168: 1108:Warsaw–Vienna railway 1062: 984: 890:Władysław II Jagiełło 851: 665:Władysław II Jagiełło 640:is a city in central 529: • Summer ( 437:Lowest elevation 359:Juliusz Heinzl Palace 269:51.77694°N 19.45472°E 21:Łódź (disambiguation) 12976:Piotrków Trybunalski 12593:Siemianowice Śląskie 12549:Piotrków Trybunalski 10911:Blanc, Eric (2021). 10812:Bujak, Adam (2007). 10257:. New York: Osprey. 9865:. Berlin: Springer. 9744:"Miasta Partnerskie" 9440:24 July 2018 at the 9009:29 July 2017 at the 8954:. 22 December 2016. 8758:Grzegorczyk, p. 144. 7246:18 July 2018 at the 6986:, pp. XI, 9–13. 6190:31 July 2018 at the 6141:19 July 2018 at the 5608:Łódź Design Festival 5057:(1893–1952), painter 5051:(1900–1942), painter 4997:(1887–1982), pianist 4937:Władysław Pasikowski 4863:(born 1981), actress 4774:Lod Airport Massacre 4401:1982–83 European Cup 4357:association football 4082:Israel Joshua Singer 4015:Stanisław Wyspiański 3947:Herbst Palace Museum 3702:Landmarks and events 3667:National Film School 3500:National Film School 3068:across the country. 2985:St. Matthew's Church 2622:Rajmund Rembieliński 1794:Record high °C (°F) 1615:National Film School 1504:Ghetto Litzmannstadt 1431:Reichsgau Wartheland 1393:Piotrków Trybunalski 1360:Ghetto Litzmannstadt 1287:Bolshevik Revolution 1114:, a local province. 1112:Piotrków Governorate 1100:without restrictions 1003:Rajmund Rembieliński 758:National Film School 570:Vehicle registration 468: • Density 12647:Tomaszów Mazowiecki 12555:Ostrów Wielkopolski 12392:Gorzów Wielkopolski 9355:. Lodz ShtetLinks. 8804:. 2 December 2016. 8672:www.lifemotion.pl. 8226:Saładaj, Sławomir. 7959:, pp. 169–170. 7302:Marszał et al. 2014 7290:Marszał et al. 2014 7278:Marszał et al. 2014 7082:, pp. 148–149. 6950:, pp. 203–205. 6878:, pp. 260–261. 6842:, pp. 179–180. 6806:, pp. 126–127. 6779:, pp. 118–119. 6431:, pp. 153–154. 5899:Oxford Dictionaries 5141:(born 1949), writer 5123:(born 1972), singer 5108:, cartoon character 5069:(1894–1951), artist 5007:Zbigniew Rybczyński 4927:(born 1980), rapper 4909:(1929–1994), writer 4805:(1933–1991), writer 4608:(1916–2000), writer 4581:(1937–1997), writer 3733:Orientarium in the 3693:of Cinematography. 3563:Politechnika Łódzka 3325:Konstantynów Łódzki 3009:Jehovah's Witnesses 2867:. According to the 2702: 2335:Average snowy days 2074:Record low °C (°F) 1934:Daily mean °C (°F) 1675:industrial heritage 1478:concentration camps 1401:Johannes Blaskowitz 1273:in 1919. The early 1234:Polish independence 1135:textile manufactory 906:Łęczyca Voivodeship 791:name for the city, 654:fourth largest city 265: / 13155:Urban-rural gminas 12821:Skarżysko-Kamienna 11644:Nazwy miast Polski 10110:Lucjan Dobroszycki 10095:Las sprawiedliwych 9572:insidethegames.biz 9528:. 22 December 2022 8702:Wiśniewski, p. 79. 8366:The New York Times 8006:Gordon J Horwitz. 7535:on 15 January 2022 7505:on 21 January 2022 7475:on 15 January 2022 7445:on 15 January 2022 7385:on 15 January 2022 7355:on 15 January 2022 7325:on 3 December 2021 7191:The New York Times 6348:Brunet-Jailly 2017 6337:. 1998. p. 3. 6027:. www.trasa.info. 5935:. Merriam-Webster. 5675:American English: 4963:(1848–1909), rabbi 4961:Adolph Moses Radin 4873:Ruth Minsky Sender 4869:(1929–2014), actor 4867:Stanisław Mikulski 4710:Maciej Golubiewski 4692:Holocaust survivor 4597:Karolina Bielawska 4585:Sylwester Bednarek 4573:Andrzej Bartkowiak 4567:Aleksander Bardini 4557:(1885–1954), Rabbi 4545: 4534: 4517: 4506: 4491: 4322:it was common for 4289: 4279: 4224:in various forms ( 4212:baguette roll and 4174: 4034: 3825:invasion of Poland 3743:Piotrkowska Street 3739: 3727: 3719: 3716:Piotrkowska Street 3691:Polish Film School 3687:Janusz Morgenstern 3683:Kazimierz Karabasz 3547:Uniwersytet Łódzki 3538:University of Łódź 3468:University of Łódź 3411:Nowe Centrum Łodzi 3389:Piotrkowska Street 3312: 3304: 3165: 3145:Foreign investment 3109: 3082: 2869:1931 Polish census 2700: 2690:population density 2682: 2602:voivodeship sejmik 2559:Urząd Miasta Łodzi 2555: 1700: 1679:Polish Art Nouveau 1667: 1611:University of Łódź 1584: 1573: 1491:Sicherheitspolizei 1377:invasion of Poland 1373: 1263: 1259:Tadeusz Kościuszko 1175: 1106:, a branch of the 1104:Łódź–Koluszki line 1076: 1074:) pictured in 1895 1021:housing allotments 995: 991:Piotrkowska Street 987:housing allotments 959:Congress of Vienna 859: 696:Congress of Vienna 686:; the city joined 421: • Metro 274:51.77694; 19.45472 54:Piotrkowska Street 13237: 13236: 13231: 13230: 13114: 13113: 12918: 12917: 12782:Starogard Gdański 11910:978-0-253-34755-8 11887:978-83-61253-44-0 10917:. Boston: Brill. 10815:Polish Cathedrals 9406:Krakowiak, p. 88. 9379:"Jewish Cemetery" 9302:Kaniewska, Anna. 9289:978-83-939822-0-2 9136:978-3-319-41940-4 9107:978-0-415-53904-3 8952:kurierkolejowy.eu 8319:Studia Regionalia 7829:, pp. 11–12. 7635:. Weather Atlas. 7415:on 9 January 2022 7304:, pp. 91–92. 6998:, p. XXXIII. 6926:, pp. 87–88. 6530:, pp. 22–23. 6518:, pp. 16–17. 6269:, pp. 12–13. 6229:978-1-60494-421-1 5845:"Local Data Bank" 5642:British English: 5625:Explanatory notes 5563:on 2 March 2022. 5559:, the capital of 5531: 5515: 5499: 5483: 5467: 5451: 5435: 5419: 5403: 5387: 5371: 5355: 5339: 5323: 5307: 5291: 5121:Michał Wiśniewski 5096:(1894–1953), poet 5079:Alexandre Tansman 5019:Andrzej Sapkowski 4995:Arthur Rubinstein 4973:Władysław Reymont 4907:Zbigniew Nienacki 4888:Henry Morgentaler 4857:(1873–1918), poet 4753:Marxian economist 4704:Piotr Fronczewski 4698:Joseph Friedenson 4678:cosmetics company 4606:Kazimierz Brandys 4526:, best known for 4524:Andrzej Sapkowski 4487:Arthur Rubinstein 4478:Notable residents 4468:COVID-19 pandemic 4451:Łódź bid for the 4383:KS Społem Łódź – 4172:sour potato soup. 4110:Paweł Pawlikowski 4067:The Promised Land 4062:Władysław Reymont 4019:Henryk Rodakowski 3977:forge) in former 3969:Radogoszcz prison 3921:Łódź Philharmonic 3890:ms2 Muzeum Sztuki 3833:eastern territory 3524:Education in Łódź 3341:Solaris Urbino 18 3323:(since 2023) and 3175:) and east–west ( 3149:unemployment rate 3143:by January 2009. 3141:foreign investors 2949:church attendance 2933:Pope John Paul II 2917:Roman Catholicism 2821:outward migration 2813: 2812: 2686:Statistics Poland 2571:President of Łódź 2533: 2532: 2479:ultraviolet index 2384:relative humidity 1630:residential areas 1468:Intelligenzaktion 1419:Einsatzgruppe III 1205:published by the 1193:Marshal of Poland 1131:places of worship 1119:business magnates 1084:November Uprising 1054:Stanisław Staszic 999:centrally planned 823:name Włodzisław. 819:and the personal 783:Name and toponymy 775:and named UNESCO 718:Władysław Reymont 709:The Promised Land 635: 634: 450: • City 413: • City 374:Łódź City Council 370: • Body 207:Ex navicula navis 13277: 13270:Magdeburg rights 13184: 13148:Łódź East County 13141: 13134: 13127: 13118: 13117: 12993: 12956:Łódź Voivodeship 12945: 12938: 12931: 12922: 12921: 12896:prezydent miasta 12777:Wodzisław Śląski 12669:Kędzierzyn-Koźle 12502:Jastrzębie-Zdrój 12407:Dąbrowa Górnicza 12102:Cities of Poland 12095: 12088: 12081: 12072: 12071: 12059: 12058: 12021: 12013: 11982:City map of Łódź 11973: 11972: 11970:Official website 11956: 11954: 11952: 11921: 11919: 11917: 11852: 11850: 11848: 11805:, Viking, 1989. 11798: 11796: 11794: 11765: 11763: 11761: 11734: 11732: 11730: 11703: 11701: 11699: 11670: 11668: 11666: 11637: 11635: 11633: 11627: 11600: 11590: 11588: 11586: 11557: 11555: 11553: 11547: 11540: 11528: 11526: 11524: 11495: 11493: 11491: 11462: 11460: 11458: 11429: 11427: 11425: 11392: 11390: 11388: 11359: 11357: 11355: 11328: 11326: 11324: 11295: 11293: 11291: 11262: 11260: 11258: 11229: 11227: 11225: 11219: 11212: 11200: 11198: 11196: 11190: 11183: 11171: 11169: 11167: 11138: 11136: 11134: 11105: 11103: 11101: 11072: 11070: 11068: 11039: 11037: 11035: 11006: 11004: 11002: 10973: 10971: 10969: 10940: 10938: 10936: 10907: 10905: 10903: 10874: 10872: 10870: 10841: 10839: 10837: 10808: 10806: 10804: 10775: 10773: 10771: 10742: 10740: 10738: 10709: 10707: 10705: 10676: 10674: 10672: 10639: 10637: 10635: 10606: 10604: 10602: 10573: 10571: 10569: 10540: 10538: 10536: 10507: 10497: 10472: 10453: 10451: 10449: 10439: 10414:(5/2013): 1–56. 10402: 10400: 10398: 10392: 10369: 10359: 10346: 10344: 10342: 10313: 10311: 10309: 10280: 10278: 10276: 10247: 10245: 10243: 10214: 10212: 10210: 10181: 10179: 10177: 10148: 10131: 10129: 10127: 10116:, Washington D.C 10098: 10089: 10080: 10063: 10061: 10059: 10030: 10028: 10026: 9997: 9995: 9993: 9964: 9962: 9960: 9954: 9931: 9921: 9919: 9917: 9888: 9886: 9884: 9855: 9832: 9830: 9828: 9790: 9789: 9788: 9786: 9766: 9760: 9759: 9757: 9755: 9740: 9734: 9733: 9731: 9729: 9714: 9708: 9707: 9705: 9703: 9688: 9682: 9681: 9675: 9673: 9658:"Expo 2021 Doha" 9654: 9648: 9647: 9645: 9643: 9624: 9618: 9617: 9615: 9613: 9594: 9588: 9587: 9585: 9583: 9563: 9557: 9544: 9538: 9537: 9535: 9533: 9518: 9512: 9511: 9509: 9507: 9491: 9482: 9481: 9479: 9477: 9457: 9448: 9432: 9426: 9422: 9416: 9413: 9407: 9404: 9395: 9394: 9392: 9390: 9375: 9369: 9368: 9366: 9364: 9349: 9343: 9342: 9340: 9338: 9323: 9317: 9300: 9294: 9293: 9275: 9269: 9266: 9260: 9258: 9256: 9254: 9241: 9223: 9199: 9190: 9189: 9153: 9142: 9140: 9122: 9113: 9111: 9093: 9084: 9082: 9080: 9078: 9065: 9047: 9023: 9017: 9001: 8995: 8994: 8992: 8990: 8974: 8968: 8967: 8965: 8963: 8944: 8938: 8937: 8935: 8933: 8924:. Archived from 8914: 8908: 8906: 8888: 8882: 8881: 8879: 8877: 8857: 8851: 8850: 8848: 8846: 8827: 8818: 8817: 8815: 8813: 8794: 8785: 8784: 8782: 8780: 8765: 8759: 8756: 8750: 8749: 8747: 8745: 8727: 8721: 8718: 8712: 8709: 8703: 8700: 8694: 8693: 8691: 8689: 8669: 8663: 8662: 8660: 8658: 8639: 8633: 8631: 8629: 8627: 8618:. Archived from 8595: 8589: 8588: 8586: 8584: 8564: 8558: 8556: 8554: 8552: 8546: 8531: 8513: 8504: 8498: 8497: 8491: 8483: 8481: 8479: 8470:. Archived from 8463: 8452: 8451: 8449: 8447: 8428: 8422: 8421: 8419: 8417: 8411: 8404: 8396: 8390: 8389: 8387: 8385: 8357: 8351: 8349: 8347: 8345: 8339: 8310: 8304: 8302: 8300: 8298: 8292: 8277: 8259: 8250: 8244: 8243: 8241: 8239: 8223: 8217: 8216: 8196: 8190: 8189: 8187: 8185: 8170: 8164: 8163: 8161: 8159: 8145: 8136: 8127: 8126: 8124: 8122: 8107: 8101: 8100: 8098: 8096: 8081: 8075: 8074: 8054: 8045: 8044: 8042: 8040: 8024: 8015: 8004: 7998: 7992: 7986: 7985: 7983: 7981: 7966: 7960: 7954: 7948: 7942: 7936: 7930: 7924: 7918: 7912: 7911: 7904: 7898: 7897: 7895: 7887: 7881: 7880: 7878: 7870: 7864: 7863: 7861: 7853: 7847: 7846: 7844: 7836: 7830: 7824: 7813: 7812:, pp. 7, 8. 7807: 7798: 7792: 7786: 7785:, pp. 3, 7. 7780: 7774: 7773: 7753: 7747: 7741: 7730: 7729: 7727: 7725: 7710: 7704: 7703: 7701: 7699: 7684: 7675: 7674: 7672: 7670: 7655: 7649: 7648: 7646: 7644: 7629: 7623: 7622: 7620: 7618: 7603: 7597: 7596: 7594: 7592: 7577: 7571: 7570: 7568: 7566: 7551: 7545: 7544: 7542: 7540: 7521: 7515: 7514: 7512: 7510: 7491: 7485: 7484: 7482: 7480: 7461: 7455: 7454: 7452: 7450: 7431: 7425: 7424: 7422: 7420: 7401: 7395: 7394: 7392: 7390: 7371: 7365: 7364: 7362: 7360: 7341: 7335: 7334: 7332: 7330: 7311: 7305: 7299: 7293: 7287: 7281: 7275: 7269: 7263: 7254: 7238: 7232: 7231: 7213: 7207: 7206: 7204: 7202: 7182: 7176: 7175: 7157: 7151: 7145: 7139: 7133: 7124: 7118: 7112: 7106: 7100: 7094: 7083: 7077: 7071: 7068:Wardzyńska 2009b 7065: 7059: 7053: 7047: 7041: 7035: 7029: 7023: 7017: 7011: 7005: 6999: 6993: 6987: 6981: 6975: 6969: 6963: 6957: 6951: 6948:Wardzyńska 2009a 6945: 6939: 6933: 6927: 6921: 6915: 6909: 6903: 6897: 6891: 6888:Wardzyńska 2009a 6885: 6879: 6873: 6867: 6861: 6855: 6849: 6843: 6837: 6831: 6825: 6819: 6813: 6807: 6801: 6792: 6786: 6780: 6774: 6768: 6762: 6756: 6750: 6741: 6735: 6726: 6720: 6714: 6708: 6702: 6696: 6690: 6684: 6678: 6672: 6666: 6660: 6654: 6648: 6642: 6636: 6630: 6629:, pp. 9–10. 6624: 6618: 6612: 6606: 6600: 6594: 6588: 6579: 6573: 6567: 6561: 6555: 6549: 6543: 6537: 6531: 6525: 6519: 6513: 6507: 6501: 6495: 6489: 6483: 6477: 6471: 6465: 6456: 6450: 6444: 6438: 6432: 6426: 6417: 6411: 6402: 6396: 6390: 6384: 6378: 6372: 6363: 6357: 6351: 6345: 6339: 6338: 6327: 6321: 6315: 6309: 6303: 6297: 6291: 6282: 6276: 6270: 6267:Grzegorczyk 2008 6264: 6258: 6252: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6213: 6207: 6201: 6195: 6182: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6171: 6152: 6146: 6133: 6127: 6126: 6108: 6076: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6065: 6050: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6036: 6021: 6015: 6010: 6004: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5982: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5943: 5937: 5936: 5923: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5890: 5884: 5883: 5868: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5841: 5829:Inline citations 5817: 5813: 5807: 5792: 5791: 5790: 5784: 5779: 5773: 5772: 5771: 5765: 5753: 5740: 5739: 5738: 5732: 5721: 5717: 5712: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5704: 5701: 5698: 5693: 5692: 5689: 5686: 5683: 5669: 5664: 5663: 5660: 5659: 5656: 5653: 5650: 5635: 5597: 5592: 5591: 5590: 5583: 5578: 5577: 5576: 5529: 5524: 5523: 5513: 5508: 5507: 5497: 5492: 5491: 5481: 5476: 5475: 5465: 5460: 5459: 5449: 5444: 5443: 5433: 5428: 5427: 5417: 5412: 5411: 5401: 5396: 5395: 5385: 5380: 5379: 5369: 5364: 5363: 5353: 5348: 5347: 5337: 5332: 5331: 5321: 5316: 5315: 5305: 5300: 5299: 5289: 5284: 5283: 5187: 5178: 5167: 5158: 5112:Sławosz Uznański 5037:Piotr Sobociński 5013:Marek Saganowski 5001:Arnold Rutkowski 4879:Zew Wawa Morejno 4855:Tadeusz Miciński 4843:Daniel Libeskind 4837:Washington, D.C. 4827:Anna Lewandowska 4797:Tomasz Konieczny 4648:Elizabeth Diller 4618:Edward G. Brisch 4561:Grażyna Bacewicz 4513:Daniel Libeskind 4455:but lost out to 4442: 4178:Łódź Voivodeship 4159:Cuisine and food 4092:made into a film 4047: 4046: 4012: 4011: 4005: 4004: 3917: 3903: 3886: 3872: 3811: 3789: 3771:Izrael Poznański 3737:, opened in 2022 3712:Artur Rubinstein 3657: 3633: 3627: 3613: 3601: 3589: 3577: 3565: 3549: 3510: 3496: 3479: 3464: 3426:Łódź Voivodeship 3399: 3398: 3357:terminus station 3288:Public transport 3086:textile industry 3058:Mariavite Church 2896: 2887: 2716: 2711: 2703: 2699: 2598:Łódź Voivodeship 2338: 2291: 1742: 1741: 1677:and examples of 1671:textile industry 1620:The spatial and 1535:, including the 1526: 1506: 1471: 1440: 1434: 1422: 1414: 1413: 1362: 1303:public libraries 1299:sewage treatment 1279:Great Depression 1271:Łódź Voivodeship 1256: 1186: 1152: 1151: 1127:Izrael Poznański 1096:January Uprising 1073: 1064:Izrael Poznański 1044: 1018: 952: 877:land, establish 856: 839:Timeline of Łódź 814: 799:English language 796: 732: 716:–winning author 646:Łódź Voivodeship 631: 628: 626: 624: 613: 608: 603: 598: 553:90-001 to 94–413 534: 458: 457: 317: 315: 314: 297: 295: 294: 280: 279: 277: 276: 275: 270: 266: 263: 262: 261: 258: 231: 230: 224: 209: 190: 178: 162: 140: 124: 110: 96: 87:, Museum of Łódź 85:Poznański Palace 81: 64: 50: 31: 30: 13285: 13284: 13280: 13279: 13278: 13276: 13275: 13274: 13240: 13239: 13238: 13233: 13232: 13227: 13211: 13207:Gmina Nowosolna 13197:Gmina Andrespol 13185: 13176: 13150: 13145: 13115: 13110: 12994: 12985: 12958: 12949: 12919: 12914: 12884: 12736: 12714:Piekary Śląskie 12454: 12247: 12182: 12144: 12124: 12104: 12099: 12064: 12044:Wayback Machine 12037:The Łódź Ghetto 12031:Wayback Machine 12008: 12004:Wayback Machine 11968: 11967: 11964: 11959: 11950: 11948: 11946: 11915: 11913: 11911: 11846: 11844: 11837: 11792: 11790: 11783: 11759: 11757: 11728: 11726: 11697: 11695: 11688: 11664: 11662: 11655: 11631: 11629: 11625: 11598: 11584: 11582: 11575: 11551: 11549: 11545: 11538: 11522: 11520: 11513: 11489: 11487: 11480: 11456: 11454: 11447: 11439:. Łódź: Artus. 11423: 11421: 11386: 11384: 11377: 11353: 11351: 11322: 11320: 11313: 11289: 11287: 11280: 11256: 11254: 11247: 11223: 11221: 11217: 11210: 11207:Łódź in figures 11194: 11192: 11188: 11181: 11165: 11163: 11156: 11132: 11130: 11123: 11099: 11097: 11090: 11066: 11064: 11057: 11033: 11031: 11024: 11000: 10998: 10991: 10967: 10965: 10958: 10934: 10932: 10925: 10901: 10899: 10892: 10868: 10866: 10859: 10835: 10833: 10826: 10802: 10800: 10793: 10769: 10767: 10760: 10736: 10734: 10727: 10703: 10701: 10694: 10670: 10668: 10633: 10631: 10624: 10600: 10598: 10591: 10567: 10565: 10558: 10534: 10532: 10525: 10469: 10447: 10445: 10396: 10394: 10390: 10367: 10340: 10338: 10331: 10307: 10305: 10298: 10274: 10272: 10265: 10241: 10239: 10232: 10208: 10206: 10199: 10175: 10173: 10166: 10125: 10123: 10057: 10055: 10048: 10024: 10022: 10015: 9991: 9989: 9982: 9958: 9956: 9952: 9929: 9915: 9913: 9906: 9882: 9880: 9873: 9852: 9826: 9824: 9817: 9798: 9793: 9784: 9782: 9767: 9763: 9753: 9751: 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7695: 7692:bip.uml.lodz.pl 7686: 7685: 7678: 7668: 7666: 7663:bip.uml.lodz.pl 7657: 7656: 7652: 7642: 7640: 7631: 7630: 7626: 7616: 7614: 7605: 7604: 7600: 7590: 7588: 7579: 7578: 7574: 7564: 7562: 7553: 7552: 7548: 7538: 7536: 7523: 7522: 7518: 7508: 7506: 7493: 7492: 7488: 7478: 7476: 7463: 7462: 7458: 7448: 7446: 7433: 7432: 7428: 7418: 7416: 7403: 7402: 7398: 7388: 7386: 7373: 7372: 7368: 7358: 7356: 7343: 7342: 7338: 7328: 7326: 7313: 7312: 7308: 7300: 7296: 7288: 7284: 7276: 7272: 7264: 7257: 7248:Wayback Machine 7239: 7235: 7228: 7214: 7210: 7200: 7198: 7183: 7179: 7172: 7158: 7154: 7146: 7142: 7134: 7127: 7119: 7115: 7107: 7103: 7095: 7086: 7078: 7074: 7066: 7062: 7054: 7050: 7042: 7038: 7030: 7026: 7018: 7014: 7010:, pp. 7–8. 7006: 7002: 6994: 6990: 6982: 6978: 6970: 6966: 6958: 6954: 6946: 6942: 6934: 6930: 6922: 6918: 6910: 6906: 6898: 6894: 6886: 6882: 6874: 6870: 6862: 6858: 6850: 6846: 6838: 6834: 6826: 6822: 6814: 6810: 6802: 6795: 6787: 6783: 6775: 6771: 6763: 6759: 6753:Roszkowski 2015 6751: 6744: 6736: 6729: 6721: 6717: 6709: 6705: 6697: 6693: 6685: 6681: 6673: 6669: 6661: 6657: 6649: 6645: 6639:Toporowski 2013 6637: 6633: 6627:Toporowski 2013 6625: 6621: 6613: 6609: 6601: 6597: 6589: 6582: 6574: 6570: 6562: 6558: 6550: 6546: 6538: 6534: 6526: 6522: 6514: 6510: 6502: 6498: 6490: 6486: 6478: 6474: 6466: 6459: 6451: 6447: 6439: 6435: 6427: 6420: 6412: 6405: 6397: 6393: 6385: 6381: 6373: 6366: 6358: 6354: 6346: 6342: 6329: 6328: 6324: 6316: 6312: 6304: 6300: 6292: 6285: 6277: 6273: 6265: 6261: 6253: 6249: 6239: 6237: 6230: 6214: 6210: 6202: 6198: 6192:Wayback Machine 6183: 6179: 6169: 6167: 6154: 6153: 6149: 6143:Wayback Machine 6134: 6130: 6077: 6073: 6063: 6061: 6052: 6051: 6044: 6034: 6032: 6023: 6022: 6018: 6011: 6007: 5997: 5995: 5983: 5976: 5966: 5964: 5945: 5944: 5940: 5925: 5924: 5920: 5910: 5908: 5892: 5891: 5887: 5870: 5869: 5865: 5854: 5852: 5843: 5842: 5835: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5820: 5814: 5810: 5786: 5785: 5767: 5766: 5763:[lɔt͜ʃ] 5749: 5734: 5733: 5730:[wut͡ɕ] 5719: 5715: 5695: 5680: 5676: 5667: 5647: 5643: 5639:Pronunciation: 5636: 5632: 5627: 5603:History of Łódź 5593: 5588: 5586: 5579: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5534: 5518: 5502: 5486: 5470: 5454: 5438: 5422: 5406: 5390: 5374: 5358: 5342: 5326: 5310: 5294: 5278: 5267: 5261: 5197: 5196: 5195: 5194: 5190: 5189: 5188: 5180: 5179: 5170: 5169: 5168: 5160: 5159: 5148: 5133:Hanna Zdanowska 5100:Andrzej Udalski 4989:Stefan Rozental 4967:Damian Radowicz 4949:Piotr Pustelnik 4919:Marian P. Opala 4849:Mikołaj Marczyk 4785:Katarzyna Kobro 4725:Mendel Grossman 4682:Magdalena Fręch 4636:Bat-Sheva Dagan 4624:Jacob Bronowski 4601:Miss World 2021 4480: 4449: 4436: 4309:Stadion Widzewa 4293:2009 EuroBasket 4268: 4256:OFF Piotrkowska 4161: 4124: 4058: 4030:Hilary Majewski 3953:(Museum of Art) 3933:Book Art Museum 3927: 3926: 3925: 3924: 3923: 3918: 3910: 3909: 3904: 3895: 3894: 3893: 3887: 3879: 3878: 3873: 3864: 3863: 3857: 3855:Museums in Łódź 3787:Las Łagiewnicki 3704: 3699: 3660:Warsaw Uprising 3646: 3640: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3518: 3517: 3516: 3511: 3503: 3502: 3497: 3488: 3487: 3486: 3485:rector's office 3480: 3472: 3471: 3470:rector's office 3465: 3454: 3349: 3317:Congress Poland 3296: 3290: 3277: 3271: 3157: 3074: 3062:Old Catholicism 3039:Great Synagogue 3027:Stara Synagogue 2913: 2912: 2911: 2910: 2899: 2898: 2897: 2889: 2888: 2877: 2674: 2654: 2646:Civic Coalition 2642:Hanna Zdanowska 2634:Leopold Skulski 2626:Congress Poland 2575:Prezydent Łodzi 2544: 2539: 2534: 2336: 2289: 2282: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2013: 2008: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1728: 1692: 1669:After 1989 the 1657: 1607:nationalisation 1565: 1557:racial research 1513:occupied Europe 1458:Polish-language 1348: 1338: 1275:interwar period 1246: 1230:Imperial German 1189:Józef Piłsudski 1143:eclectic palace 1025:greenfield land 1009:and prefect of 979: 955:Duchy of Warsaw 867:Duke of Łęczyca 846: 841: 835: 833:History of Łódź 829: 785: 688:Congress Poland 684:Duchy of Warsaw 621: 579:Primary airport 554: 528: 384:Hanna Zdanowska 337:First mentioned 312: 310: 292: 290: 273: 271: 267: 264: 259: 256: 254: 252: 251: 245: 244: 243: 242: 239: 238: 237: 236: 232: 211: 198: 197: 196: 195: 184: 183: 170: 169: 168: 167: 150: 149: 148: 147: 146: 141: 132: 131: 130: 125: 117: 116: 111: 102: 101: 100: 97: 89: 88: 82: 73: 72: 71: 70:railway station 65: 57: 56: 51: 36: 29: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 13283: 13273: 13272: 13267: 13262: 13257: 13252: 13235: 13234: 13229: 13228: 13226: 13225: 13219: 13217: 13213: 13212: 13210: 13209: 13204: 13199: 13193: 13191: 13187: 13186: 13179: 13177: 13175: 13174: 13169: 13164: 13162:Gmina Koluszki 13158: 13156: 13152: 13151: 13144: 13143: 13136: 13129: 13121: 13112: 13111: 13109: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13093: 13088: 13083: 13078: 13073: 13068: 13063: 13058: 13053: 13048: 13043: 13038: 13033: 13028: 13023: 13018: 13013: 13008: 13002: 13000: 12996: 12995: 12988: 12986: 12984: 12983: 12978: 12973: 12966: 12964: 12960: 12959: 12948: 12947: 12940: 12933: 12925: 12916: 12915: 12889: 12886: 12885: 12883: 12882: 12875: 12870: 12865: 12860: 12855: 12850: 12843: 12838: 12833: 12828: 12823: 12818: 12813: 12808: 12801: 12796: 12789: 12784: 12779: 12774: 12769: 12762: 12757: 12752: 12749:Świętochłowice 12744: 12742: 12738: 12737: 12735: 12734: 12727: 12722: 12717: 12710: 12705: 12700: 12695: 12690: 12687:Biała Podlaska 12683: 12678: 12671: 12666: 12661: 12656: 12649: 12644: 12639: 12632: 12625: 12618: 12613: 12606: 12601: 12596: 12589: 12584: 12579: 12574: 12567: 12562: 12557: 12552: 12545: 12538: 12533: 12526: 12519: 12512: 12505: 12498: 12491: 12484: 12477: 12470: 12462: 12460: 12456: 12455: 12453: 12452: 12445: 12438: 12431: 12424: 12417: 12410: 12403: 12396: 12387: 12380: 12371: 12364: 12357: 12348: 12341: 12334: 12327: 12318: 12311: 12302: 12295: 12286: 12277: 12270: 12263: 12255: 12253: 12249: 12248: 12246: 12245: 12236: 12227: 12218: 12209: 12200: 12190: 12188: 12184: 12183: 12181: 12180: 12171: 12162: 12152: 12150: 12146: 12145: 12143: 12142: 12132: 12130: 12126: 12125: 12123: 12122: 12112: 12110: 12106: 12105: 12098: 12097: 12090: 12083: 12075: 12069: 12066: 12065: 12056: 12055: 12046: 12034: 12022: 12006: 11994: 11989: 11984: 11979: 11974: 11963: 11962:External links 11960: 11958: 11957: 11945:978-0253347558 11944: 11922: 11909: 11890: 11875: 11860: 11853: 11836:978-0674038790 11835: 11816: 11813: 11799: 11781: 11766: 11735: 11704: 11686: 11671: 11653: 11638: 11591: 11573: 11558: 11529: 11511: 11496: 11478: 11463: 11445: 11430: 11393: 11376:978-1299386389 11375: 11360: 11329: 11312:978-1316620038 11311: 11296: 11278: 11263: 11245: 11230: 11201: 11172: 11154: 11139: 11121: 11106: 11088: 11073: 11055: 11040: 11022: 11007: 10989: 10974: 10956: 10941: 10923: 10908: 10890: 10875: 10857: 10842: 10824: 10809: 10791: 10776: 10758: 10743: 10725: 10710: 10693:978-0199658817 10692: 10677: 10640: 10622: 10607: 10589: 10574: 10556: 10541: 10523: 10508: 10488:(2): 164–187. 10473: 10468:978-0415643962 10467: 10454: 10403: 10360: 10347: 10329: 10314: 10296: 10290:. Łódź: ZORA. 10281: 10264:978-1472834973 10263: 10248: 10231:978-0367541248 10230: 10215: 10197: 10182: 10164: 10149: 10132: 10099: 10090: 10081: 10064: 10046: 10031: 10013: 9998: 9980: 9965: 9922: 9904: 9889: 9871: 9856: 9850: 9833: 9815: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9791: 9761: 9735: 9709: 9683: 9649: 9619: 9589: 9558: 9539: 9513: 9483: 9449: 9427: 9417: 9408: 9396: 9370: 9344: 9318: 9295: 9288: 9270: 9261: 9191: 9143: 9135: 9114: 9106: 9085: 9018: 8996: 8969: 8939: 8909: 8901: 8883: 8852: 8819: 8786: 8760: 8751: 8722: 8713: 8704: 8695: 8664: 8634: 8590: 8559: 8499: 8474:on 25 May 2012 8453: 8423: 8391: 8352: 8305: 8245: 8218: 8211: 8191: 8178:kehilalodz.com 8165: 8128: 8102: 8076: 8069: 8046: 8016: 7999: 7987: 7961: 7949: 7937: 7925: 7913: 7899: 7882: 7865: 7848: 7831: 7814: 7799: 7787: 7775: 7768: 7748: 7731: 7705: 7676: 7659:"Urząd Miasta" 7650: 7624: 7598: 7572: 7546: 7516: 7486: 7456: 7426: 7396: 7366: 7336: 7306: 7294: 7282: 7270: 7268:, p. 120. 7255: 7233: 7226: 7208: 7177: 7170: 7152: 7150:, p. 175. 7140: 7138:, p. 172. 7125: 7123:, p. 207. 7113: 7111:, p. 481. 7101: 7084: 7072: 7060: 7048: 7036: 7024: 7012: 7008:Wieviorka 2006 7000: 6988: 6976: 6974:, p. 147. 6964: 6962:, p. 149. 6952: 6940: 6928: 6916: 6904: 6902:, p. 168. 6892: 6890:, p. 114. 6880: 6868: 6866:, p. 260. 6856: 6854:, p. 212. 6844: 6832: 6820: 6818:, p. 160. 6808: 6793: 6791:, p. 386. 6781: 6777:Feitelson 2017 6769: 6767:, p. 118. 6765:Feitelson 2017 6757: 6755:, p. 207. 6742: 6727: 6715: 6713:, p. 195. 6703: 6699:Biskupski 2012 6691: 6679: 6677:, p. 117. 6667: 6665:, p. 292. 6655: 6653:, p. 102. 6651:Stefański 2003 6643: 6631: 6619: 6617:, p. 138. 6615:Zimmerman 2022 6607: 6605:, p. 127. 6595: 6580: 6578:, p. 161. 6568: 6556: 6544: 6532: 6520: 6508: 6496: 6492:Zieliński 1913 6484: 6472: 6470:, p. 149. 6457: 6455:, p. 279. 6445: 6433: 6418: 6416:, p. 153. 6403: 6401:, p. 210. 6391: 6379: 6364: 6352: 6350:, p. 178. 6340: 6322: 6310: 6308:, p. 324. 6298: 6296:, p. 161. 6283: 6279:Strumiłło 2015 6271: 6259: 6257:, p. 145. 6247: 6228: 6208: 6206:, p. 387. 6196: 6177: 6147: 6128: 6071: 6042: 6016: 6005: 5974: 5938: 5918: 5885: 5863: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5819: 5818: 5808: 5806: 5805: 5804: 5803: 5793: 5782:[lɔtʃ] 5744: 5743: 5742: 5725: 5673: 5629: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5621: 5616: 5610: 5605: 5599: 5598: 5584: 5568: 5565: 5533: 5532: 5516: 5500: 5484: 5468: 5452: 5436: 5420: 5404: 5388: 5372: 5356: 5340: 5324: 5308: 5292: 5275: 5260: 5257: 5225:Czech Republic 5192: 5191: 5182: 5181: 5173: 5172: 5171: 5162: 5161: 5153: 5152: 5151: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5142: 5136: 5130: 5127:Paweł Zatorski 5124: 5118: 5109: 5103: 5097: 5091: 5082: 5076: 5070: 5064: 5058: 5052: 5046: 5043:Andrzej Sontag 5040: 5034: 5028: 5022: 5016: 5010: 5004: 5003:, opera singer 4998: 4992: 4986: 4983:Joseph Rotblat 4980: 4970: 4964: 4958: 4952: 4946: 4943:Roman Polanski 4940: 4934: 4928: 4922: 4916: 4910: 4904: 4898:White movement 4891: 4885: 4876: 4870: 4864: 4858: 4852: 4846: 4840: 4830: 4824: 4821:Feliks W. Kres 4818: 4812: 4809:Jan Kowalewski 4806: 4803:Jerzy Kosinski 4800: 4794: 4788: 4782: 4776: 4767: 4761: 4755: 4749:Michał Kalecki 4746: 4740: 4737:Jerzy Janowicz 4734: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4707: 4701: 4695: 4685: 4679: 4672:Max Factor Sr. 4669: 4663: 4657: 4651: 4645: 4639: 4633: 4627: 4621: 4615: 4609: 4603: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4558: 4552: 4479: 4476: 4448: 4445: 4418: 4417: 4410: 4404: 4394: 4391: 4381: 4375: 4350: 4332:Budowlani Łódź 4267: 4264: 4160: 4157: 4156: 4155: 4145: 4135: 4123: 4120: 4057: 4054: 3996: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3981: 3971: 3965: 3957: 3954: 3948: 3945: 3942: 3939: 3934: 3931: 3919: 3912: 3911: 3905: 3898: 3897: 3896: 3888: 3881: 3880: 3874: 3867: 3866: 3865: 3861: 3860: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3775:Karl Scheibler 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3675:Roman Polanski 3642:Main article: 3639: 3636: 3616: 3615: 3603: 3591: 3579: 3567: 3551: 3522:Main article: 3512: 3505: 3504: 3498: 3491: 3490: 3489: 3481: 3474: 3473: 3466: 3459: 3458: 3457: 3456: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3397:Łódź Fabryczna 3379:, providing a 3353:Łódź Fabryczna 3348: 3345: 3289: 3286: 3273:Main article: 3270: 3267: 3266: 3265: 3259: 3256: 3253: 3247: 3241: 3235: 3156: 3153: 3073: 3070: 2941:Gothic Revival 2919:, the largest 2901: 2900: 2891: 2890: 2882: 2881: 2880: 2879: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2811: 2810: 2806: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2795: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2784: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2773: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2762: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2751: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2740: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2729: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2718: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2673: 2670: 2653: 2650: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2537:Administration 2535: 2531: 2530: 2526: 2525: 2521: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2474: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2432:sunshine hours 2427: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2379: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2339: 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1184:Gabinet Iluzji 1160:Łódź rebellion 1005:, head of the 978: 975: 971:Russian Empire 887:King of Poland 881:and engage in 845: 842: 831:Main article: 828: 825: 784: 781: 766:Roman Polanski 633: 632: 619: 615: 614: 592: 586: 585: 580: 576: 575: 572: 566: 565: 562: 556: 555: 552: 550: 546: 545: 535: 525: 524: 514: 508: 507: 504: 497: 496: 492: 491: 488: 484: 483: 480: 473: 472: 469: 465: 464: 451: 447: 446: 442: 441: 438: 434: 433: 430: 426: 425: 422: 418: 417: 414: 410: 409: 405: 404: 399: 397:Sejm of Poland 392: 391: 381: 377: 376: 371: 367: 366: 362: 361: 356: 350: 349: 346: 342: 341: 338: 334: 333: 328: 322: 321: 308: 302: 301: 288: 282: 281: 247: 246: 240: 234: 233: 226: 225: 219: 218: 217: 216: 213: 212: 204: 200: 199: 191: 185: 179: 173: 172: 171: 163: 157: 156: 155: 152: 151: 142: 135: 134: 133: 126: 119: 118: 112: 105: 104: 103: 98: 91: 90: 83: 76: 75: 74: 68:Łódź Fabryczna 66: 59: 58: 52: 45: 44: 43: 42: 41: 38: 37: 34: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13282: 13271: 13268: 13266: 13263: 13261: 13258: 13256: 13253: 13251: 13248: 13247: 13245: 13224: 13221: 13220: 13218: 13214: 13208: 13205: 13203: 13200: 13198: 13195: 13194: 13192: 13188: 13183: 13173: 13170: 13168: 13165: 13163: 13160: 13159: 13157: 13153: 13149: 13142: 13137: 13135: 13130: 13128: 13123: 13122: 13119: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13079: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13064: 13062: 13059: 13057: 13054: 13052: 13049: 13047: 13044: 13042: 13039: 13037: 13034: 13032: 13029: 13027: 13024: 13022: 13019: 13017: 13014: 13012: 13009: 13007: 13004: 13003: 13001: 12999:Land counties 12997: 12992: 12982: 12979: 12977: 12974: 12971: 12968: 12967: 12965: 12963:City counties 12961: 12957: 12953: 12946: 12941: 12939: 12934: 12932: 12927: 12926: 12923: 12913: 12909: 12905: 12901: 12897: 12893: 12887: 12881: 12880: 12876: 12874: 12871: 12869: 12866: 12864: 12861: 12859: 12856: 12854: 12851: 12849: 12848: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12834: 12832: 12829: 12827: 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12476: 12475: 12471: 12469: 12468: 12464: 12463: 12461: 12457: 12451: 12450: 12446: 12444: 12443: 12439: 12437: 12436: 12432: 12430: 12429: 12425: 12423: 12422: 12418: 12416: 12415: 12411: 12409: 12408: 12404: 12402: 12401: 12397: 12395: 12394: 12393: 12388: 12386: 12385: 12381: 12379: 12378: 12377: 12372: 12370: 12369: 12365: 12363: 12362: 12358: 12356: 12355: 12354: 12349: 12347: 12346: 12342: 12340: 12339: 12338:Bielsko-Biała 12335: 12333: 12332: 12328: 12326: 12325: 12324: 12319: 12317: 12316: 12312: 12310: 12309: 12308: 12303: 12301: 12300: 12296: 12294: 12293: 12292: 12287: 12285: 12284: 12283: 12278: 12276: 12275: 12271: 12269: 12268: 12264: 12262: 12261: 12257: 12256: 12254: 12250: 12244: 12243: 12242: 12237: 12235: 12234: 12233: 12228: 12226: 12225: 12224: 12219: 12217: 12216: 12215: 12210: 12208: 12207: 12206: 12201: 12199: 12198: 12197: 12192: 12191: 12189: 12185: 12179: 12178: 12177: 12172: 12170: 12169: 12168: 12163: 12161: 12160: 12159: 12154: 12153: 12151: 12147: 12141: 12140: 12139: 12134: 12133: 12131: 12127: 12121: 12120: 12119: 12114: 12113: 12111: 12107: 12103: 12096: 12091: 12089: 12084: 12082: 12077: 12076: 12073: 12067: 12060: 12054: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12041: 12038: 12035: 12032: 12028: 12027: 12026:The Łódź Post 12023: 12019: 12018: 12012: 12007: 12005: 12001: 11998: 11995: 11993: 11990: 11988: 11985: 11983: 11980: 11978: 11975: 11971: 11966: 11965: 11947: 11941: 11937: 11933: 11932: 11927: 11926:Trunk, Isaiah 11923: 11912: 11906: 11902: 11898: 11897: 11891: 11888: 11884: 11880: 11876: 11873: 11872:83-86699-45-0 11869: 11865: 11861: 11858: 11854: 11842: 11838: 11832: 11828: 11824: 11823: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11811:0-670-82983-8 11808: 11804: 11800: 11788: 11784: 11782:9780776627151 11778: 11774: 11773: 11767: 11755: 11751: 11747: 11743: 11742: 11736: 11724: 11720: 11716: 11712: 11711: 11705: 11693: 11689: 11687:9781527535930 11683: 11679: 11678: 11672: 11660: 11656: 11650: 11646: 11645: 11639: 11624: 11620: 11616: 11612: 11608: 11604: 11597: 11592: 11580: 11576: 11574:9780415639941 11570: 11566: 11565: 11559: 11544: 11537: 11536: 11530: 11518: 11514: 11508: 11504: 11503: 11497: 11485: 11481: 11475: 11471: 11470: 11464: 11452: 11448: 11442: 11438: 11437: 11431: 11419: 11415: 11411: 11408:. Łódź: PWN. 11407: 11404:(in Polish). 11403: 11399: 11394: 11382: 11378: 11372: 11368: 11367: 11361: 11349: 11345: 11341: 11337: 11336: 11330: 11318: 11314: 11308: 11304: 11303: 11297: 11285: 11281: 11279:9781317812517 11275: 11271: 11270: 11264: 11252: 11248: 11242: 11238: 11237: 11231: 11216: 11209: 11208: 11202: 11187: 11180: 11179: 11173: 11161: 11157: 11151: 11147: 11146: 11140: 11128: 11124: 11122:9780203970263 11118: 11114: 11113: 11107: 11095: 11091: 11089:9788371710957 11085: 11081: 11080: 11074: 11062: 11058: 11056:9781350017665 11052: 11048: 11047: 11041: 11029: 11025: 11023:9781894243803 11019: 11015: 11014: 11008: 10996: 10992: 10990:9781844847679 10986: 10982: 10981: 10975: 10963: 10959: 10957:9781351541305 10953: 10949: 10948: 10942: 10930: 10926: 10924:9789004449930 10920: 10916: 10915: 10909: 10897: 10893: 10891:9783319319971 10887: 10883: 10882: 10876: 10864: 10860: 10858:9780674984271 10854: 10850: 10849: 10843: 10831: 10827: 10825:9788360292372 10821: 10817: 10816: 10810: 10798: 10794: 10788: 10784: 10783: 10777: 10765: 10761: 10759:9781137315397 10755: 10751: 10750: 10744: 10732: 10728: 10726:9780313081835 10722: 10718: 10717: 10711: 10699: 10695: 10689: 10685: 10684: 10678: 10666: 10662: 10658: 10654: 10650: 10646: 10641: 10629: 10625: 10619: 10615: 10614: 10608: 10596: 10592: 10590:9781351960656 10586: 10582: 10581: 10575: 10563: 10559: 10557:9780367528454 10553: 10549: 10548: 10542: 10530: 10526: 10524:9788364091483 10520: 10516: 10515: 10509: 10505: 10501: 10496: 10491: 10487: 10483: 10479: 10474: 10470: 10464: 10460: 10455: 10443: 10438: 10433: 10429: 10425: 10421: 10417: 10413: 10409: 10404: 10389: 10385: 10381: 10377: 10373: 10366: 10361: 10357: 10353: 10348: 10336: 10332: 10330:9788361253501 10326: 10322: 10321: 10315: 10303: 10299: 10293: 10289: 10288: 10282: 10270: 10266: 10260: 10256: 10255: 10249: 10237: 10233: 10227: 10223: 10222: 10216: 10204: 10200: 10198:9781845459901 10194: 10190: 10189: 10183: 10171: 10167: 10161: 10157: 10156: 10150: 10146: 10142: 10138: 10133: 10121: 10117: 10115: 10111: 10105: 10100: 10096: 10091: 10087: 10082: 10078: 10074: 10070: 10065: 10053: 10049: 10047:9780801443312 10043: 10039: 10038: 10032: 10020: 10016: 10014:9780813572444 10010: 10006: 10005: 9999: 9987: 9983: 9981:9781784917722 9977: 9973: 9972: 9966: 9951: 9947: 9943: 9939: 9935: 9928: 9923: 9911: 9907: 9905:9780367484477 9901: 9897: 9896: 9890: 9878: 9874: 9872:9783540404781 9868: 9864: 9863: 9857: 9853: 9851:9789639776654 9847: 9843: 9839: 9834: 9822: 9818: 9816:9788379691340 9812: 9808: 9807: 9801: 9800: 9780: 9777:(in Polish), 9776: 9772: 9765: 9749: 9745: 9739: 9723: 9722:Portal Gov.pl 9719: 9713: 9697: 9693: 9687: 9680: 9667: 9663: 9659: 9653: 9637: 9633: 9629: 9623: 9607: 9603: 9599: 9593: 9577: 9573: 9569: 9562: 9555: 9551: 9548: 9543: 9527: 9523: 9517: 9501: 9497: 9490: 9488: 9471: 9467: 9463: 9456: 9454: 9446: 9443: 9439: 9436: 9431: 9421: 9412: 9403: 9401: 9384: 9380: 9374: 9358: 9354: 9348: 9332: 9328: 9322: 9315: 9312: 9308: 9305: 9299: 9291: 9285: 9281: 9274: 9265: 9249: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9231: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9213: 9209: 9205: 9198: 9196: 9187: 9183: 9179: 9175: 9171: 9167: 9164:(3): n. pag. 9163: 9159: 9152: 9150: 9148: 9138: 9132: 9128: 9121: 9119: 9109: 9103: 9099: 9092: 9090: 9073: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9055: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9037: 9033: 9029: 9022: 9015: 9012: 9008: 9005: 9000: 8984: 8980: 8973: 8957: 8953: 8949: 8943: 8927: 8923: 8919: 8913: 8904: 8902:9783319496450 8898: 8894: 8887: 8871: 8867: 8863: 8856: 8840: 8836: 8832: 8826: 8824: 8807: 8803: 8799: 8793: 8791: 8774: 8770: 8764: 8755: 8739: 8735: 8732: 8726: 8717: 8708: 8699: 8683: 8679: 8675: 8668: 8652: 8649:(in Polish). 8648: 8644: 8638: 8621: 8617: 8613: 8610:(2): 135–44. 8609: 8605: 8601: 8594: 8578: 8574: 8570: 8563: 8543: 8539: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8522:(19): 65–86. 8521: 8517: 8510: 8503: 8495: 8489: 8473: 8469: 8462: 8460: 8458: 8441: 8437: 8433: 8427: 8408: 8401: 8395: 8379: 8375: 8371: 8367: 8363: 8356: 8336: 8332: 8328: 8324: 8320: 8316: 8309: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8267: 8263: 8256: 8249: 8233: 8229: 8222: 8214: 8212:9788362363100 8208: 8204: 8203: 8195: 8179: 8175: 8169: 8153: 8150:(in Polish). 8149: 8142: 8135: 8133: 8116: 8112: 8106: 8090: 8086: 8080: 8072: 8070:9788375452624 8066: 8062: 8061: 8053: 8051: 8034: 8030: 8023: 8021: 8014:. 2009. p. 3. 8013: 8009: 8003: 7997:, p. 40. 7996: 7991: 7976: 7972: 7965: 7958: 7953: 7947:, p. 14. 7946: 7941: 7934: 7929: 7922: 7921:Obraniak 2007 7917: 7909: 7903: 7892: 7886: 7875: 7874:"1970 census" 7869: 7858: 7857:"1960 census" 7852: 7841: 7840:"1950 census" 7835: 7828: 7823: 7821: 7819: 7811: 7806: 7804: 7796: 7791: 7784: 7779: 7771: 7769:9788387749866 7765: 7761: 7760: 7752: 7745: 7740: 7738: 7736: 7719: 7715: 7709: 7693: 7689: 7683: 7681: 7664: 7660: 7654: 7638: 7634: 7628: 7612: 7608: 7602: 7586: 7582: 7576: 7560: 7556: 7550: 7534: 7530: 7526: 7520: 7504: 7500: 7496: 7490: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7460: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7430: 7414: 7410: 7406: 7400: 7384: 7380: 7376: 7370: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7340: 7324: 7320: 7316: 7310: 7303: 7298: 7292:, p. 91. 7291: 7286: 7280:, p. 90. 7279: 7274: 7267: 7262: 7260: 7252: 7249: 7245: 7242: 7237: 7229: 7227:9780429534805 7223: 7219: 7212: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7181: 7173: 7167: 7163: 7156: 7149: 7144: 7137: 7132: 7130: 7122: 7117: 7110: 7105: 7098: 7093: 7091: 7089: 7081: 7076: 7070:, p. 30. 7069: 7064: 7057: 7052: 7045: 7040: 7034:, p. XI. 7033: 7028: 7022:, p. 69. 7021: 7016: 7009: 7004: 6997: 6992: 6985: 6980: 6973: 6968: 6961: 6956: 6949: 6944: 6938:, p. 88. 6937: 6932: 6925: 6920: 6914:, p. 87. 6913: 6908: 6901: 6896: 6889: 6884: 6877: 6872: 6865: 6860: 6853: 6848: 6841: 6836: 6829: 6828:Wojalski 1992 6824: 6817: 6812: 6805: 6800: 6798: 6790: 6789:Karamouz 2021 6785: 6778: 6773: 6766: 6761: 6754: 6749: 6747: 6740:, p. 57. 6739: 6734: 6732: 6725:, p. 23. 6724: 6719: 6712: 6707: 6701:, p. 28. 6700: 6695: 6689:, p. 14. 6688: 6683: 6676: 6671: 6664: 6659: 6652: 6647: 6641:, p. 10. 6640: 6635: 6628: 6623: 6616: 6611: 6604: 6599: 6593:, p. 33. 6592: 6587: 6585: 6577: 6572: 6565: 6560: 6554:, p. 28. 6553: 6548: 6542:, p. 12. 6541: 6540:van Pelt 2015 6536: 6529: 6524: 6517: 6512: 6506:, p. 16. 6505: 6500: 6493: 6488: 6482:, p. 44. 6481: 6476: 6469: 6464: 6462: 6454: 6449: 6443:, p. 51. 6442: 6437: 6430: 6425: 6423: 6415: 6410: 6408: 6400: 6395: 6388: 6383: 6377:, p. 48. 6376: 6371: 6369: 6362:, p. 10. 6361: 6356: 6349: 6344: 6336: 6332: 6326: 6320:, p. 33. 6319: 6318:Podgarbi 1990 6314: 6307: 6302: 6295: 6290: 6288: 6280: 6275: 6268: 6263: 6256: 6251: 6235: 6231: 6225: 6221: 6220: 6212: 6205: 6200: 6193: 6189: 6186: 6181: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6151: 6144: 6140: 6137: 6132: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6091:(8): 082036. 6090: 6086: 6082: 6075: 6059: 6055: 6049: 6047: 6030: 6026: 6020: 6014: 6009: 5993: 5992: 5987: 5981: 5979: 5962: 5958: 5957:HarperCollins 5954: 5953: 5948: 5942: 5934: 5933: 5928: 5922: 5906: 5902: 5900: 5895: 5889: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5867: 5850: 5846: 5840: 5838: 5833: 5812: 5801: 5797: 5794: 5789: 5783: 5778: 5770: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5747: 5746:Other names: 5745: 5737: 5731: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5710: 5674: 5671: 5670: 5662: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5637: 5634: 5630: 5620: 5617: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5600: 5596: 5585: 5582: 5581:Poland portal 5571: 5564: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5541: 5539: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5266: 5256: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5186: 5177: 5166: 5157: 5140: 5137: 5134: 5131: 5128: 5125: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5113: 5110: 5107: 5104: 5101: 5098: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5086: 5083: 5080: 5077: 5074: 5073:Adam Szymczyk 5071: 5068: 5065: 5062: 5059: 5056: 5053: 5050: 5047: 5044: 5041: 5038: 5035: 5032: 5029: 5026: 5023: 5020: 5017: 5014: 5011: 5008: 5005: 5002: 4999: 4996: 4993: 4990: 4987: 4984: 4981: 4978: 4974: 4971: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4953: 4950: 4947: 4944: 4941: 4938: 4935: 4932: 4929: 4926: 4923: 4920: 4917: 4914: 4913:Marek Olędzki 4911: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4899: 4896:(1883–1946), 4895: 4892: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881:(1916–2011), 4880: 4877: 4874: 4871: 4868: 4865: 4862: 4861:Izabella Miko 4859: 4856: 4853: 4850: 4847: 4844: 4841: 4838: 4834: 4831: 4828: 4825: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4804: 4801: 4798: 4795: 4792: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4771: 4770:Aharon Katzir 4768: 4765: 4762: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751:(1899–1970), 4750: 4747: 4744: 4741: 4738: 4735: 4732: 4729: 4726: 4723: 4720: 4719:Marcin Gortat 4717: 4715: 4711: 4708: 4705: 4702: 4699: 4696: 4693: 4690:(1927–2008), 4689: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4677: 4673: 4670: 4667: 4664: 4661: 4660:Marek Edelman 4658: 4655: 4652: 4649: 4646: 4643: 4642:Karl Dedecius 4640: 4637: 4634: 4631: 4630:Sabina Citron 4628: 4625: 4622: 4619: 4616: 4613: 4612:Artur Brauner 4610: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4598: 4595: 4592: 4589: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4577: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4565: 4562: 4559: 4556: 4555:Yehuda Ashlag 4553: 4550: 4547: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4531: 4530: 4525: 4521: 4514: 4510: 4503: 4499: 4498:Marcin Gortat 4495: 4488: 4484: 4475: 4473: 4469: 4464: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4444: 4440: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4415: 4412:Sroki Łódź - 4411: 4408: 4405: 4402: 4398: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4389:track cycling 4386: 4382: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4330: 4329: 4328: 4325: 4321: 4316: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4287: 4283: 4276: 4272: 4263: 4261: 4257: 4252: 4250: 4249:Christmas Eve 4247: 4243: 4239: 4238:mushroom soup 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4210: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4184: 4179: 4171: 4170: 4165: 4153: 4149: 4146: 4143: 4139: 4136: 4133: 4129: 4128:Grand Theatre 4126: 4125: 4119: 4117: 4116: 4111: 4107: 4106:Solomon Perel 4103: 4102: 4101:Europa Europa 4097: 4096:Andrzej Wajda 4093: 4089: 4088: 4083: 4079: 4078: 4073: 4069: 4068: 4063: 4053: 4051: 4040: 4031: 4026: 4022: 4020: 4016: 4010:Muzeum Sztuki 4003: 4002:Muzeum Sztuki 3994: 3990: 3987: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3970: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3951:Muzeum Sztuki 3949: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3929: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3908: 3902: 3891: 3885: 3877: 3876:Museum of Art 3871: 3852: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3799: 3797: 3793: 3788: 3782: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3762: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3736: 3731: 3723: 3717: 3713: 3710:Sculpture of 3708: 3694: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3679:Andrzej Wajda 3676: 3672: 3668: 3663: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3650:Leon Schiller 3645: 3635: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3612: 3607: 3604: 3600: 3595: 3592: 3588: 3583: 3580: 3576: 3571: 3568: 3564: 3559: 3555: 3552: 3548: 3543: 3539: 3536: 3535: 3534: 3531: 3525: 3515: 3509: 3501: 3495: 3484: 3478: 3469: 3463: 3449: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3412: 3408: 3407:urban renewal 3403: 3392: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3381:rapid transit 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3344: 3342: 3338: 3337:Moderus Gamma 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3308: 3300: 3295: 3294:Trams in Łódź 3285: 3282: 3276: 3263: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3229: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3221:commuter rail 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3205:New Silk Road 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3161: 3152: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3124:Dart trains. 3123: 3118: 3114: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3078: 3069: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3054: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3035:Orthodox Jews 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2967:representing 2966: 2962: 2957: 2955: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2908: 2904: 2895: 2886: 2872: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2807: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2796: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2785: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2774: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2763: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2752: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2741: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2730: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2719: 2713: 2708: 2705: 2704: 2698: 2696: 2691: 2687: 2684:According to 2678: 2669: 2667: 2666: 2661: 2660: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2614: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2552: 2548: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2475: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430:Mean monthly 2428: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2380: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2333: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2286: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2216: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2147: 2146:precipitation 2142: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2072: 2066: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2002: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1932: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1862: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1792: 1748: 1743: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1696: 1687: 1683: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1665: 1661: 1652: 1650: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1581: 1577: 1569: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1549:forced labour 1546: 1542: 1538: 1537:Romani people 1534: 1530: 1529:the Holocaust 1525: 1524: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1493: 1492: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1470: 1469: 1463: 1462:forced labour 1459: 1455: 1454:Germanisation 1450: 1448: 1447:Karl Litzmann 1444: 1439: 1438:Litzmannstadt 1433: 1432: 1426: 1421: 1420: 1412: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1370: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1343: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1307:entertainment 1304: 1300: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1260: 1255: 1254:Plac Wolności 1250: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1209:. 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Retrieved 5811: 5633: 5542: 5535: 5530:(since 2015) 5514:(since 2014) 5498:(since 2008) 5482:(since 2003) 5466:(since 1999) 5450:(since 1996) 5434:(since 1996) 5418:(since 1996) 5402:(since 1995) 5386:(since 1994) 5370:(since 1993) 5354:(since 1993) 5338:(since 1991) 5336:, Lithuania 5322:(since 1991) 5306:(since 1988) 5290:(since 1972) 5268: 5198: 5094:Julian Tuwim 5085:Jack Tramiel 5049:Natan Spigel 5031:Ebi Smolarek 4833:Nathan Lewin 4779:Paul Kletzki 4758:Roman Kantor 4688:Dov Freiberg 4666:Jacob Eisner 4654:Karl Dominik 4579:Jurek Becker 4527: 4465: 4457:Buenos Aires 4450: 4419: 4414:Rugby league 4317: 4290: 4253: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4213: 4207: 4199: 4196:cabbage soup 4181: 4175: 4167: 4151: 4141: 4132:Teatr Wielki 4131: 4113: 4099: 4085: 4075: 4065: 4059: 4035: 3997: 3837:Ghetto Field 3836: 3832: 3829:Nazi Germany 3818: 3800: 3783: 3763: 3740: 3671:Andrzej Munk 3664: 3647: 3621: 3617: 3557: 3541: 3527: 3438:Skierniewice 3415: 3393: 3365:Łódź Kaliska 3350: 3313: 3278: 3226: 3166: 3126: 3110: 3083: 3055: 3013: 2958: 2914: 2846: 2837:Depopulation 2833:market-based 2814: 2695:feminisation 2683: 2672:Demographics 2663: 2657: 2655: 2615: 2595: 2583:Rada Miejska 2582: 2574: 2558: 2556: 2148:mm (inches) 1731: 1729: 1720:forest cover 1701: 1684: 1668: 1646: 1619: 1596: 1588:World War II 1585: 1496: 1489: 1482:Lućmierz-Las 1451: 1405:X Army Corps 1374: 1319: 1295: 1264: 1219: 1196: 1176: 1116: 1077: 1047: 996: 967:client state 930: 922:seal emblems 920:appeared on 918:coat of arms 860: 786: 777:City of Film 751: 725:World War II 722: 707: 658: 637: 636: 330: 203:Motto: 181:Coat of arms 25: 13167:Gmina Rzgów 12858:Bolesławiec 12847:Świnoujście 12368:Ruda Śląska 12267:Częstochowa 10448:25 November 10397:25 November 10378:(1): 3–27. 9724:(in Polish) 9672:15 November 9502:(in Polish) 9239:11089/20692 9063:11089/20697 8989:14 February 8657:10 November 8446:14 February 8384:30 December 8228:"Mariawici" 8154:(1): 87–104 8115:pomorska.pl 7148:Kłysik 1998 7136:Müller 2005 7020:Datner 1968 6738:Czerny 2006 6711:Berend 2013 6480:Leslie 1983 6399:Malone 2007 6387:Rosset 1962 6306:Lerski 1996 6204:Albert 2020 6170:3 September 5555:, and with 5553:Kaliningrad 5416:, Portugal 5106:Miś Uszatek 5067:Arthur Szyk 4977:Nobel Prize 4955:Ze'ev Raban 4883:Chief Rabbi 4743:Josef Joffe 4731:Józef Hecht 4591:Marek Belka 4549:Daniel Amit 4532:book series 4529:The Witcher 4437: [ 4397:Widzew Łódź 4275:Atlas Arena 4260:Food trucks 4230:zimne nóżki 4188:sour cereal 4080:(1924) and 4077:Hotel Savoy 4072:Joseph Roth 3993:power plant 3979:Łódź Ghetto 3944:Film Museum 3841:Łódź Ghetto 3779:Księży Młyn 3767:Manufaktura 3530:state-owned 3418:Łódź Widzew 3400:station, a 3385:Manufaktura 3105:Manufaktura 3092:" and the " 3005:Evangelical 2956:in Poland. 2931:in 1992 by 2905:(left) and 2618:burgomaster 1499:Łódź Ghetto 1375:During the 1355:Łódź Ghetto 1346:Łódź Ghetto 1238:German army 1222:World War I 1181:in Poland ( 1149:Księży Młyn 1070:Manufaktura 1042:domy tkaczy 1033:Piotrkowska 1029:cotton mill 945:burgomaster 914:agriculture 885:. In 1423, 817:willow tree 815:denoting a 743:Łódź Ghetto 714:Nobel Prize 661:town rights 549:Postal code 345:City rights 331:city county 306:Voivodeship 272: / 144:Manufaktura 114:Księży Młyn 13244:Categories 12892:city mayor 12793:Tarnobrzeg 12565:Inowrocław 12109:1,000,000+ 11857:Yad Vashem 11750:1150542144 11654:8304024365 11512:0761829555 11479:1282427539 11446:8385132007 11246:0521226457 11155:0231043260 10792:8387931888 10623:1594546037 10437:11089/5816 10297:8390080605 10165:0253347556 10112:, and The 9940:: 173–85. 9702:8 November 9602:smslodz.pl 9466:culture.pl 9389:12 January 9363:12 January 9337:25 January 8744:12 October 8688:28 January 8416:11 January 7975:Wrocław.pl 7827:Cudny 2012 7643:14 January 7617:20 January 7591:20 January 7565:20 January 7539:20 January 7509:20 January 7479:20 January 7449:20 January 7419:20 January 7389:20 January 7359:20 January 7329:20 January 7266:Cudny 2016 7171:0300095686 7121:Dixon 2015 6900:Crowe 2021 6804:Cudny 2016 6663:Bujak 2007 6603:Cudny 2016 6591:Blanc 2021 6255:Rymut 1987 6240:8 February 5824:References 5543:After the 5538:Eurocities 5496:, Hungary 5480:, Ukraine 5432:, Finland 5400:, Georgia 5352:, Ukraine 5304:, Germany 5288:, Germany 5263:See also: 5241:Luxembourg 5061:Borys Szyc 4931:Adam Palma 4791:Lea Koenig 4764:Jan Karski 4694:and writer 4676:Max Factor 4407:Orzeł Łódź 4365:volleyball 4361:basketball 4348:volleyball 4204:cracklings 3796:Franciscan 3363:, whereas 3333:Pesa Swing 3292:See also: 3090:Manchester 3019:synagogues 2961:Protestant 2581:, and the 2542:Government 2290:(≥ 0.1 mm) 1474:Radogoszcz 1367:in all of 1340:See also: 1121:, chiefly 837:See also: 821:Old Polish 681:Napoleonic 445:Population 365:Government 260:19°27′17″E 257:51°46′37″N 13096:Wieruszów 13061:Poddębice 13046:Pabianice 13031:Łódź East 13006:Bełchatów 12972:(capital) 12900:burmistrz 12826:Ciechanów 12799:Kołobrzeg 12760:Zawiercie 12755:Wejherowo 12731:Ostrołęka 12725:Legionowo 12693:Bełchatów 12604:Pabianice 12530:Mysłowice 12509:Nowy Sącz 12481:Grudziądz 12428:Włocławek 12421:Wałbrzych 12299:Sosnowiec 12232:Białystok 12214:Bydgoszcz 12053:JewishGen 11719:749443747 11619:749406762 11611:1731-092X 11414:0458-1520 11344:0361-8250 10980:Factories 10661:643789098 10655:(21–22). 10504:1212-0014 10482:Geografie 10428:2079-4797 10384:1335-1257 10077:1641-9561 9946:1427-9711 9754:8 January 9532:14 August 9506:14 August 9248:0867-5856 9230:2080-6922 9186:0733-9488 9178:1943-5444 9112:(p. 103). 9072:0867-5856 9054:2080-6922 8922:urbact.eu 8632:(p. 142). 8616:2148-6670 8538:1733-3180 8374:0362-4331 8331:0860-3375 8325:: 77–91. 8284:1733-3180 8238:15 August 8184:15 August 8158:15 August 8121:15 August 8095:15 August 8039:15 August 7980:14 August 7724:14 August 7698:14 August 7669:14 August 7201:13 August 7044:Peck 1997 6123:1757-8981 6115:1757-899X 5751:‹See Tfd› 5540:network. 5510:Guangzhou 5448:, Mexico 5384:, Israel 5320:, France 5302:Stuttgart 5237:Lithuania 5089:Commodore 4543:, painter 4500:, former 4461:Argentina 4344:wrestling 4320:communism 4315:in 2022. 4216:bun with 4200:kapuśniak 4183:zalewajka 4169:Zalewajka 3986:Se-ma-for 3452:Education 3409:known as 3321:Pabianice 3191:and from 3155:Transport 3023:shtiebels 3001:Methodist 2997:Calvinist 2981:Pabianice 2969:Lutherans 2925:bishopric 2829:socialist 2817:fertility 2659:dzielnica 2644:from the 2563:town hall 1690:Geography 1411:Wehrmacht 1385:Army Łódź 1326:communist 1322:left-wing 1291:Civil War 1211:June Days 1156:socialist 1139:tenements 950:burmistrz 931:With the 807:canalised 560:Area code 512:Time zone 482:1,100,000 354:City Hall 13086:Tomaszów 13066:Radomsko 13056:Piotrków 13051:Pajęczno 13011:Brzeziny 12952:Counties 12873:Oświęcim 12863:Nowa Sól 12853:Żyrardów 12811:Radomsko 12720:Racibórz 12698:Świdnica 12675:Przemyśl 12616:Pruszków 12577:Stargard 12488:Jaworzno 12449:Koszalin 12252:100,000+ 12241:Katowice 12205:Szczecin 12187:250,000+ 12149:500,000+ 12129:750,000+ 12040:Archived 12000:Archived 11847:21 March 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