557:. The newest partner, Charles W. Brockunier, began working at the South Wheeling glassworks in the 1850s. It is probable that profits from the Wood County oil venture enabled Brockunier and John H. Hobbs to buy stakes in the South Wheeling glassmaking firm. The stated purpose of the new firm was "manufacturing Flint and Fancy Colored Glassware, in all its branches, at the Works, South Wheeling." The Hobbs and Barnes glassware and china outlet was also renamed. A big name change, not related to the company, occurred in June 1863—when the northwestern portion of Virginia, including Wheeling, became the state of West Virginia. The war continued to cause a labor shortage for the company, and this problem got worse during the summer of 1863 when some of the factory personnel left to form another company. This new glass company was originally named Oesterling, Henderson, and Company—and it incorporated in 1867 as Central Glass Company. By 1864, J. H. Hobbs, Brockunier and Company had only 35 to 40 workers.
952:. The new plants were highly automated—and could oppose unions at the other 16 plants. During the summer of 1892, workers at Factory H were notified that after the summer shutdown, their jobs would be vacant. Those that desired to work at the plant would need to apply to the new factory manager. On October 12, 1893, the American Flint Glass Workers began a strike. Glass was not produced at Factory H, although inventory was still being sold. In January 1894 U.S. Glass proposed that if the workers at its Wheeling plants would accept the terms of the labor agreements used in its Pittsburgh plants, work would start immediately. If the conditions were not accepted, then Wheeling's two glassworks (Factory H and Factory O) would be torn down. The union rejected the proposed terms. Members of the union remained on strike until 1897. U.S. Glass survived by producing glass at its two large (and recently built) highly mechanized plants.
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779:, glassmaking knowledge eventually spread throughout Europe. During the 18th and early 19th centuries, glassmaking methods and recipes were still kept secret. Most European countries forbid immigration to the United States by glassworkers. The glass industry in German areas of Northern Europe went into recession during the middle of the 18th century, and that situation may have led to Germans coming to the English colonies to produce glass. In the 19th century, the various versions of the Hobbs glass works had a policy of using skilled glassworkers from Europe, who would train the local employees—resulting in a superior workforce. Former employees of the glassworks became the talent that established many of the region's glass factories, and many were company presidents or plant managers.
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chemist
William Leighton Sr. joined the firm as a partner, and continued the experiments with lime glass. Leighton came from a glass making family, and had worked at New England Glass Company. In December 1864, Leighton had success. His major change in the formula for glass was using bicarbonate of soda instead of soda ash. His formula was similar to the long-lost soda-lime formula used many years earlier in Europe. The glass made using this formula had good enough quality that the company could compete in the high-end of the glassware market. This improvement in the formula for glass was considered one of two great advances in American glassmaking during the 19th century, the other being the invention of
656:. In the early 1880s, the firm began making European-style glassware. By the mid-1880s, it had improved enough on the European designs that European manufacturers began emulating products from Wheeling. The glassworks was shipping about 400 railroad carloads per year to points in the United States, Cuba, South America, Australia, and Europe. Sales offices were kept in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. Its colored ware was popular, and the works produced more ruby glass than the rest of the nation combined. By 1886, when including mold shops, cutting shops, etching rooms, and decorating rooms, 650 people were employed at a facility that covered several acres (1.2 ha).
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453:. James F. Barnes, son of James B. Barnes, was also a partner in the new firm. The men leased the former Plunkett and Miller glassworks, which was owned by creditors of the bankrupt firm. The glassmaking plant was called the South Wheeling Glass Works. The elder Barnes and Hobbs had worked in supervisory positions at the New England Glass Company in Massachusetts. John H. Hobbs, son of John L. Hobbs, joined the business early in its existence. A just-opened exposed seam of coal was said to "within a few
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894:, and major stockholders included John H. Hobbs, William Leighton Jr., Henry Schmulback, A.J. Clark, and Howard Hazlett. Stockholders elected John H. Hobbs president. Nicholas Kopp became the chemist (replacing Leighton), and he was described as head of the plant by the end of 1889. Kopp was internationally known for his skill with colored glass and design work. A fire damaged the facility in October 1890, causing $ 30,000 (equivalent to $ 1,017,333 in 2023) in damages.
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about 300 people, and its annual revenue was about $ 325,000 (equivalent to $ 8,265,833 in 2023). An 1879 report said the glassworks occupied five acres (2.0 ha). The company had 12 departments with a total of 350 employees, and annual revenue was $ 300,000 (equivalent to $ 9,471,724 in 2023). Described as one of the most famous glassworks in the country as well as one of the largest, it was expected to be the largest after the completion of a new gas furnace.
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437:. Plunkett and Miller began having financial difficulties, and defaulted on a mortgage in 1841. An attempt by Horatio Miller (without Plunkett) to keep the factory producing ended in late 1842 with another default, which caused the plant to be closed. In 1851, Ritchietown was incorporated, and changed its name to South Wheeling. The community changed names again in 1870, when it became part of the city of Wheeling as its Eighth
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587:. The ingredients used to make the glass were lower-cost than those used to make lead glass. In addition, the glass hardened faster, meaning the workforce was forced to shape or press it quicker. Thus, the new formula produced high-quality glass at lower costs for both ingredients and labor. It also inspired glassmakers to improve the processes for shaping the glass.
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on four continents. Products included "all articles of glass for table use, engraved, cut and etched; bar goods, lamps, chandeliers and epergnes (ornamental centerpiece for a dining table)." J. H. Hobbs, Brockunier and
Company was the largest glass company in America. Major competitors were New England Glass; Boston & Sandwich Glass;
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Brockunier and
Company, an 1879 article (as stated earlier) mentioned it had 350 employees and revenue of $ 300,000. One of the best known glassware manufacturers was Bakewell, Pears and Company; and it would close in 1882. During the 1890s, many glassware companies (possible competitors) were combined in glassware trusts, such as
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376:. Two factors made Wheeling an ideal location for a glass factory: fuel and transportation. Other than labor, fuel for the melting and annealing furnaces was the biggest expense in glassmaking. Coal was the fuel of choice for making glass during much of the 19th century, succeeding wood and eventually succeeded by natural gas and
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549:. Due to the uncertain times, the furnace of the company's glassworks was shut down for about half of the year. The company continued operations, but had difficulty finding skilled workers. Elsewhere in 1862, John H. Hobbs, Hobbs and Barnes bookkeeper Charles W. Brockunier, and others formed a company that found oil in
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186:, to begin their new glassmaking partnership. The company's glass factory was known as the South Wheeling Glass Works. The firm was reorganized multiple times during the 50 years following 1845, but members of the Hobbs family were always part of the ownership. During its peak notoriety, the company was named
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in amber–colored glass. The Hobbs, Brockunier and
Company peach blow glass was white or opaque white plated with gold ruby glass. The exterior glass was reheated at the top which changed the color at the top to red. The resulting product had a white interior with an exterior that was cream-colored or
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During the decade, furnaces were rebuilt and capacity was increased to a total of 32 pots. In 1879, one furnace was converted to use gas as its fuel, and it was considered the largest furnace in the United States. About 350 people were employed at the works at that time. The company's goods were sold
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By 1873 the South
Wheeling Glass Works belonging to J. H. Hobbs, Brockunier and Company occupied 400 feet (121.9 m) square, and had three furnaces with a combined capacity of 29 pots. Benzine was used as a fuel for the furnace because its lack of sulfur produced clearer glass. The works employed
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Leighton retired in 1868, and was replaced as a partner in the firm by his son, William
Leighton Jr. The elder Leighton already made his mark on the glass industry, as his new recipe for glass caused glassware to be available to the consumer at about 25 percent of the cost prior to his discovery. The
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During early 1863, John L. Hobbs (the elder Hobbs) became convinced that glass made with lime instead of lead would be a better product. He began testing various combinations of ingredients to make high quality glass without lead, but his experiments were not successful. In the fall of the same year,
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The charter for Hobbs, Brockunier and
Company expired at the end of 1887—about the same time as the young workers at the plant went on strike, causing a shutdown. Several key people left the company, and it was difficult to find investors for a new charter. Although Brockunier and Leighton continued
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1852, the B&O Railroad completed its line to
Wheeling and the Ohio River, giving Wheeling access via railroad to points on the east coast. The first train between Wheeling and Baltimore ran in January 1853. More railroad lines were constructed during the following years, and the B&O Railroad
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Because most glass plants melted their ingredients in a pot, the plant's number of pots was often used to describe a plant's capacity. The ceramic pots were located inside the furnace. The pot contained molten glass created by melting a batch of ingredients that typically included sand, soda, lime,
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Within the next year, representatives of the trust evaluated the 16 glassworks. Factory H was thought to be old, have high expenses, and produce products that were costly to make. In addition, the process for making many of
Factory H's products could not be easily mechanized. U.S. Glass built large
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was naturally opposed to mechanization or concessions, and it was strong enough that a single glassworks could not oppose it. U.S. Glass preferred to produce glass using the most modern equipment with relatively unskilled workers. This meant that complicated glass products that had been produced by
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whose reign ended in 1722. The
Chinese porcelain that was popular with collectors had a two-tone glaze that was called "peachbloom". Glass companies sought to capitalize on the Morgan Vase publicity by producing products that looked similar. The glass typically used for these products is now called
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In 1880, 73 of the nation's 168 glass manufacturers made glassware (lead or lime glass). The average number of employees for this segment of glass manufacturers was 173, and the average annual value of output per plant was $ 131,076. While 1880 statistics are not readily available for J. H. Hobbs,
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Under the management J. H. Hobbs, Brockunier and Company the next twenty-five years were a golden era for the South Wheeling glassworks. The firm became "famous for the variety, quality, and beauty of its pressed ware, and the richness of its cut, engraved and blown ware". J. H. Hobbs, Brockunier
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Hobbs, Brockunier and Company developed the glass used for its Morgan-style vase prior to when the Morgan Vase achieved fame, and called it "coral". The company's coral glass was said to have colors "rivaling the bloom on the peach". By the second half of 1886 (after the Morgan Vase sale), Hobbs,
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By August 1857 the company's glassworks had three furnaces for melting batch: one ten–pot, one nine–pot, and one five–pot. The plant also had an annealing furnace and stations for molds and cutting. Also mentioned was an adjoining coal mine. In 1858, Dunham withdrew from the firm, so the company
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Hobnail glass is pressed glass with a pattern of raised bumps. It was created in 1886 at Hobbs, Brockunier and Company by William Leighton Jr. and William F. Russell. Their patent, No. 343,133, discussed projecting nodules and improvements in "pressed opalescent glassware". This style was the
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and Robinson Glass Company were also started by former employees of the various Hobbs companies in the 1890s. During the first decade of the 20th century, Kopp Glass Company, Bonita Art Glass Company, and H. Northwood and Company were started. Among former Hobbs employees involved with these
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The independent community of Ritchietown was located south of Wheeling on the Ohio River. Ritchietown was named after John Ritchie, who along with Samuel Sprigg owned much of the land in the area. Ritchie moved to the Wheeling area as early as June 1828, and was involved with real estate and
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29, Owens revolutionized the glass bottle industry by inventing a machine that would make bottles at high speed and low cost with consistency in size and shape. Not only did Owens' invention lower costs, it also opened new markets where low cost bottles with consistent size could be used as
973:. The plant employed 300 people, and became well known for table ware. Northwood died in 1919, and his company closed in 1925. That was the end of glassmaking at the Wheeling glassworks originally known as Barnes, Hobbs, and Company; and more famous as J. H. Hobbs, Brockunier, and Company.
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because of the availability of coal for fuel. By 1850, the United States had 3,237 free men above age 15 who listed their occupation as part of the glass manufacturing process. Pennsylvania accounted for 40% of the glassmaking employees. Other states with more than 100 glass workers were
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factory. John Ritchie's flint glass works was started in 1829. This factory was shut down in 1837. In 1839, the firm Plunkett and Miller began construction of a glassworks in Ritchietown adjacent to a hillside with coal. During that year the nation, which had just recovered from the
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rate. Two ways to make the plants produce products at lower prices were to get concessions from the unions and to introduce more machines. It is the opinion of some experts that the U.S. Glass trust was formed to "oppose the union and to introduce the automated equipment." The
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are added. The batch is placed inside a pot or tank that is heated by a furnace to roughly 3090 °F (1700 °C). In the glass–making industry, the melted batch is called "metal". The metal is typically shaped into the glass product (other than window glass) by either a
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containers for products that previously had limited distribution. Owens was also involved with improving a process that used a machine for making window glass, which changed the way window glass was produced. To accomplish the change in window glassmaking, Owens hired
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controlled over a dozen glass plants. In 1893, the trust closed the Hobbs Wheeling Glass Works. It remained closed until 1902 when the property was sold to Harry Northwood—a former employee of J. H. Hobbs, Brockunier and Company. Northwood's new glass factory, named
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was one of the largest and best-known manufacturers of glass in the United States during the 19th century. Its products were distributed worldwide. The company is responsible for one of the greatest innovations in American glassmaking—an improved formula for
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In 1854, the firm purchased the land around its factory, including land that was adjacent to the newly laid tracks of the B&O Railroad. Construction began on a new furnace. The new furnace was in response to increased demand for glassware caused by the
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drop in prices created new demand for glass products—causing new factories to be built and old factories to increase capacity. Lime glass replaced flint glass in most households. Two other important innovations made by the company were: (1) the use of
918:, and John H. Hobbs was on the board of directors. Initially, the Pittsburgh-based company consisted of 16 unionized glassworks. Each factory became known by a letter (e.g. Factory A of United States Glass Company). Hobbs Glass Company became
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and Oesterling, Henderson, and Company (later renamed Central Glass Company). In the 1870s, former employees started the Bellaire Goblet Company and Riverside Glass Company. In the 1880s, in addition to companies started by Owens, the
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Report of the Industrial Commission on the Relations and Conditions of Capital and Labor Employed in Manufactures and General Business, including testimony so far as taken November 1, 1900, and digest of testimony. (Volume
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Factory H was not torn down, and U.S. Glass was still maintaining the facility in early 1895. In 1902, the plant was sold to Harry Northwood. Northwood was an Englishman that worked at Hobbs, Brockunier and Company as an
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of ingredients, melting it, forming the glass product, and gradually cooling it. In 1800, the United States had no more than ten glass factories. Most of the nation's glass products came from Europe. Lead ore, known as
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553:. In 1863, James F. Barnes retired, and the co-partnership of Hobbs and Barnes was dissolved. A new co-partnership was formed, consisting of John L. Hobbs, John H. Hobbs, and Charles W. Brockunier. The firm was named
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company's pattern 323. It was originally called Nodule, but more typically it was called Dew Drop or Pineapple. Some experts believe pattern 323 products were labeled Pineapple by the company when the ware was
1065:"The early settlements in the United States were, as a matter of necessity, made upon the seaboard. As the people moved inland they followed, as far as possible, the line of navigable water–courses." In 1845,
542:. The growing popularity of petroleum–based lighting caused the company to increase production of lamps and chimneys. Demand for these products was so strong that the company could not produce enough of them.
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Brockunier and Company was advertising "Peach Blow Vases". Although the original Morgan Vase was placed in a wooden stand, the stand made by Hobbs, Brockunier and Company consisted of five outward facing
566:& Company became "one of the most prestigious houses in the Midwest, if not in the entire country." The company made almost all types of glass products with the exception of bottles and window glass.
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The Industries of Wheeling. Historical, Descriptive and Biographical Review of the Commercial and Manufacturing Advantages of Wheeling, Bellaire, Ohio, Martin's Ferry, Ohio, &c (Library of Congress)
522:. During July 1859 John H. Hobbs sold his share of the company to James F. Barnes, which meant that John L. Hobbs and James F. Barnes each owned half of the company. The firm's name was then changed to
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peachblow glass (not peachbloom), although the original product names differed. Among the rivals to Hobbs, Brockunier, and Company that made peachblow glass were New England Glass Company (Wild Rose),
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The Dew Drop/Hobnail pattern is considered "an innovation in glass" and was very popular. It was made in at least 18 different colors, which is more than any other Hobbs' pattern. Museums such as the
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856:, Benjamin M. Hildreth, Otto Jaeger, Nicholas Kopp Jr., William Leighton Jr., Lucian B. Martin, Harry Northwood, John Oesterling, Charles Henry Over, John Robinson, James B. Russell, and others.
315:, helped the American glass industry. Between 1820 and 1840, nearly 70 glass factories were started. Most of these factories were small businesses employing 25 to 40 workers. Glassmaking on the
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19th-century America: Furniture and Other Decorative Arts; An Exhibition in Celebration of the Hundredth Anniversary of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, April 16 through September 7, 1970
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During the 1860s, at least two glass companies were formed or led by former J. H. Hobbs, Brockunier and Company (or earlier versions of the company) employees. Those companies were the
391:. America's railroad network was still in its infancy, and did not have much railroad line in states west of Wheeling. A waterway route that used the Ohio River, and when necessary the
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after purchasing his patents involved with the new process. Together (and with adequate funding) the two men refined Colburn's process. The Colburn process, along with the European
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yellow on the bottom half and red on the top half. The finished product had a satin or gloss finish. The same coral/peach blow glass was used for pitchers, bowls, and salt shakers.
296:" European glassmaking talent to America. Among those Jarves brought in was Thomas Leighton, who rediscovered ways to make several types of colored glass, including ruby glass and
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506:, and had a wholesale distribution house which was named J.K. Dunham and Company. John L. Hobbs, James F. Barnes, John H. Hobbs, and J. K. Dunham were partners in both firms.
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developed separately at the same time, changed the way window glass was made. At one time Owens was part of a group of five men that controlled the Toledo Glass Company, the
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Although the beginning of glassmaking is not known, glassmaking was conducted in ancient Egypt, Phoenicia, and Rome. Around 450 A.D. glassmaking began being concentrated in
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that enabled American glass manufacturers to produce high-quality glass at a lower cost. The firm also developed talented glassmakers that started glass factories in
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at the time of the formation of the glass trust. More recessions would occur during the 1890s, and 1893 is considered the beginning of an economic depression with
190:. This version of the firm was organized in 1863 as a co-partnership between John L. Hobbs, son John H. Hobbs, and Charles W. Brockunier. Its products were mostly
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In the 1830s, it cost less to use an all-water route through New Orleans to ship from Wheeling to New York instead of an overland route. Shipping glass over the
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in 1882, which included etched pitchers and wine glasses. Northwood was considered "one of the leading glassmen of this country". His new glassworks was
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The Seventh Census of the United States, 1850: Embracing a Statistical View of Each of the States and Territories, Arranged by Counties, Towns, Etc. ...
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Another source says Hobbs, Brockunier and Company originally used the term "Wheeling Peachblow" for glass that was yellow and red with a glossy surface.
1022:. The glass product must then be cooled gradually (annealed), or else it will become brittle and possibly break. An oven used for annealing is called a
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The Hobbs and Barnes glassworks employed 115 people in 1860. The American Civil War began in 1861, and many employees of the glassworks enlisted in the
407:—and goods suffered less damage. In 1845, Wheeling had the transportation advantages of the Ohio River and National Road. It was already known that the
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In 1845, James B. Barnes and John L. Hobbs moved to the Ohio River community of Ritchietown to start a new glass company. They named their company
738:, and Dew Drop when the glass was not opalescent. Collectors call the pattern, and similar patterns by other companies, Hobnail or Hobnail glass.
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1619:"Smithsonian Online Virtual Archives – Preliminary Guide to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Records (scroll down to Biographical / Historical)"
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William Leighton was the son of Thomas Leighton of the New England Glass Company, and William's five brothers all worked in the glass business.
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vase on a stand was sold at auction for $ 18,000 (equivalent to $ 610,400 in 2023). The vase and stand were from a collection belonging to
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2740:, William Leighton, Jr. & William F. Russell, "Manufacture of Opalescent Glassware", issued June 1, 1886
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History of the Pan-handle: Being Historical Collections of the Counties of Ohio, Brooke, Marshall and Hancock, West Virginia
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A new version of the firm was formed in August 1888 and the factory was restarted. The newly incorporated company was named
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of Baltimore. The price was extraordinary for the time, and noted in newspapers. The vase was made during the reign of the
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Madarasz, Anne; Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania; Senator John Heinz Pittsburgh Regional History Center (1998).
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4013:. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum Inc.: 75–101.
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Weekly National Intelligencer, Washington, DC (from Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress)
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in the polishing furnace, which eliminates sulfur that can cloud the glass; and (2) applying cold air to chill molds.
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Madarasz, Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania & Senator John Heinz Pittsburgh Regional History Center 1998
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Madarasz, Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania & Senator John Heinz Pittsburgh Regional History Center 1998
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Perhaps the one former Hobbs employee that had the biggest influence on the industry in addition to Leighton was
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3737:. Ohio County Public Library in partnership with the Wheeling National Heritage Area Corporation. Archived from
3684:"Something New in Wheeling – Some Beautiful Etching on Glass, by a New Process (page 4 third column from right)"
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John L. Hobbs died in 1881, and the remaining partners purchased his stake in the firm. The company was renamed
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to be investors, Brockunier retired for health reasons and Leighton became involved with a glass company in
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269:, made red lead extremely difficult to acquire. After the war England kept the price of red lead high, and
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low–priced glass products in the United States. This drove many American glass companies into bankruptcy.
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Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York); Johnson, Marilynn; Schwartz, Marvin D.; Boorsch, Suzanne (1970).
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Venable, Charles L.; Jenkins, Tom; Denker, Ellen P.; Grier, Katherine C.; Harrison, Stephen G. (2000).
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Wheeling Daily Intelligencer (from Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress)
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Wheeling Daily Intelligencer (from Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress)
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Wheeling Daily Intelligencer (from Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress)
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Wheeling daily Intelligencer (from Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress)
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Wheeling daily Intelligencer (from Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress)
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Wheeling Daily Intelligencer (from Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress)
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Wheeling Daily Intelligencer (from Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress)
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Wheeling Daily Intelligencer (from Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress)
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502:. In 1856 a new partner named Jacob K. Dunham was added to the firm. The firm changed its name back to
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526:. During 1859, petroleum was discovered in Pennsylvania. This discovery, plus the increased usage of
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New York Daily Tribune (from Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress)
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with the Ohio River, although there was some uncertainty about the Ohio River destination point.
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473:. At the beginning of 1848, the three partners purchased a portion of their factory's property.
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1174:"How Glass is Made – What is glass made of? The wonders of glass all come down to melting sand"
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292:, Jarves developed a way to produce red lead from domestic sources of lead oxide. Jarves also "
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Map of the "Panhandle" Embracing Counties of Hancock, Brooke, Ohio and Marshall, West Virginia
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before starting their business venture. They came to a small community near the south side of
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1654:(Map). New York City: F.W. Beers and Company (Library of Congress Geography and Map Division)
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831:, and Dalzell, Gilmore and Leighton Company were formed. Additional 1880s companies were the
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Wheeling Register (from Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress)
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1460:"Urban Rivalry in the Upper Ohio Valley: Wheeling and Pittsburgh in the Nineteenth Century"
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of the furnace". Initially, coal was used to power the furnace while wood was used in the
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in 1845 by James B. Barnes and John L. Hobbs. Both men held supervisory positions at the
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United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce (1917).
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4148:
4091:
4072:
4062:
4034:
3978:
3968:
3949:
3939:
3922:
3912:
3895:
3885:
3857:
3847:
3828:
3818:
3801:
3791:
1019:
945:
812:
804:
392:
312:
258:
254:
4919:
4904:
4655:
4640:
4128:
4054:
4014:
3403:
3310:
3169:
3128:
1714:
998:
911:
722:
685:
213:
4299:
The Glass Industry. Report on the Cost of Production of Glass in the United States
1507:
United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce 1917
1044:
European countries prevented glassmaking talent from coming to the United States.
615:
Drawing of the interior of J.H. Hobbs, Brockunier & Co. glassworks circa 1870s
5172:
5132:
5127:
5062:
5004:
4989:
4785:
4565:
4520:
4455:
2751:
1269:
1006:
994:
629:
466:
387:
were usually the best mode for inter-city transportation, especially west of the
156:
4835:
759:
List of Glass Companies Led by Former Employees of Hobbs, Brockunier and Company
481:
The elder Mr. Barnes died in 1849. At that time, the company was reorganized as
5032:
4845:
4790:
4770:
4695:
4680:
4555:
4540:
4505:
1239:
772:
693:
673:
J. H. Hobbs, Brockunier & Company Peach Blow Vase, 1886, on display in the
625:
535:
308:
4605:
4250:
395:, was the low–cost way to ship products from Wheeling to large cities such as
5192:
5142:
5112:
5092:
5077:
5042:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4914:
4850:
4750:
4705:
4690:
4585:
4365:
4231:
4204:
4187:
3953:
2737:
2558:
1094:
1056:
as part of an effort to prevent the spread of glassmaking knowledge anywhere.
1015:
962:
884:
869:
865:
853:
791:
584:
430:
369:
329:
307:
In 1820, there were only 33 glassmaking facilities in the United States. The
297:
281:
221:, employed 300 people and was a successful producer of tableware until 1925.
191:
179:
4423:
4076:
4003:"Glass Production in Eighteenth-Century America: The Wistarburgh Enterprise"
3982:
3926:
3899:
3832:
3805:
749:(New York), and a university museum all have this type of glass on display.
5117:
5107:
5087:
5047:
4999:
4944:
4924:
4795:
4715:
4570:
4515:
4510:
4384:
4326:
4307:
4282:
4095:
3861:
1035:
Red lead was necessary to make brilliant molten glass suitable for cutting.
1011:
485:, with the two Hobbs men and younger Barnes as the owners. In late December
470:
195:
4460:
1618:
786:. Owens began working at J. H. Hobbs, Brockunier and Company at the age of
461:
process that gradually cools the product. Among the initial products were
5072:
5057:
4969:
4959:
4855:
4615:
3882:
The World of Salt Shakers: Antique & Art Glass Value Guide Volume III
425:
404:
266:
3911:. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania.
1481:
1459:
509:
411:(a.k.a. B&O) had been building railroad line to connect the city of
284:—the "father of the American glass industry." Using assistance from the
5102:
4765:
4670:
4140:
4116:
4026:
4002:
3347:"Otto Jaeger, founder of Fostoria, Seneca, and Bonita Art Glass (1923)"
2736:
2053:"Manufacture of Glassware in Wheeling (page 2 second column from left)"
1726:
1649:
546:
454:
396:
373:
325:
320:
3815:
The Generations of Corning: The Life and Times of a Global Corporation
887:. William Russell left for Findlay in 1888 to become factory manager.
874:
578:
Drawing of the J.H. Hobbs, Brockunier & Co. glassworks circa 1870s
5157:
5082:
5067:
4825:
4810:
4730:
4650:
4625:
4575:
4379:. Washington, District of Columbia: U.S. Government Printing Office.
4316:
3263:(23). New York City: O'Gorman Publishing Company: 24. July 10, 1913.
2186:"Dissolution, Co-Partnership (Fifth column from left, toward bottom)"
1086:
1078:
927:
808:
681:
412:
400:
377:
293:
240:
198:
1718:
906:
Advertisement for glassware made by the United States Glass Company.
4132:
4018:
1082:
1074:
1070:
852:
companies were: Charles N. Brady, William S. Brady, Peter Cassell,
539:
531:
527:
384:
348:
Wheeling (blue circle) and operating railroad line (in red) in 1840
333:
261:, with England holding the world's known supply. The United States
4059:
Blowpipes, Northwest Ohio Glassmaking in the Gas Boom of the 1880s
3938:. New York City: Museum, Distributed by New York Graphic Society.
5177:
5152:
5052:
4685:
4595:
4590:
4560:
1066:
878:
Drawing of the Wheeling glassworks of Hobbs Glass Company in 1888
710:
607:
1884 insurance map of the Hobbs, Brockunier, & Co. glassworks
592:
462:
164:
4372:
4277:. Washington, District of Columbia: Government Printing Office.
3788:
Hobbs, Brockunier and Co., Glass: Identification and Value Guide
2920:
2896:
2297:
2285:
2270:
1534:
1386:
1226:
763:
4805:
4700:
4348:
China and Glass in America, 1880–1980: from Tabletop to TV Tray
1089:
all had less than 50 miles (80 km) each of railroad line.
1053:
1045:
1002:
940:
skilled workers such as Kopp and Leighton would be phased out.
914:
was formed in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The new firm was named
776:
368:(state) of Virginia. It was located at the intersection of the
3767:
The Flint Glass Industry in Wheeling, West Virginia: 1829–1865
993:
The batch of ingredients is dominated by sand, which contains
5162:
5122:
5097:
4745:
4620:
4550:
2868:"Hobbs, Brockunier & Co. No. 323 (AKA: Dewdrop, Hobnail)"
38:
726:
Hobnail Finger Bowl made by Hobbs Glass Company after 1886.
380:. Low-cost coal was available from mines close to Wheeling.
3203:"Wellsburg, WV in 1886 (from Wheeling Daily Intelligencer)"
3018:"Timeline: Owens-Illinois and the Glass Industry in Toledo"
1090:
811:, and Libbey–Owens Sheet Company—and indirectly controlled
344:
276:
One of the few successful American glass companies was the
160:
113:
John H. Hobbs, Charles W. Brockunier, William Leighton Sr.
4345:
3398:
2599:
2537:"The Noted Peach–Blow Vase (page 5 2nd column from left)"
2523:
1119:
Some of the rare Ritchie glassware was on display at the
490:
eventually reached as far west as Chicago and St. Louis.
4450:
2005:"First Railroad Train to Wheeling (page 3 third column)"
3961:
Newton, J. H.; Nichols, G. G.; Sprankle, A. G. (1879).
5244:
Defunct manufacturing companies based in West Virginia
4373:
Weeks, Joseph D.; United States Census Office (1884).
1647:
3960:
3465:"The Hobbs Glass Company (page 1 lower right corner)"
3069:"Syrup Off the Roller: The Libbey-Owens-Ford Company"
3044:"Syrup Off the Roller: The Libbey-Owens-Ford Company"
2401:"South Wheeling Glass Works (page 3 far left column)"
2366:"South Wheeling Glass Works (page 3 far left column)"
1991:
1979:
1936:
1907:
1895:
1805:
1675:
1530:
1440:
3719:
Harry Northwood will operate large Wheeling factory.
965:
in the 1880s. The company showcased his work at the
18:
United States glass manufacturer of the 19th century
229:
3786:Bredehoft, Neila M.; Bredehoft, Thomas H. (1997).
3785:
3640:
3613:
3568:
3525:
3508:
3492:
3451:
3439:
3390:
3341:
3289:
3231:
3197:
2992:
2808:
2793:
2777:
2765:
2712:
2678:
2662:
2638:
2226:
1578:
465:chimneys (the glass surrounding the flame), jars,
3636:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3609:
3607:
3574:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3486:
3433:
2988:
2986:
2872:University Museums, Iowa State University eMuseum
2605:
2520:Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York) et al. 1970
2485:
2483:
2481:
2428:
2426:
418:
5190:
4245:Washington, District of Columbia: R. Armstrong.
2930:
2902:
2804:
2802:
2761:
2759:
2706:
2634:
2632:
2491:"The Glass Houses (columns on left side of p.9)"
2315:"The Glass Houses (columns on left side of p.9)"
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2047:
2045:
1901:
1613:
1611:
635:
4117:"Growth of the American Glass Industry to 1880"
3653:"(Lower part of untitled column on far left)".
2959:
2957:
2668:
2617:
2307:
1997:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1930:
1891:
1889:
1846:
1769:
1671:
1669:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1436:
1434:
1232:
5239:Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1891
3879:
3676:
3619:
3604:
3564:
3552:
3514:
3445:
3409:. Federation of Historical Bottle Collectors.
3316:. Federation of Historical Bottle Collectors.
3293:
3175:. Federation of Historical Bottle Collectors.
3134:. Federation of Historical Bottle Collectors.
3010:
2983:
2942:
2478:
2423:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2248:
1465:Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
1421:
1419:
1370:
1368:
300:. Jarves left his company in 1825 to form the
4476:
4451:The Museum of American Glass in West Virginia
4321:. Wheeling, West Virginia: Land & Brown.
4269:
4238:
3729:
3727:
3661:
3646:
3540:
3536:
3534:
3061:
2799:
2787:
2756:
2656:
2629:
2354:
2171:
2042:
1608:
1425:
1048:went to the extreme measure of confining its
3087:"The Window Machines: Sheet and Plate Glass"
2965:"The Fabulous Monster: Owens Bottle Machine"
2954:
2921:Weeks & United States Census Office 1884
2897:Weeks & United States Census Office 1884
2298:Weeks & United States Census Office 1884
2286:Weeks & United States Census Office 1884
2271:Weeks & United States Census Office 1884
2208:
2099:
1985:
1958:
1886:
1799:
1713:(14). The Pennsylvania Museum: 30–31. 1906.
1666:
1641:
1567:
1535:Weeks & United States Census Office 1884
1431:
1387:Weeks & United States Census Office 1884
1227:Weeks & United States Census Office 1884
1168:
1166:
280:, which was incorporated in 1818 and led by
5214:Manufacturing companies established in 1845
4490:
4418:. Boston, Massachusetts: Eastburn's Press.
4214:Edward Drummond Libbey, American glassmaker
3366:"Wheeling Hall of Fame, Harry C. Northwood"
3335:
3299:
3279:
3241:
3225:
3162:
3121:
2718:
2644:
2581:
2559:"Corning Museum of Glass – the Morgan Vase"
2529:
2513:
2450:
2438:
2388:
2161:
2159:
2146:
2144:
2032:
2030:
1811:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1416:
1365:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1240:"Corning Museum of Glass – Annealing Glass"
1110:resulted in too much damage to the product.
1097:had less than 100 miles (160 km) each.
5209:Companies based in Wheeling, West Virginia
5199:Glassmaking companies of the United States
4483:
4469:
4302:. Washington: Government Printing Office.
3967:. Wheeling, West Virginia: J.A. Caldwell.
3724:
3706:
3531:
2814:
2593:
2281:
2279:
2220:
2075:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1757:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1557:
1555:
1392:
1336:
1324:
1314:
1312:
1262:
1208:
5234:American companies disestablished in 1891
4756:Pauly & C. - Compagnia Venezia Murano
4314:
4199:. Gretna, Louisiana: Pelican Publishing.
3880:Lechner, Mildred; Lechner, Ralph (1998).
3812:
3558:
3457:
3384:
3109:
3036:
2998:
2432:
2348:
2301:
2232:
2123:American Oil & Gas Historical Society
1745:
1303:
1163:
513:1859 advertisement for kerosene and lamps
319:peaked around 1850, as plants shifted to
5224:1890s disestablishments in West Virginia
4172:. Iola, Wisconsin: Krause Publications.
4167:
4114:
4053:
3546:
3504:
3427:
3305:
3285:
3247:
3235:
3193:
3152:
3103:
2924:
2908:
2890:
2781:
2724:
2674:
2650:
2623:
2611:
2587:
2472:
2444:
2291:
2260:
2156:
2141:
2111:
2087:
2027:
1946:
1940:
1874:
1862:
1856:
1500:
1446:
1404:
1348:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1214:
901:
873:
762:
721:
668:
659:
610:
602:
573:
508:
343:
239:
4211:
4194:
4090:. New York City: H.V. & H.W. Poor.
3839:
3404:"The Robinsons of Zainsville 1893–1900"
3311:"The Robinsons of Zainsville 1893–1900"
3257:The Pottery, Glass & Brass Salesman
3253:"Pittsburg News (James B. Russell....)"
3170:"The Robinsons of Zainsville 1893–1900"
3129:"The Robinsons of Zainsville 1893–1900"
3115:
3004:
2971:from the original on September 16, 2013
2936:
2914:
2771:
2730:
2360:
2276:
2266:
2254:
2238:
2081:
1924:
1913:
1733:
1681:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1552:
1540:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1410:
1398:
1380:
1374:
1359:
1342:
1330:
1318:
1309:
1202:
5229:American companies established in 1845
5191:
4411:
4155:from the original on November 13, 2023
4115:Scoville, Warren C. (September 1944).
4087:Poor's Manual of Railroads for 1868–69
4041:from the original on November 17, 2023
4000:
3884:. Paducah, Kentucky: Collector Books.
3498:
2948:
2462:
2342:
1457:
1220:
1196:
257:, was a key additive for high–quality
236:Early glassmaking in the United States
4879:List of defunct glassmaking companies
4464:
3763:
3394:
3372:from the original on December 3, 2013
3156:
3024:from the original on December 3, 2013
2336:
2242:
2214:
2165:
2150:
2105:
2093:
2036:
1952:
1880:
1868:
1852:
1840:
1763:
1751:
1739:
1692:
1292:
288:library and a British engineer named
4197:Michael Owens and the Glass Industry
4083:
1561:
1546:
3817:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3813:Dyer, Davis; Gross, Daniel (2001).
3592:from the original on March 19, 2017
3353:from the original on August 4, 2023
1992:Newton, Nichols & Sprankle 1879
1980:Newton, Nichols & Sprankle 1879
1937:Newton, Nichols & Sprankle 1879
1908:Newton, Nichols & Sprankle 1879
1896:Newton, Nichols & Sprankle 1879
1806:Newton, Nichols & Sprankle 1879
1707:Bulletin of the Pennsylvania Museum
1676:Newton, Nichols & Sprankle 1879
1531:Newton, Nichols & Sprankle 1879
1441:Newton, Nichols & Sprankle 1879
937:American Flint Glass Workers' Union
555:J. H. Hobbs, Brockunier and Company
188:J. H. Hobbs, Brockunier and Company
152:J. H. Hobbs, Brockunier and Company
22:J. H. Hobbs, Brockunier and Company
13:
4445:Glass Industry in Wheeling in 1886
4405:
4391:from the original on July 16, 2023
4376:Report on the Manufacture of Glass
3694:from the original on July 20, 2023
3416:from the original on June 30, 2013
3323:from the original on June 30, 2013
3267:from the original on July 30, 2023
3213:from the original on June 23, 2021
3182:from the original on June 30, 2013
3141:from the original on June 30, 2013
2878:from the original on July 25, 2023
2855:from the original on July 26, 2023
2832:from the original on July 26, 2023
2694:from the original on July 24, 2023
2569:from the original on July 24, 2023
2547:from the original on July 24, 2023
2501:from the original on July 14, 2023
2325:from the original on July 14, 2023
2196:from the original on July 10, 2023
2129:from the original on July 10, 2023
2063:from the original on July 20, 2023
2015:from the original on June 30, 2023
1829:from the original on July 20, 2021
1787:from the original on June 29, 2023
1488:from the original on June 29, 2023
1474:Historical Society of Pennsylvania
752:
632:, and J. B. Dobleman of Brooklyn.
14:
5255:
4438:
4333:from the original on July 4, 2023
4257:from the original on July 7, 2023
4102:from the original on May 21, 2023
3846:. New York City: The Century Co.
2411:from the original on July 9, 2023
2376:from the original on July 9, 2023
1629:from the original on July 4, 2023
1472:(3). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania:
1280:from the original on July 5, 2023
1250:from the original on July 5, 2023
1184:from the original on July 5, 2023
835:and C.H. Over Glass Company. The
302:Boston and Sandwich Glass Company
248:Glass is made by starting with a
121:Flint and fancy-colored glassware
4350:. Dallas: Dallas Museum of Art.
3840:Knittle, Rhea Mansfield (1927).
3790:. Paducah, KY: Collector Books.
1270:"Corning Museum of Glass – Lehr"
569:
230:Glassmaking in the United States
170:The firm was first organized as
5219:1845 establishments in Virginia
4456:Library of Congress glass works
3989:from the original on 2023-07-25
3868:from the original on 2023-07-19
3774:from the original on 2023-07-12
3475:from the original on 2023-07-20
3288:, pp. 202, 205, 213, 248;
1698:
1648:F.W. Beers and Company (1871).
1145:
1136:
1126:
1113:
1100:
1059:
1038:
1029:
837:Fostoria Shade and Lamp Company
498:of what was, at that time, the
317:East Coast of the United States
3770:(MA). University of Delaware.
3641:Bredehoft & Bredehoft 1997
3614:Bredehoft & Bredehoft 1997
3569:Bredehoft & Bredehoft 1997
3526:Bredehoft & Bredehoft 1997
3509:Bredehoft & Bredehoft 1997
3493:Bredehoft & Bredehoft 1997
3452:Bredehoft & Bredehoft 1997
3440:Bredehoft & Bredehoft 1997
3391:Bredehoft & Bredehoft 1997
3368:. Ohio County Public Library.
3349:. Ohio County Public Library.
3342:Bredehoft & Bredehoft 1997
3290:Bredehoft & Bredehoft 1997
3232:Bredehoft & Bredehoft 1997
3198:Bredehoft & Bredehoft 1997
2993:Bredehoft & Bredehoft 1997
2849:The Metropolitan Museum of Art
2822:"Rubina Verde Hobnail Pitcher"
2809:Bredehoft & Bredehoft 1997
2794:Bredehoft & Bredehoft 1997
2778:Bredehoft & Bredehoft 1997
2766:Bredehoft & Bredehoft 1997
2713:Bredehoft & Bredehoft 1997
2679:Bredehoft & Bredehoft 1997
2663:Bredehoft & Bredehoft 1997
2639:Bredehoft & Bredehoft 1997
2227:Bredehoft & Bredehoft 1997
1579:Bredehoft & Bredehoft 1997
1458:Barnes, L. Diane (July 1999).
987:
626:Bakewell, Pears, & Company
534:, led to increased demand for
476:
419:Ritchietown and South Wheeling
244:New England Glass Company 1855
64:James B. Barnes, John L. Hobbs
1:
5204:Defunct glassmaking companies
4816:Sterlite Optical Technologies
4666:Kokomo Opalescent Glass Works
4415:Reminiscences of Glass-making
3756:
3713:"Purchased Big Glass Plant".
3672:. January 5, 1894. p. 5.
3507:, pp. 202–203, 218–219;
3308:, pp. 57, 60, 250, 439;
897:
654:Hobbs, Brockunier and Company
636:Hobbs, Brockunier and Company
560:
224:
4447:- Ohio County Public Library
4216:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.
4212:Skrabec, Quentin R. (2011).
4195:Skrabec, Quentin R. (2007).
4121:Journal of Political Economy
3764:Baker, Gary E. (June 1986).
3586:Economic History Association
3250:, pp. 56–57, 117, 189;
3073:University of Toledo Library
3048:University of Toledo Library
1157:
997:. Other ingredients such as
981:
955:
664:
7:
4168:Shotwell, David J. (2002).
3717:. May 14, 1902. p. 1.
2967:. Corning Museum of Glass.
1777:"History of South Wheeling"
916:United States Glass Company
847:were started in the 1890s.
794:'s glassworks at the age of
647:United States Glass Company
409:Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
339:
210:United States Glass Company
89:United States Glass Company
30:Co-partnership, corporation
10:
5260:
3657:. July 1, 1892. p. 2.
3565:Lechner & Lechner 1998
3553:Lechner & Lechner 1998
3294:Lechner & Lechner 1998
3207:Ohio County Public Library
1705:"Old American Cut Glass".
1121:Philadelphia Museum of Art
910:In February 1891, a glass
863:
859:
833:Nickel Plate Glass Company
756:
747:Metropolitan Museum of Art
728:Metropolitan Museum of Art
717:
520:Hobbs, Barnes, and Company
504:Barnes, Hobbs, and Company
444:
233:
5018:
4887:
4869:
4496:
3909:Glass: Shattering Notions
767:Inventor Michael J. Owens
483:Hobbs, Barnes and Company
451:Barnes, Hobbs and Company
278:New England Glass Company
176:New England Glass Company
172:Barnes, Hobbs and Company
136:
125:
117:
107:
95:
84:
76:
68:
60:
52:
44:
34:
26:
4606:Firozabad glass industry
4601:Fenton Art Glass Company
3582:"The Depression of 1893"
3020:. University of Toledo.
1819:"Death of John L. Hobbs"
976:
971:H. Northwood and Company
967:West Virginia State Fair
688:, and the purchaser was
598:
219:H. Northwood and Company
4910:Irving Wightman Colburn
4491:Glass makers and brands
4412:Jarves, Deming (1854).
4084:Poor, Henry V. (1868).
4001:Palmer, Arlene (1976).
3091:Corning Museum of Glass
2826:Corning Museum of Glass
2750:August 4, 2023, at the
2614:, pp. 357, 413–414
2563:Corning Museum of Glass
2119:"First Oil Discoveries"
1623:Smithsonian Institution
1274:Corning Museum of Glass
1244:Corning Museum of Glass
1123:during the early 1900s.
950:Glassport, Pennsylvania
801:Irving Wightman Colburn
743:Corning Museum of Glass
101:Wheeling, West Virginia
4270:United States (1901).
4239:United States (1853).
3690:. September 15, 1882.
3234:, pp. 27–28, 30;
2688:The Walters Art Museum
2497:. September 14, 1886.
2321:. September 14, 1886.
1133:and other ingredients.
907:
879:
829:Fostoria Glass Company
768:
730:
677:
643:National Glass Company
630:Mount Washington Glass
616:
608:
579:
514:
349:
245:
4975:Henry William Stiegel
4706:Mats Jonasson MĂĄlerĂĄs
4646:Holmegaard Glassworks
2407:. December 12, 1873.
2372:. December 12, 1873.
2349:Dyer & Gross 2001
2302:Dyer & Gross 2001
1304:Dyer & Gross 2001
905:
877:
864:Further information:
841:Novelty Glass Company
820:Belmont Glass Company
766:
725:
672:
660:Exceptional art glass
614:
606:
577:
512:
389:Appalachian Mountains
347:
243:
234:Further information:
4950:Michael Joseph Owens
4526:Aurora Glass Foundry
4007:Winterthur Portfolio
3843:Early American Glass
3735:"Harry C. Northwood"
3397:, pp. 117–118;
2845:"Hobnail Fruit Bowl"
1855:, pp. 108–109;
1825:. November 2, 1881.
849:Sneath Glass Company
845:Seneca Glass Company
813:Libbey Glass Company
809:Owens Bottle Company
703:Stevens and Williams
699:Thomas Webb and Sons
518:changed its name to
433:, fell into another
5038:Bomex/Duran/Endural
4955:Alastair Pilkington
4631:Guardian Industries
4536:Barovier & Toso
3741:on January 21, 2013
3670:Steubenville Herald
3668:"Will Be Wrecked".
3655:Steubenville Herald
3471:. August 10, 1888.
3399:Venable et al. 2000
3296:, pp. 136, 144
2600:Venable et al. 2000
2524:Venable et al. 2000
2059:. August 29, 1857.
2011:. January 8, 1853.
1108:Allegheny Mountains
892:Hobbs Glass Company
825:Hazel Glass Company
701:(Peach Glass), and
680:In 1886, a Chinese
435:economic depression
263:Embargo Act of 1807
206:Hobbs Glass Company
138:Number of employees
48:Plunkett and Miller
39:Glass manufacturing
23:
4900:Richard M. Atwater
4721:Nippon Sheet Glass
4661:Kingdom of Crystal
4581:Dartington Crystal
4315:(Unknown) (1879).
3541:United States 1901
3430:, pp. 57, 60;
3393:, pp. 27–30;
3344:, pp. 29–30;
3292:, pp. 28–30;
3238:, pp. 179–180
3196:, pp. 56–57;
3159:, pp. 117–118
3155:, pp. 56–57;
3106:, pp. 95, 191
2911:, pp. 586–587
2626:, pp. 413–414
2269:, pp. 27–28;
2257:, pp. 279–280
2217:, pp. 117–118
2192:. March 12, 1863.
2108:, pp. 115–116
1910:, pp. 238–239
1426:United States 1853
1093:and (what became)
944:new glassworks at
924:economic recession
908:
880:
790:10. After joining
769:
731:
690:William T. Walters
678:
675:Walters Art Museum
617:
609:
580:
515:
383:During the 1840s,
362:Northern Panhandle
354:American Civil War
350:
286:Harvard University
246:
184:Wheeling, Virginia
21:
5186:
5185:
4995:Tomasz Urbanowicz
4985:Lino Tagliapietra
4980:S. Donald Stookey
4831:Val Saint Lambert
4726:NiĹľbor glassworks
4641:Hardman & Co.
4357:978-0-81096-692-5
4223:978-0-7864-8548-2
4179:978-0-87349-385-7
4055:Paquette, Jack K.
3974:978-1-55613-413-5
3945:978-0-87099-004-5
3918:978-0-93634-001-2
3891:978-1-57432-065-7
3824:978-0-19514-095-8
3797:978-0-89145-780-0
2684:"Peach Blow Vase"
2543:. March 9, 1886.
1781:Wheeling Heritage
1754:, pp. 48, 50
1476:: 201–226 JSTOR.
1345:, pp. 18, 20
1052:to the island of
946:Gas City, Indiana
805:Fourcault process
424:Wheeling's first
393:Mississippi River
313:protective tariff
149:
148:
145:
132:
5251:
4935:Edward D. Libbey
4905:Frederick Carder
4485:
4478:
4471:
4462:
4461:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4369:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4311:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4235:
4208:
4191:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4080:
4061:. Xlibris Corp.
4050:
4048:
4046:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3957:
3930:
3903:
3876:
3874:
3873:
3836:
3809:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3731:
3722:
3721:
3715:Indiana Progress
3710:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3650:
3644:
3638:
3617:
3611:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3578:
3572:
3562:
3556:
3550:
3544:
3538:
3529:
3523:
3512:
3502:
3496:
3495:, pp. 21–22
3490:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3461:
3455:
3449:
3443:
3442:, pp. 20–21
3437:
3431:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3415:
3408:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3322:
3315:
3303:
3297:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3245:
3239:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3181:
3174:
3166:
3160:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3140:
3133:
3125:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2961:
2952:
2946:
2940:
2934:
2928:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2797:
2791:
2785:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2754:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2715:, pp. 80–81
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2533:
2527:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2487:
2476:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2397:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2311:
2305:
2304:, pp. 30–31
2295:
2289:
2283:
2274:
2264:
2258:
2252:
2246:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2182:
2169:
2163:
2154:
2148:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2084:, pp. 25–26
2079:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2049:
2040:
2034:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1773:
1767:
1766:, pp. 50–52
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1679:
1673:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1615:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1565:
1559:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1509:, pp. 12–13
1504:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1455:
1444:
1438:
1429:
1423:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1377:, pp. 24–25
1372:
1363:
1357:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1307:
1301:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1170:
1152:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1117:
1111:
1104:
1098:
1063:
1057:
1042:
1036:
1033:
1027:
991:
797:
789:
524:Hobbs and Barnes
488:
143:
130:
24:
20:
5259:
5258:
5254:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5248:
5189:
5188:
5187:
5182:
5020:
5014:
5005:John M. Whitall
4990:W. E. S. Turner
4883:
4871:
4865:
4846:Watts & Co.
4566:Caithness Glass
4498:
4492:
4489:
4441:
4428:
4426:
4408:
4406:Further reading
4403:
4394:
4392:
4358:
4336:
4334:
4287:
4285:
4260:
4258:
4224:
4180:
4158:
4156:
4105:
4103:
4069:
4044:
4042:
3992:
3990:
3975:
3946:
3919:
3892:
3871:
3869:
3854:
3825:
3798:
3777:
3775:
3759:
3754:
3744:
3742:
3733:
3732:
3725:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3697:
3695:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3639:
3620:
3612:
3605:
3595:
3593:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3563:
3559:
3551:
3547:
3539:
3532:
3524:
3515:
3503:
3499:
3491:
3487:
3478:
3476:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3450:
3446:
3438:
3434:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3406:
3402:
3401:, p. 174;
3389:
3385:
3375:
3373:
3364:
3356:
3354:
3345:
3340:
3336:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3313:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3284:
3280:
3270:
3268:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3230:
3226:
3216:
3214:
3201:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3114:
3110:
3095:
3093:
3085:
3077:
3075:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3052:
3050:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3027:
3025:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3003:
2999:
2991:
2984:
2974:
2972:
2963:
2962:
2955:
2947:
2943:
2935:
2931:
2919:
2915:
2907:
2903:
2895:
2891:
2881:
2879:
2866:
2858:
2856:
2843:
2835:
2833:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2807:
2800:
2792:
2788:
2776:
2772:
2764:
2757:
2752:Wayback Machine
2743:
2735:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2711:
2707:
2697:
2695:
2682:
2677:, p. 608;
2673:
2669:
2661:
2657:
2649:
2645:
2637:
2630:
2622:
2618:
2610:
2606:
2598:
2594:
2586:
2582:
2572:
2570:
2557:
2550:
2548:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2522:, p. 248;
2518:
2514:
2504:
2502:
2489:
2488:
2479:
2471:, p. 156;
2467:
2463:
2455:
2451:
2443:
2439:
2431:
2424:
2414:
2412:
2399:
2398:
2389:
2379:
2377:
2364:
2363:, p. 396;
2359:
2355:
2347:
2343:
2328:
2326:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2296:
2292:
2284:
2277:
2265:
2261:
2253:
2249:
2237:
2233:
2225:
2221:
2213:
2209:
2199:
2197:
2184:
2183:
2172:
2164:
2157:
2149:
2142:
2132:
2130:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2104:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2066:
2064:
2051:
2050:
2043:
2035:
2028:
2018:
2016:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1978:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1939:, p. 239;
1935:
1931:
1923:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1894:
1887:
1879:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1851:
1847:
1832:
1830:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1790:
1788:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1762:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1738:
1734:
1719:10.2307/3793802
1704:
1703:
1699:
1691:
1682:
1674:
1667:
1657:
1655:
1646:
1642:
1632:
1630:
1617:
1616:
1609:
1601:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1577:
1568:
1560:
1553:
1545:
1541:
1533:, p. 237;
1529:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1505:
1501:
1491:
1489:
1456:
1447:
1439:
1432:
1424:
1417:
1409:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1385:
1381:
1373:
1366:
1358:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1317:
1310:
1302:
1293:
1283:
1281:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1253:
1251:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1213:
1209:
1201:
1197:
1187:
1185:
1172:
1171:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1127:
1118:
1114:
1105:
1101:
1064:
1060:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1030:
992:
988:
984:
979:
958:
900:
872:
862:
795:
787:
761:
755:
753:Talent provider
720:
705:(Peach Bloom).
667:
662:
638:
601:
572:
563:
486:
479:
447:
421:
342:
290:James B. Barnes
238:
232:
227:
139:
110:
103:
19:
12:
11:
5:
5257:
5247:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5138:Satsuma Kiriko
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5024:
5022:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4891:
4889:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4875:
4873:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4791:Royal Brierley
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4771:PPG Industries
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4696:Johns Manville
4693:
4688:
4683:
4681:Liuli Gongfang
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4556:Bormioli Rocco
4553:
4548:
4543:
4541:Berengo Studio
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4506:Anchor Hocking
4502:
4500:
4494:
4493:
4488:
4487:
4480:
4473:
4465:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4440:
4439:External links
4437:
4436:
4435:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4401:
4370:
4356:
4343:
4312:
4293:
4267:
4236:
4222:
4209:
4192:
4178:
4165:
4133:10.1086/256182
4127:(3): 193–216.
4112:
4081:
4067:
4051:
4019:10.1086/495842
3998:
3973:
3958:
3944:
3931:
3917:
3904:
3890:
3877:
3852:
3837:
3823:
3810:
3796:
3783:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3723:
3705:
3675:
3660:
3645:
3618:
3603:
3573:
3567:, p. 78;
3557:
3545:
3530:
3513:
3497:
3485:
3456:
3444:
3432:
3383:
3334:
3298:
3278:
3240:
3224:
3200:, p. 28;
3161:
3120:
3108:
3060:
3035:
3009:
2997:
2982:
2953:
2941:
2929:
2923:, p. 65;
2913:
2901:
2889:
2813:
2798:
2786:
2780:, p. 84;
2770:
2755:
2729:
2717:
2705:
2681:, p. 81;
2667:
2655:
2643:
2628:
2616:
2604:
2592:
2580:
2528:
2512:
2477:
2461:
2449:
2437:
2433:(Unknown) 1879
2422:
2387:
2353:
2341:
2306:
2300:, p. 79;
2290:
2275:
2259:
2247:
2241:, p. 27;
2231:
2219:
2207:
2170:
2155:
2140:
2110:
2098:
2086:
2074:
2041:
2026:
1996:
1984:
1957:
1945:
1929:
1912:
1900:
1885:
1873:
1861:
1845:
1810:
1798:
1768:
1756:
1744:
1732:
1697:
1680:
1665:
1640:
1607:
1595:
1583:
1566:
1551:
1539:
1523:
1511:
1499:
1445:
1430:
1428:, p. lxxi
1415:
1403:
1391:
1379:
1364:
1347:
1335:
1323:
1308:
1291:
1261:
1231:
1219:
1207:
1195:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1144:
1135:
1125:
1112:
1099:
1058:
1037:
1028:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
957:
954:
899:
896:
861:
858:
754:
751:
719:
716:
694:Kangxi Emperor
666:
663:
661:
658:
637:
634:
600:
597:
571:
568:
562:
559:
536:kerosene lamps
478:
475:
469:, and cologne
446:
443:
420:
417:
341:
338:
311:, which was a
309:Tariff of 1824
231:
228:
226:
223:
147:
146:
140:
137:
134:
133:
127:
123:
122:
119:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
104:
99:
97:
93:
92:
86:
82:
81:
78:
74:
73:
70:
66:
65:
62:
58:
57:
54:
50:
49:
46:
42:
41:
36:
32:
31:
28:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5256:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5017:
5011:
5010:Caspar Wistar
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4940:Dante Marioni
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4930:Deming Jarves
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4915:Henry Crimmel
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4886:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4868:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4851:World Kitchen
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4751:Owens Corning
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4495:
4486:
4481:
4479:
4474:
4472:
4467:
4466:
4463:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4377:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4353:
4349:
4344:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4319:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4300:
4294:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4275:
4268:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4243:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4219:
4215:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4175:
4171:
4166:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4113:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4088:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4068:1-4010-4790-4
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3999:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3970:
3966:
3965:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3941:
3937:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3914:
3910:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3887:
3883:
3878:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3853:9781404753853
3849:
3845:
3844:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3820:
3816:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3789:
3784:
3773:
3769:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3740:
3736:
3730:
3728:
3720:
3716:
3709:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3671:
3664:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3615:
3610:
3608:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3570:
3566:
3561:
3555:, p. 158
3554:
3549:
3543:, p. 168
3542:
3537:
3535:
3527:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3510:
3506:
3505:Paquette 2002
3501:
3494:
3489:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3460:
3453:
3448:
3441:
3436:
3429:
3428:Paquette 2002
3412:
3405:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3387:
3371:
3367:
3352:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3319:
3312:
3307:
3306:Paquette 2002
3302:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3286:Paquette 2002
3282:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3249:
3248:Paquette 2002
3244:
3237:
3236:Paquette 2002
3233:
3228:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3194:Paquette 2002
3178:
3171:
3165:
3158:
3154:
3153:Paquette 2002
3137:
3130:
3124:
3118:, p. 262
3117:
3112:
3105:
3104:Shotwell 2002
3092:
3088:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3023:
3019:
3013:
3007:, p. 124
3006:
3001:
2994:
2989:
2987:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2958:
2950:
2945:
2938:
2933:
2927:, p. 587
2926:
2925:Shotwell 2002
2922:
2917:
2910:
2909:Shotwell 2002
2905:
2898:
2893:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2810:
2805:
2803:
2795:
2790:
2784:, p. 244
2783:
2782:Shotwell 2002
2779:
2774:
2767:
2762:
2760:
2753:
2749:
2739:
2733:
2727:, p. 244
2726:
2725:Shotwell 2002
2721:
2714:
2709:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2675:Shotwell 2002
2671:
2664:
2659:
2653:, p. 414
2652:
2651:Shotwell 2002
2647:
2640:
2635:
2633:
2625:
2624:Shotwell 2002
2620:
2613:
2612:Shotwell 2002
2608:
2602:, p. 163
2601:
2596:
2590:, p. 357
2589:
2588:Shotwell 2002
2584:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2526:, p. 163
2525:
2521:
2516:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2475:, p. 372
2474:
2473:Shotwell 2002
2470:
2465:
2459:, p. 144
2458:
2453:
2447:, p. 210
2446:
2445:Scoville 1944
2441:
2435:, p. 136
2434:
2429:
2427:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2350:
2345:
2339:, p. 119
2338:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2256:
2251:
2245:, p. 119
2244:
2240:
2235:
2228:
2223:
2216:
2211:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2168:, p. 117
2167:
2162:
2160:
2153:, p. 119
2152:
2147:
2145:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2107:
2102:
2096:, p. 115
2095:
2090:
2083:
2078:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2046:
2039:, p. 113
2038:
2033:
2031:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1994:, p. 201
1993:
1988:
1982:, p. 239
1981:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1955:, p. 111
1954:
1949:
1942:
1941:Shotwell 2002
1938:
1933:
1926:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1909:
1904:
1898:, p. 238
1897:
1892:
1890:
1883:, p. 108
1882:
1877:
1871:, p. 110
1870:
1865:
1859:, p. 243
1858:
1857:Shotwell 2002
1854:
1849:
1843:, p. 108
1842:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1808:, p. 195
1807:
1802:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1765:
1760:
1753:
1748:
1741:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1678:, p. 194
1677:
1672:
1670:
1653:
1652:
1644:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1612:
1604:
1599:
1592:
1587:
1580:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1563:
1558:
1556:
1548:
1543:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1520:
1515:
1508:
1503:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1443:, p. 176
1442:
1437:
1435:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1412:
1407:
1401:, p. 277
1400:
1395:
1388:
1383:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1344:
1339:
1333:, p. 275
1332:
1327:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1228:
1223:
1217:, p. 343
1216:
1215:Shotwell 2002
1211:
1204:
1199:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1167:
1162:
1148:
1139:
1129:
1122:
1116:
1109:
1103:
1096:
1095:West Virginia
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1032:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
990:
986:
974:
972:
968:
964:
953:
951:
947:
941:
938:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
904:
895:
893:
888:
886:
885:Findlay, Ohio
876:
871:
870:Panic of 1896
867:
866:Panic of 1893
857:
855:
854:Henry Crimmel
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
821:
816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
793:
792:Edward Libbey
785:
784:Michael Owens
780:
778:
774:
765:
760:
750:
748:
744:
739:
737:
729:
724:
715:
712:
706:
704:
700:
695:
691:
687:
683:
676:
671:
657:
655:
650:
648:
644:
633:
631:
627:
621:
613:
605:
596:
594:
588:
586:
576:
570:Glass formula
567:
558:
556:
552:
548:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
511:
507:
505:
501:
500:American West
497:
491:
484:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
442:
440:
436:
432:
431:Panic of 1837
427:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
381:
379:
375:
371:
370:National Road
367:
363:
359:
355:
346:
337:
335:
331:
330:Massachusetts
327:
322:
318:
314:
310:
305:
303:
299:
298:mercury glass
295:
291:
287:
283:
282:Deming Jarves
279:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
251:
242:
237:
222:
220:
215:
211:
207:
204:In 1891, the
202:
200:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
180:Massachusetts
177:
173:
168:
166:
162:
158:
153:
141:
135:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
40:
37:
33:
29:
25:
16:
5048:Chevron bead
5000:Paolo Venini
4945:Antonio Neri
4925:A. H. Heisey
4836:Vallérysthal
4796:Saint-Gobain
4716:Mosser Glass
4546:Blenko Glass
4516:Ardagh Group
4511:Arc Holdings
4427:. Retrieved
4414:
4393:. Retrieved
4375:
4347:
4335:. Retrieved
4317:
4298:
4286:. Retrieved
4272:
4259:. Retrieved
4241:
4213:
4196:
4170:Glass A to Z
4169:
4157:. Retrieved
4124:
4120:
4104:. Retrieved
4086:
4058:
4045:November 17,
4043:. Retrieved
4010:
4006:
3991:. Retrieved
3963:
3935:
3908:
3881:
3870:. Retrieved
3842:
3814:
3787:
3776:. Retrieved
3766:
3745:November 10,
3743:. Retrieved
3739:the original
3718:
3714:
3708:
3696:. Retrieved
3687:
3678:
3669:
3663:
3654:
3648:
3643:, p. 24
3616:, p. 23
3594:. Retrieved
3585:
3576:
3571:, p. 22
3560:
3548:
3528:, p. 22
3511:, p. 30
3500:
3488:
3477:. Retrieved
3468:
3459:
3454:, p. 21
3447:
3435:
3420:November 24,
3418:. Retrieved
3386:
3376:November 29,
3374:. Retrieved
3357:November 17,
3355:. Retrieved
3337:
3327:November 24,
3325:. Retrieved
3301:
3281:
3269:. Retrieved
3260:
3256:
3243:
3227:
3215:. Retrieved
3206:
3186:November 24,
3184:. Retrieved
3164:
3145:November 24,
3143:. Retrieved
3123:
3116:Skrabec 2007
3111:
3094:. Retrieved
3090:
3076:. Retrieved
3072:
3063:
3051:. Retrieved
3047:
3038:
3028:November 10,
3026:. Retrieved
3012:
3005:Skrabec 2007
3000:
2995:, p. 30
2975:February 23,
2973:. Retrieved
2951:, p. 77
2944:
2939:, p. 20
2937:Skrabec 2011
2932:
2916:
2904:
2899:, p. 61
2892:
2880:. Retrieved
2871:
2857:. Retrieved
2848:
2834:. Retrieved
2825:
2816:
2811:, p. 20
2796:, p. 19
2789:
2773:
2768:, p. 84
2732:
2720:
2708:
2696:. Retrieved
2687:
2670:
2665:, p. 80
2658:
2646:
2641:, p. 79
2619:
2607:
2595:
2583:
2571:. Retrieved
2562:
2549:. Retrieved
2540:
2531:
2515:
2503:. Retrieved
2494:
2464:
2452:
2440:
2413:. Retrieved
2404:
2378:. Retrieved
2369:
2361:Knittle 1927
2356:
2351:, p. 30
2344:
2327:. Retrieved
2318:
2309:
2293:
2288:, p. 79
2273:, p. 79
2267:Skrabec 2011
2262:
2255:Knittle 1927
2250:
2239:Skrabec 2011
2234:
2222:
2210:
2198:. Retrieved
2189:
2131:. Retrieved
2122:
2113:
2101:
2089:
2082:Skrabec 2007
2077:
2065:. Retrieved
2056:
2017:. Retrieved
2008:
1999:
1987:
1948:
1943:, p. 85
1932:
1927:, p. 73
1925:Skrabec 2007
1903:
1876:
1864:
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1813:
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1780:
1771:
1759:
1747:
1742:, p. 47
1735:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1695:, p. 16
1656:. Retrieved
1650:
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1631:. Retrieved
1622:
1605:, p. 69
1603:Skrabec 2007
1598:
1593:, p. 71
1591:Skrabec 2007
1586:
1564:, p. 20
1549:, p. 11
1542:
1537:, p. 79
1526:
1521:, p. 26
1519:Skrabec 2007
1514:
1502:
1490:. Retrieved
1469:
1463:
1413:, p. 24
1411:Skrabec 2011
1406:
1399:Knittle 1927
1394:
1389:, p. 65
1382:
1375:Skrabec 2011
1362:, p. 20
1360:Skrabec 2011
1343:Skrabec 2011
1338:
1331:Knittle 1927
1326:
1321:, p. 19
1319:Skrabec 2011
1306:, p. 23
1282:. Retrieved
1273:
1264:
1252:. Retrieved
1243:
1234:
1229:, p. 45
1222:
1210:
1205:, p. 25
1203:Skrabec 2007
1198:
1186:. Retrieved
1177:
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932:unemployment
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382:
366:Commonwealth
364:part of the
351:
328:, New York,
306:
275:
247:
205:
203:
187:
171:
169:
151:
150:
96:Headquarters
27:Company type
15:
5073:Dragontrail
5058:CorningWare
4970:Otto Schott
4960:Flavio Poli
4888:Glassmakers
4856:Xinyi Glass
4801:Saint-Louis
4711:Moser Glass
4611:Franz Mayer
4159:November 2,
2949:Palmer 1976
2229:, p. 6
1581:, p. 8
1050:glassmakers
1012:glassblower
930:and a high
686:Mary Morgan
551:Wood County
477:Early years
426:flint glass
405:New Orleans
360:was in the
352:Before the
267:War of 1812
212:trust. The
208:joined the
91:, Factory H
45:Predecessor
5193:Categories
5103:Millefiori
5021:and brands
5019:Trademarks
4895:John Adams
4766:Pilkington
4671:Kosta Boda
4288:2013-11-04
4251:1049765701
3993:2023-06-28
3872:2023-07-16
3778:2023-07-12
3757:References
3479:2023-07-20
3395:Baker 1986
3157:Baker 1986
2337:Baker 1986
2243:Baker 1986
2215:Baker 1986
2166:Baker 1986
2151:Baker 1986
2106:Baker 1986
2094:Baker 1986
2037:Baker 1986
1953:Baker 1986
1881:Baker 1986
1869:Baker 1986
1853:Baker 1986
1841:Baker 1986
1764:Baker 1986
1752:Baker 1986
1740:Baker 1986
1693:Baker 1986
1018:it into a
898:U.S. Glass
757:See also:
736:opalescent
561:Golden era
547:Union Army
397:Cincinnati
374:Ohio River
326:New Jersey
321:Pittsburgh
265:, and the
225:Background
157:lime glass
129:$ 325,000
109:Key people
5168:Waterford
5158:Vitrolite
5133:Ravenhead
5083:Fire-King
5068:Cristallo
5063:Cranberry
4920:Friedrich
4872:companies
4841:Waterford
4826:Swarovski
4761:Phu Phong
4731:O-I Glass
4651:Holophane
4626:Glaverbel
4576:Crystalex
4499:companies
4366:905439701
4232:753968484
4205:137341537
4188:440702171
4149:154003064
4035:161635810
3954:461476151
3271:April 10,
3217:August 4,
2738:US 343133
1658:August 1,
1562:Poor 1868
1547:Poor 1868
1158:Citations
1087:Louisiana
1079:Tennessee
982:Footnotes
956:Northwood
928:deflation
920:Factory H
682:porcelain
665:Peachblow
496:expansion
459:annealing
413:Baltimore
401:St. Louis
385:waterways
372:with the
259:glassware
199:tableware
85:Successor
5033:Bohemian
4965:Salviati
4776:Preciosa
4741:Orrefors
4636:Hadeland
4531:Baccarat
4429:July 12,
4424:14284772
4395:June 26,
4389:Archived
4331:Archived
4255:Archived
4153:Archived
4100:Archived
4077:50932436
4057:(2002).
4039:Archived
3987:Archived
3983:12537018
3927:39921461
3900:39502285
3866:Archived
3833:45437326
3806:37340501
3772:Archived
3698:July 20,
3692:Archived
3596:July 10,
3590:Archived
3473:Archived
3411:Archived
3370:Archived
3351:Archived
3318:Archived
3265:Archived
3211:Archived
3177:Archived
3136:Archived
3096:March 7,
3078:March 7,
3053:March 7,
3022:Archived
2969:Archived
2882:July 25,
2876:Archived
2859:July 26,
2853:Archived
2836:July 26,
2830:Archived
2748:Archived
2698:July 24,
2692:Archived
2573:July 24,
2567:Archived
2551:July 24,
2545:Archived
2505:July 14,
2499:Archived
2409:Archived
2374:Archived
2329:July 14,
2323:Archived
2200:July 10,
2194:Archived
2133:July 10,
2127:Archived
2067:July 20,
2061:Archived
2019:June 30,
2013:Archived
1833:June 28,
1827:Archived
1791:June 29,
1785:Archived
1627:Archived
1492:June 29,
1486:Archived
1482:20093288
1278:Archived
1248:Archived
1182:Archived
1083:Kentucky
1075:Missouri
1071:Illinois
1016:pressing
999:soda ash
711:griffins
585:pressing
540:lanterns
532:Kentucky
528:coal oil
467:tumblers
358:Wheeling
340:Wheeling
334:Virginia
294:smuggled
255:red lead
118:Products
35:Industry
5178:Zerodur
5153:Vitrite
5148:Visions
5143:Tiffany
5113:Opaline
5093:Gorilla
5078:Favrile
5053:Corelle
5043:Burmese
4870:Defunct
4861:Zwiesel
4821:Steuben
4691:Luoyang
4686:Iittala
4596:Fanavid
4591:Duralex
4571:Corning
4561:Borosil
4497:Current
4385:2123984
4337:July 4,
4327:5655586
4308:5705310
4283:3888071
4261:July 6,
4141:1826160
4106:May 21,
4096:5585553
4027:1180591
3862:1811743
2415:July 9,
2380:July 9,
1727:3793802
1633:July 4,
1284:July 5,
1254:July 5,
1188:July 5,
1178:Corning
1067:Indiana
860:Decline
718:Hobnail
593:benzine
471:bottles
463:lantern
445:Startup
192:pressed
165:Indiana
126:Revenue
69:Defunct
61:Founder
53:Founded
5173:Wood's
5118:Peking
5108:Murano
5088:Forest
4811:Schott
4806:Seguso
4781:Riedel
4701:Mannok
4676:Libbey
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1054:Murano
1046:Venice
1005:, and
1003:potash
995:silica
963:etcher
948:, and
843:, and
796:
788:
777:Murano
773:Venice
745:, the
487:
403:, and
332:, and
271:dumped
144:(1877)
131:(1873)
5163:Vycor
5123:Pyrex
5098:Macor
5028:Activ
4746:Osram
4736:Ohara
4621:Glava
4616:Fuyao
4551:Bodum
4521:Asahi
4145:S2CID
4137:JSTOR
4031:S2CID
4023:JSTOR
3414:(PDF)
3407:(PDF)
3321:(PDF)
3314:(PDF)
3180:(PDF)
3173:(PDF)
3139:(PDF)
3132:(PDF)
1723:JSTOR
1478:JSTOR
977:Notes
912:trust
599:1870s
530:from
250:batch
214:trust
196:blown
5128:Rona
4786:Rona
4656:Hoya
4586:Daum
4431:2023
4420:OCLC
4397:2023
4381:OCLC
4362:OCLC
4352:ISBN
4339:2023
4323:OCLC
4304:OCLC
4279:OCLC
4263:2023
4247:OCLC
4228:OCLC
4218:ISBN
4201:OCLC
4184:OCLC
4174:ISBN
4161:2023
4108:2023
4092:OCLC
4073:OCLC
4063:ISBN
4047:2023
3979:OCLC
3969:ISBN
3950:OCLC
3940:ISBN
3923:OCLC
3913:ISBN
3896:OCLC
3886:ISBN
3858:OCLC
3848:ISBN
3829:OCLC
3819:ISBN
3802:OCLC
3792:ISBN
3747:2013
3700:2023
3598:2023
3422:2013
3378:2013
3359:2013
3329:2013
3273:2023
3219:2023
3188:2013
3147:2013
3098:2024
3080:2024
3055:2024
3030:2013
2977:2013
2884:2023
2861:2023
2838:2023
2700:2023
2575:2023
2553:2023
2507:2023
2417:2023
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2331:2023
2202:2023
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2069:2023
2021:2023
1835:2023
1793:2023
1660:2023
1635:2023
1494:2023
1286:2023
1256:2023
1190:2023
1091:Ohio
1024:lehr
1020:mold
1007:lime
868:and
645:and
538:and
455:rods
439:Ward
194:and
163:and
161:Ohio
142:350
80:Sold
77:Fate
72:1891
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4129:doi
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