Glassblowing - Knowledge

747: 497:, which was traditionally a flat slab of marble, but today is more commonly a fairly thick flat sheet of steel. This process, called "marvering", forms a cool skin on the exterior of the molten glass blob, and shapes it. Then air is blown into the pipe, creating a bubble. Next, the glassworker can gather more glass over that bubble to create a larger piece. Once a piece has been blown to its approximate final size, the bottom is finalized. Then, the molten glass is attached to a stainless steel or iron rod called a "punty" for shaping and transferring the hollow piece from the blowpipe to provide an opening and to finalize the top. 235: 187: 773: 258:, which is a cameo manufactured during the Roman period. An experiment was carried out by Gudenrath and Whitehouse with the aim of re-creating the Portland Vase. A full amount of blue glass required for the body of the vase was gathered on the end of the blowpipe and was subsequently dipped into a pot of hot white glass. Inflation occurred when the glassworker blew the molten glass into a sphere which was then stretched or elongated into a vase with a layer of white glass overlying the blue body. 423: 765: 953: 394: 612: 85: 304: 267: 20: 564:(rods cut in cross-sections to reveal patterns). These pieces of color can be arranged in a pattern on a flat surface, and then "picked up" by rolling a bubble of molten glass over them. One of the most exacting and complicated caneworking techniques is "reticello", which involves creating two bubbles from cane, each twisted in a different direction and then combining them and blowing out the final form. 402: 243:

of air into a molten portion of glass called a "gather" which has been spooled at one end of the blowpipe. This has the effect of forming an elastic skin on the interior of the glass blob that matches the exterior skin caused by the removal of heat from the furnace. The glassworker can then quickly inflate the molten glass to a coherent blob and work it into a desired shape.

933:". The technique of glassblowing, coupled with the cylinder and crown methods, was used to manufacture sheet or flat glass for window panes in the late 17th century. The applicability of glassblowing was so widespread that glass was being blown in many parts of the world, for example, in China, Japan and the Islamic Lands. 800:

sophistication of the glassworkers in the eastern regions of the Roman Empire. Mold-blown glass vessels manufactured by the workshops of Ennion and other contemporary glassworkers such as Jason, Nikon, Aristeas, and Meges, constitutes some of the earliest evidence of glassblowing found in the eastern territories.

1004:, during which they started experimenting with melting glass in a small furnace and creating blown glass art. Littleton promoted the use of small furnaces in individual artists studios. This approach to glassblowing blossomed into a worldwide movement, producing such flamboyant and prolific artists as 286:

The Roman leaf beaker which is now on display in the J. Paul Getty Museum was blown in a three-part mold decorated with the foliage relief frieze of four vertical plants. Meanwhile, Taylor and Hill tried to reproduce mold-blown vessels by using three-part molds made of different materials. The result

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Hence, tube blowing not only represents the initial attempts of experimentation by glassworkers at blowing glass, it is also a revolutionary step that induced a change in conception and a deep understanding of glass. Such inventions swiftly eclipsed all other traditional methods, such as casting and

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used for creating flat spots such as a bottom. Tweezers are used to pick out details or to pull on the glass. There are two important types of shears, straight shears and diamond shears. Straight shears are essentially bulky scissors, used for making linear cuts. Diamond shears have blades that form

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Mold-blowing was an alternative glassblowing method that came after the invention of free-blowing, during the first part of the second quarter of the 1st century AD. A glob of molten glass is placed on the end of the blowpipe, and is then inflated into a wooden or metal carved mold. In that way, the

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This method held a pre-eminent position in glassforming ever since its introduction in the middle of the 1st century BC until the late 19th century, and is still widely used as a glassforming technique, especially for artistic purposes. The process of free-blowing involves the blowing of short puffs

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in the demise of the Roman Empire in the 5th century AD. During the early medieval period, the Franks manipulated the technique of glassblowing by creating the simple corrugated molds and developing the claws decoration techniques. Blown glass objects, such as the drinking vessels that imitated the

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in Switzerland. Clay blowpipes, also known as mouthblowers, were made by the ancient glassworkers due to the accessibility and availability of the resources before the introduction of the metal blowpipes. Hollow iron rods, together with blown vessel fragments and glass waste dating to approximately

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Later, the Phoenician glassworkers exploited their glassblowing techniques and set up their workshops in the western territories of the Roman Empire, first in Italy by the middle of the 1st century AD. Rome, the heartland of the empire, soon became a major glassblowing center, and more glassblowing

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for example, was among the most prominent glassworkers from Lebanon of the time. He was renowned for producing the multi-paneled mold-blown glass vessels that were complex in their shapes, arrangement and decorative motifs. The complexity of designs of these mold-blown glass vessels illustrated the

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of molten glass, is simply referred to as "the furnace". The second is called the "glory hole", and is used to reheat a piece in between steps of working with it. The final furnace is called the "lehr" or "annealer", and is used to slowly cool the glass, over a period of a few hours to a few days,

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As a novel glass forming technique created in the middle of the 1st century BC, glassblowing exploited a working property of glass that was previously unknown to glassworkers; inflation, which is the expansion of a molten blob of glass by introducing a small amount of air into it. That is based on

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attempted to reconstruct the ancient free-blowing technique by using clay blowpipes. The result proved that short clay blowpipes of about 30–60 cm (12–24 in) facilitate free-blowing because they are simple to handle and to manipulate and can be re-used several times. Skilled workers are

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In addition, recent developments in technology allow for the use of glass components in high-tech applications. Using machininery to shape and form glass enables to manufacture glass products of the highest quality and accuracy. As a result, glass is often used in semiconductor, analytical, life

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which was dated to the 3rd century AD. The Roman hegemony over the Mediterranean areas resulted in the substitution of glassblowing for earlier Hellenistic casting, core-forming and mosaic fusion techniques. The earliest evidence of blowing in Hellenistic work consists of small blown bottles for

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to rise out of the mass), and then the working temperature is reduced in the furnace to around 1,090 °C (2,000 °F). At this stage, the glass appears to be a bright orange color. Though most glassblowing is done between 870 and 1,040 °C (1,600 and 1,900 °F), "soda-lime" glass

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and blown jars decorated with ribbing, as well as blown perfume bottles with letters CCAA or CCA which stand for Colonia Claudia Agrippiniensis, were produced from the Rhineland workshops. Remains of blown blue-green glass vessels, for example bottles with handles, collared bowls and indented

524:, and are used similarly to the marver to shape and cool a piece in the early steps of creation. In similar fashion, pads of water-soaked newspaper (roughly 15 cm (6 in) square, 1.3 to 2.5 centimetres (0.5 to 1 in) thick), held in the bare hand, can be used to shape the piece. 282:

Two types of mold, namely single-piece molds and multi-piece molds, are frequently used to produce mold-blown vessels. The former allows the finished glass object to be removed in one movement by pulling it upwards from the single-piece mold and is largely employed to produce tableware and

405: 410: 408: 404: 403: 409: 582:(later followed by lampwork artists such as Milon Townsend and Robert Mickelson), is still practiced today. The modern lampworker uses a flame of oxygen and propane or natural gas. The modern torch permits working both the soft glass from the furnace worker and the 407: 913:

glassworkers made mold-blown glass decorated with Christian and Jewish symbols in Jerusalem between the late 6th century and the middle of the 7th century AD. Mold-blown vessels with facets, relief and linear-cut decoration were discovered at

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During blowing, thinner layers of glass cool faster than thicker ones and become more viscous than the thicker layers. That allows production of blown glass with uniform thickness instead of causing blow-through of the thinned layers.

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capable of shaping almost any vessel forms by rotating the pipe, swinging it and controlling the temperature of the piece while they blow. They can produce a great variety of glass objects, ranging from drinking cups to window glass.

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in the 1st century BC, which enhanced the spread and dominance of this new technology. Glassblowing was greatly supported by the Roman government (although Roman citizens could not be "in trade", in particular under the reign of

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To increase the stiffness of the molten glass, which in turn makes the process of blowing easier, there was a subtle change in the composition of glass. With reference to their studies of the ancient glass assemblages from

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utilitarian vessels for storage and transportation. Whereas the latter is made in multi-paneled mold segments that join together, thus permitting the development of more sophisticated surface modeling, texture and design.

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Surviving physical evidence, such as blowpipes and molds which are indicative of the presence of blowing, is fragmentary and limited. Pieces of clay blowpipes were retrieved from the late 1st century AD glass workshop at

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the liquid structure of glass where the atoms are held together by strong chemical bonds in a disordered and random network, therefore molten glass is viscous enough to be blown and gradually hardens as it loses heat.

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The tip of the blowpipe is first preheated; then dipped in the molten glass in the furnace. The molten glass is "gathered" onto the end of the blowpipe in much the same way that viscous honey is picked up on a

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The transformation of raw materials into glass takes place at around 1,320 °C (2,400 °F); the glass emits enough heat to appear almost white hot. The glass is then left to "fine out" (allowing the

940:, Norway, shows how glass was made according to ancient tradition. The Nøstetangen glassworks had operated there from 1741 to 1777, producing table-glass and chandeliers in the German and English styles. 290:

The development of the mold-blowing technique has enabled the speedy production of glass objects in large quantity, thus encouraging the mass production and widespread distribution of glass objects.

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is a glassblower's workstation; it includes places for the glassblower to sit, for the handheld tools, and two rails that the pipe or punty rides on while the blower works with the piece.

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as well as scores of other modern glass artists. Today there are many different institutions around the world that offer glassmaking resources for training and sharing equipment.

56:(often also called a glassblower or glassworker) manipulates glass with the use of a torch on a smaller scale, such as in producing precision laboratory glassware out of 843:

From there, escaping craftsmen (who had been forbidden to travel) otherwise advanced to the rest of Europe by building their glassblowing workshops in the north of the

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in glass, is slightly lower in blown vessels than those manufactured by casting. Lower concentration of natron would have allowed the glass to be stiffer for blowing.

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base molds were discovered from these Rhineland workshops, suggesting the adoption and the application of mold-blowing technique by the glassworkers. Besides, blown

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of precisely timed movements. This practical requirement has encouraged collaboration among glass artists, in both semi-permanent and temporary working groups.

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A full range of glassblowing techniques was developed within decades of its invention. The two major methods of glassblowing are free-blowing and mold-blowing.

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remains somewhat plastic and workable at as low as 730 °C (1,350 °F). Annealing is usually done between 371 and 482 °C (700 and 900 °F).

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for bead making dated more than 2500 BP. Beads are made by attaching molten glass gather to the end of a blowpipe, a bubble is then blown into the gather.

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There are many ways to apply patterns and color to blown glass, including rolling molten glass in powdered color or larger pieces of colored glass called "

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Renaissance Europe witnessed the revitalization of glass industry in Italy. Glassblowing, in particular the mold-blowing technique, was employed by the

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shape and the texture of the bubble of glass is determined by the design on the interior of the mold rather than the skill of the glassworker.

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suggested that metal molds, in particular bronze, are more effective in producing high-relief design on glass than plaster or wooden molds.

578:, beads, and durable scientific "specimens"—miniature glass sculpture. The craft, which was raised to an art form in the late 1960s by 1558: 2570: 2193: 1573: 1587: 574:-driven air to create a hot flame at a workbench to manipulate preformed glass rods and tubes. These stock materials took form as 535:

are tools shaped somewhat like large tweezers with two blades, which are used for forming shape later in the creation of a piece.

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Fischer, A; McGray, W.Patrick (1999). "Glass Production Activities as Practiced at Sepphoris, Israel (37 ?–? 1516)".

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Price, J. (1991). "Decorated Mould-Blown Glass Tablewares in the First century AD". In M. Newby & K. Painter (eds.)

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in the birthplace of glassblowing in contemporary Lebanon and Israel as well as in the neighbouring province of Cyprus.

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A glassworks in England in 1858. During the Industrial Revolution, techniques for mass-produced glassware were improved.

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was descended from a family of glass-blowers in 18th century France, and she wrote about her forebears in the 1963

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Cuneaz, G. (2003). "Introduction". In R.B. Mentasti, R. Mollo, P. Framarin, M. Sciaccaluga & A. Geotti (eds.)

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Lazar, I. 2006. Glass finds in Slovenia and neighbouring areas. In Journal of Roman Archaeology 19: 299–342.

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Hőricht, L.A.S. (1991). "Syrian Elements among the Glass from Pompeii". In M. Newby & K. Painter (eds.)

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copied the technique consisting of blowing air into molten glass with a blowpipe making it into a bubble.

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Eventually, the glassblowing technique reached Egypt and was described in a fragmentary poem printed on

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Glassblowing was invented by Syrian craftsmen from Hama and Aleppo between 27 BC and 14 AD. The ancient

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Coles, R.A. 1983. The Oxyrhynchus Papyri 50. Egypt Exploration Society for the British Academy: London.

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Vose, R.H. (1989). "From Dark Ages to the Fall of Constantinople". In D. Klein & W. Lloyd (eds.)

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Grose, D.F. (1982). "The Hellenistic and Early Roman Glass from Morgantina (Serra Orlando), Sicily".

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in the form of Indo-Pacific beads which uses glass blowing to make cavity before being subjected to

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Wright, K. (2000). "Leaf Beakers and Roman Mould-blown Glass Production in the First Century AD".

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shape of the animal horn were produced in the Rhine and Meuse valleys, as well as in Belgium. The

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Wood, P. (1989). "The Tradition from Medieval to Renaissance". In D. Klein & W. Lloyd (eds.)

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La Route Du Verre: ateliers primaries et secondaires du second millenaire av. J-C au Moyen Age

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Glass Through Time: history and technique of glassmaking from the ancient world to the present

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depending on the size of the pieces. This keeps the glass from cracking or shattering due to

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Taylor, M. & D. Hill 1998. Making Roman Glass Today. In The Colchester Archaeologist 11

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Gudenrath, W.; Whitehouse, D. (1990). "The Manufacture of the Vase of its Ancient Repair".

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Working with large or complex pieces requires a team of several glassworkers, in a complex

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Tait, H. (1994). "Europe from the Middle Ages to Industrial Revolution". In H. Tait (ed.)

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The glass blowing tradition was carried on in Europe from the medieval period through the

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1957. Roman Glass: from dated finds. Archaeologica Traiectina. J.B. Wolters: Groningen.

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One of the most prolific glassblowing centers of the Roman period was established in

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a diamond shape when partially open. These are used for cutting off masses of glass.

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Israeli, Y. (1991). "The Invention of Blowing". In M. Newby & K. Painter (eds.)

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Lightfoot, C.S. (1987). "A Group of early Roman Mould-Blown Flasks from the West".

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Early glass of the ancient world: 1600 B.C.-A.D. 50 : Ernesto Wolf collection

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Tatton-Brown, V. (1991). "Early Medieval Europe AD 400 – 1066". In H. Tait (ed.)

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Price, J. (2000). "Roman Glass Production in Western Europe". In M-D Nenna (ed.)

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workshops were subsequently established in other provinces of Italy, for example

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is the investigation of a crime in a Venetian glassworks on the island of

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perfume and oil retrieved from the glass workshops on the Greek island of

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Glass can be made with precise striped patterns through a process called

52: 1752: 1728: 1410: 952: 556:". Complex patterns with great detail can be created through the use of 3332: 3041: 3016: 2983: 2895: 2787: 2782: 2729: 2719: 2707: 2692: 2677: 2632: 2583: 2424: 2246: 1837: 1373: 1085: 1054: 859: 825: 809: 636: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 590:. This latter worker may also have multiple headed torches and special 415: 109: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2662: 780:

The invention of glassblowing coincided with the establishment of the

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beakers, were found in abundance from the local glass workshops at

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of Israel, Fischer and McCray postulated that the concentration of

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A glassworker blows air into the glass, creating a cavity inside

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Freestone, I. (1991). "Looking into Glass". In S. Bowman (ed.)

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Tatton-Brown, V. (1991). "The Roman Empire". In H. Tait (ed.)

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Frank, S 1982. Glass and Archaeology. Academic Press: London.

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Use of a glory hole to reheat a piece on the end of a blowpipe

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in Germany by the late 1st century BC. Stone base molds and

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An outstanding example of the free-blowing technique is the

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in mainland Greece which were dated to the 1st century AD.

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is a glassforming technique that involves inflating molten

1853:. pp. 76–85. The Society of Antiquaries of London: London 1685:. pp. 46–55. The Society of Antiquaries of London: London 1453:. pp. 56–75. The Society of Antiquaries of London: London 884:

4th century AD, were recovered from the glass workshop in

2117:"Through a glass darkly by Donna Leon – Kirkus Reviews" 832:. A great variety of blown glass objects, ranging from 1919:. pp. 123–124. Maison de l’Orient Mediterranean: Paris 929:

to produce the fine glassware which is also known as "

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Evidence of glass blowing comes even earlier from the

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contains additional glassblowing informational links

2009:. pp. 67–92. Macdonald & Co. (Publishers) Ltd.: 1966:. pp. 39–66. Macdonald & Co. (Publishers) Ltd.: 1000:, a chemist and engineer, held two workshops at the 1396: 1334:Chloe Zerwick; Corning Museum of Glass (May 1990). 2578: 1729:"Glass Beads in Asia Part Two. Indo-Pacific Beads" 1704:"'Indians made glass blown beads 2,500 years ago'" 1312:. Middlesex: The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. 1305: 776:Glassblowing production methods in England in 1858 840:, from tableware to window glass, were produced. 274:sculpting a section of his piece "Insignificance" 3345: 1906:No. 76. CTT Printing Series Ltd.: Pembrokeshire. 1560:Purchasing Agent: Magazine of Centralized Buying 2208: 1851:Roman Glass: two centuries of art and invention 1683:Roman Glass: Two Centuries of Art and Invention 1451:Roman Glass: Two Centuries of Art and Invention 1423: 1031:science, industrial, and medical applications. 430:which involves the use of rods of colored glass 464:The major tools used by a glassblower are the 2564: 2194: 1268: 34:into a bubble (or parison) with the aid of a 1989:. pp. 145–187. British Museum Press: London 1941:. pp. 98–111. British Museum Press: London. 1902:Allen, D. (1998). "Roman Glass in Britain". 520:are ladle-like tools made from water-soaked 330:introducing citations to additional sources 1878: 238:Glassworking in a hot shop in New York City 2571: 2557: 2201: 2187: 1509: 1488:. pp. 62–97. British Museum Press: London 1480: 1478: 1476: 1474: 1472: 1470: 1468: 1466: 1366:Birgit Schlick-Nolte; E. Marianne (1994). 1244: 1242: 1240: 1238: 1236: 1156:"UNESCO - Traditional Syrian glassblowing" 1772:Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 1637:. Springer Science & Business Media. 1505: 1503: 1501: 1445: 1443: 1441: 1439: 1417: 1390: 1303: 696:Learn how and when to remove this message 169:Learn how and when to remove this message 1958: 1956: 1954: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1630: 1308:Glass: from Antiquity to the Renaissance 1297: 1193: 943: 771: 763: 745: 421: 400: 392: 320:Relevant discussion may be found on the 265: 233: 185: 18: 1981: 1979: 1931: 1843: 1726: 1675: 1585: 1563:. Purchasing agent Company. 1919-01-01. 1463: 1361: 1359: 1357: 1233: 1179: 1177: 1175: 3346: 1909: 1831: 1531: 1522: 1498: 1436: 1327: 1262: 1213: 983: 293: 2552: 2182: 2084:Thermal Processing of Precision Glass 1951: 1922: 1891: 1872: 1863: 1806: 836:(toiletry containers for perfume) to 1999: 1976: 1765: 1701: 1354: 1172: 947: 708: 634:adding citations to reliable sources 605: 297: 107:adding citations to reliable sources 78: 2172:Experimental glass blowing for boys 1252:. University of Pennsylvania Press 493:. This glass is then rolled on the 13: 2242:Extrusion / Drawing (glass fibers) 2119:– via www.kirkusreviews.com. 1541:. pp. 11–30. Skira Editore: Milan 14: 3380: 2237:Blowing and pressing (containers) 2126: 1702:Saju, M. T. (November 17, 2020). 1271:Journal of Archaeological Science 1223:. The Royal Society of Chemistry 1219:Pollard, A.M. and C. Heron 2008. 3153:Bronze and brass ornamental work 1053:The subject of mystery novelist 1034: 951: 721:core-forming, in working glass. 610: 313:relies largely or entirely on a 302: 190:A stage in the manufacture of a 83: 67:intangible cultural heritage by 2109: 2091: 2075: 2063: 2041: 2019: 1821:. Collins Archaeology: London. 1759: 1720: 1695: 1651: 1624: 1600: 1579: 1567: 1551: 735: 621:needs additional citations for 261: 229: 94:needs additional citations for 2157:Scientific Glassblowing Basics 1631:Pfaender, H. G. (2012-12-06). 1148: 895: 447:. The first, which contains a 1: 1142: 547: 181: 74: 2420:Machine drawn cylinder sheet 1987:Five Thousand Years of Glass 1939:Five Thousand Years of Glass 1784:10.1080/0067270x.2012.680307 1486:Five Thousand Years of Glass 996:, a ceramics professor, and 560:(rods of colored glass) and 443:Glassblowing involves three 63:Glassblowing is listed as a 7: 2533:Glossary of glass art terms 1068: 598:used for special projects. 539:are flat pieces of wood or 483: 16:Technique for forming glass 10: 3385: 936:The Nøstetangen Museum at 739: 601: 594:to help form the glass or 414:How a wine glass is made, 3166: 3103: 3055: 3002: 2934: 2758: 2603: 2590: 2525: 2478: 2300: 2217: 2049:Gamle Sorenskrivergaarden 1586:webteam (20 March 2015). 1324:(apparently out of print) 1250:A History of Glassforming 512: 2450:Satsuma Kiriko cut glass 2262:Overflow downdraw method 2257:Precision glass moulding 2252:Drawing (optical fibers) 1881:Journal of Glass Studies 1512:Journal of Glass Studies 1426:Journal of Glass Studies 1399:Journal of Glass Studies 1337:A short history of glass 1221:Archaeological Chemistry 888:of Spain, as well as in 527: 500: 459: 3288:Painting in Hälsingland 2503:Shock metamorphic glass 1727:Francis, Peter (1990). 1059:Through a Glass, Darkly 586:(low-expansion) of the 2060:. nostetangenmuseum.no 2038:. nostetangenmuseum.no 2027:Nøstetangen Glassworks 1766:Wood, Marilee (2012). 1291:10.1006/jasc.1999.0398 1136:Blown Away (TV series) 918:in the Islamic lands. 777: 769: 761: 588:scientific glassblower 476:, or mandrel), bench, 431: 419: 398: 275: 239: 199: 24: 1634:Schott Guide to Glass 1608:"Ancient Roman Glass" 1304:Mariacher, G (1970). 1116:List of glass artists 992:" began in 1962 when 990:studio glass movement 944:Industrial Revolution 775: 767: 749: 425: 413: 396: 269: 237: 189: 22: 3308:Pressed flower craft 2365:Cylinder blown sheet 2007:The History of Glass 1964:The History of Glass 1201:Science and the Past 1081:Crown glass (window) 1002:Toledo Museum of Art 730:tube drawn technique 630:improve this article 576:laboratory glassware 326:improve this article 248:Toledo Museum of Art 103:improve this article 2725:Spinning (textiles) 2643:Friendship bracelet 2488:Radiative processes 2303:historic techniques 2227:Float glass process 2099:"The Glass-Blowers" 1817:Vose, R.H. (1989). 1663:www.sciences360.com 1283:1999JArSc..26..893F 1248:Cummings, K. 2002. 984:Recent developments 726:Indian subcontinent 294:Modern glassblowing 246:Researchers at the 2282:Chemical polishing 2163:2011-04-06 at the 2056:2012-03-24 at the 2034:2012-03-24 at the 1733:Asian Perspectives 1708:The Times of India 1612:www.vita-romae.com 1376:. pp. 81–83. 963:. You can help by 925:glassworkers from 778: 770: 762: 750:Roman blown glass 584:borosilicate glass 432: 420: 399: 276: 272:Jean-Pierre Canlis 240: 200: 192:Bristol blue glass 58:borosilicate glass 25: 3369:Firing techniques 3341: 3340: 3231:Hardstone carving 3179:Balloon modelling 2693:Ribbon embroidery 2546: 2545: 2480:Natural processes 2395:Fourcault process 2103:www.goodreads.com 1904:Shire Archaeology 1644:978-94-011-0517-0 1576:. glassonline.com 1547:978-88-8491-345-6 1383:978-3-7757-0502-8 1374:Verlag Gerd Hatje 1048:The Glass-Blowers 1041:Daphne du Maurier 981: 980: 709:Earliest evidence 706: 705: 698: 680: 411: 391: 390: 376: 179: 178: 171: 153: 3376: 3359:Glass production 3354:History of glass 3313:Qing handicrafts 3118:Chemical milling 2573: 2566: 2559: 2550: 2549: 2210:Glass production 2203: 2196: 2189: 2180: 2179: 2121: 2120: 2113: 2107: 2106: 2095: 2089: 2086:(LouwersHanique) 2079: 2073: 2067: 2061: 2045: 2039: 2023: 2017: 2003: 1997: 1983: 1974: 1960: 1949: 1935: 1929: 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2998: 2930: 2754: 2599: 2586: 2580:Decorative arts 2577: 2547: 2542: 2538:Glass recycling 2521: 2474: 2380:Enamelled glass 2302: 2296: 2287:Diamond turning 2277:Flame polishing 2219: 2213: 2207: 2165:Wayback Machine 2145:Glass Education 2129: 2124: 2115: 2114: 2110: 2097: 2096: 2092: 2080: 2076: 2068: 2064: 2058:Wayback Machine 2046: 2042: 2036:Wayback Machine 2024: 2020: 2004: 2000: 1984: 1977: 1961: 1952: 1936: 1932: 1927: 1923: 1914: 1910: 1901: 1892: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1864: 1848: 1844: 1836: 1832: 1816: 1807: 1764: 1760: 1725: 1721: 1712: 1710: 1700: 1696: 1680: 1676: 1667: 1665: 1657: 1656: 1652: 1645: 1629: 1625: 1616: 1614: 1606: 1605: 1601: 1592: 1590: 1584: 1580: 1572: 1568: 1557: 1556: 1552: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1523: 1508: 1499: 1483: 1464: 1448: 1437: 1422: 1418: 1395: 1391: 1384: 1364: 1355: 1348: 1332: 1328: 1320: 1302: 1298: 1267: 1263: 1247: 1234: 1218: 1214: 1198: 1194: 1182: 1173: 1164: 1162: 1154: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1140: 1101:Glass sculpture 1071: 1037: 1018:Marvin Lipofsky 1014:Fritz Driesbach 998:Dominick Labino 986: 977: 971: 968: 961:needs expansion 946: 898: 744: 738: 711: 702: 691: 685: 682: 639: 637: 627: 615: 604: 550: 530: 515: 503: 486: 472:(or punty rod, 462: 401: 387: 381: 378: 335: 333: 319: 307: 296: 264: 232: 184: 175: 164: 158: 155: 112: 110: 100: 88: 77: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3382: 3372: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3339: 3338: 3336: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3274: 3273: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3251:Leatherworking 3248: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3227: 3226: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3204:Egg decorating 3201: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3170: 3168: 3164: 3163: 3161: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3109: 3107: 3101: 3100: 3098: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3061: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3050: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3008: 3006: 3000: 2999: 2997: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2940: 2938: 2932: 2931: 2929: 2928: 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Please help 310: 308: 301: 295: 292: 263: 260: 231: 228: 183: 180: 177: 176: 118:"Glassblowing" 91: 89: 82: 76: 73: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3381: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3351: 3349: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3303:Private press 3301: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3272: 3269: 3268: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3225: 3222: 3221: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3214:Faux painting 3212: 3210: 3209:Engraved gems 3207: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3171: 3169: 3165: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3102: 3096: 3095:Stained glass 3093: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3080:Glass etching 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3054: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 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893: 891: 887: 882: 876: 875:in Slovenia. 874: 870: 865: 861: 857: 854:on the river 853: 848: 846: 841: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 817: 815: 811: 806: 801: 798: 794: 792: 788: 783: 774: 766: 759: 758:Baelo Claudia 755: 754: 748: 743: 733: 731: 727: 722: 718: 716: 700: 697: 689: 678: 675: 671: 668: 664: 661: 657: 654: 650: 647: – 646: 642: 641:Find sources: 635: 631: 625: 624: 619:This section 617: 613: 608: 607: 599: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 563: 559: 555: 545: 542: 538: 534: 525: 523: 519: 510: 508: 498: 496: 492: 481: 479: 475: 471: 467: 457: 455: 450: 446: 441: 438: 429: 424: 417: 395: 385: 374: 371: 367: 364: 360: 357: 353: 350: 346: 343: – 342: 338: 337:Find sources: 331: 327: 323: 317: 316: 315:single source 311:This article 309: 305: 300: 299: 291: 288: 284: 280: 273: 268: 259: 257: 256:Portland Vase 252: 249: 244: 236: 227: 224: 220: 218: 214: 210: 204: 197: 193: 188: 173: 170: 162: 151: 148: 144: 141: 137: 134: 130: 127: 123: 120: – 119: 115: 114:Find 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