39:
31:
284:, typically reached at a temperature around 900 °C. The glass is softened and undergoes steady deformation when viscosity is less than 10 poises, near 700 °C. Though apparently hardened, soda–lime glass can nonetheless be annealed to remove internal stresses with about 15 minutes at 10 poises, near 500 °C. The relationship between viscosity and temperature is largely logarithmic, with an
291:
The following table lists some physical properties of soda–lime glasses. Unless otherwise stated, the glass compositions and many experimentally determined properties are taken from one large study. Those values marked in
137:
at temperatures locally up to 1675 °C. The temperature is only limited by the quality of the furnace structure material and by the glass composition. Relatively inexpensive minerals such as
69:, used for windowpanes and glass containers (bottles and jars) for beverages, food, and some commodity items. Some glass bakeware is made of soda-lime glass, as opposed to the more common
209:
Soda–lime glass is relatively inexpensive, chemically stable, reasonably hard, and extremely workable. Because it can be resoftened and remelted numerous times, it is ideal for
1096:"High temperature glass melt property database for process modeling"; Eds.: Thomas P. Seward III and Terese Vascott; The American Ceramic Society, Westerville, Ohio, 2005,
280:
with decreasing temperature, permitting operations of steadily increasing precision. The glass is readily formable into objects when it has a viscosity of 10
241:
O), which is added in the form of sodium carbonate or related precursors. Soda lowers the glass-transition temperature. However, the soda makes the glass
1063:
1076:
B. H. W. S. de Jong, "Glass"; in "Ullmann's
Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry"; 5th edition, vol. A12, VCH Publishers, Weinheim, Germany, 1989,
1024:
1758:
1172:
233:) and viscosity make it difficult to work with. Other substances are therefore added to simplify processing. One is the "soda", or
1310:
197:
content. From the lower content of highly water-soluble ions (sodium and magnesium) in container glass comes its slightly higher
1155:
1081:
1057:
1186:
1101:
1187:"ISO 719:1985 - Glass -- Hydrolytic resistance of glass grains at 98 degrees C -- Method of test and classification"
700:
696:
1783:
1579:
297:
17:
992:
288:
strongly dependent on the composition of the glass, but the activation energy increases at higher temperatures.
1864:
953:
154:
149:
are usually used instead of pure chemicals. Green and brown bottles are obtained from raw materials containing
1695:
1672:
1528:
679:
675:
134:
1859:
1303:
50:, Germany: The distorted reflections of a tree indicate that the flat glass was possibly not made by the
941:
1599:
1559:
1480:
1370:
1016:
1828:
1460:
229:, being able to survive immersion in water while red hot, its high melting temperature (1723
1823:
1690:
1564:
972:
915:
911:
273:), contribute to the durability. The resulting glass contains about 70 to 74% silica by weight.
1296:
38:
1047:
1632:
1440:
1147:
1788:
1662:
1574:
1410:
1400:
1275:
947:
891:
830:
826:
113:, which provides the magnesium oxide), and aluminium oxide; along with small quantities of
1700:
8:
1808:
1735:
1730:
1652:
1627:
1594:
959:
886:
754:
198:
1715:
1637:
1385:
1375:
1217:
788:
285:
102:
70:
1232:
1793:
1763:
1720:
1657:
1642:
1554:
1445:
1151:
1097:
1077:
1053:
94:
1584:
1569:
1339:
1244:
1213:
1139:
731:
422:
1778:
1773:
1622:
1518:
1495:
1490:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1425:
1395:
871:
439:
407:
390:
372:
346:
335:
309:
262:
258:
242:
214:
210:
194:
182:
170:
130:
245:, which is usually undesirable. To provide for better chemical durability, the "
1740:
1710:
1705:
246:
201:
against water, which is required especially for storage of beverages and food.
118:
82:
1853:
1647:
1604:
1510:
1485:
1380:
851:
847:
807:
382:
250:
226:
190:
1450:
1813:
1768:
1725:
1415:
1390:
1344:
360:
281:
234:
222:
186:
178:
165:
Soda–lime glass is divided technically into glass used for windows, called
114:
90:
1838:
1803:
1523:
1405:
174:
51:
1113:
1833:
1798:
1667:
1435:
1430:
1288:
314:
166:
150:
1248:
81:
The manufacturing process for soda–lime glass consists in melting the
554:
277:
254:
30:
1276:"Soda-Lime (Float) Glass Material Properties :: MakeItFrom.com"
1818:
1589:
1365:
1360:
181:
for containers), and chemical composition. Flat glass has a higher
146:
1538:
716:
296:
font have been interpolated from similar glass compositions (see
230:
73:. Soda–lime glass accounts for about 90% of manufactured glass.
1614:
1420:
86:
43:
173:. The two types differ in the application, production method (
1533:
1500:
1334:
1319:
138:
66:
1204:
Wiederhorn, S.M. (1969). "Fracture stress energy of glass".
142:
47:
1261:
Janssen, L. P. B. M., Warmoeskerken, M. M. C. G., 2006.
1017:"Borosilicate Glass vs. Soda Lime Glass? - Rayotek News"
1230:
204:
1233:"Bouncing Motion of Spherical Particles in Fluids"
225:. Whereas pure silica has excellent resistance to
189:content than container glass, and a lower silica,
1170:
1138:
993:"The Pyrex Glass Controversy That Just Won't Die"
1851:
276:Soda–lime glass undergoes a steady increase in
213:. It is used in preference to chemically-pure
1759:Conservation and restoration of glass objects
1304:
1311:
1297:
1203:
1046:Robertson, Gordon L. (22 September 2005).
944:(glass sphere vs. glass wall): 0.97 ± 0.01
705:ppm/K, ~100–300 °C (212–572 °F)
1114:"Calcium Carbonate - Glass Manufacturing"
1045:
1318:
1231:Gondret, P.; M. Lance; L. Petit (2002).
1092:
1090:
876:at ~1,300 °C (2,370 °F), mJ/m
300:) due to the lack of experimental data.
37:
29:
1206:Journal of the American Ceramic Society
1049:Food Packaging: Principles and Practice
14:
1852:
1070:
1292:
1173:"Viscosity Behavior of Oxide Glasses"
1087:
1066:from the original on 2 December 2017.
990:
153:. The mix of raw materials is termed
34:Reusable soda–lime glass milk bottles
991:Estes, Adam Clark (March 16, 2019).
205:Typical compositions and properties
169:, and glass for containers, called
24:
1263:Transport phenomena data companion
1218:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1969.tb13350.x
1027:from the original on 23 April 2017
25:
1876:
720:at 20 °C (68 °F), g/cm
811:at 20 °C (68 °F), GPa
792:at 20 °C (68 °F), GPa
65:, is the most prevalent type of
46:made from soda-lime flat glass,
1829:Radioactive waste vitrification
1784:Glass fiber reinforced concrete
1268:
1255:
1224:
1197:
298:calculation of glass properties
253:(CaO), generally obtained from
160:
1179:
1164:
1132:
1106:
1052:(Second ed.). CRC Press.
1039:
1009:
984:
633:1,450 °C (2,640 °F)
589:1,450 °C (2,640 °F)
13:
1:
1696:Chemically strengthened glass
978:
841:1,000 °C (1,830 °F)
836:1,040 °C (1,900 °F)
76:
1529:Glass-ceramic-to-metal seals
691:564 °C (1,047 °F)
688:573 °C (1,063 °F)
261:(MgO) and alumina, which is
7:
966:
854:at 20 °C (68 °F),
757:at 20 °C (68 °F),
741:at 20 °C (68 °F)
630:550 °C (1,022 °F)
586:550 °C (1,022 °F)
10:
1881:
942:Coefficient of restitution
1749:
1681:
1613:
1560:Chemical vapor deposition
1547:
1509:
1481:Ultra low expansion glass
1371:Borophosphosilicate glass
1353:
1327:
1144:Chemistry of the Elements
1142:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).
249:" is also added. This is
1799:Glass-reinforced plastic
1461:Sodium hexametaphosphate
1691:Anti-reflective coating
1565:Glass batch calculation
1446:Photochromic lens glass
1120:. congcal. 28 June 2012
973:Glass batch calculation
558:log(η, dPa·s or poise)
97:(in the form of (Ca(OH)
1171:Thomas H. Sanders Jr.
221:), otherwise known as
63:soda–lime–silica glass
55:
35:
1865:Transparent materials
1824:Prince Rupert's drops
1673:Transparent materials
1633:Gradient-index optics
1441:Phosphosilicate glass
1148:Butterworth-Heinemann
1140:Greenwood, Norman N.
962:: 585 kg/mm + 20
954:Hardness (Mohs scale)
41:
33:
1789:Glass ionomer cement
1663:Photosensitive glass
1590:Liquidus temperature
1411:Fluorosilicate glass
948:Thermal conductivity
179:blowing and pressing
1809:Glass-to-metal seal
1731:Self-cleaning glass
1653:Optical lens design
887:Chemical durability
199:chemical durability
133:(NaCl), etc.) in a
1860:Glass compositions
1794:Glass microspheres
1716:Hydrogen darkening
1638:Hydrogen darkening
1386:Chalcogenide glass
1376:Borosilicate glass
286:Arrhenius equation
71:borosilicate glass
56:
36:
1847:
1846:
1764:Glass-coated wire
1736:sol–gel technique
1721:Insulated glazing
1658:Photochromic lens
1643:Optical amplifier
1595:sol–gel technique
1249:10.1063/1.1427920
1237:Physics of Fluids
1157:978-0-08-037941-8
1082:978-3-527-20112-9
1059:978-0-8493-3775-8
950:: 0.7–1.3 W/(m·K)
938:
937:
701:thermal expansion
670:
669:
623:
622:
549:
548:
448:
447:
16:(Redirected from
1872:
1585:Ion implantation
1340:Glass transition
1313:
1306:
1299:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1283:
1272:
1266:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1146:(2nd ed.).
1136:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1110:
1104:
1094:
1085:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1003:
988:
916:intensity factor
892:Hydrolytic class
732:Refractive index
676:Glass transition
627:
626:
583:
582:
452:
451:
329:
328:
303:
302:
85:, which are the
21:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1779:Glass electrode
1774:Glass databases
1751:
1745:
1683:
1677:
1609:
1543:
1519:Bioactive glass
1505:
1491:Vitreous enamel
1476:Thoriated glass
1471:Tellurite glass
1456:Soda–lime glass
1426:Gold ruby glass
1396:Cranberry glass
1349:
1323:
1317:
1287:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1260:
1256:
1229:
1225:
1202:
1198:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1137:
1133:
1123:
1121:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1095:
1088:
1075:
1071:
1060:
1044:
1040:
1030:
1028:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1001:
999:
989:
985:
981:
969:
923:
919:
914:
912:Critical stress
895:
890:
875:
872:Surface tension
855:
850:
829:
810:
791:
789:Young's modulus
772:
765:
758:
740:
734:
719:
704:
699:
685:
678:
663:
616:
578:
559:
557:
534:
525:
521:
510:
506:
482:
470:
461:
443:
426:
415:
411:
398:
394:
364:
350:
339:
324:
322:
310:Container glass
272:
268:
263:aluminium oxide
259:magnesium oxide
257:. In addition,
240:
220:
211:glass recycling
207:
195:aluminium oxide
183:magnesium oxide
171:container glass
163:
131:sodium chloride
128:
124:
112:
108:
100:
79:
59:Soda–lime glass
28:
23:
22:
18:Soda-lime glass
15:
12:
11:
5:
1878:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1755:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1741:Tempered glass
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1711:DNA microarray
1708:
1706:Dealkalization
1703:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1619:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1580:Glass modeling
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1515:
1513:
1511:Glass-ceramics
1507:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1451:Silicate glass
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1322:science topics
1316:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1293:
1286:
1285:
1280:makeitfrom.com
1267:
1265:. Delft: VVSD.
1254:
1243:(2): 643–652.
1223:
1196:
1178:
1163:
1156:
1131:
1105:
1086:
1084:, pp. 365–432.
1069:
1058:
1038:
1008:
982:
980:
977:
976:
975:
968:
965:
964:
963:
960:Knoop hardness
957:
951:
945:
936:
935:
930:
925:
921:
908:
907:
902:
897:
896:after ISO 719
883:
882:
880:
877:
868:
867:
862:
857:
844:
843:
838:
833:
823:
822:
817:
812:
804:
803:
798:
793:
785:
784:
779:
774:
770:
763:
751:
750:
747:
742:
738:
728:
727:
724:
721:
713:
712:
709:
706:
697:Coefficient of
693:
692:
689:
686:
683:
672:
671:
668:
667:
664:
661:
655:
654:
651:
645:
644:
641:
635:
634:
631:
624:
621:
620:
617:
614:
608:
607:
604:
598:
597:
591:
590:
587:
580:
576:
551:
550:
547:
546:
544:
542:
540:
536:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
519:
516:
512:
511:
508:
504:
501:
498:
495:
491:
490:
487:
484:
480:
477:
473:
472:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
449:
446:
445:
441:
437:
434:
432:
429:
428:
424:
420:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
400:
396:
392:
388:
385:
380:
376:
375:
370:
367:
362:
358:
354:
353:
348:
344:
341:
337:
333:
326:
318:
317:
312:
307:
270:
266:
238:
218:
206:
203:
162:
159:
126:
122:
119:sodium sulfate
117:agents (e.g.,
110:
106:
98:
78:
75:
61:, also called
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1877:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1648:Optical fiber
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1605:Vitrification
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1575:Glass melting
1573:
1571:
1570:Glass forming
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1486:Uranium glass
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1466:Soluble glass
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1381:Ceramic glaze
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1264:
1258:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1219:
1215:
1212:(2): 99–105.
1211:
1207:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1174:
1167:
1159:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1102:1-57498-225-7
1099:
1093:
1091:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1042:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1012:
998:
994:
987:
983:
974:
971:
970:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
939:
934:
931:
929:
926:
917:
913:
910:
909:
906:
903:
901:
898:
893:
888:
885:
884:
881:
878:
873:
870:
869:
866:
863:
861:
858:
853:
849:
846:
845:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
828:
825:
824:
821:
818:
816:
813:
809:
808:Shear modulus
806:
805:
802:
799:
797:
794:
790:
787:
786:
783:
780:
778:
775:
769:
762:
756:
753:
752:
748:
746:
743:
737:
733:
730:
729:
725:
722:
718:
715:
714:
710:
707:
702:
698:
695:
694:
690:
687:
681:
677:
674:
673:
665:
660:
657:
656:
652:
650:
647:
646:
642:
640:
637:
636:
632:
629:
628:
625:
618:
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27:Type of glass
19:
1814:Porous glass
1769:Safety glass
1726:Porous glass
1684:modification
1496:Wood's glass
1455:
1416:Fused quartz
1391:Cobalt glass
1345:Supercooling
1279:
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323:composition,
293:
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235:sodium oxide
223:fused quartz
208:
187:sodium oxide
164:
161:Applications
80:
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1839:Glass fiber
1804:Glass cloth
1548:Preparation
1524:CorningWare
1406:Flint glass
1401:Crown glass
1354:Formulation
1175:. Coursera.
1118:congcal.com
1021:rayotek.com
831:temperature
680:temperature
306:Properties
52:float glass
1854:Categories
1834:Windshield
1668:Refraction
1628:Dispersion
1436:Milk glass
1431:Lead glass
1002:2019-03-22
979:References
856:J/(mol·K)
755:Dispersion
315:Flat glass
167:flat glass
151:iron oxide
77:Production
1701:Corrosion
1600:Viscosity
1555:Annealing
924:), MPa.m
555:Viscosity
278:viscosity
255:limestone
1819:Pre-preg
1623:Achromat
1366:Bioglass
1361:AgInSbTe
1124:5 August
1064:Archived
1031:23 April
1025:Archived
967:See also
852:capacity
827:Liquidus
572:in °C −
321:Chemical
147:feldspar
105:(CaMg(CO
103:dolomite
54:process.
1750:Diverse
1682:Surface
1539:Zerodur
1191:iso.org
997:Gizmodo
717:Density
643:−2.585
1752:topics
1615:Optics
1421:GeSbTe
1328:Basics
1154:
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759:10 × (
749:1.520
539:
294:italic
282:poises
215:silica
193:, and
145:, and
115:fining
87:silica
44:window
1534:Macor
1501:ZBLAN
1335:Glass
1320:Glass
905:3...4
745:1.518
726:2.53
723:2.52
653:4215
606:3922
155:batch
139:trona
67:glass
1152:ISBN
1126:2013
1098:ISBN
1078:ISBN
1054:ISBN
1033:2017
933:0.75
879:315
848:Heat
820:29.8
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782:87.7
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666:263
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489:MgO
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