304:
d metal ions are all square planar. Important examples of square-planar low-spin d metal Ions are Rh(I), Ir(I), Ni(II), Pd(II), and Pt(II). At picture below is shown the splitting of the d subshell in low-spin square-planar complexes. Examples are especially prevalent for derivatives of the cobalt
499:
High-spin metal complexes have singly occupied orbitals and may not have any empty orbitals into which ligands could donate electron density. In general, there are few or no π-acidic ligands in the complex. These singly occupied orbitals can combine with the singly occupied orbitals of radical
697:
nature of the cyclopentadienyl ligand stabilizes its bonding to the metal. Somewhat satisfying are the two following observations: cobaltocene is a strong electron donor, readily forming the 18-electron cobaltocenium cation; and nickelocene tends to react with substrates to give 18-electron
220:
The current consensus in the general chemistry community is that unlike the singular octet rule for main group elements, transition metals do not strictly obey either the 12-electron or 18-electron rule, but that the rules describe the lower bound and upper bound of valence electron count
101:, lending stability to the complex. Transition metal complexes that deviate from the rule are often interesting or useful because they tend to be more reactive. The rule is not helpful for complexes of metals that are not transition metals. The rule was first proposed by American chemist
692:
Often, cases where complexes have more than 18 valence electrons are attributed to electrostatic forces – the metal attracts ligands to itself to try to counterbalance its positive charge, and the number of electrons it ends up with is unimportant. In the case of the metallocenes, the
573:
In the latter case, there is substantial donation of the nitrogen lone pairs to the Mo (so the compound could also be described as a 16 e compound). This can be seen from the short Mo–N bond length, and from the angle Mo–N–C(R), which is nearly 180°. Counter-examples:
189:
mechanisms, wherein the rate of reaction is determined by the rate of dissociation of a ligand. On the other hand, 18-electron compounds can be highly reactive toward electrophiles such as protons, and such reactions are associative in mechanism, being acid-base reactions.
705:
In the case of nickelocene, the extra two electrons are in orbitals which are weakly metal-carbon antibonding; this is why it often participates in reactions where the M–C bonds are broken and the electron count of the metal changes to 18.
221:
respectively. Thus, while transition metal d-orbital and s-orbital bonding readily occur, the involvement of the higher energy and more spatially diffuse p-orbitals in bonding depends on the central atom and coordination environment.
1104:
Jin, Jiaye; Yang, Tao; Xin, Ke; Wang, Guanjun; Jin, Xiaoyang; Zhou, Mingfei; Frenking, Gernot (2018-04-25). "Octacarbonyl Anion
Complexes of Group Three Transition Metals − (TM=Sc, Y, La) and the 18-Electron Rule".
249:). Therefore, addition or removal of electron has little effect on complex stability. In this case, there is no restriction on the number of d-electrons and complexes with 12–22 electrons are possible. Small Δ
156:. Complexes of π-acids typically feature metal in a low-oxidation state. The relationship between oxidation state and the nature of the ligands is rationalized within the framework of
337:
616:
In these cases, the M=O bonds are "pure" double bonds (i.e., no donation of the lone pairs of the oxygen to the metal), as reflected in the relatively long bond distances.
1408:
93:
that are either metal-ligand bonding or non-bonding. When a metal complex has 18 valence electrons, it is said to have achieved the same electron configuration as the
209:
Computational findings suggest valence p-orbitals on the metal participate in metal-ligand bonding, albeit weakly. However, Weinhold and Landis within the context of
624:
Ligands where the coordinating atoms bearing nonbonding lone pairs often stabilize unsaturated complexes. Metal amides and alkoxides often violate the 18e rule.
1516:
193:
Complexes with fewer than 18 valence electrons tend to show enhanced reactivity. Thus, the 18-electron rule is often a recipe for non-reactivity in either a
370:
Bulky ligands can preclude the approach of the full complement of ligands that would allow the metal to achieve the 18 electron configuration. Examples:
1623:
1076:
136:
Ligands in a complex determine the applicability of the 18-electron rule. In general, complexes that obey the rule are composed at least partly of
980:
Zhao, Lili; Holzmann, Nicole; Schwerdtfeger, Peter; Frenking, Gernot (2019). "Chemical
Bonding and Bonding Models of Main-Group Compounds".
1023:
Bayse, Craig; Hall, Michael (1999). "Prediction of the
Geometries of Simple Transition Metal Polyhydride Complexes by Symmetry Analysis".
1509:
474:) (14 e, diamagnetic) has a short V–H bond with the 'alkylidene-H', so the description of the compound is somewhere between Cp(PMe
1198:
732:(TM=Sc, Y) fulfill the 18-electron rule when one considers only those valence electrons, which occupy metal–ligand bonding orbitals.
1618:
1241:
1025:
1644:
1502:
144:, which lowers the energies of the resultant molecular orbitals so that they are favorably occupied. Typical ligands include
1088:
884:
1256:
347:
operate via complexes that alternate between 18-electron and square-planar 16-electron configurations. Examples include
288:
An important class of complexes that violate the 18e rule are the 16-electron complexes with metal d configurations. All
1348:
906:
1551:
1383:
1378:
1343:
728:
symmetry, which is formed only by ligand orbitals without a contribution from the metal AOs. But the adducts TM(CO)
543:
17:
1393:
1388:
1373:
432:
1398:
1276:
551:
348:
297:
875:
Frenking, Gernot; Shaik, Sason, eds. (May 2014). "Chapter 7: Chemical bonding in
Transition Metal Compounds".
1191:
840:
293:
169:
534:
Complexes containing strongly π-donating ligands often violate the 18-electron rule. These ligands include
1741:
539:
1449:
213:
do not count the metal p-orbitals in metal-ligand bonding, although these orbitals are still included as
943:
Frenking, Gernot; Fröhlich, Nikolaus (2000). "The Nature of the
Bonding in Transition-Metal Compounds".
1454:
508:
ligand can cause electron-pairing, thus creating a vacant orbital that it can donate into. Examples:
385:
1736:
1639:
1266:
301:
289:
277:
186:
114:
1580:
1571:
1338:
1302:
1207:
1184:
74:
46:
1746:
1589:
265:
series. For example: (Ti(IV), d, 12 e), (Co(III), d, 18 e), (Cu(II), d, 21 e).
98:
261:
antibonding (<18 e). These types of ligand are located in the low-to-medium part of the
1525:
1483:
1368:
262:
81:
as either bonding or non-bonding electron pairs. This means that the combination of these nine
54:
1403:
1155:(1972). "The 16 and 18 electron rule in organometallic chemistry and homogeneous catalysis".
643:
402:
217:. This results in a duodectet (12-electron) rule for five d-orbitals and one s-orbital only.
214:
1358:
1221:
849:
801:
210:
1052:
King, R.B. (2000). "Structure and bonding in homoleptic transition metal hydride anions".
362:
Other violations can be classified according to the kinds of ligands on the metal center.
229:π-donor or σ-donor ligands with small interactions with the metal orbitals lead to a weak
168:
Compounds that obey the 18-electron rule are typically "exchange inert". Examples include
8:
1598:
1478:
1297:
1271:
1226:
747:
505:
446:
242:
230:
176:
853:
805:
1292:
1246:
1152:
1005:
310:
122:
1061:
1701:
1670:
1546:
1473:
1444:
1434:
1363:
1130:
1122:
1084:
1009:
997:
962:
925:
880:
835:
817:
792:
741:
238:
126:
90:
460:
has 16 e but has a short bonding contact between one C–H bond and the W center.
1686:
1649:
1439:
1333:
1236:
1165:
1114:
1057:
1034:
989:
954:
945:
915:
857:
809:
759:
753:
356:
273:
149:
42:
157:
1312:
1307:
1157:
783:
517:
463:
344:
322:
130:
102:
82:
50:
993:
1563:
1541:
1536:
1429:
1328:
1251:
902:"Valence and extra-valence orbitals in main group and transition metal bonding"
813:
194:
137:
1730:
1691:
1665:
1424:
1126:
352:
306:
38:
1176:
1134:
1118:
1001:
966:
929:
821:
183:
141:
1494:
1353:
1169:
668:
662:
1038:
1710:
419:
140:(also known as π-acids). This kind of ligand exerts a very strong
958:
920:
901:
750: – Molecular orbital theory applied to transition metal complexes
1465:
1261:
861:
694:
375:
336:
198:
118:
94:
35:
787:
41:
used primarily for predicting and rationalizing formulas for stable
547:
535:
153:
78:
724:) electronic ground state. There is one occupied valence MO with a
449:
with the hydrocarbon framework of the bulky ligand. For example:
979:
501:
280:
complexes which cause some exceptions to the 18-electron rule.
145:
117:
of the Cr, Mn, Fe, and Co triads. Well-known examples include
86:
877:
The
Chemical Bond: Chemical Bonding Across the Periodic Table
632:
The above factors can sometimes combine. Examples include
1409:
Arene complexes of univalent gallium, indium, and thallium
359:, olefin isomerizations, and some alkene polymerizations.
1074:
257:* possible (>18 e) and π-donor ligands can make t
185:. In such cases, in general ligand exchange occurs via
658:
Some complexes have more than 18 electrons. Examples:
1624:
Electron configurations of the elements (data page)
1083:. Sausalito, California: University Science Books.
305:and nickel triads. Such compounds are typically
272:increases down a group as well as with increasing
756: – Description of the electron configuration
77:. These orbitals can collectively accommodate 18
1728:
942:
744: – Formalism used for classifying compounds
1103:
1081:Synthesis and Technique in Inorganic Chemistry
899:
838:(2005). "The Origin of the 18-Electron Rule".
163:
1510:
1192:
874:
1206:
113:The rule usefully predicts the formulas for
331:orbital is doubly occupied and nonbonding.
1524:
1517:
1503:
1293:Oxidative addition / reductive elimination
1199:
1185:
762: – Rule describing chemical reactions
627:
1022:
919:
653:
49:. The rule is based on the fact that the
1619:Periodic table (electron configurations)
1242:Polyhedral skeletal electron pair theory
1026:Journal of the American Chemical Society
782:
778:
776:
283:
245:or weakly anti-bonding orbitals (small Δ
1107:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
720:) equilibrium geometry and a singlet (A
674:The hexaaquacopper(II) ion (21 e)
14:
1729:
1151:
1075:Girolami, Gregory; Rauchfuss, Thomas;
834:
494:
57:of transition metals consist of five (
27:Chemical property of transition metals
1498:
1180:
773:
619:
1349:Transition metal fullerene complexes
1051:
900:Landis, C. R.; Weinhold, F. (2007).
445:Sometimes such complexes engage in
24:
1384:Transition metal carbyne complexes
1379:Transition metal carbene complexes
1344:Transition metal indenyl complexes
1145:
907:Journal of Computational Chemistry
25:
1758:
1552:Introduction to quantum mechanics
1394:Transition metal alkyne complexes
1389:Transition metal alkene complexes
233:which increases the energies of t
204:
1399:Transition-metal allyl complexes
365:
335:
108:
1374:Transition metal acyl complexes
1097:
530:(21 e, see comments below)
276:. Strong ligand fields lead to
1068:
1054:Coordination Chemistry Reviews
1045:
1016:
973:
936:
893:
868:
828:
709:The 20-electron systems TM(CO)
349:Monsanto acetic acid synthesis
13:
1:
1062:10.1016/S0010-8545(00)00263-0
841:Journal of Chemical Education
766:
309:. The most famous example is
224:
7:
1612:Ground-state configurations
1450:Shell higher olefin process
1257:Dewar–Chatt–Duncanson model
994:10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00722
735:
713:(TM = Sc, Y) have a cubic (
325:. In such complexes, the d
164:Consequences for reactivity
10:
1763:
1581:Azimuthal quantum number (
1572:Principal quantum number (
1339:Cyclopentadienyl complexes
1303:β-hydride elimination
1277:Metal–ligand multiple bond
814:10.1126/science.54.1386.59
1700:
1679:
1658:
1640:Pauli exclusion principle
1632:
1611:
1590:Magnetic quantum number (
1562:
1532:
1463:
1417:
1404:Transition metal carbides
1321:
1285:
1214:
1079:(1999). "Experiment 20".
698:complexes, e.g. CpNiCl(PR
268:In terms of metal ions, Δ
187:dissociative substitution
1208:Organometallic chemistry
75:principal quantum number
47:organometallic compounds
1369:Half sandwich compounds
628:Combinations of effects
1526:Electron configuration
1484:Bioinorganic chemistry
1119:10.1002/anie.201802590
654:Higher electron counts
215:polarization functions
89:orbitals creates nine
55:electron configuration
45:complexes, especially
1680:Bonding participation
1599:Spin quantum number (
1455:Ziegler–Natta process
1359:Metal tetranorbornyls
284:16-electron complexes
211:natural bond orbitals
65:s orbital, and three
1464:Related branches of
1222:Crystal field theory
1170:10.1039/CS9720100337
1056:. 200–202: 813–829.
504:), or addition of a
447:agostic interactions
1742:Inorganic chemistry
1479:Inorganic chemistry
1298:Migratory insertion
1272:Agostic interaction
1227:Ligand field theory
854:2005JChEd..82...28J
806:1921Sci....54...59L
748:Ligand field theory
495:High-spin complexes
61:−1)d orbitals, one
1364:Sandwich compounds
1322:Types of compounds
1247:Isolobal principle
836:Jensen, William B.
788:"Types of Valence"
620:π-donating ligands
239:molecular orbitals
138:π-acceptor ligands
123:iron pentacarbonyl
115:low-spin complexes
91:molecular orbitals
69:p orbitals, where
1724:
1723:
1702:Electron counting
1671:Unpaired electron
1547:Quantum mechanics
1492:
1491:
1474:Organic chemistry
1445:Olefin metathesis
1435:Grignard reaction
1334:Grignard reagents
1113:(21): 6236–6241.
1090:978-0-935702-48-4
1039:10.1021/ja981965+
988:(14): 8781–8845.
959:10.1021/cr980401l
921:10.1002/jcc.20492
886:978-3-527-33315-8
742:Electron counting
357:hydroformylations
292:d metal ions are
127:chromium carbonyl
16:(Redirected from
1754:
1737:Chemical bonding
1716:18-electron rule
1687:Valence electron
1659:Electron pairing
1650:Aufbau principle
1633:Electron filling
1602:
1593:
1584:
1575:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1496:
1495:
1440:Monsanto process
1237:d electron count
1232:18-electron rule
1201:
1194:
1187:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1139:
1138:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1077:Angelici, Robert
1072:
1066:
1065:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1033:(6): 1348–1358.
1020:
1014:
1013:
982:Chemical Reviews
977:
971:
970:
946:Chemical Reviews
940:
934:
933:
923:
897:
891:
890:
872:
866:
865:
862:10.1021/ed082p28
832:
826:
825:
780:
754:d electron count
702:) and free CpH.
554:(RN). Examples:
345:catalytic cycles
339:
274:oxidation number
237:orbitals. These
51:valence orbitals
43:transition metal
32:18-electron rule
21:
18:18-Electron rule
1762:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1696:
1675:
1654:
1628:
1607:
1600:
1591:
1582:
1573:
1564:Quantum numbers
1558:
1528:
1523:
1493:
1488:
1459:
1413:
1329:Gilman reagents
1317:
1313:Carbometalation
1308:Transmetalation
1281:
1210:
1205:
1158:Chem. Soc. Rev.
1148:
1146:Further reading
1143:
1142:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1073:
1069:
1050:
1046:
1021:
1017:
978:
974:
941:
937:
898:
894:
887:
873:
869:
833:
829:
800:(1386): 59–67.
781:
774:
769:
738:
731:
727:
723:
719:
712:
701:
688:= Sc, Y) (20 e)
683:
656:
647:
639:
630:
622:
611:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
568:
564:
523:
515:
500:ligands (e.g.,
497:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
459:
456:
436:
428:
424:
414:
406:
398:
394:
390:
381:
368:
330:
320:
316:
311:Vaska's complex
286:
271:
263:spectrochemical
260:
256:
253:makes filling e
252:
248:
236:
227:
207:
180:
173:
166:
131:nickel carbonyl
111:
103:Irving Langmuir
83:atomic orbitals
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1760:
1750:
1749:
1747:Rules of thumb
1744:
1739:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1707:
1705:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1596:
1587:
1578:
1568:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1544:
1542:Atomic orbital
1539:
1537:Electron shell
1533:
1530:
1529:
1522:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1499:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1470:
1468:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1430:Cativa process
1427:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1204:
1203:
1196:
1189:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1096:
1089:
1067:
1044:
1015:
972:
953:(2): 717–774.
935:
914:(1): 198–203.
892:
885:
867:
827:
771:
770:
768:
765:
764:
763:
757:
751:
745:
737:
734:
729:
725:
721:
717:
710:
699:
690:
689:
681:
675:
672:
666:
655:
652:
651:
650:
645:
641:
637:
629:
626:
621:
618:
614:
613:
609:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
571:
570:
566:
562:
559:
532:
531:
528:
525:
521:
513:
496:
493:
492:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
461:
457:
454:
443:
442:
439:
434:
430:
426:
422:
416:
412:
409:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
383:
379:
367:
364:
353:hydrogenations
341:
340:
326:
318:
314:
285:
282:
269:
258:
254:
250:
246:
234:
226:
223:
206:
205:Duodectet rule
203:
195:stoichiometric
178:
171:
165:
162:
110:
107:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1759:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1692:Core electron
1690:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1666:Electron pair
1664:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1597:
1595:
1588:
1586:
1579:
1577:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1462:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1425:Carbonylation
1423:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1252:π backbonding
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1153:Tolman, C. A.
1150:
1149:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1100:
1092:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1019:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
976:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
947:
939:
931:
927:
922:
917:
913:
909:
908:
903:
896:
888:
882:
879:. Wiley-VCH.
878:
871:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
842:
837:
831:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
794:
789:
785:
779:
777:
772:
761:
760:Tolman's rule
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
739:
733:
716:
707:
703:
696:
687:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
660:
659:
648:
642:
635:
634:
633:
625:
617:
607:
580:
577:
576:
575:
560:
557:
556:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
529:
526:
519:
511:
510:
509:
507:
503:
465:
462:
452:
451:
450:
448:
440:
437:
433:Co(norbornyl)
431:
421:
417:
410:
407:
401:
399:) (16 e)
387:
384:
377:
373:
372:
371:
366:Bulky ligands
363:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
338:
334:
333:
332:
329:
324:
313:(IrCl(CO)(PPh
312:
308:
307:square-planar
303:
299:
295:
291:
281:
279:
275:
266:
264:
244:
240:
232:
222:
218:
216:
212:
202:
200:
196:
191:
188:
184:
181:
174:
161:
159:
158:π backbonding
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
109:Applicability
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
39:rule of thumb
37:
33:
19:
1715:
1418:Applications
1354:Metallocenes
1231:
1161:
1156:
1110:
1106:
1099:
1080:
1070:
1053:
1047:
1030:
1024:
1018:
985:
981:
975:
950:
944:
938:
911:
905:
895:
876:
870:
845:
839:
830:
797:
791:
784:Langmuir, I.
714:
708:
704:
691:
685:
677:
657:
631:
623:
615:
578:
572:
533:
506:strong field
498:
482:) and Cp(PMe
444:
369:
361:
342:
327:
323:Zeise's salt
287:
267:
231:ligand field
228:
219:
208:
192:
167:
142:ligand field
135:
112:
70:
66:
62:
58:
31:
29:
1645:Hund's rule
1267:spin states
671:(20 e)
669:Nickelocene
665:(19 e)
663:Cobaltocene
640:(14 e)
612:(18 e)
605:(18 e)
569:(12 e)
558:(16 e)
527:(17 e)
524:(15 e)
441:(17 e)
438:(13 e)
429:(14 e)
415:(17 e)
408:(17 e)
300:), but the
298:tetrahedral
243:non-bonding
1731:Categories
1711:Octet rule
1215:Principles
1164:(3): 337.
767:References
649:(8 e)
550:(RO), and
486:)V(H)(CCMe
382:(8 e)
294:octahedral
225:Exceptions
150:phosphines
1466:chemistry
1286:Reactions
1262:Hapticity
1127:1433-7851
1010:195761899
848:(1): 28.
695:chelating
548:alkoxides
411:Cp*Cr(CO)
376:neopentyl
321:), , and
290:high-spin
199:catalytic
119:ferrocene
105:in 1921.
95:noble gas
79:electrons
1135:29578636
1002:31251603
967:11749249
930:17063478
822:17843674
786:(1921).
736:See also
536:fluoride
478:)V(CHCMe
470:)V(CHCMe
302:low-spin
278:low-spin
36:chemical
850:Bibcode
802:Bibcode
793:Science
636:Cp*VOCl
561:Mo(=NR)
544:nitride
241:become
201:sense.
146:olefins
97:in the
73:is the
53:in the
1133:
1125:
1087:
1008:
1000:
965:
928:
883:
820:
608:Cp*ReO
552:imides
502:oxygen
182:, and
177:Mo(CO)
152:, and
129:, and
99:period
87:ligand
1704:rules
1006:S2CID
579:trans
546:(N),
542:(O),
540:oxide
538:(F),
453:W(CO)
403:V(CO)
343:Many
197:or a
85:with
34:is a
1131:PMID
1123:ISSN
1085:ISBN
998:PMID
963:PMID
926:PMID
881:ISBN
818:PMID
680:(CO)
644:TiCl
512:CrCl
466:(PMe
418:Pt(P
391:Ti(C
296:(or
30:The
1166:doi
1115:doi
1058:doi
1035:doi
1031:121
990:doi
986:119
955:doi
951:100
916:doi
858:doi
810:doi
597:PMe
589:PCH
585:(Me
581:-WO
518:THF
386:Cp*
374:Ti(
270:oct
251:oct
247:oct
133:.
1733::
1129:.
1121:.
1111:57
1109:.
1029:.
1004:.
996:.
984:.
961:.
949:.
924:.
912:28
910:.
904:.
856:.
846:82
844:.
816:.
808:.
798:54
796:.
790:.
775:^
726:2u
722:1g
686:TM
678:TM
593:CH
565:Cl
490:).
464:Cp
420:Bu
355:,
351:,
259:2g
235:2g
175:,
170:Cl
160:.
154:CO
148:,
125:,
121:,
1603:)
1601:s
1594:)
1592:m
1585:)
1583:ℓ
1576:)
1574:n
1518:e
1511:t
1504:v
1200:e
1193:t
1186:v
1172:.
1168::
1162:1
1137:.
1117::
1093:.
1064:.
1060::
1041:.
1037::
1012:.
992::
969:.
957::
932:.
918::
889:.
864:.
860::
852::
824:.
812::
804::
730:8
718:h
715:O
711:8
700:3
684:(
682:8
646:4
638:2
610:3
603:2
601:)
599:2
595:2
591:2
587:2
583:2
567:2
563:2
522:3
520:)
516:(
514:3
488:3
484:3
480:3
476:3
472:3
468:3
458:2
455:3
435:4
427:2
425:)
423:3
413:3
405:6
397:4
395:H
393:2
389:2
380:4
378:)
328:z
319:2
317:)
315:3
255:g
179:6
172:3
71:n
67:n
63:n
59:n
20:)
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