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31:
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343:, occurred in the early 1300s and was responsible for the formation of the three main peaks of the volcano: Wahanga at the north, followed by the highest peak of Ruawahia in the centre, and Tarawera as the southernmost peak. These peaks were carved from an otherwise uneven tableland, itself roughly 4 km (2.5 mi) in length by 1.6 km (0.99 mi) in width, by a series of deep ravines or gullies carved into the landscape. Estimates of the pre-eruption height of Ruawahia vary between 1,080 and 1,100 metres (3,540 and 3,610 ft), with the summit itself showing no evidence of a crater.
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871:, were devastated, with rimu and rātā disappearing completely from Tikitapu forest, to Tarawera's west. In contrast to the devastation in Tikitapu forest, many of the larger trees survived in forests on Putauaki, despite 36 centimetres (14 in) of ash falling at that mountain. This difference appears to be due to slight differences in the type of ash that fell in each place: at Tikitapu, the ash was moist and mud-like, while that which fell at Putauaki was dryer and primarily
988:, who had previously painted the Terraces and wider area prior to the eruption, was equally of the belief that the Terraces had been destroyed. Blomfield returned to the crater for three weeks after the eruption to sketch the new landscape, and upon comparing these sketches to those he had done prior to the eruption determined that there was an "impossibility of the least fragment of the terraces ever being seen again".
875:. Other vegetation in the same direction as Putauaki also emerged largely unscathed, despite 60 centimetres (24 in) of ash falling in many places. Forests on Tarawera itself, which were extensive prior to the eruption, were completely destroyed. Accounts from the aftermath describe the forest as "a mass of broken limbs and riven stumps, wrenched and torn to an extent that renders the wood utterly useless."
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significantly expand, raising its level to its present day height of 35–48 metres (115–157 ft) above its pre-eruption level and extending its depth up to 75 metres (246 ft) below the old lake floor. The larger Lake
Rotomahana includes the former site of Lake Rotomakariri and the surrounding areas, and is both three times wider and longer than the lake was pre-eruption.
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the night of the eruption were camping at the Pink
Terraces. A further 11 deaths are estimated to have occurred at Tokiniho and 17 at Te Wairoa, however the latter of these reported a number of survivors due to being further from the eruption. As the eruption progressed, several people survived by sheltering in the stronger of Te Wairoa's buildings, such as the
958:, which erupted between 1900 and 1904 at heights of up to 460 metres (1,510 ft), making it the most powerful geyser in the world. The rift valley at Waimangu demonstrated signs of instability as a hydrothermal system for decades following its formation, with small hydrothermal eruptions common in the various craters along its length.
846:, but is inconsistent with censuses undertaken of the Māori population in the area and pre-eruption understandings of the number of people residing there. After accounting for duplicates in records and potential unknown casualties, recent estimates place the overall death toll at around 120 people, of whom all but 7 were Māori.
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proximity of the terraces to the eruption crater. Accounts from the time describe the devastation around where
Rotomahana had erupted, with a large crater on the site of the White Terraces which was deemed to confirm "the total destruction of the White Terraces", and the Pink Terraces "having been blown away". The painter
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time which would suggest their survival. The drastically changed landscape and the apparent lack of a pre-eruption survey map prevented any conclusive fate to be determined, allowing a range of opposing viewpoints to persist. In 2011 and to coincide with the 125th anniversary of the eruption, scientists from
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survive, if at all, continues to be controversial to this day. Studies using a range of methods continue to dispute whether the
Terraces are on land or submerged, as well as countering the claims of other papers on the same topic, but to date no samples of sinter from the Terraces have been produced.
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Despite this, questions as to the exact fate of the
Terraces have persisted since the eruption itself. In the immediate wake of the eruption, guides in the area explored the new landscape for any sign of the terraces, refusing to believe that they had been destroyed, despite a lack of evidence at the
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or
Rotorua, rather than rebuilding Te Wairoa. This included Hinerangi, who became a tour guide at Whakarewarewa, and Tūhoto, the tohunga who had warned of imminent destruction prior to the eruption. Tūhoto was found alive and uninjured in his buried hut after four days, with rescuers pulling him from
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all to be destroyed or buried. One of these search parties, upon reaching the former sites of Moura and Te Ariki on the southeastern shore of Lake
Tarawera, found no survivors at either village or at Waingōngongo. No survivors were reported either from a group of around 12 Māori from Te Ariki, who on
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then occurred, flooding the creek with water from Lake
Tarawera before receding again. Local guides refused to go on the lake following this without persuasion, with one reportedly remarking once they had agreed that "we can die but once, so we will all go down together". Two days before the eruption
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eruption more typical of the Ōkataina
Caldera. The dyke trended at 57° and when it reached the surface it formed the new craters that extended to Waimangu in a rift about 17 km (11 mi) long. The whole eruption has been assigned a VEI of 5. The basalt melt was not mantle-derived, as it had
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over an area of 10,000 square kilometres (3,900 sq mi), with heavy accumulations of this mud destroying several villages near to the mountain, causing the majority of deaths associated with the eruption. Ashfall of up to 15 metres (49 ft) was reported in the immediate vicinity of the
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a.m., the largest phase of the eruption commenced when the expanding rift reached Lake
Rotomahana, causing the lake water to come into contact with magma and resulting in a large explosion and a volcanic crater two kilometres wide at the site of the lake. This explosion distributed a mix of wet ash
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Most famously, the eruption was long believed to have caused the destruction of the Pink and White Terraces, New Zealand's greatest tourist attraction at the time. The terraces could not be found in the new landscape and were presumed lost due to the devastation across the rest of the area and the
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Ash continued to dominate the landscape for years following the eruption. Rapid erosion caused the formation of steep v-shaped ridges and valleys in the deepest areas of ashfall, providing scientists with a cross-section of the eruption phases. While forest regeneration did occur, this happened at
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The eruption left the area immediately around the volcano covered by a thick layer of volcanic ash, mud and debris – in some places up to 15 metres (49 ft) thick, which increased to 47 metres (154 ft) on the volcano itself. Forests in the area, which had featured a wide variety of native
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formations on the western and northeastern shores of the lake respectively. The White Terraces are believed to have been the largest silica-based terraces in the world, descending from a geyser-fed spring over a height of roughly 30 metres (98 ft) and a distance of 244 metres (801 ft) to
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to suggest possible locations of the Pink and White Terraces and map the extent of the original Lake Rotomahana, suggesting instead that the Terraces may be 10–15 metres (33–49 ft) underground on the northwestern shore of the lake. The location of the Terraces and the extent to which they
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coast. The ashfall at the top of Putauaki 24 km (15 mi) away was recorded soon after the eruption to be 36 cm (14 in) thick. This stage of the eruption saw a dramatic increase in the height of the eruption column, with estimates placing the height at between 27.8 kilometres
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a.m. Ash continued to fall in surrounding areas and as far away as Tauranga, prompting city officials to consider evacuating the city. Material continued to be ejected from craters at Rotomahana and Okaro for up to ten days after the initial eruption, although these declined in frequency and
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The large ash deposits and other volcanic material also blocked the route of Kaiwaka Stream, which had previously drained Lake Rotomahana into nearby Lake Tarawera. As the site of the lake and the craters formed by the eruption gradually refilled with water, the blockage caused the lake to
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respectively and reflect the respective temperatures of the lakes. The warm lake of Rotomahana was 1.6 km (0.99 mi) in length from north to south and 480 m (1,570 ft) across, with three small streams providing the primary inflow to the lake. The cooler and smaller Lake
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de Ronde, C. E. J.; Fornari, D. J.; Ferrini, V. L.; Walker, S. L.; Davy, B. W.; LeBlanc, C.; Caratori Tontini, F.; Kukulya, A. L.; Littlefield, R. H. (15 March 2016). "The Pink and White Terraces of Lake Rotomahana: what was their fate after the 1886 Tarawera rift eruption?".
234:– more than 500 kilometres (310 mi) away. A 17 kilometres (11 mi) long rift formed across the mountain and surrounding area during the eruption, starting from the Wahanga peak at the mountain's northern end and extending in a southwesterly direction, through
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there was more steam activity locally from some steam holes that had been quiet for years. These phenomena were collectively interpreted by a local Māori chief as heralding an impending war, while Tūhoto saw them as consistent with his interpretation of the
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In the days leading up to the eruption, a series of unusual events were documented by those living in or visiting the area. On 31 May 1886, eleven days prior to the eruption, a group of tourists returning from the Terraces claimed to have seen a
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Also shown are Ōkataina deposits in the years after the Rotoiti eruption with darker shading of violet for more recent. Clicking on the map enlarges it, and enables panning and mouseover of name/wikilink and ages before present. Key for the
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Sable, J.E.; Houghton, B.F.; Wilson, C.J.N.; Carey, R.J. (2009). "Eruption mechanisms during the climax of the Tarawera 1886 basaltic Plinian eruption inferred from microtextural characteristics of the deposits". In Thordarson, Thor (ed.).
446:) and on to Te Wairoa. From Te Wairoa, visitors to the Terraces were rowed across Lake Tarawera to the settlements of Te Ariki and Mouri, before walking across a narrow isthmus to Lake Rotomahana and the site of the terraces. Several
328:, have also been found. Over the past 21,000 years, an estimated 80 cubic kilometres (19 cu mi) of magma and volcanic material has collectively been ejected from 40 vents in the caldera in 11 distinct episodes of activity.
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The evening before the eruption was a clear night, with nothing unusual until shortly after midnight on the morning of 10 June 1886, when a series of more than 30 increasingly strong earthquakes were felt in the Rotorua area. About
481:. On 22 and 24 November 1885, unusually large eruptions occurred of the geyser at the top of the White Terrace. The second of these was to a height of more than 46 m (151 ft), higher than in the memories of local Māori.
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cover an area of 2.8 hectares (6.9 acres). The Pink Terraces were the smaller of the two, reaching a height of 26 metres (85 ft) and an area of 2 hectares (4.9 acres), but were known for a distinctive pink hue of the silica.
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The eruption of Mount Tarawera is the deadliest volcanic eruption in recorded New Zealand history. While the actual number of deaths is unknown, estimates at the time placed the death toll at 153, the majority of which were
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350:, is northwest of the mountain and had an estimated height at the time of 317 m (1,040 ft) above sea level, which has since been revised to 298 m (978 ft). To the southwest of the mountain were lakes
312:, is believed to have begun forming around 400,000 years ago, with five of six major eruptions contributing to the formation of the caldera over a period of ~350,000 years. Eruptions from the caldera have typically been
1000:. These findings were later revised in 2014 after further field work to conclude that, while remnants of the Terraces may have survived, they believed that the majority of both Terraces were destroyed in the eruption.
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339:. The mountain was built up over a series of four major volcanic eruptions prior to 1886, each generating significant rhyolitic lava and pyroclastic material. The most recent of these, known as the
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These findings have not settled the debate on the fate of the Terraces, with other studies continuing to propose alternative outcomes. In 2017, a study used a forgotten 1859 survey by
520:, a renowned Māori guide in the area, her tour party arrived to their boats only to find the creek they were moored in completely dry, with the boats beached in the mud. A series of
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Te Wairoa was never rebuilt, and is now a tourist attraction called "The Buried Village", with many of the buildings still covered in ash from the eruption. The village's wharenui,
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1388:"Pyroclastic stratigraphy and eruption dynamics of the 21.9 ka Okareka and 17.6 ka Rerewhakaaitu eruption episodes from Tarawera Volcano, Okataina Volcanic Centre, New Zealand"
675:(17.3 mi) and 34 kilometres (21 mi) in order to produce the pattern of ash observed given weather conditions. Approximately 2 cubic kilometres (0.5 cubic miles) of
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The 17-kilometre-long (11 mi) rift which opened during the eruption also significantly changed the landscape. The south-western end of this rift became known as the
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423:(sacred) as it had been used as a chiefly burial ground for generations. As the Pink and White Terraces grew in fame, several of the villages in the area – particularly
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a.m., all three of Mount Tarawera's peaks had erupted, blasting three distinct columns of smoke and ash thousands of metres into the sky and causing a large amount of
1260:"Okataina Volcanic Centre, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand: A review of volcanism and synchronous pluton development in an active, dominantly silicic caldera system"
211:(VEI) of 5 and killed an estimated 120 people, making it the largest and deadliest in New Zealand during the past 500 years, a period that includes the entirety of
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641:. The fissure continued to expand to the southwest as the eruption progressed, at the same time as eruptive activity was increasing around the present location of
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a.m. being followed by the formation of an eruption cloud 9.5–10 kilometres (5.9–6.2 mi) high. During this initial phase, an 8-kilometre-long (5.0 mi)
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living in villages within 10 km (6.2 mi) of the rift. Search parties were soon dispatched from Rotorua and Ōhinemutu, which found the settlements of
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The months prior to the eruption saw an increase in geothermal activity in the region, particularly through increased discharge at nearby hot springs and
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Bunn, Rex; Nolden, Sascha (7 June 2017). "Forensic cartography with Hochstetter's 1859 Pink and White Terraces survey: Te Otukapuarangi and Te Tarata".
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continued to occur at Rotomahana for months after the initial eruption, before declining volcanic activity allowed the former lake to begin refilling.
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371:. Much of the ground around Lake Rotomahana was warm to a few inches below the surface, with hot springs and steam fumaroles surrounding the lake.
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450:-run hotels were established in Te Wairoa, with local Māori acting as guides or selling local produce to visitors. This trade brought an estimated
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announced that they had rediscovered parts of both the Pink and White Terraces 60 metres (200 ft) under the surface of Lake Rotomahana using
264:. Lake Rotomahana, the former site of the terraces, significantly expanded as a result of the eruption as it filled portions of the newly formed
2623:"Application of acoustic noise and self-potential localization techniques to a buried hydrothermal vent (Waimangu Old Geyser site, New Zealand)"
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Estimates on the exact number of casualties vary from around 100 through to several thousand. The latter estimate comes from oral accounts from
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approaching their boat before disappearing into the mist. Witnesses described two rows of occupants, one of which was "standing wrapped in
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Hunt, Tm; Glover, Rb; Wood, Cp (October 1994). "Waimangu, Waiotapu, and Waikite geothermal systems, New Zealand: Background and history".
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Berryman, Kelvin; Villamor, Pilar; Nairn, Ian.A.; Begg, John; Alloway, Brent V.; Rowland, Julie; Lee, Julie; Capote, Ramon (1 July 2022).
1314:"Storage, evolution, and mixing in basaltic eruptions from around the Okataina Volcanic Centre, Taupō Volcanic Zone, Aotearoa New Zealand"
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eruptions occurred, while across the whole area there is no evidence that significant amounts of faulting took place during the eruption.
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746:. Other deeper local ash (tephra) deposits were believed to have been related to previous local eruptions. The eruption was caused by a
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believed the noise to be from an approaching war party, while in Auckland the noise and sight of the eruption was thought by some to be
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de Ronde, Cornel E. J.; Caratori Tontini, Fabio; Keam, Ronald F. (2018) . "Where are the Pink and White Terraces of Lake Rotomahana?".
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Owing to the devastation, many of the survivors from Te Wairoa moved or were relocated to nearby towns following the eruption, such as
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Walker, George P.L.; Self, Stephen; Wilson, Lionel (June 1984). "Tarawera 1886, New Zealand — A basaltic plinian fissure eruption".
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2835:"Ferdinand von Hochstetter's November 1860 folio of New Zealand survey data and the location of the Pink and White Terraces"
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Vandemeulebrouck, J.; Roux, P.; Gouédard, P.; Legaz, A.; Revil, A.; Hurst, A.W.; Bolève, A.; Jardani, A. (February 2010).
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2073:"Volcano-tectonic interactions at the southern margin of the Okataina Volcanic Centre, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand"
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This phase of the eruption continued for less than three hours, with the majority of the eruption having stopped by 6:00
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Keam, Ronald F. (March 2016). "The Tarawera eruption, Lake Rotomahana, and the origin of the Pink and White Terraces".
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In the years before the eruption, the area around Mount Tarawera was home to several settlements of Māori belonging to
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260:, which prior to the eruption were New Zealand's most famous tourist attraction and brought visitors from across the
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427:– began to develop into tourist towns catering to the growing number of international tourists visiting the area.
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a.m., based on reports of the location of the initial column. This then extended across Mount Tarawera, with
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2743:"Relocating the Pink and White Terraces of Lake Rotomahana, New Zealand: resolving the 'battle of the maps'"
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Cole, J. W.; Deering, C. D.; Burt, R. M.; Sewell, S.; Shane, P. A. R.; Matthews, N. E. (1 January 2014).
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robes, their heads bowed and, according to Māori eyewitnesses, their hair plumed as for death" using
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and lighter amounts were reported on boats nearly 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) offshore from the
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425,000 in 2023), primarily from boat trips, entertainment, and souvenir photography or sketches.
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Further physical signs of unrest in the area were also noted. In one account from 24 May 1886 by
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Several lakes sat in the area around Mount Tarawera prior to the eruption. The largest of these,
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2592:"New map of Lake Rotomahana lakefloor shows likely locations of Pink and White Terrace remnants"
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Rotomakariri sat to the east of Rotomahana, with both lakes draining into Lake Tarawera via the
2377:"The volcanic eruptions of Mt. Tarawera and Lake Rotomahana and effects on surrounding forests"
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Hughes, Ery C.; Law, Sally; Kilgour, Geoff; Blundy, Jon D.; Mader, Heidy M. (February 2023).
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the ash despite him demanding that they leave him to die. The tohunga was taken to a Rotorua
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Immediate studies prompted by the eruption led to the first suggestion by a geologist that
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Damage in the local area was extensive, with ashfall blanketing nearby villages, including
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a.m. and lasted for approximately six hours, causing a 10-kilometre-high (6.2 mi)
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for treatment where he died after two weeks, having reputedly decided to stop living.
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via train or coastal steamer, transferring to horse-drawn coaches for the journey to
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812:) and Hinerangi's house – in which 62 people took shelter – or a nearby hen house.
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was a violent volcanic eruption that occurred in the early hours of 10 June 1886 at
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2414:"The vegetation of the Tarawera Mountain, New Zealand: Part I. the north-west face"
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different paces in different locations. This initially included plants such as
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1799:"Caldera volcanism and rift structure in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand"
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Map of Mount Tarawera in 1887/1888 with approximate pre-1886 eruption features
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1569:. Wellington: DSIR Science Information Publishing Centre. pp. 471–474.
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The largest and most famous of these springs were those on the top of the
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256:. The eruption is responsible for the presumed destruction of the famed
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2773:"Scientists find part of Pink and White Terraces under Lake Rotomahana"
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Seebeck, H.; Nicol, A.; Villamor, P.; Ristau, J.; Pettinga, J. (2014).
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The noise from the eruption was reported across the country, including
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1724:"Resolving the 1886 White Terraces riddle in the Taupō Volcanic Zone"
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Darragh, Miles; Cole, Jim; Nairn, Ian; Shane, Phil (September 2006).
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Site of Waimangu Geyser in the newly-formed rift valley, around 1910
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1800 per year to the economy of Te Wairoa (equivalent to roughly NZ
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2802:. Vol. 49, no. 2. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
1774:. New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu Taonga.
513:(spirit canoe) which was to herald the destruction of the region.
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An encyclopaedia of New Zealand, edited by A. H. McLintock, 1966
1593:. New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 6 August 2019.
839:, who had been Governor of New Zealand soon after the eruption.
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a.m. there was a flash of light. Explosions began at around 1:30
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that began forming roughly 23,500 years ago in the southeast of
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419:. Settlement did not extend to the mountain, which was deemed
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1235:. Palmerston North: Ministry of Civil Defence. Archived from
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The eruption was the background to the 1959 BBC radio play
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Location of the rift from the 17 km (11 mi) long
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already undergone prior crystallisation. At Waimangu only
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Mount Tarawera is one of several volcanoes in the central
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1155:"Structure and kinematics of the Taupo Rift, New Zealand"
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rift, while a layer of ash 8–10 centimetres deep fell on
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estimated the height of the eruption column at about 2:20
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Preliminary report on the volcanic eruption at Tarawera
2212:"How Many Deaths Were Caused by the Tarawera Eruption?"
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Report on the eruption of Tarawera and Rotomahana, N.Z.
710:, over 800 kilometres (500 mi) away. Māori on the
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2276:"Story: Historic volcanic activity, page 2: Tarawera"
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1077:. London: The Geological Society. pp. 129–154.
407:, a confederation of various tribes who trace their
2252:. Manatū Taonga Ministry for Culture and Heritage.
1565:Lowe, D.J.; Green, J.D. (1987). Viner, A.B. (ed.).
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Studies in Volcanology: The Legacy of George Walker
927:. Wildlife has also returned to the mountain, with
2833:Bunn, Alfred Rex; Nolden, Sascha (17 March 2023).
2282:. Ministry of Culture and Heritage Manatū Taonga.
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596: Ōkataina Volcanic Centre with its embayments
509:at Te Wairoa, declared the tourists had sighted a
2711:. Wellington: Government Printers. pp. 1–9.
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1379:
1377:
1347:20.500.11820/9f5c151c-1f2e-47ed-a264-7649eacdf669
702:, where it was thought to be a ship in distress,
2901:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2730:
1892:
1307:
1305:
430:To reach the area, visitors typically came from
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2234:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2066:
2064:
2062:
1865:. Wellington, New Zealand: Government Printer.
1644:
799:, Moura, Te Ariki, Te Tapahoro, Totaraiki, and
778:Former location of the village of Moura in 1891
679:was erupted during the course of the eruption.
2669:
2537:
2132:"Winter warming from large volcanic eruptions"
2077:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1895:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1854:
1852:
1659:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1618:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1374:
1318:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
738:, that was the likely origin of the extensive
734:, rather than the more obvious volcanoes near
184:dike that fed the 1886 Mount Tarawera eruption
2793:
2727:
2268:
2010:
2008:
2006:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1542:Wellington, New Zealand: Government Printer.
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1392:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
1302:
721:
617:a.m., with a larger earthquake at around 2:10
292:along with other volcanic features including
2887:"Bruce Stewart Seeks Change From TV Scripts"
2663:
2359:
2216:Geological Society of New Zealand Newsletter
2210:Lowe, David; Keam, Ron; Lee, Daphne (2001).
2196:
2059:
1761:
1759:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
891:, as well as introduced species such as the
706:, where the shock-wave rattled windows, and
471:The Phantom Canoe: A Legend of Lake Tarawera
2549:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
2511:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
2209:
2021:Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1849:
1251:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
249:that fed the eruption reached the surface.
2832:
2796:"In Search of the Pink and White Terraces"
2546:
2502:
2003:
1881:
1796:
1766:McLintock, Alexander Hare; Jones, Ronald.
1765:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1146:
972:
625:opened from the Wahanga dome at about 1:30
2740:
2698:
2646:
2405:
2129:
2106:
2096:
1756:
1747:
1564:
1494:
1345:
2583:
2374:
2250:Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
1921:
1862:Report on the Tarawera volcanic district
1790:
1715:
1685:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1103:
1052:
960:
937:
781:
773:
633:appearing in multiple locations. By 2:30
465:
275:
1809:(1). London: Geological Society: 9–29.
1693:"Lake Tarawera cultural mapping report"
1469:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1213:
2902:
2863:from the original on 15 September 2023
2298:
2130:Robock, A; Mao, J (24 December 1992).
2014:
1858:
1837:from the original on 15 September 2023
1535:
1362:from the original on 15 September 2023
1201:from the original on 15 September 2023
653:a.m. as 6 mi (9.7 km) high.
2741:Hook, George; Carey, Stephen (2019).
2704:
2460:from the original on 28 February 2022
2411:
2393:from the original on 25 February 2022
1991:from the original on 27 February 2022
1290:from the original on 23 November 2021
1229:"Volcanic hazards at Okataina Centre"
1091:from the original on 27 February 2022
331:Mount Tarawera itself is a rhyolitic
2783:from the original on 25 August 2023.
2589:
2286:from the original on 13 October 2017
2243:
2184:from the original on 28 January 2023
1942:
1778:from the original on 5 February 2022
1721:
1703:from the original on 30 January 2021
1615:
1558:
1482:from the original on 5 February 2022
1438:
1426:from the original on 14 January 2023
1134:from the original on 3 November 2016
965:The White Terraces in a painting by
543: deposits of the 1886 eruption.
207:. The eruption reached an estimated
2814:from the original on 22 August 2014
2715:from the original on 23 August 2023
2490:from the original on 19 August 2023
2486:. Ministry for Primary Industries.
2347:from the original on 15 August 2023
2317:from the original on 18 August 2023
1869:from the original on 29 August 2023
1797:Cole, J. W.; Spinks, K. D. (2009).
1546:from the original on 16 August 2023
753:reaching the surface rather than a
288:of New Zealand, sitting within the
13:
2304:
1699:. Te Arawa Lakes Trust. May 2019.
1597:from the original on 11 April 2017
1011:
473:, oil on canvas by Kennett Watkins
358:, the names of which translate as
218:The eruption began at roughly 2:00
14:
2966:
2930:Volcanic eruptions in New Zealand
2627:Geophysical Journal International
2602:from the original on 4 March 2022
2047:from the original on 4 March 2022
2033:10.1144/gsl.jgs.1887.043.01-04.16
1226:
1128:Ministry for Culture and Heritage
2648:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04454.x
2256:from the original on 1 July 2013
2098:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107552
2017:"The eruption of Mount Tarawera"
1679:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.02.003
1638:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.11.009
1338:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107715
1036:List of volcanoes in New Zealand
29:
16:Volcanic eruption in New Zealand
2910:1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera
2879:
2826:
2787:
2765:
2590:Daly, Michael (17 March 2021).
2472:
2384:New Zealand Journal of Forestry
2329:
2123:
2015:Hutton, F. W. (February 1887).
1609:
1583:
1284:10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.10.008
786:Te Wairoa, "The Buried Village"
213:European history in New Zealand
193:1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera
24:1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera
2893:. 10 October 1961. p. 13.
998:autonomous underwater vehicles
403:(tribes) which formed part of
1:
2561:10.1080/03036758.2017.1329748
2523:10.1080/03036758.2018.1474479
1945:"Tarawera eruption and after"
1412:10.1080/00288306.2006.9515170
1046:
952:Waimangu Volcanic Rift Valley
769:
716:an attack by Russian warships
386:
240:Waimangu Volcanic Rift Valley
165:Waimangu Volcanic Rift Valley
2915:19th-century volcanic events
2794:Cherie Winner (9 May 2012).
2692:10.1016/0375-6505(94)90010-8
2139:Geophysical Research Letters
1915:10.1016/0377-0273(84)90016-7
1567:Inland waters of New Zealand
7:
2480:"Mt Tarawera project story"
2246:"Warbrick, Alfred Patchett"
1029:
532:
10:
2971:
1749:10.3389/feart.2023.1007148
1728:Frontiers in Earth Science
1472:"The night Tarawera awoke"
976:
849:
722:Later geological knowledge
461:
271:
209:volcanic explosivity index
36:Mount Tarawera in Eruption
1768:"Tarawera, phantom canoe"
1536:Thomas, A. P. W. (1888).
1470:Yarwood, Vaughan (2003).
1120:"Eruption of Mt Tarawera"
1005:Ferdinand von Hochstetter
242:. This rift is where the
178:
174:
155:
145:
109:North Island, New Zealand
104:
88:
80:
72:
64:
56:
46:
28:
23:
2705:Smith, S. Percy (1886).
1949:The Geographical Journal
1591:"1000 Māori place names"
1041:Volcanism of New Zealand
290:Ōkataina Volcanic Centre
163:destroyed, formation of
2375:Nicholls, J.L. (1939).
979:Pink and White Terraces
973:Pink and White Terraces
376:Pink and White Terraces
316:, although evidence of
258:Pink and White Terraces
161:Pink and White Terraces
2925:1886 natural disasters
2843:. Preprint version 1.
1476:New Zealand Geographic
1022:by New Zealand author
969:
943:
787:
779:
687:intensity. Occasional
474:
324:eruptions, as well as
281:
130:38.22500°S 176.51000°E
2412:Aston, B. C. (1916).
2337:"History of Hinemihi"
1859:Hutton, F.W. (1887).
1722:Bunn, A. Rex (2023).
1264:Earth-Science Reviews
964:
941:
935:found on the slopes.
785:
777:
469:
279:
1943:Park, James (1911).
1803:Special Publications
1179:10.1002/2014TC003569
744:central North Island
589: Definite vents
135:-38.22500; 176.51000
2955:Taupō Volcanic Zone
2920:1886 in New Zealand
2849:2023EaArX...X5T365B
2779:. 2 February 2011.
2684:1994Geoth..23..379H
2639:2010GeoJI.180..883V
2484:www.wildingpines.nz
2430:1916JEcol...4...18A
2307:"Hinerangi, Sophia"
2244:Keam, R.F. (1993).
2151:1992GeoRL..19.2405R
2089:2022JVGR..42707552B
1961:1911GeogJ..37...42P
1907:1984JVGR...21...61W
1815:2009GSLSP.327....9C
1740:2023FrEaS..1107148B
1671:2016JVGR..314..126D
1630:2016JVGR..314...10K
1404:2006NZJGG..49..309D
1330:2023JVGR..43407715H
1276:2014ESRv..128....1C
1171:2014Tecto..33.1178S
411:(genealogy) to the
310:Taupō Volcanic Zone
126: /
2418:Journal of Ecology
1239:on 19 January 2022
970:
944:
931:nesting sites and
837:4th Earl of Onslow
835:, the seat of the
788:
780:
689:phreatic eruptions
645:. One observer at
639:volcanic lightning
475:
282:
2945:Plinian eruptions
2305:Curnow, Jenifer.
2159:10.1029/92GL02627
1124:nzhistory.govt.nz
1084:978-1-86239-280-9
1019:Night of the Gods
986:Charles Blomfield
967:Charles Blomfield
855:trees, including
203:on New Zealand's
189:
188:
167:, enlargement of
40:Charles Blomfield
2962:
2950:Peléan eruptions
2935:June 1886 events
2895:
2894:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2870:
2868:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2800:Oceanus Magazine
2791:
2785:
2784:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2738:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2678:(5–6): 379–400.
2667:
2661:
2660:
2650:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2544:
2535:
2534:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2392:
2381:
2372:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2241:
2232:
2231:
2207:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2183:
2167:2060/19930016055
2136:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2110:
2100:
2068:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2027:(1–4): 178–189.
2012:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1940:
1919:
1918:
1890:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1856:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1763:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1653:
1642:
1641:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1533:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1467:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1383:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1349:
1309:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1224:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1165:(6): 1178–1199.
1150:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1116:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1067:
742:deposits of the
685:
659:
652:
636:
628:
620:
616:
612:
601:
595:
590:
588:
587:
582:
573:
569:
564:
560:
555:
544:
542:
518:Sophia Hinerangi
341:Kaharoa eruption
337:Ōkataina Caldera
238:and forming the
221:
159:ca. 120 killed,
141:
140:
138:
137:
136:
131:
127:
124:
123:
122:
119:
33:
21:
20:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2940:VEI-5 eruptions
2900:
2899:
2898:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2866:
2864:
2857:10.31223/X5T365
2831:
2827:
2817:
2815:
2792:
2788:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2756:
2754:
2739:
2728:
2718:
2716:
2703:
2699:
2668:
2664:
2619:
2615:
2605:
2603:
2588:
2584:
2545:
2538:
2507:
2503:
2493:
2491:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2463:
2461:
2438:10.2307/2255447
2410:
2406:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2379:
2373:
2360:
2350:
2348:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2320:
2318:
2303:
2299:
2289:
2287:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2257:
2242:
2235:
2208:
2197:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2134:
2128:
2124:
2069:
2060:
2050:
2048:
2013:
2004:
1994:
1992:
1969:10.2307/1777578
1941:
1922:
1891:
1882:
1872:
1870:
1857:
1850:
1840:
1838:
1823:10.1144/SP327.2
1795:
1791:
1781:
1779:
1764:
1757:
1720:
1716:
1706:
1704:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1654:
1645:
1614:
1610:
1600:
1598:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1563:
1559:
1549:
1547:
1534:
1495:
1485:
1483:
1468:
1439:
1429:
1427:
1384:
1375:
1365:
1363:
1310:
1303:
1293:
1291:
1256:
1252:
1242:
1240:
1225:
1214:
1204:
1202:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1135:
1118:
1117:
1104:
1094:
1092:
1085:
1068:
1053:
1049:
1032:
1014:
1012:Popular Culture
981:
975:
956:Waimangu Geyser
929:banded dotterel
852:
772:
760:phreatomagmatic
736:Mount Tongariro
724:
712:Whanganui River
683:
657:
650:
634:
626:
618:
614:
610:
606:
605:
604:
603:
599:
597:
593:
585:
584:
583:
571:
570:
562:
561:
553:
552:
551:
540:
539:
535:
464:
397:Ngāti Rangitihi
389:
378:, two distinct
274:
236:Lake Rotomahana
219:
185:
169:Lake Rotomahana
134:
132:
128:
125:
120:
117:
115:
113:
112:
111:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2968:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2897:
2896:
2878:
2825:
2786:
2764:
2726:
2697:
2662:
2633:(2): 883–890.
2613:
2582:
2536:
2501:
2471:
2404:
2358:
2341:National Trust
2328:
2297:
2267:
2233:
2195:
2145:(24): 2405–8.
2122:
2058:
2002:
1920:
1901:(1–2): 61–78.
1880:
1848:
1789:
1755:
1714:
1684:
1643:
1608:
1582:
1575:
1557:
1493:
1437:
1398:(3): 309–328.
1373:
1301:
1250:
1212:
1145:
1102:
1083:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1031:
1028:
1013:
1010:
977:Main article:
974:
971:
897:prickly acacia
851:
848:
844:Ngāti Hinemihi
771:
768:
723:
720:
698:towns such as
656:At around 3.30
598:
592:
538:
537:
536:
534:
531:
463:
460:
413:migratory waka
388:
385:
380:sinter terrace
369:Kaiwaka Stream
298:Haroharo vents
273:
270:
262:British Empire
197:Mount Tarawera
187:
186:
179:
176:
175:
172:
171:
157:
153:
152:
149:
143:
142:
106:
102:
101:
92:
86:
85:
82:
78:
77:
74:
70:
69:
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
51:Mount Tarawera
48:
44:
43:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2967:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2892:
2888:
2882:
2874:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2829:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2790:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2768:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2701:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2666:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2617:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2543:
2541:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2316:
2312:
2311:teara.govt.nz
2308:
2301:
2285:
2281:
2280:teara.govt.nz
2277:
2271:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2238:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1855:
1853:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1760:
1750:
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360:warm lake
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