402:
30:
256:
37:
649:
Alik Ismail-Zadeh; Shota Adamia; Aleksandre
Chabukiani; Tamaz Chelidze; Sierd Cloetingh; Michael Floyd; Alexander Gorshkov; Alexei Gvishiani; Tahir Ismail-Zadeh; Mikhail K. Kaban; Fakhraddin Kadirov; Jon Karapetyan; Talat Kangarli; Jemal Kiria; Ivan Koulakov; Jon Mosar; Tea Mumladze; Birgit Müller;
298:
angles. In the
Greater Caucasus, seismic activity corresponds to thrust faulting. Extending 100–160 km (62–99 mi) beneath the Greater Caucasus is the remnant of a subducted tectonic plate after the ocean closed. Earthquakes are caused by crustal compression and shear as the two tectonic
439:
was also devastated, leaving many of its residents buried under ruins. Many structures, including monasteries and churches, castles and villages in the mountainous region, were totally destroyed. Strong shaking triggered massive landslides off the sides of mountains and canyons in the
373:. The fault responsible for the earthquake, the Pambak-Sevan-Syunik Fault, is a 490-kilometer-long WNW–ESE striking strike-slip fault. For the majority of its length, it demonstrates right-lateral displacement, but at the westernmost segment, its slip sense is left-lateral. The
1268:
475:, Qara Sonqor. The death toll figure remains controversial with some authors stating it is an exaggeration considering the population of the area at the time of the disaster. Others argued that this was a conflation of information about the
1213:Ибн ал-Асир. Тарих-ал-камиль. О победе султана Махмуда над курджами. Перевод П. К. Жузе. Текст воспроизведен по изданию: Материалы по истории Азербайджана из Тарих-ал-камиль (полного свода истории) Ибн-ал-Асира. Баку. АзФан. 1940.
1276:
401:
1101:
1348:
1038:
467:
The number of people who died in the mountains is not known, described as "incalculable". Estimates of the death toll range between 230,000 and 300,000, making it one of the
1774:
917:. National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information.
1827:
377:
the Mrav segment of the fault at its eastern end. Unlike the rest of the Pambak-Sevan-Syunik Fault, the Mrav segment is characterized by a series of north-dipping
1092:
1341:
1744:
926:
600:
274:. The collision zone consists of an accreted island arc that collided after the closure of the Tethys Ocean, continental blocks, and sediments from the
1002:
J.-F. Ritz; A. Avagyan; M. Mkrtchyan; H. Nazari; P.-H. Blard; A. Karakhanian; H. Philip; S. Balescu; S. Mahan; S. Huot; P. Münch; M. Lamothe (2016).
1900:
561:
2041:
1334:
266:
Azerbaijan, Armenia and
Georgia are located in an area of high seismic activity as both countries are situated in the collision zone between the
1820:
565:
847:
624:
953:"A New Landslide Inventory for the Armenian Lesser Caucasus: Slope Failure Morphologies and Seismotectonic Influences on Large Landslides"
1004:"Active tectonics within the NW and SE extensions of the Pambak-Sevan-Syunik fault: Implications for the present geodynamics of Armenia"
29:
2056:
2001:
1813:
1003:
595:[Specialized catalog of earthquakes for the purpose of general seismic zoning of the territory of the Russian Federation]
2031:
1737:
884:
1163:
730:
491:
took advantage of the earthquake and looted the city. Troops stole many artifacts and prized items from the city, including the
2021:
1920:
775:
1706:
177:
1893:
781:
165:
1246:
1930:
1996:
1730:
593:"Специализированный каталог землетрясений для задач общего сейсмического районирования территории Российской Федерации"
337:
111:
2006:
1753:
1192:
1073:
504:
1309:
2051:
1691:
951:
Alice O. Matossian; Hayk
Baghdasaryan; Ara Avagyan; Hayk Igityan; Mikayel Gevorgyan; Hans-Balder Havenith (2020).
2046:
2026:
1886:
1701:
468:
2036:
1909:
1836:
1611:
1560:
1357:
514:
509:
910:
1940:
1676:
1534:
1437:
1371:
592:
495:, which were treated as a trophy. The city was reconstructed by Qara Sonqor, and it again began to flourish.
1656:
1666:
1575:
1711:
1631:
1570:
1128:"Nonlinear dynamics of crustal blocks and faults and earthquake occurrences in the Transcaucasian region"
805:"Nonlinear dynamics of crustal blocks and faults and earthquake occurrences in the Transcaucasian region"
1606:
221:
68:
1626:
239:
230:
86:
77:
1555:
1519:
1381:
1376:
431:
to describe the earthquake. He wrote of tremendous damage in the P'ar'isos and Xach'e'n districts of
1696:
1529:
1975:
1970:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1769:
1681:
1671:
1504:
1483:
546:
390:
324:
628:
2011:
1955:
1945:
1867:
1661:
1651:
1646:
1636:
1550:
1473:
1468:
1458:
1225:
Catalogue of earthquakes and tsunamis in the
Mediterranean area from the 11th to the 15th century
873:"Catalogue of Strong Earthquakes in Italy 461 B.C. – 1997 and Mediterranean Area 760 B.C. – 1500"
804:
1590:
1305:
648:
2016:
1925:
1847:
1641:
1621:
1616:
1585:
1580:
1514:
1463:
1427:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1386:
726:
492:
488:
476:
389: 7.5 have occurred on the fault. The Pambak-Sevan-Syunik Fault was also responsible for
369:, was suggested by researchers. This region of the Lesser Caucasus is dominated by oblique and
312:
294:. Seismic activity in the Lesser Caucasus is typically associated with strike-slip faults with
871:
Guidoboni, E.; Ferrari, G.; Comastria., A.; Tarabusi, G.; Sgattoni, G.; Valensise, G. (2018).
1960:
1862:
1686:
1524:
1499:
1478:
1453:
1432:
762:. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Netherlands: Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 561–568.
370:
1965:
1857:
1794:
1565:
1422:
1326:
1139:
1022:
964:
823:
670:
519:
950:
8:
1935:
1509:
1143:
1026:
968:
827:
674:
1155:
839:
694:
542:
453:
441:
374:
209:
872:
651:
327:
was assigned. It was also perceived as far as Aleppo where the felt intensity was II (
255:
1159:
1127:
1069:
843:
771:
713:
698:
432:
366:
217:
682:
315:
scale at a depth of 16–23 kilometres (9.9–14.3 mi). A maximum intensity of IX (
1147:
1030:
982:
972:
918:
876:
831:
802:
763:
686:
678:
436:
406:
308:
291:
1063:
1034:
461:
382:
283:
977:
952:
767:
547:"The 12th century seismic paroxysm in the Middle East: a historical perspective"
1238:
1151:
835:
295:
267:
755:
1990:
722:
599:. O.Y. Smidt Institute of Physics of the Earth, Russian Academy of Sciences.
472:
352:
339:
271:
205:
146:
126:
113:
1722:
1299:
987:
412:
378:
287:
1184:
880:
1878:
1805:
1001:
445:
260:
690:
428:
213:
150:
922:
457:
449:
424:
416:
247:. A disputed death toll of 230,000–300,000 resulted from this event.
1018:
819:
666:
279:
275:
870:
1065:
Earthquakes and
Coseismic Surface Faulting on the Iranian Plateau
908:
803:
Inessa
Vorobieva; Alik Ismail-Zadeh; Alexander Gorshkov (2019).
204:
was one of the worst seismic events in history. It affected the
652:"Geodynamics, seismicity, and seismic hazards of the Caucasus"
1125:
586:
584:
471:
in history. Among the dead were two sons of the ruler of the
420:
282:
eras. The area is separated into three geographical regions;
1356:
625:"Most Destructive Known Earthquakes on Record in the World"
581:
911:"Significant Earthquake Information AZERBAIJAN: GYZNDZHA"
875:. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV).
1227:. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (Roma).
715:
Tectonics of the
Eastern Greater Caucasus in Azerbaijan
1126:
Vorobieva, I.; Ismail-Zadeh, A.; Gorshkov, A. (2019).
1119:
448:collapsed, and the resulting landslide blocked the
385:
in the region indicate large earthquakes of up to M
220:. The earthquake had an estimated magnitude of 7.7
1222:
1988:
1061:
1297:
1223:Guidoboni, Emanuela; Comastri, Alberto (2005).
590:
261:Eurasia-African-Arabian-Indian convergent zone
1894:
1821:
1752:
1738:
1342:
753:
36:
1132:Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors
946:
944:
812:Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors
747:
1087:
1085:
642:
562:Istituto Nazionale Geofisica e Vulcanologia
537:
535:
1908:
1901:
1887:
1835:
1828:
1814:
1745:
1731:
1349:
1335:
16:Natural disaster in Azerbaijan and Georgia
1216:
1055:
986:
976:
941:
909:National Geophysical Data Center (1972).
541:
240:
231:
87:
78:
1358:Historical earthquakes (1000 AD–1500 AD)
1291:
1082:
796:
532:
400:
254:
222:
69:
864:
2042:12th century in the Kingdom of Georgia
1989:
929:from the original on 30 September 2022
904:
902:
760:Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics
711:
591:Ulomov, V.I.; Medvedeva, N.S. (2014).
456:. Another six lakes formed, including
1882:
1809:
1726:
1330:
784:from the original on 21 February 2023
627:. Earthquake.usgs.gov. Archived from
1312:from the original on 10 January 2012
1249:from the original on 6 November 2019
1195:from the original on 23 October 2020
1107:from the original on 10 January 2023
995:
899:
617:
250:
13:
14:
2068:
2057:12th century in the Seljuk Empire
1239:"Распахнутся снова ворота Гянджи"
505:List of earthquakes in Azerbaijan
311:of 7.0–7.3 and 7.7 or 7.5 on the
194:230,000–300,000 dead (estimation)
2002:Earthquakes in Georgia (country)
887:from the original on 4 June 2021
307:The earthquake had an estimated
101:23–16 km (14.3–9.9 mi)
35:
28:
1261:
1231:
1207:
1177:
1166:from the original on 2022-09-30
1044:from the original on 2022-03-04
853:from the original on 2022-08-10
736:from the original on 2022-03-04
683:10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103222
606:from the original on 2023-04-04
571:from the original on 2020-08-21
158:
2032:Medieval history of Azerbaijan
705:
515:List of historical earthquakes
510:List of earthquakes in Georgia
1:
712:Bochud, Martin (2011-10-25).
525:
479:and 1137 Jazira earthquakes.
302:
2022:History of Ganja, Azerbaijan
1275:(in Russian). Archived from
1245:(in Russian). 6 April 2007.
1035:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.05.021
482:
7:
978:10.3390/geosciences10030111
768:10.1007/978-90-481-8702-7_7
650:Alexander Soloviev (2020).
498:
419:scholar and writer, quoted
10:
2073:
1921:602 Surb Karapet Monastery
1152:10.1016/j.pepi.2019.106320
836:10.1016/j.pepi.2019.106320
405:The Gates of Ganja at the
1997:Earthquakes in Azerbaijan
1916:
1843:
1760:
1754:Earthquakes in Azerbaijan
1599:
1543:
1492:
1446:
1395:
1364:
1304:(Fascicle), vol. X,
1062:Manuel Berberian (2014).
396:
334:An epicenter location at
190:
157:
142:
105:
97:
63:
48:
24:
2007:12th-century earthquakes
1298:Edmund Bosworth (2000),
1068:. Elsevier. p. 63.
1011:Quaternary International
325:Mercalli intensity scale
2052:12th century in Armenia
1094:Mkhitar Gosh's Colophon
2047:Earthquakes in Armenia
2027:Landslide-dammed lakes
1910:Earthquakes in Armenia
1837:Earthquakes in Georgia
754:Musson R.M.W. (2014).
727:University of Fribourg
725:thesis). Switzerland:
493:Ancient Gates of Ganja
489:Demetrius I of Georgia
409:
313:surface-wave magnitude
263:
2037:Geology of Azerbaijan
1692:1585 Aleutian Islands
881:10.6092/ingv.it-cfti5
659:Earth-Science Reviews
469:deadliest earthquakes
404:
391:an earthquake in 1931
371:strike-slip tectonics
258:
202:1139 Ganja earthquake
20:1139 Ganja earthquake
1308:, pp. 282–283,
1306:Encyclopædia Iranica
1279:on 30 September 2022
1269:"Гянджинские ворота"
554:Annals of Geophysics
520:Lists of earthquakes
1707:1596 Keichō–Fushimi
1612:1509 Constantinople
1144:2019PEPI..29706320V
1027:2016QuInt.395...61R
969:2020Geosc..10..111M
828:2019PEPI..29706320V
756:"Great Earthquakes"
675:2020ESRv..20703222I
375:earthquake ruptured
349: /
123: /
21:
1677:1580 Dover Straits
1561:1456 Central Italy
1535:1382 Dover Straits
1438:1185 East Midlands
1372:1033 Jordan Valley
1185:"History of Ganja"
442:Caucasus Mountains
410:
264:
210:Kingdom of Georgia
19:
1984:
1983:
1876:
1875:
1803:
1802:
1720:
1719:
1667:1575 San Salvador
1576:1475 Tenochtitlan
777:978-90-481-8702-7
444:region. Parts of
299:plates interact.
198:
197:
52:30 September 1139
2064:
1903:
1896:
1889:
1880:
1879:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1807:
1806:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1724:
1723:
1712:1590 Neulengbach
1702:1586 Lima–Callao
1632:1522 Vila Franca
1351:
1344:
1337:
1328:
1327:
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1273:kataloq.gomap.az
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579:
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407:Gelati Monastery
364:
363:
361:
360:
359:
354:
350:
347:
346:
345:
342:
309:moment magnitude
292:Greater Caucasus
251:Tectonic setting
245:
236:
227:
212:, in modern-day
186:
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174:
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160:
138:
137:
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1931:735 Vayots Dzor
1912:
1907:
1877:
1872:
1839:
1834:
1804:
1799:
1756:
1751:
1721:
1716:
1657:1570 Concepción
1607:1505 Lo Mustang
1595:
1539:
1488:
1442:
1391:
1360:
1355:
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1324:
1315:
1313:
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1169:
1167:
1124:
1120:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1083:
1076:
1060:
1056:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1006:
1000:
996:
988:1854/LU-8655179
949:
942:
932:
930:
907:
900:
890:
888:
869:
865:
856:
854:
850:
807:
801:
797:
787:
785:
778:
752:
748:
739:
737:
733:
718:
710:
706:
654:
647:
643:
634:
632:
623:
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618:
609:
607:
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582:
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399:
388:
383:Paleoseismology
357:
355:
351:
348:
343:
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284:Lesser Caucasus
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131:
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117:
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91:
82:
73:
55:
53:
49:Local date
44:
43:
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41:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2070:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2012:1139 in Europe
2009:
2004:
1999:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
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1556:1428 Catalonia
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1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1382:1068 Near East
1379:
1377:1038 Dingxiang
1374:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1331:
1323:
1322:
1290:
1260:
1230:
1215:
1206:
1176:
1118:
1081:
1074:
1054:
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580:
530:
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450:Kürəkçay River
435:. The city of
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304:
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272:Arabian Plates
252:
249:
242:
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196:
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162:
155:
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143:Areas affected
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95:
94:
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80:
71:
65:
61:
60:
50:
46:
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34:
33:
27:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2069:
2058:
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2045:
2043:
2040:
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2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2017:1130s in Asia
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
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1977:
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1972:
1971:1931 Zangezur
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1946:1269 Cilicia
1941:906 K'argop'
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1647:1555 Kashmir
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1600:16th-century
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1544:15th-century
1493:14th-century
1474:1275 British
1469:1269 Cilicia
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320:
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265:
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201:
199:
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1976:1988 Spitak
1926:632 Armenia
1848:1088 Tmogvi
1775:1669 Şamaxı
1697:1586 Tenshō
1642:1531 Lisbon
1622:1513 Marash
1617:1511 Idrija
1586:1491 Cyprus
1581:1481 Rhodes
1530:1361 Shōhei
1515:1348 Friuli
1510:1343 Naples
1464:1222 Cyprus
1428:1169 Sicily
1413:1138 Aleppo
1408:1117 Verona
1403:1114 Marash
1387:1088 Tmogvi
957:Geosciences
691:1874/408462
477:1138 Aleppo
454:Lake Göygöl
446:Kapaz Mount
356: /
130: /
1991:Categories
1961:1840 Ahora
1951:1139 Ganja
1863:1991 Racha
1853:1139 Ganja
1765:1139 Ganja
1687:1584 Aigle
1525:1356 Basel
1500:1303 Crete
1479:1290 Zhili
1454:1202 Syria
1433:1170 Syria
1418:1139 Ganja
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526:References
462:Lake Ağgöl
452:, forming
429:Holy Bible
358:40.3; 46.2
303:Earthquake
288:Kura Basin
214:Azerbaijan
191:Casualties
151:Azerbaijan
132:40.3; 46.2
85:, 7.0–7.3
56:1139-09-30
1966:1926 Kars
1858:1920 Gori
1795:2000 Baku
1591:1498 Meiō
1566:Haowhenua
1423:1157 Hama
1189:ganca.net
1160:210621325
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667:Elsevier
601:Archived
566:archived
545:(2004),
499:See also
417:Armenian
280:Tertiary
276:Mesozoic
268:Eurasian
208:and the
179:MMI XI (
167:MMI IX (
1316:4 March
1283:4 March
1253:4 March
1199:5 March
1140:Bibcode
1111:12 July
1023:Bibcode
965:Bibcode
824:Bibcode
788:23 June
671:Bibcode
564:: 743,
560:(2–3),
423::6 and
365:, near
344:46°12′E
341:40°18′N
321:Extreme
317:Violent
218:Georgia
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415:, an
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