41:
912:[In the next place those chains of the Altaides which are younger than the upper Carboniferous and the Permian are separated sharply in space. They lie almost wholly within subsided areas of the Altaides, framed in by lines which frequently cut across the strike of these mountains. We may regard the chains thus framed in as posthumous Altaides. The Alpine chains (
405:, or intersections with the surface. He soon discovered what are known today as convergent plate borders, which are chains of mountains raised by the compression or subduction of one plate under another, but knowledge was not in such a state that he could recognize them as that. He concerned himself instead with the patterns.
401:, deposited as sediment in the oceanic basins, indurated under the pressure of the depths, and raised later under horizontal pressure into folds of mountain chains. What he added to the field is the study of what he called the "trend-lines" or directions of mountains chains. These were to be discovered by examining their
841:, p. 594 "A general comparative orography, drawn from the existing store of observations, has not yet been created, and he who endeavours step by step to organize the elements of such a synthesis must be content if he finds that the structure he has raised is open to completion and correction,..."
920:
are bordered by a
Tertiary zone. Nothing analogous to this is to be seen in the outer margin of the Variscan arc, i.e. outside the Belgian coal-fields. Indeed the younger folding occurs but seldom in the horsts of the European Altaides, and is then only feebly developed. It is as though the frame had
909:
besitzen einen tertiären Saum. Im variscischen
Aussenrande, z. B. ausserhalb der belgischen Kohlenfelder, sieht man nichts Aehnliches. Ueberhaupt ist jüngere Faltung in den Horsten der europäischen Altaiden nur gar selten und in geringem Maasse sichtbar. Es ist, als wäre der Rahmen erstarrt, und die
353:
His work preceded plate tectonics and continental drift. This pre-tectonic phase lasted until about 1950, when the drift theory won the field just as suddenly as had the evolutionist. The concepts and language of the comparative graphists were kept with some modification, but were explained in new
745:
If "Alpide" is taken in Kober's sense to mean the last and current of a collective group of contemporaneous ridges over the entire
Tethyan region, then "Alpine orogeny" is used collectively of all the orogenies required to create the Alpides, a definition that is far from the original meanings of
900:
Die zweite
Aenderung besteht darin, dass nun die Ketten, welche jünger sind als das Ober-Carbon oder Perm, sich räumlich scharf abtrennen. Sie liegen fast ganz innerhalb von Senkungen der Altaiden, umrahmt von Linien, die nicht selten das Streichen der Altaiden durchschneiden. Man kann diese
826:, p. 594 "In human affairs as in the physical world the present is only a transverse section; we cannot see the future which lies beyond, but we may gain instruction from the past. Thus the history of the earth is of fundamental importance in the description of the earth."
323:, and was now pushing its way back. Eurasia descends from Laurasia, the Laurentia part having split away to the west as a consequence of the formation of the North Atlantic Ocean. As Tethys closed, Gondwana pushed up mountain ranges on the southern margin of Eurasia.
989:
Figure 7 shows the present extent of the orogenic system related to the obliteration of Paleo-Tethys as compared with that generated during the closure of Neo-Tethys. I call the former the
Cimmerides (Figure 7B, I); the latter I define to constitute the
998:
may be defined to form the
Tethysides, for they both descended from Tethys s.l. (Figure 7A). The Alpine-Himalayan mountain belt therefore consists of two mutually independent, but largely superimposed orogenic complexes (Figure
853:, p. 19 "Gondwana-land is bounded on the north by a broad zone of marine deposits of Mesozoic age....It must be regarded in its entirety as the relic of a sea which once extended across the existing continent of Asia."
335:, the study in geologic time of the events that shaped the surface of the Earth. The topic began suddenly in the mid-19th century with the evolutionary biologists. The early historical geologists, such as
921:
become rigid, and the folding, from the upper
Carboniferous onwards, had been confined to the downthrown areas. (translated by Hertha B. C. Sollas, under the direction of W. C. Sollas, 1909)]
390:. Suess's topic was the definition and classification of the lineaments of this zone, which he traced from one end of Eurasia to the other, ending on the east with the
350:, used the term "comparative orography" to refer to his method of comparing mountain ranges, parallel to "comparative anatomy" and "comparative philology.
1071:
346:
The late 19th century was a period of synthesis, in which geologists attempted to combine all the detail into the big picture. The first of his type,
737:
refers to the fact that the
Alpides form a long, mostly unbroken chain of orogens running west to east along the southern edge of Eurasia.
319:, after some rock formations in India, then part of the supercontinent of Gondwana, which had earlier divided from another supercontinent,
378:, now indurated into layers and raised into highlands by compressional force. Suess had discovered the zone during his early work on the
519:
311:
once many plates were one plate, and the collision formed one subduction zone, which was oceanic, subducting the floor of Tethys.
305:. The approximate alignment of so many convergent boundaries trending east to west, first noticed by the Austrian geologist
798:
1056:
1051:
1016:
960:
343:, arranged fossils and layers of sedimentary rock containing them into time periods, of which the framework remains.
382:. He spent the better part of his career following the zone in detail, which he assembled in one ongoing work,
944:
686:
867:
1031:
1040:]. Vol. III. Translated by Sollas, Hertha B. C. (Revised ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
780:
The Tethys Sea and the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt; mega-elements in a new global tectonic system,
212:
783:
1076:
709:
and later popularized in
English-language scientific literature by Turkish geologist and historian
262:. It is the second most seismically active region in the world, after the circum-Pacific belt (the
144:
20:
152:
1086:
937:
489:
200:
936:
670:
654:
577:
438:
414:
1057:"Ring of Fire", Plate Tectonics, Sea-Floor Spreading, Subduction Zones, "Hot Spots" – USGS
932:
710:
8:
782:
Physics of the Earth and
Planetary Interiors, Volume 62, Issues 1–2, 1990, Pages 141–184
755:
298:
1081:
607:
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553:
515:
497:
332:
243:
187:
extending for more than 15,000 kilometres (9,300 mi) along the southern margin of
125:
426:
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956:
885:
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631:
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442:
418:
398:
639:
635:
543:
539:
527:
481:
473:
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391:
302:
235:
802:
1025:]. Vol. I. Translated by Sollas, Hertha B. C. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
573:
402:
336:
294:
184:
140:
889:
1065:
978:
619:
485:
340:
286:
282:
224:
208:
115:
Southern Eurasia, northern Africa, central Asian subcontinent, southeast Asia
59:
40:
943:. Geological Society of America Special Paper. Vol. 195. Boulder, CO:
863:
702:
501:
457:
371:
367:
347:
306:
290:
278:
263:
876:] (in German). Vol. 3.2, part 4. Vienna: F. Tempsky. p. 3.
374:. He knew it had been a subsidence because it expressed deposits of the
658:
627:
561:
531:
363:
251:
176:
724:
650:
615:
611:
535:
523:
387:
259:
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204:
94:
901:
umrahmten Ketten als posthume Altaiden ansehen. Die alpinen Ketten (
952:
430:
386:, "The Face of the Earth." Like a human face, the Earth's face has
375:
320:
316:
274:
270:
228:
220:
216:
84:
15,000 km (9,300 mi) E–W in the west, N–S in the east
689:
just off the coast of Sumatra was located within the Alpide belt.
397:
Suess looked, as did all geologists, at the strata and content of
910:
Faltung vom Ober-Carbon an auf die gesenkten Räume eingeschränkt.
662:
196:
188:
180:
135:
970:
881:
678:
623:
603:
557:
505:
468:
460:
453:
247:
66:
746:
Alpide and Alpine, representing a specialized geologic usage.
718:
682:
717:, derived from the Ancient Greek patronymic/familial suffix
674:
666:
643:
585:
446:
434:
379:
239:
192:
939:
The Cimmeride Orogenic System and the Tectonics of Eurasia
657:
along the northeastern islands adjacent to and including
477:
130:
compressive forces at aligned convergent plate boundaries
758: – The formation and structure of the European Alps
234:
It includes, from west to east, the major ranges of the
1052:
Historic Earthquakes & Earthquake Statistics – USGS
713:
in a 1984 paper on the topic. The term adds the suffix
701:
is a term first coined in German by Austrian geologist
362:
The author of the concept of a trans-Eurasian zone of
281:
and process of collision between the northward-moving
733:, suggesting a "family" of related orogens. The term
866:(1909) . "10: Eintritt der Altaiden nach Europa".
661:and the Alpide belt along the south and west from
408:
19:"Alpide" redirects here. Not to be confused with
1063:
834:
832:
266:), with 17% of the world's largest earthquakes.
45:Approximate extent of the Alpide orogenic system
1008:
326:
829:
774:
772:
357:
1030:Suess, Eduard (1908). Sollas, W. J. (ed.).
1015:Suess, Eduard (1904). Sollas, W. J. (ed.).
1072:Geographic areas of seismological interest
925:
769:
331:The Alpide belt is a concept from modern
994:(Figure 7B, II). The Cimmerides and the
856:
916:) are their most important member. The
793:
791:
1064:
931:
1029:
1014:
862:
850:
838:
823:
788:
13:
905:) sind ihr wichtigstes Glied. Die
315:Suess called the single continent
71:8,848.86 m (29,031.7 ft)
14:
1098:
1045:
39:
16:Belt of Eurasian mountain ranges
409:Main ranges (from west to east)
183:belt that includes an array of
844:
817:
520:limits between Asia and Europe
297:. Each collision results in a
171:, or more recently and rarely
169:Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt
34:Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt
1:
945:Geological Society of America
799:"Where do earthquakes occur?"
1009:General and cited references
762:
725:
692:
687:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake
327:Brief history of the concept
7:
749:
10:
1103:
740:
719:
277:-to-recent closure of the
269:The belt is the result of
18:
358:Suess's subsidence theory
173:the Tethyan orogenic belt
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134:
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112:Mesozoic oceanic platform
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55:
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38:
33:
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778:K.M. Storetvedt, K. M.,
705:in his 1883 magnum opus
801:. USGS. Archived from
157:Folded mountain ranges
1033:The Face of the Earth
1018:The Face of the Earth
874:The Face of the Earth
301:, a topic covered in
201:Indochinese Peninsula
1038:das Antlitz der Erde
1023:das Antlitz der Erde
869:Das Antlitz der Erde
707:Das Antlitz der Erde
671:Lesser Sunda Islands
655:Pacific Ring of Fire
578:Titiwangsa Mountains
415:Cantabrian Mountains
384:das Antlitz der Erde
933:Şengör, A. M. Celâl
756:Geology of the Alps
299:convergent boundary
227:, and out into the
711:A. M. Celâl Şengör
608:Sulaiman Mountains
570:Hengduan Mountains
554:Armenian Highlands
516:Caucasus Mountains
508:(Hellenides), and
498:Apennine Mountains
366:, which he called
333:historical geology
244:Caucasus Mountains
191:, stretching from
51:Highest point
653:lies between the
596:Troodos Mountains
582:Barisan Mountains
465:Crimean Mountains
213:mountains of Iran
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805:on 5 August 2014
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632:Arakan Mountains
600:Zagros Mountains
592:Taurus Mountains
566:Kunlun Mountains
550:Pontic Mountains
494:Balearic Islands
443:Balkan Mountains
419:Basque Mountains
399:sedimentary rock
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309:, suggests that
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1077:Plate tectonics
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640:Nicobar Islands
544:Sayan Mountains
540:Altai Mountains
524:Kopet Mountains
482:Northern Africa
427:Sistema Ibérico
423:Sistema Central
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392:Malay Peninsula
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303:plate tectonics
236:Atlas Mountains
185:mountain ranges
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467:– entirely in
445:(Balkanides),
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209:Transhimalayas
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99:Derived from
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60:Mount Everest
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1087:Belt regions
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1032:
1022:
1017:
995:
991:
988:
982:. Retrieved
938:
927:
917:
913:
906:
902:
899:
893:. Retrieved
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868:
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819:
807:. Retrieved
803:the original
779:
744:
734:
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714:
706:
703:Eduard Suess
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502:Dinaric Alps
458:Thracian Sea
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372:Eduard Suess
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348:Eduard Suess
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307:Eduard Suess
279:Tethys Ocean
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264:Ring of Fire
233:
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100:
534:Mountains,
439:Carpathians
417:(incl. the
165:Alpide belt
143:(in west),
29:Alpide belt
1066:Categories
984:2023-12-30
895:2023-12-30
890:1414429730
851:Suess 1908
839:Suess 1904
824:Suess 1904
729:), to the
659:New Guinea
628:Chin Hills
606:Highland,
562:Hindu Kush
388:lineaments
364:subsidence
258:, and the
252:Hindu Kush
76:Dimensions
1082:Volcanism
979:859566590
763:Citations
697:The word
693:Etymology
651:Indonesia
616:Himalayas
612:Karakoram
536:Tian Shan
510:Mount Ida
293:with the
260:Himalayas
256:Karakoram
205:Himalayas
147:(in east)
145:Himalayan
126:Formed by
107:Geography
95:Etymology
67:Elevation
971:84018845
935:(1984).
882:10004406
784:Abstract
750:See also
669:and the
518:(on the
431:Pyrenees
376:Mesozoic
321:Laurasia
317:Gondwana
275:Cenozoic
271:Mesozoic
229:Atlantic
221:Anatolia
217:Caucasus
181:orogenic
996:Alpides
992:Alpides
918:Alpides
914:Alpides
907:Alpiden
903:Alpiden
809:8 March
741:Orogeny
685:). The
663:Sumatra
636:Andaman
461:islands
454:massifs
451:Rhodope
403:strikes
287:Arabian
283:African
197:Sumatra
189:Eurasia
177:seismic
175:, is a
136:Orogeny
120:Geology
977:
969:
959:
888:
880:
699:Alpide
681:, and
679:Flores
624:Patkai
604:Makran
558:Alborz
506:Pindus
469:Europe
370:, was
368:Tethys
354:ways.
289:, and
248:Alborz
242:, the
238:, the
223:, the
211:, the
203:, the
141:Alpine
89:Naming
81:Length
21:Alpine
1036:[
1021:[
872:[
726:-ídēs
720:-ίδης
715:-ides
683:Timor
528:Pamir
474:Atlas
999:7A).
975:OCLC
967:LCCN
957:ISBN
886:OCLC
878:LCCN
811:2015
735:belt
731:Alps
675:Bali
667:Java
644:Asia
638:and
586:Asia
532:Alay
492:and
476:and
447:Rila
435:Alps
380:Alps
339:and
273:-to-
240:Alps
207:and
195:and
193:Java
179:and
163:The
101:Alps
56:Peak
949:doi
522:),
496:),
478:Rif
421:),
231:.
167:or
1068::
987:.
973:.
965:.
955:.
898:.
884:.
831:^
790:^
771:^
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951::
813:.
723:(
673:(
646:.
588:;
546:;
512:;
488:(
449:-
23:.
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