152:
251:
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237:
330:
185:
171:
307:
814:. On December 3, 1966, demonstrators began to riot and denounced Portuguese authorities for "fascist atrocities". Protesters, instigated by local communists and pro-Beijing business owners, ransacked Portuguese institutions throughout Macau such as Macau City Hall and the Public Notary's Office. Violence was also directed towards local Chinese businesses and organizations loyal to the ROC government now located in Taipei. Unlike in neighboring Hong Kong – which faced similar
1753:
864:
1765:
138:
547:
39:
1705:
989:
that had been in power for 48 years. The new government began to transition
Portugal to a democratic system and was committed to decolonization. It carried out decolonization policies and proposed that Macau be given back to China in 1978. The Chinese government rejected this proposal, believing that
909:
The colonial government, due to increasing pressures from both
Beijing and Lisbon, agreed to sign agreements with the Committee of Thirteen and the Guangdong Government Foreign Affairs Bureau, along with an official statement of apology, and accepted responsibility for the events on December 3, 1966.
734:
on
December 1, 1887. Throughout the colonial administration of Macau, the development of Portuguese Macau stagnated due to a complex colonial bureaucracy and corruption. Racial segregation and division also existed throughout society. Within the governance of Macau, almost all government officers and
949:
Alberto Franco
Nogueira described Portugal's role in Macau after 1967 as "a caretaker of a condominium under foreign supervision". Chinese media described Macau as a "half liberated zone". Shortly after the agreements were signed, the Chinese military forces around Macau and Red Guards at the border
928:
Alongside the apology, the
Portuguese agreed to reinforce the role of the Macau Chinese business elite in running the governmental affairs of Macau, promised to never again use force against the Chinese community of Macau, and agreed to pay reparations to the Chinese community in Macau to the sum of
886:
The security ring set around Macau by the
Chinese would be involved in multiple casualty-causing conflicts with Red Guards attempting to invade Macau by both land and sea. The pro-Beijing community in Macau adopted a "Three No's" approach as a means to continue their struggle with the Government: no
997:
On
December 31, 1975, the Portuguese government withdrew its remaining troops from Macau. On February 8, 1979, the Portuguese government decided to break off diplomatic relations with the ROC, and established diplomatic relations with the PRC the next day. Both Portugal and the PRC recognized Macau
933:
as compensation for the eight dead and 212 injured. In contrast, the agreement signed with the
Guangdong government was more favorable to the Portuguese; per the agreement, the Chinese government would take back all refugees who arrived in Macau from January 30, 1967, onwards, a promise China would
769:
both maintained a presence in Macau. With the founding of the PRC, the
Portuguese colonial government opened unofficial relations with the PRC instead of the ROC, primarily due to the proximity of Macau to mainland China via their land border. Following the founding of the PRC, the influence of the
721:
The
Portuguese occupation of Macau is broadly divided into three different political periods. The first began with the establishment of the first Portuguese settlement in Macau in 1557 and lasted until 1849. During this period, the settlement administrators had jurisdiction only over the Portuguese
977:
Emboldened by their success against the Portuguese, the Committee of Thirteen encouraged demonstrations against other institutions in Macau that were perceived to be antagonistic towards the PRC. Specifically, the British Consulate and the Macau Branch of the Hong Kong Immigration department were
878:
In response to the crackdown, the Portuguese government immediately implemented a news blockade; Portuguese-language newspapers and magazines were banned, and newspapers in Portugal and overseas provinces were ordered to censor reports about the incident. In response to the incident, the Chinese
958:
With the Portuguese now only nominally in control of Macau, political power would increasingly rest with the pro-Beijing trade unions and business leaders. The official Portuguese and Chinese positions regarding the political status of Macau did not differ, as both now described the region as a
1658:
Fernandes, Moisés Silva(2004) "As prostrações das instituições britânicas em Macau durante a 'revolução cultural' chinesa em Maio de 1967 e algumas das suas consequências" ("The Prostration of British Institutions in Macau during the 'Chinese Cultural' Revolution in May 1967 and some of its
722:
community. The second period, known as the "colonial period", scholars generally place from 1849 to 1974. It was in this period that the Portuguese colonial administration began to take an active role in the lives of both the Portuguese and Chinese communities in Macau.
854:
was declared, authorizing a Portuguese military garrison and police to crack down on the protests. Eight protesters were killed by police in the subsequent clashes, while 212 people were injured in total. Police also arrested 62 people in connection to the protests.
791:, Portuguese officials delayed the processing of the building permits, as they had not received any bribes from the residents of Taipa Island. Despite receiving no building permits from the local administration, local residents began constructing the private school.
782:
sending their children to fully subsidized private schools while the Chinese had to send their children to either Catholic or communist schools. The segregation of education in Macau was an area of great contention for the local populations. In 1966, residents of
690:
Pressured by business leaders in Macau and the Chinese government, the colonial government agreed to meet the demands of the protesters and apologized for the police crackdown. Portuguese sovereignty over Macau severely diminished after the incident, leading to
833:
The colonial government subsequently ordered the rioters and demonstrators to be arrested, leading to even more mass discontent and popular support for opposition to the Portuguese administration. In response, demonstrators toppled the statue of
729:
was signed, in which China recognized the "perpetual occupation and government of Macau" by Portugal, who, in turn, agreed never to surrender Macau to a third party without the consent of the Chinese government. This was reaffirmed in the
887:
taxes, no service, and no selling to the Portuguese. Representing the Chinese community of Macau was the pro-Beijing Committee of Thirteen, chaired by Leong Pui, the leader of the pro-Beijing Macau General Association of Labour.
898:, whose involvement and commitment to resolve the crisis caused by the riot was crucial, because at that time he was the only one who could contact directly both the Portuguese colonial administration and Chinese officials in
1441:
224:
1458:"Report of the Acting Director-General of Political Affairs of the Foreign Affairs Ministry, João Hall Themido, 28 December 1966," PAA M. 1171, Portuguese Historic-Diplomatic Archives (AHDMNE), Lisbon.
1625:陳堅銘. "國共在澳門的競逐── 以 (1966–67) 為中心." "The Competition of the Kuomintang and Communist Party of China in Macau-Focusing on the 12-3 Incident (1966–67)" 臺灣國際研究季刊 11, no. 4 (2015): 153–177.
978:
once again targeted by protesters. British consular staff in Macau were under constant threat and harassment by Red Guards, leading to the closure of the British consulate in 1967.
687:), occurred as a direct response to a violent police crackdown by colonial authorities against local Chinese protesters demonstrating against corruption and colonialism in Macau.
1317:
974:
was banned, and Kuomintang-run schools were shut down. In addition, refugees from mainland China were either barred from entering Macau or forcibly returned to China.
883:
to the Chinese-Portuguese Macau border to prevent Red Guards from invading Macau. Four Chinese warships also entered the waters of Macau in response to the crackdown.
1217:
Fernandes, Moisés Silva. “Macau in Chinese Foreign Policy during the Cultural Revolution, 1966–1968.” Portuguese Literary and Cultural Studies 17/18 (2010): 209–24.
1535:"A guerra e as respostas militar e política 5.Macau: Fim da ocupação perpétua (War and Military and Political Responses 5.Macau: Ending Perpetual Occupation)"
794:
On November 15, 1966, Urban Services Officers on Taipa blocked further construction of the school, leading to a confrontation between Chinese protesters and
850:
or city hall, portraits of former governors were torn off the walls, and books and city records were tossed into the street and set on fire. Consequently,
1494:"【澳门回归20年】回顾"一二·三"反抗殖民血泪史 [Macao's 20 years of reunification] Reviewing the history of "One, Two, Three" resistance to colonial blood and tears"
1709:
1302:
770:
communists grew substantially in Macau, especially among business leaders throughout the colony, while the influence of the nationalists decreased.
914:
1728:
743:
1187:
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Negotiations to resolve and prevent further escalation between the PRC, Committee of Thirteen, and the Portuguese government took place in
818: – the business community largely did not back the colonial government. In mainland China, specifically in the province of
787:, sponsored by the Chinese communists, tried to obtain permission to build a private school. Despite being granted a plot of land by the
1817:
638:
605:
1288:
Chan, Monica Kiteng. “Memory Plaza: Encounter and Missed Encounter.” Portuguese Literary and Cultural Studies 17/18 (2010): 233–41.
1130:
Halis, Denis de Castro (2015). "'Post-Colonial' Legal Interpretation in Macau, China: Between European and Chinese Influences". In
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311:
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and angered by the violence towards Chinese in Macau, began to protest in large numbers at the mainland China–Macau border.
1669:
1827:
1246:
1011:
1326:
1271:何曼盈 (2013). "Infiltration of the State's Discourse Right and the Status of the Association of Macao Before the Return".
1832:
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209:
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expressed to the Portuguese government its desire to hand over Macau back to Chinese control. However, due to the
277:
46:
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in support of the residents of Taipa Island. The demonstrators shouted revolutionary slogans and read aloud from
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This marked the beginning of equal treatment and recognition of Chinese identity in Macau and the beginning of
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755:
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Repercussions") Daxiyangguo: Revista Portuguesa de Estudos Asiáticos (Portuguese Journal of Asian Studies)
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835:
335:
798:. The police, including plain-clothes officers, injured over 40 people, of whom 14 were later detained.
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as Chinese territory. The colony remained under Portuguese rule until December 20, 1999, when it was
624:
1609:
3Franco Nogueira, Salazar: estudo biografico, 6 vols. (Coimbra: Athintida Editora, 1977), III, 393.
1322:
1163:
1007:
200:
1579:"澳门《基本法》不含普选承诺 中共「抬澳贬港」漠视两地差异 Macau's "Basic Law" does not include universal suffrage commitments"
1232:"《國共在澳門的競逐 ── 以「一二•三事件」（1966–67）為中心》"KMT's Race in Macao-Focusing on" 1-2-3 Incidents "(1966–67)""
1645:
1412:
1168:
1042:
766:
255:
1797:
1718:
142:
82:
30:
1337:
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Chinese territory under Portuguese administration, and not as a colony or overseas territory.
566:
1395:
The Voices of Macao Stones: The Nanjing Massacre Witnessed by American and British Nationals
1023:
986:
815:
1183:
8:
1802:
1565:
Macau na Política Externa Chinesa, 1949–1979 (Macao in Chinese Foreign Policy, 1949–1979)
1493:
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676:
671:) was a series of political demonstrations and riots against Portuguese colonial rule in
664:
586:
508:
921:, signed a statement of apology at the Chinese Chamber of Commerce, under a portrait of
801:
In response, a group of around 60 Chinese students and workers demonstrated outside the
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Schools and education in Macau were divided along racial lines, with the Portuguese and
1343:
758:(PRC) in 1949 caused a large number of refugees and Kuomintang supporters to flee from
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1729:"1-2-3 Incident – 50th anniversary | Panelists describe riots, call for remembrance"
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1398:, Lindsay Ride, May Ride, Jason Wordie, Hong Kong University Press, 1999, page 23
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1360:
Twentieth Century Colonialism and China: Localities, the Everyday, and the World
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and the Portuguese were postponed indefinitely. The founding of the
1132:
East Asia's Renewed Respect for the Rule of Law in the 21st Century
483:
446:
90:
842:, the city center, and also tore off the right arm of a statue of
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which occurred on December 3, 1966. The incident, inspired by the
1668:
Davies, Hugh. "An Undiplomatic Foray: A 1967 Escapade in Macau."
1431:, Carmen Amado Mendes, Hong Kong University Press, 2013, page 34
1307:, Gary Ka-wai Cheung, Hong Kong University Press, 2009, page 16
895:
867:
284:
176:
1672:
Hong Kong Branch 47 (2007): 115–26. Accessed January 9, 2020.
1318:
Sovereignty at the Edge: Macau and the Question of Chineseness
546:
16:
1966 demonstrations and riots against Portuguese rule in Macau
1363:, Bryna Goodman, David Goodman Routledge, 2012, pages 217–218
1037:
981:
On April 25, 1974, a group of left-wing officers organized a
759:
680:
672:
242:
108:
1471:
Macao Is A Relic Of Bygone Era Of European Gunboat Diplomacy
735:
civil service positions were held by Portuguese residents.
902:
and Beijing, as he was the representative of Macau in the
941:
Chinese control over the territory, with Ho becoming the
488:
962:
As a consequence of Beijing's increasing influence, pro-
1686:
Who's Who in China's Leadership – Edmund Ho Hau Wah 何厚铧
1169:
Treaties Between the Empire of China and Foreign Powers
1105:. "In the end the "1, 2, 3" episodePortugal recognised
990:
an early handover of Macau would impact relations with
870:, Beijing's "unofficial representative" in Macau, with
1466:
1464:
1424:
1422:
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located on the former outer harbor ferry port. At the
1741:
1429:
Portugal, China and the Macau Negotiations, 1986–1999
1172:(4th ed.). Shanghai: North-China Herald. pp. 156–157.
465:
451:
437:
970:'s diplomatic mission was closed, the flying of the
917:, with the endorsement of Portuguese Prime Minister
1567:. Lisbon: Impresna de Ciêncas Sociais. p. 237.
1524:, Kenneth Maxwell, Psychology Press, 2003, page 279
1461:
1419:
1371:
1369:
1239:《臺灣國際研究季刊》(Taiwan International Studies Quarterly)
699:over the territory 33 years prior to the eventual
925:, with Ho presiding as the chamber's president.
765:Before the 12-3 incident, the Kuomintang and the
49:signs a statement of apology under a portrait of
1789:
1521:Naked Tropics: Essays on Empire and Other Rogues
1366:
513:
225:General Association of Chinese Students of Macau
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1706:The 12-3 Incident entry in Macau Encyclopedia
1571:
1558:
1556:
1181:
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987:overthrowing the ruling right-wing government
915:José Manuel de Sousa e Faro Nobre de Carvalho
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894:. The chief negotiator for the Chinese was
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1448:(in Traditional Chinese). January 6, 2015.
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1184:"民族主義與一二．三事件 Nationalism and 1-2-3 events"
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37:
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1014:following the handover of Macau in 1999.
966:activities in Macau were suppressed; the
1194:
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862:
1726:
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1284:
1282:
1273:"Research on "One Country, Two Systems"
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530:This article is part of a series on the
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1482:
1252:from the original on February 14, 2019
1220:
1304:Hong Kong's Watershed: The 1967 Riots
1154:
1727:Beitler, Daniel (December 5, 2016).
1674:http://www.jstor.org/stable/23889787
1670:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
1589:
1279:
1145:
1124:
220:Women's General Association of Macau
1473:, David J Paine, Associated Press,
1270:
1229:
1012:Macau Special Administrative Region
836:Colonel Vicente Nicolau de Mesquita
13:
1635:Macao Locals Favor Portuguese Rule
1182:黃東 Huáng dōng (December 8, 2016).
945:governor of Macau. The Portuguese
14:
1844:
1818:Riots and civil disorder in Macau
1699:
210:Macau Chinese Chamber of Commerce
1775:
1763:
1751:
1563:Fernandes, Moisés Silva (2006).
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215:Macau Federation of Trade Unions
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1109:Macau as a Chinese territory,"
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466:
452:
438:
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1:
1058:
972:flag of the Republic of China
858:
278:José Manuel Nobre de Carvalho
47:José Manuel Nobre de Carvalho
1416:, December 3, 1966, page 14A
1029:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
953:
7:
1597:Far Eastern Economic Review
1339:Selected Hsinhua News Items
1017:
919:António de Oliveira Salazar
744:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
468:Ao-men i erh san shih-chien
10:
1849:
1408:Rioters Fight Macao Police
1079:Hong Kong University Press
756:People's Republic of China
750:, discussions between the
710:
706:
681:People's Republic of China
243:People's Republic of China
109:People's Republic of China
1833:Anti-Portuguese sentiment
1723:(translated from Chinese)
1164:Mayers, William Frederick
1134:. Leiden: Brill Nijhoff.
1075:Macau History and Society
1006:, would become the first
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1823:China–Portugal relations
1323:Harvard University Press
1230:陳堅銘 (December 1, 2015).
881:People's Liberation Army
879:government deployed the
336:People's Liberation Army
205:(Committee of Thirteen)
100:Protesters' demands met
1649:, June 2, 1974, page 4H
1646:Sarasota Herald-Tribune
1479:, May 14, 1971, page 17
1413:The Evening Independent
1378:, Irene Corbally Kuhn,
767:Chinese Communist Party
738:In September 1945, the
725:On March 26, 1887, the
491:Oumun jat ji saam sigin
439:Àomén yī'èr sān shìjiàn
256:Chinese Communist Party
103:Macau placed under the
1828:Macau–Taiwan relations
1321:, Cathryn H. Clayton,
1000:handed over to the PRC
875:
789:Portuguese authorities
668:
514:
411:One-two-three incident
31:decolonisation of Asia
1121:Cardinal 2009, p. 225
910:On January 29, 1967,
866:
1043:Polish 1970 protests
1024:1967 Hong Kong riots
453:ㄠˋㄇㄣˊ ㄧ ㄦˋ ㄙㄢ ㄕˋㄐㄧㄢˋ
1808:Cultural Revolution
904:Legislative Council
828:Cultural Revolution
740:Republic of China's
677:Cultural Revolution
117:activities in Macau
113:Suppression of pro-
53:, January 29, 1967.
1692:, October 28, 2013
1384:, January 19, 1967
1344:Xinhua News Agency
876:
826:, inspired by the
554:Other Macau topics
1734:Macau Daily Times
1140:978-90-04-27420-4
1053:Annexation of Goa
1048:Handover of Macau
1004:Edmund Ho Hau Wah
968:Republic of China
934:keep until 1978.
912:Governor of Macau
803:Governor's Palace
748:Chinese Civil War
701:handover of Macau
649:
648:
525:
524:
498:
497:
426:Standard Mandarin
380:
379:
264:
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177:Republic of China
44:Governor of Macau
1840:
1813:History of Macau
1780:
1779:
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1710:Macau Foundation
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1600:, 1974, page 439
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1376:It Is My Opinion
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1346:, 1966, page 144
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1002:. Ho Yin's son,
947:Foreign Minister
732:Treaty of Peking
717:History of China
713:History of Macau
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615:History of China
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62:December 3, 1966
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1583:Radio Free Asia
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1442:"黃東﹕你認識真正的澳門嗎？"
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1151:Hao 2011, p. 40
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1077:, Zhidong Hao,
1073:
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1008:Chief Executive
956:
931:Macanese pataca
861:
840:Largo do Senado
811:Little Red Book
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727:Lisbon Protocol
719:
711:Main articles:
709:
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503:Portuguese name
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408:Literal meaning
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312:Portuguese Army
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1142:. pp. 70–71
1101:Mendes, p.
983:coup d'état
852:martial law
848:Leal Senado
669:Motim 1-2-3
536:History of
515:Motim 1-2-3
201:Pro-Beijing
97:Resulted in
1803:1966 riots
1792:Categories
1476:Daily News
1059:References
964:Kuomintang
950:withdrew.
929:2 million
923:Mao Zedong
872:Mao Zedong
859:Resolution
824:Red Guards
762:to Macau.
752:Kuomintang
697:suzerainty
665:Portuguese
587:Government
509:Portuguese
461:Wade–Giles
352:Casualties
341:Red Guards
191:Kuomintang
115:Kuomintang
51:Mao Zedong
992:Hong Kong
954:Aftermath
900:Guangzhou
892:Guangdong
820:Guangdong
582:Geography
572:Education
1770:Portugal
1325:, 2009,
1247:Archived
1166:(1902).
1107:de facto
1091:page 215
1081:, 2011.
1018:See also
943:de facto
939:de facto
780:Macanese
695:Chinese
693:de facto
592:Politics
484:Jyutping
447:Bopomofo
373:Arrested
365:Injuries
357:Death(s)
143:Portugal
105:de facto
91:boycotts
67:Location
1744:Portals
1446:Mingpao
1327:page 47
1010:of the
874:in 1956
707:Origins
679:in the
657:Chinese
597:History
577:Economy
562:Culture
395:Chinese
124:Parties
87:strikes
79:Methods
1539:RTP.pt
1498:DWNews
1138:
1085:
896:Ho Yin
868:Ho Yin
742:(ROC)
661:一二·三事件
659::
601:Colony
599:&
401:一二·三事件
333:
285:Ho Yin
240:
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1782:China
1758:1960s
1721:]
1541:. RTP
1250:(PDF)
1235:(PDF)
1038:Malta
760:China
673:Macau
538:Macau
158:Macau
72:Macau
1547:2019
1258:2019
1136:ISBN
1083:ISBN
715:and
651:The
59:Date
1643:in
838:at
368:212
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1719:pt
1717:;
1715:zh
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1188:訊報
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