162:
182:, were not well prepared or garrisoned at all. The situation seemed dire, but impressively the Danish-Norwegian king made a name for himself by dismissing advice given to him by the council to flee the city, famously insisting "Jeg vil dĂž i min rede", or "I will die in my nest". The king personally led the defence of the city. The Danes had only three weeks of warning of the invasion, and the unprepared and dilapidated line of defence had at first only 2,000 troops garrisoned. However, the city was led well and by September all the breaches in the wall had been repaired, cannons had been hoisted into positions around the walls, and the defending troops had swelled to over 7,000.
109:
213:
329:- the king "shall from this day forth be revered and considered the most perfect and supreme person on the Earth by all his subjects, standing above all human laws and having no judge above his person, neither in spiritual nor temporal matters, except God alone." This in effect gave the king the right to overrule and abolish any other position of power unilaterally, which he then used to abolish the
261:, as well as introducing a permanent hereditary monarchy (as Norway had been since 1537) and the abolition of all noble privileges in the form of tax exemptions and land grants. The nobles protested strongly, but the king backed the two non-nobility estates, forming a body that he called the "Conjoined Estates", and appointed the bishop
252:
The nobility were attempting to defend their traditional tax exemptions but were surprised by the fierce opposition from the clergy and the burghers. The nobles dug their feet in and refused to concede any ground, which irritated the leaders of the other two factions to the extent that at a hint from
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as their chairman. On 8 October 1660 they then met at the bishop's palace. It was here that the bishop made his own motion, stating, "Equal rights for all and a free hand for the king." A document was then made laying out these demands, and was taken to the nobles, who rejected the radical proposal.
137:
secured, he was able to convince them on 23 February 1657 to grant significant subsidies for a mass military mobilisation for a strike on Sweden while their army was overseas in Poland. On 23 April 1657, he got permission from the council to attack
Swedish holdings in Germany, and war was formally
83:
in return for their vote. Part of this process was a concession fixing the number of nobles on the council to 23, when previously the number had been chosen by the king. These concessions meant that
Frederik had limited use of his powers early in his reign, until the late 1650s when, using some
227:
In
September 1660, a Declaration of Emergency was proclaimed. This called the estates together to meet to discuss problems in the realm. At the meeting the estates were to discuss the financial problems caused by the wars, and significant negotiations were made over the issue of tax. The three
192:
The
Swedish king had originally planned to directly assault the capital, but upon seeing the improved defences, began a protracted siege. The siege was broken just over a year after it had begun when the Dutch fleet came to copenhagen's aid, defeating the Swedish naval fleet at the
327:"skal vĂŠre hereffter og aff alle undersaatterne holdes og agtes for det ypperste og hĂžyeste hoffved her paa Jorden offver alle Menniskelige Lowe, og der ingen anden hoffved og dommere kiender offver sig enten i Geistlige eller Verdslige Sager uden Gud alleene."
138:
declared on 5 June 1657. However, this proved to be a mis-step for the Danish king - the
Swedish army quickly abandoned their polish campaign and invaded jutland, and then marched quickly across the frozen sea to unexpectedly conquer the rest of Denmark in the
128:
became the king of Sweden. This was a source of concern to
Frederick, who considered that the new Swedish king's temperament would lead to much aggression. An opportunity came when in July 1655, the Swedish king started a campaign against Poland, the
189:, who also took a hand in the defence and spent much of his own money to assist in the equipping of the garrison, making him also popular. with the citizens. This friendship proved invaluable to the king later on at the meeting of the estates.
275:
officially offered the hereditary throne to
Frederik and his successors. A Commission was established, in which nobles were heavily outnumbered, to consider the constitutional implications, and on 27 October, Frederik's coronation charter (
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On the evening of 20 October
Frederick made it publicly known that he intended to accept the offer without the position of the council, and placed Copenhagen under martial law, as well as tightened military control across the country. The
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council was unpopular, and with the military acting on the side of the king they were completely outmanoeuvered and decided to yield under this extreme pressure. Three days later, Conjoined Estate representatives and delegates from the
257:, senior burgomaster of Copenhagen, made an impassioned speech to the other burgesses about a revolutionary proposal for a fundamental restructuring of the Danish state, calling for the abolition of Frederick's election charter, the
153:
must provide troops to fight in Sweden's wars, effectively making
Denmark-Norway a Vassal of Sweden. Frederick, seeing the precarity of his position, resolved to make amends with his former enemy, inviting
224:
Following the second war in under 3 years, the kingdom of
Denmark was on the verge of bankruptcy. Frederick's debts had reached over 5 million rigsdalers, which posed a significant problem.
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The king's well known and valiant defence as well as refusing to abandon his people caused him to become immensely popular with the people, setting the stage for his consolidation of power.
158:
to his palace as an honoured guest, throwing banquets in his honour. The two kings were observed to speak amicably, and signs pointed towards friendship in the near future.
133:. This was a source of relief to Frederick, who was concerned about a direct attack on Denmark. He saw this as a distinct opportunity, and with his power in the
197:
and cutting off the besieging Swedish army from supply. The Dutch then assisted in liberating the rest of the Danish isles, and shortly afterwards the
174:
However, peace did not last long. The Swedish king was not content with his territorial gains, and made a surprise landing in
380:
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This was a crushing defeat for Frederick, who was forced to sign over almost a third of the territory he controlled in the
178:
on 17 July 1658. Nobody had foreseen the possibility of such a surprise attack, and the defences of the Danish capital,
508:
453:"Chisholm, Hugh, (22 Feb. 1866â29 Sept. 1924), Editor of the EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica (10th, 11th and 12th editions)"
149:. One of the provisions of the treaty was to renounce any anti-Swedish alliances, and a second condition was that
165:
The Assault on Copenhagen in 1659 by Frederik Christian Lund, 1887, Det Nationalhistorike Museum, Frederiksborg.
97:
421:
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It was during this siege that the king worked with and struck up a personal friendship with the merchantman
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clever political manoeuvering, the young king was able to oust two of his primary rivals from the council:
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75:. However, the political situation surrounding his election was tense, and following a brief period of
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64:. The king was elected upon the death of the previous king by a council of noblemen known as the
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Paying homage to the hereditary king in front of the Castle of Copenhagen. Painted by
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mostly retired from politics and returned to his merchant work, but in high regard.
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Frederik III was elected king in 1648, following the death of his father,
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council, leaving the king without any limitations to his power.
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in 1660. Its purpose was to put pressure on the nobility of the
100:. This paved the way for him to begin to solidify his power.
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in 1657 over treasonous conduct in helping Sweden during the
484:
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in Europe in a written constitution, stating that the king
291:, who was the only Danish archbishop to have ever existed.
32:which in Denmark at the time took the form of the
283:For their parts in this process the King thanked
531:
60:Prior to the state of emergency, Denmark had an
36:, which were reluctant to a proposal from the
375:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Samlaget. p. 34.
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88:in 1651 over mismanagement of funds as the
79:he had to offer several concessions to the
422:"Hammershus â Slotskapel - Danmarks kirker"
169:
211:
160:
107:
103:
459:, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01,
532:
361:
482:
280:) was ceremoniously returned to him.
228:estates were represented as follows:
509:"Kongeloven af 1665 · Danske konger"
465:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u194658
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445:
443:
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120:. Painting (1658) by Erik Dahlbergh.
13:
14:
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232:The nobles, represented by the
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287:by raising him to the rank of
1:
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321:) was the first assertion of
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245:The burghers, represented by
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511:. 2012-03-30. Archived from
396:Rian, Ăystein (2020-02-25),
7:
336:
239:The clergy, represented by
201:was signed on 27 May 1660.
199:Treaty of Copenhagen (1660)
10:
561:
302:
98:Dano-Swedish War (1657â58)
90:Governor-general of Norway
44:(burghers) to replace the
483:Gisle, Jon (2018-12-10),
402:Norsk biografisk leksikon
426:danmarkskirker.natmus.dk
367:Norsk historie 1625-1814
343:Aristocracy of officials
208:Declaration of Emergency
26:Frederick III of Denmark
73:Christian IV of Denmark
318:
221:
170:Second war with Sweden
166:
140:March Across the Belts
121:
491:(in Norwegian BokmÄl)
489:Store norske leksikon
404:(in Norwegian BokmÄl)
323:Divine right of kings
215:
164:
111:
104:First war with Sweden
114:Frederiksborg Castle
20:was declared by the
398:"Hannibal Sehested"
195:Battle of the Sound
50:hereditary monarchy
369:. Volume three of
222:
167:
147:Treaty of Roskilde
122:
118:Treaty of Roskilde
18:state of emergency
382:978-82-521-5546-4
218:Wolfgang Heimbach
86:Hannibal Sehested
62:elective monarchy
46:elective monarchy
40:(bishoprics) and
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156:Charles X Gustav
126:Charles X Gustav
124:On 6 June 1654,
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540:1660 in Denmark
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112:Celebration in
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94:Corfitz Ulfeldt
58:
22:King of Denmark
12:
11:
5:
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548:
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545:DenmarkâNorway
542:
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372:Norsk historie
353:
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303:Main article:
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151:Denmark-Norway
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57:
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9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
557:
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515:on 2012-03-30
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363:Dyrvik, StÄle
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278:HaandfĂŠstning
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259:HaandfĂŠstning
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42:third estates
39:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
517:. Retrieved
513:the original
503:
493:, retrieved
488:
485:"Kongeloven"
478:
468:, retrieved
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429:. Retrieved
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416:
406:, retrieved
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308:
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30:first estate
17:
15:
457:Who Was Who
293:Hans Nansen
255:Hans Nansen
247:Hans Nansen
187:Hans Nansen
77:interregnum
534:Categories
519:2021-01-06
495:2021-01-06
470:2021-01-06
431:2021-01-06
408:2021-01-06
349:References
319:Kongeloven
311:King's Law
305:King's Law
299:Kongeloven
289:Archbishop
285:Hans Svane
263:Hans Svane
241:Hans Svane
180:Copenhagen
131:Polish War
56:Background
253:the king
365:(1999).
337:See also
331:RiksrÄd
273:RiksrÄd
268:RiksrÄd
234:RiksrÄd
176:Zealand
135:RiksrÄd
116:to the
81:riksrÄd
66:RiksrÄd
34:RiksrÄd
379:
315:Danish
220:, 1666
92:, and
38:second
48:with
377:ISBN
309:The
461:doi
536::
487:,
455:,
440:^
424:.
400:,
317::
142:.
52:.
24:,
16:A
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313:(
236:.
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