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6006:. Xu Shaozhen, Chen Qimei and other generals decided to form a united army under Xu to strike Nanjing together. On 11 November, the united army headquarters was established in Zhenjiang. Between 24 November and 1 December, under the command of Xu Shaozhen, the united army captured Wulongshan (烏龍山), Mufushan (幕府山), Yuhuatai (雨花臺), Tianbao City (天保城) and many other strongholds of the Qing army. On 2 December, Nanjing was captured by the revolutionaries after the Battle of Nanjing, 1911. On 3 December, revolutionary Su Liangbi led troops in a massacre of a large number of Manchus (the exact number is not known). Shortly afterward he was arrested and his troops disbanded.
516:
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and elected Zhang
Fenghui, a member of the Yuanrizhi Society (原日知會), as new governor. After the Xi'an Manchu quarter fell on 24 October, Xinhai forces killed all the Manchus in the city, about 20,000 Manchus were killed in the massacre. Many of its Manchu defenders committed suicide, including Qing general Wenrui (文瑞), who threw himself down a well. Only some wealthy Manchus who were ransomed and Manchu females survived. Wealthy Han Chinese seized Manchu girls to become their slaves and poor Han Chinese troops seized young Manchu women to be their wives. Young Manchu girls were also seized by Hui Muslims of Xi'an during the massacre and brought up as Muslims.
3824:
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6157:, where he had been residing. When the new ROC government apologized for the actions of the Qing and offered to restore the Dalai Lama to his former position, he replied he was not interested in Chinese ranks, that Tibet had never been subordinated to China, that Tibet was an independent country, and that he was assuming the spiritual and political leadership of Tibet. Because of this, many have read this reply as a formal declaration of independence. The Chinese side ignored the response, and Tibet had thirty years free of interference from China until 1951 and now Tibet is still ruled by China.
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military historian, Japanese military officers were part of the Black Dragon
Society. The Yakuza and Black Dragon Society helped arrange in Tokyo for Sun Yat-sen to hold the first Kuomintang meetings, and were hoping to flood China with opium and overthrow the Qing and deceive the Chinese into overthrowing the Qing to Japan's benefit. After the revolution was successful, the Japanese Black Dragons started infiltrating China and spreading opium. The Black Dragons pushed for the takeover of Manchuria by Japan in 1932. Sun Yat-sen was married to a Japanese woman,
564:
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6350:. Foreign businessman Edward Selby Little (李德立) acted as the negotiator and facilitated the peace agreement. They agreed that Yuan Shikai would force the Qing emperor to abdicate in exchange for the southern provinces' support of Yuan as President of the Republic. After considering the possibility that the new republic might be defeated in a civil war or by foreign invasion, Sun Yat-sen agreed to Yuan's proposal to unify China under Yuan Shikai's Beijing government. Further decisions were made to let the emperor rule over his little court in the
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was set on fire and many
Manchus were burned alive. Manchu men, women and girls were slaughtered for three days and then after that, only Manchu women and girls were spared while Manchu men and boys continued to be slaughtered. Many Manchus committed suicide by overdosing on opium and throwing themselves into wells. The revolutionaries were helped by the fact that Manchus stored gunpowder in their houses so they exploded when set on fire, killing the Manchus inside. 10,000 to 20,000 Manchus were slaughtered.
242:
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5437:, Rui Cheng (瑞澂), tried to track down and arrest the revolutionaries. Squad leader Xiong Bingkun (熊秉坤) and others decided not to delay the uprising any longer and launched the revolt on 10 October 1911, at 7:00 p.m. The revolt was a success; the entire city of Wuchang was captured by the revolutionaries on the morning of 11 October. That evening, they established a tactical headquarters and announced the establishment of the "Military Government of Hubei of Republic of China". The conference chose
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5429:. On 24 September, the Literary Society and Progressive Association convened a conference in Wuchang, along with sixty representatives from local New Army units. During the conference, they established a headquarters for the uprising. The leaders of the two organizations, Jiang Yiwu (蔣翊武) and Sun Wu (孫武), were elected as commander and chief of staff. Initially, the date of the uprising was to be 6 October 1911. It was postponed to a later date due to insufficient preparations.
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from the Qing government, the government of Hong Kong banned the two men from the territory for five years. Sun Yat-sen went into exile, promoting the
Chinese revolution and raising funds in Japan, the United States, Canada, and Britain. In 1901, following the Huizhou Uprising, Yeung Ku-wan was assassinated by Qing agents in Hong Kong. After his death, his family protected his identity by not putting his name on his tomb, just a number: 6348.
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7184:, but in Taiwan, they mean "Father of the Republic of China". On the mainland, Sun Yat-sen was seen as the man who helped bring down the Qing, a pre-condition for the Communist state founded in 1949. The PRC (Mainland) views Sun's work as the first step toward the real revolution in 1949, when the communists set up a truly independent state that expelled foreigners and built a military and industrial power. The father of
5939:
Yuanzhang defected to the republicans after Ma
Anliang gave up on the Qing. However, the Ningxia Revolutionary Military Government was established on 23 November. Some revolutionaries involved included Huang Yue (黃鉞) and Xiang Shen (向燊), who gathered New Army forces at Qinzhou (秦州). Ma Qi then pledged allegiance to Yuan Shikai and the Republic of China upon the abdication of the Qing like Ma Anliang did. Han general
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161:
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5233:, Anhui, which became known as the Anqing Uprising (安慶起義). Xu Xilin at the time was the police commissioner as well as the supervisor of the police academy. He led an uprising that aimed to assassinate the provincial governor of Anhui, En Ming (恩銘). They were defeated after four hours of fighting. Xu was captured, and En Ming's bodyguards cut out his heart and liver and ate them. His cousin
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5202:) on 5 June. The Qing army fled in disorder, and the revolutionaries exploited the opportunity, capturing several towns. They defeated the Qing army once again in Bazhiyie. Many organizations voiced their support after the uprising, and the number of revolutionary forces increased to two hundred men at its height. The uprising, however, ultimately failed.
4636:. Liu Quiyi (劉揆一), Jiao Dafeng (焦達峰), Zhang Boxiang (張伯祥) and Sun Wu (孫武) established Gongjinhui (Progressive Association) (共進會). In January 1911, the revolutionary group Zhengwu Xueshe (振武學社) was renamed as Wenxueshe (Literary Society) (文學社). Jiang Yiwu (蔣翊武) was chosen as the leader. These two organizations would play a big role in the Wuchang Uprising.
6547:, a loyal officer of Yuan. The disorder gave Yuan the pretext to stay in the north to guard against unrest. On 10 March, Yuan was inaugurated in Beijing as the Provisional President of the Republic of China. On 5 April, the Provisional Senate in Nanjing voted to make Beijing the capital of the Republic and convened in Beijing at the end of the month.
12631:
4951:. They were launched by a decree from eight provinces. New Army troops were by far the best trained and equipped. Recruits were of a higher quality than the old army and received regular promotions. Beginning in 1908, the revolutionaries began to shift their call to the new armies. Sun Yat-sen and the revolutionaries infiltrated the New Army.
5827:'s branch of the Tongmenghui, along with Sun Daoren (孫道仁) of the New Army, launched an uprising against the Qing army. The Qing viceroy, Song Shou (松壽), committed suicide. On 11 November, the entire Fujian province declared independence. The Fujian Military Government was established, and Sun Daoren was elected as the military governor.
6203:, has officially recognized the independence of Outer Mongolia since 1949. However, the Republic of China based on the island of Taiwan has not yet officially recognized the independence of Outer Mongolia from China, but its government has opened a cultural representative office and economy as an alternative to the official embassy in
5758:. Qing general Zaimu (載穆) agreed to surrender, but because of a misunderstanding, the revolutionaries were unaware that their safety was guaranteed. The Manchu quarters were ransacked, and an unknown number of Manchus were killed. Zaimu, feeling betrayed, committed suicide. This is regarded as the Zhenjiang Uprising (鎮江起義).
3995:. The Emperor was put under house arrest in June 1898, where he remained until his death in 1908. Reformers Kang and Liang exiled themselves to avoid being executed. The Empress Dowager controlled policy until her death in 1908, with support from officials such as Yuan. Attacks on foreigners and Chinese Christians in the
5166:. The revolutionary party, along with Xu Xueqiu (許雪秋), Chen Yongpo (陳湧波) and Yu Tongshi (余通實), launched the uprising and captured Huanggang city. Other Japanese that followed include 萱野長知 and 池亨吉. After the uprising began, the Qing government quickly and forcefully suppressed it. Around 200 revolutionaries were killed.
4910:
anti-Qing revolutionaries would not resist and help the
Japanese take over and enlarge the opium trade in China, while the Qing was trying to destroy the opium trade. The Japanese Black Dragons supported Sun Yat-sen and anti-Manchu revolutionaries until the Qing collapsed. The far right-wing Japanese ultranationalist
5315:, Hekou, called the Hekou Uprising (雲南河口起義). Huang Mingtang (黃明堂) led two hundred men from Vietnam and attacked Hekou on 30 April. Other participating revolutionaries included Wang Heshun (王和順) and Guan Renfu (關仁甫). They were outnumbered and defeated by government troops, however, and the uprising failed.
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Uradyn Erden Bulag. Hildegard
Diemberger. International Association for Tibetan Studies. Seminar, Uradyn Erden Bulag. Brill's Tibetan studies library. (2007). "The Mongolia-Tibet interface: opening new research terrains in Inner Asia": PIATS 2003: Tibetan studies: Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of
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organized an armed rebellion in
Shanghai. They received support from local police officers. The rebels captured the Jiangnan Workshop on the 4th and captured Shanghai soon after. On 8 November, they established the Shanghai Military Government and elected Chen Qimei as the military governor. He would
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Eastern soldiers of the new republic were mobilized by Yuan Shikai when the attack against
Shaanxi began by Ma Anliang, but news of the abdication of the Qing emperor reached Ma Anliang before he attacked Xi'an, so Ma Anliang ended all military operations and changed his allegiance to the Republic of
5249:
Uprising occurred (欽州防城起義), to protest against heavy taxation from the government. Sun Yat-sen sent Wang Heshun (王和順) there to assist the revolutionary army and captured the county in
September. After that, they attempted to besiege and capture Qinzhou but were unsuccessful. They eventually retreated
4819:
The gentry's strength in local politics became apparent. From December 1908, the Qing government created some apparatus to allow the gentry and businessmen to participate in politics. These middle-class people were originally supporters of constitutionalism. However, they became disenchanted when the
7160:. Due to the effects of anti-Manchu sentiment after the revolution, the Manchus of the Metropolitan Banners were driven into deep poverty, with Manchu men too impoverished to marry, so Han men married Manchu women, Manchus stopped dressing in Manchu clothing and stopped practicing Manchu traditions.
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During the abdication of the last emperor, Empress Dowager Longyu, Yuan Shikai and Sun Yat-sen both tried to adopt the concept of "Manchu and Han as one family" (滿漢一家). People started exploring and debating with themselves on the root cause of their national weakness. This new search of identity was
6525:
As a condition for ceding leadership to Yuan Shikai, Sun Yat-sen insisted that the provisional government remain in Nanjing. On 14 February, the Provisional Senate initially voted 20–5 in favor of making Beijing the capital over Nanjing, with two votes going for Wuhan and one for Tianjin. The Senate
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fight the Ningxia Gelaohui. Ma Anliang, Changgeng and Shengyun failed to capture Shaanxi from the revolutionaries. In Ningxia, Qing forces were attacked by both Hui Muslim Gelaohui and Han Gelaohui members, while Hui general Ma Qi and Ma Yuanzhang were in the Qing forces fighting against them but Ma
5570:
joined the republicans. Gansu Hui general Ma Fuxiang did not participate with Ma Anliang in the battles with Shaanxi revolutionaries and refused to join the Qing Manchu Shengyun and Changgeng in their attempts to defend the Qing before the Qing abdication, instead the independence of Gansu from Qing
5562:
The Protestant Shensi mission operated a hospital in Xian. Some American missionaries were reported killed in Xi'an. A report claimed Manchus massacred missionaries in the suburbs of Xi'an. Missionaries were reported killed in Xi'an and Taiyuan. Shaanxi joined the revolution on October 24. Sheng Yun
5531:
Pro-revolution Hui Muslims like Shaanxi Governor Ma Yugui and Beijing Imam Wang Kuan persuaded Qing Hui general Ma Anliang to stop fighting, telling him as Muslims not to kill each other for the sake of the Qing monarchists and side with the republican revolutionaries instead. Ma Anliang then agreed
4791:
Before 1908, revolutionaries focused on coordinating these organizations in preparation for uprisings they would launch; hence, these groups would provide most of the manpower needed for the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty. After the 1911 Revolution, Sun Yat-sen recalled the days of recruiting support
2353:
and proclaimed himself as the Hongxian Emperor, but the move was met with strong opposition from the population and the Army, leading to his abdication in March 1916 and the reinstatement of the Republic. Yuan's failure to consolidate a legitimate central government before his death in June 1916 led
5011:
and Lu Haodong to Guangzhou, preparing to capture Guangzhou in one strike. However, the details of their plans were leaked to the Qing government. The government began to arrest revolutionaries, including Lu Haodong, who was later executed. The First Guangzhou Uprising was a failure. Under pressure
4930:
inside of the anti-Manchu Tongmenghui revolutionary alliance. The Black Dragon Society hosted the Tongmenghui in its first meeting. The Black Dragon Society had very intimate, long term and influential relations with Sun Yat-sen who sometimes passed himself off as Japanese. According to an American
5543:
The revolutionaries were led by students of the military academy who overcame the guards at the gates of Xi'an and shut them, secured the arsenal and slaughtering all Manchus at their temple and then storming and slaughtering the Manchus in the Manchu banner quarter of the city. The Manchu quarter
5524:
Muslim troops to defend the Qing imperials and attacked Shaanxi, held by revolutionary Zhang Fenghui (張鳳翽). The attack was successful, and after news arrived that Puyi was about to abdicate, Ma agreed to join the new Republic. The revolutionaries established the "Qinlong Fuhan Military Government"
5539:
in Xi'an by the Gelaohui in 1911. Manchu banner garrisons were slaughtered in Nanjing, Zhenjiang, Taiyuan, Xi'an and Wuchang The Manchu quarter was located in the north eastern part of Xi'an and walled off while the Hui Muslim quarter was located in the northwestern part of Xi'an but did not have
4735:
was important in the 1911 Revolution. In 1894, the first year of the Revive China Society, the first meeting ever held by the group was held in the home of Ho Fon, an overseas Chinese who was the leader of the first Chinese Church of Christ. Overseas Chinese supported and actively participated in
7168:
The 1911 Revolution overthrew the Qing government and four thousand years of monarchy. Throughout Chinese history, old dynasties had always been replaced by new dynasties. The 1911 Revolution, however, was the first to overthrow a monarchy completely and attempt to establish a republic to spread
7118:
Unlike revolutions in the West, the 1911 Revolution did not restructure society. The participants in the 1911 Revolution were mostly military personnel, old-type bureaucrats, and local gentries. These people still held regional power after the 1911 Revolution. Some became warlords. There were no
6538:
presented Wuhan as a compromise. The next day, the Provisional Senate voted again, this time, 19–6 in favor of Nanjing with two votes for Wuhan. Sun sent a delegation led by Cai Yuanpei and Wang Jingwei to persuade Yuan to move to Nanjing. Yuan welcomed the delegation and agreed to accompany the
6510:
On 3 February, Empress Dowager Longyu gave Yuan full permission to negotiate the abdication terms of the Qing emperor. Yuan then drew up his own version and forwarded it to the revolutionaries on 3 February. His version consisted of three sections instead of two. On 12 February 1912, after being
5515:
after two days of struggle. The Hui Muslim community was divided in its support for the revolution. The Hui Muslims of Shaanxi supported the revolutionaries, while the Hui Muslims of Gansu supported the Qing. The native Hui Muslims (Mohammedans) of Xi'an (Shaanxi province) joined the Han Chinese
4909:
supported Sun Yat-sen's activities against the Manchus, believing that overthrowing the Qing would help the Japanese take over the Manchu homeland and that Han Chinese would not oppose the takeover. Toyama believed that the Japanese could easily take over Manchuria and that Sun Yat-sen and other
6309:
5558:
Yuan Shikai managed to induce Ma Anliang to not attack Shaanxi after the Gelaohui took over the province and accept the Republic of China under his presidency in 1912. During the National Protection war in 1916 between republicans and Yuan Shikai's monarchy, Ma Anliang readied his soldiers and
5339:
In February 1910, the Gengxu New Army Uprising (庚戌新軍起義), also known as the Guangzhou New Army Uprising (廣州新軍起義), took place. This involved a conflict between the citizens and local police against the New Army. After revolutionary leader Ni Yingdian was killed by Qing forces, the remaining
5432:
Revolutionaries intent on overthrowing the Qing dynasty had built bombs, and on 9 October, one accidentally exploded. Sun Yat-sen himself had no direct part in the uprising and was traveling in the United States at the time to recruit more support from among overseas Chinese. The Qing
5753:
constitutionalists and gentry urged Qing governor Cheng Dequan (程德全) to announce independence and established the Jiangsu Revolutionary Military Government with Cheng himself as the governor. Unlike some other cities, anti-Manchu violence began after the restoration on 7 November in
4655:, agreed with Sun's revolutionary program and joined the Tongmenghui, but argued that simply replacing one government with another would not be progress; fundamental cultural change, a revolution in family, gender and social values, would remove the need for government and coercion.
4756:. Many young people attended the new schools or went abroad to study in places like Japan. A new progressive class of intellectuals emerged from those students, who contributed immensely to the 1911 Revolution. Besides Sun Yat-sen, key figures in the revolution, such as Huang Xing,
6061:
On 8 January, a new Yili government was established for the revolutionaries. Today some Chinese historians believe this contributed to the Qing dynasty fall, because this prevented the Qing dynasty's plan to flee to the western country. The revolutionaries would be defeated at
13740:
5619:
The rebels in Taiyuan bombarded the streets where Banner people resided and killed all the Manchu. They managed to kill the Qing Governor of Shanxi, Lu Zhongqi (陸鍾琦). They then announced the establishment of Shanxi Military Government with Yan Xishan as the military governor.
6469:(東華門), Beijing. Eighteen revolutionaries were involved. About ten guards died, but Yuan himself was not seriously injured. He sent a message to the revolutionaries the next day pledging his loyalty and asking them not to organize any more assassination attempts against him.
5595:
plotted a revolt of New Army units. A naval fleet of Qing Dynasty was also revolted against Qing Army, this was solidified the victory of Wuchang Uprising. After they achieved victory, they announced their independence. The Jiujiang Military Government was then established.
5468:
rule. Other uprisings were a step toward independence, and some were protests or rebellions against the local authorities. Regardless of the reason for the uprising the outcome was that all provinces in the country renounced the Qing dynasty and joined the ROC.
5266:
along the Chinese-Vietnamese border. Sun Yat-sen sent Huang Mintang (黃明堂) to monitor the pass, which was guarded by a fort. With the assistance of supporters among the fort's defenders, the revolutionaries captured the cannon tower in Zhennanguan. Sun Yat-sen,
5362:
On 27 April 1911, an uprising occurred in Guangzhou, known as the Second Guangzhou Uprising (辛亥廣州起義) or Yellow Flower Mound Revolt (黃花岡之役). It ended in disaster, as 86 bodies were found (only 72 could be identified). The 72 revolutionaries were remembered as
6175:
At the end of 1911, Outer Mongolians took action with an armed revolt against Qing authorities but were unsuccessful. The independence movement that took place was not limited to just Outer Mongolia but was a pan-Mongolian phenomenon. On 29 December 1911,
5409:
protest. In the late summer, some Hubei New Army units were ordered to neighboring Sichuan to quell the Railway Protection Movement, a mass protest against the Qing government's seizure and handover of local railway development ventures to foreign powers.
6334:(南北議和) was held in Shanghai to discuss the north and south issues. The reluctance of foreign financiers to give financial support to the Qing government or the revolutionaries contributed to both sides agreeing to start negotiations. Yuan Shikai selected
6506:
with the threat that the imperial family's lives would not be spared if abdication did not come before the revolutionaries reached Beijing, but if they agreed to abdicate, the provisional government would honor the terms proposed by the imperial family.
6066:
in January and February, eventually, because of the abdication to come, Yuan Shikai recognized Yang Zengxin's rule, appointed him Governor of Xinjiang and had the province join the Republic. Eleven more former Qing officials would be assassinated in
6612:
The Han hereditary aristocratic nobility like the Duke of Yansheng, the Marquis of Extended Grace, and the title of the Wujing Boshi (changed to "Dacheng Zhisheng Xianshi Nanzong Fengsi Guan" 大成至聖先師南宗奉祀官) and the titles held by the descendants of
5052:
prohibited Sun Yat-sen from carrying out revolutionary activities on Taiwan, Zheng Shiliang had no choice but to order the army to disperse. Accordingly, this uprising also failed. British soldier Rowland J. Mulkern participated in this uprising.
4925:
The Japanese had been trying to unite anti-Manchu groups made out of Han people to take down the Qing. The Japanese were the ones who helped Sun Yat-sen unite all anti-Qing, anti-Manchu revolutionary groups together, and there were Japanese like
12092:
10551:... will enter the Ministry of Commerce which will be A Peking telegram also states that Sheng Yun , the reorganized ... where is alleged to be coTsen Chun - hsuan . operating with General Ma An - liang in stirring up The " Peking Jih ...
4722:
Many groups supported the 1911 Revolution, including students and intellectuals returning from abroad, as well as participants of revolutionary organizations, overseas Chinese, soldiers of the new army, local gentry, farmers, and others.
7200:
pointed out that the "1911 Revolution overthrew the Qing rule, ended 4,000 years of monarchy, and liberated the mind of people to a great extent, and opened up the path for the development of future revolution. This is a great victory."
10733:
That degradation of H. E. Sheng Yun , Governor of Shensi , A Peking correspondent , writing about the recent was delayed some three hours . A telegram was received on Feb. 18th in Japanese adventurers should be serving with to ihe post
4605:
in August 1905 in Tokyo. While it started in Tokyo, it had loose organizations distributed across and outside the country. Sun Yat-sen was the leader of this unified group. Other revolutionaries who worked with the Tongmenghui include
10614:
General Ma An - liang to take his Muhammadan requesting that the disbandment be postponed troops to Fenghsiangfu and ... also that all latter reached Sianfu by forced marches from asking for information regarding the statements local
10531:
Sheng Yun , a Manchu , and Chang Geng , a life bondservant of the Qing house , agreed that an attack had to be undertaken swiftly , so Ma was ... Chang needed the Hui , and that meant trusting the loyalty of Ma Anliang and Ma Fuxiang
4698:(1368–1644). Leading intellectuals were influenced by books that had survived from the final years of the Ming dynasty, the last dynasty of Han Chinese. In 1904, Sun Yat-sen announced that his organization's goal was "to expel the
13238:
4706:, to establish a Republic, and to distribute land equally among the people." (驅除韃虜, 恢復中華, 創立民國, 平均地權). Many underground groups promoted the ideas of "Resist Qing and restore Ming" (反清復明) that had been around since the days of the
4628:
In February 1906, Rizhihui (日知會) also had many revolutionaries, including Sun Wu (孫武), Zhang Nanxian (張難先), He Jiwei and Feng Mumin. A nucleus of attendees at this conference evolved into the Tongmenghui's establishment in Hubei.
4853:, an American, who became Sun Yat-sen's closest foreign advisor in 1910, supported Sun Yat-sen's military ambitions. British soldier Rowland J. Mulkern also took part in the revolution. Some foreigners, such as English explorer
7216:
The degree of success of democracy gained by the revolution can vary depending on one's view. Even after Sun Yat-sen died in 1925, for sixty years, the KMT controlled all five branches of the government; none were independent.
4030:
organized revolutionary groups to overthrow the dynasty rather than reform it. They could operate only in secret societies and underground organizations, in foreign concessions, or exile overseas, but created a following among
2295:, revolutionaries in exile, reformers who wanted to save the monarchy by modernizing it, and activists across the country debated how or whether to overthrow the Qing dynasty. The flash-point came on 10 October 1911, with the
5559:
informed the republicans that he and the Muslims would stick to Yuan Shikai until the end. Yuan Shikai ordered Ma Anliang to block Bai Lang (White Wolf) from going into Sichuan and Gansu by blocking Hanzhong and Fengxiangfu.
9307:
The railway company's chief officer at Yichang was no longer listening to company directives and had turned company accounts over to Duanfang, Superintendent of the Chuan Han and Yue Han railroads. The situation of the
5740:
and Yin Zhirei (尹銳志), captured most of the government offices. Eventually, Hangzhou was under the control of the revolutionaries, and the constitutionalist Tang Shouqian (湯壽潛) was elected as the military governor.
4840:
Besides Chinese and overseas Chinese, some supporters and participants of the 1911 Revolution were foreigners; among them, the Japanese were the most active group. Some Japanese even became members of Tongmenghui.
4963:
and Sun Yat-sen, including subgroups. Some uprisings involved groups that never merged with the Tongmenghui. Sun Yat-sen may have participated in 8–10 uprisings; all uprisings failed before the Wuchang Uprising.
4663:
were among the anarchists who defended assassination and terrorism as means to awaken the people to revolution, but others insisted that education was the only justifiable strategy. Important anarchists included
5495:. They captured the city and killed the local Imperial general. Then they announced the establishment of the Hunan Military Government of the Republic of China and announced their opposition to the Qing Empire.
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would soon become the new governor. Lu Rongting would later rise to prominence during the "warlord era" as one of the warlords, and his bandits controlled Guangxi for more than a decade. Under leadership of
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where thousands died in anti-Manchu violence. Imperial restrictions on Han residency and behavior within the city crumbled as Manchu imperial power crumbled. Anti-Manchu sentiment is recorded in books like
6405:
During and after the 1911 Revolution, many groups that participated wanted their own pennant as the national flag. During the Wuchang Uprising, the military units of Wuchang wanted the nine-star flag with
7225:, has said that Sun Yat-sen is to be credited as founding China's first republic in 1912, and the second republic is the people of Taiwan and the political parties there now democratizing the region.
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3296:
3215:
4427:
Many revolutionaries and groups wanted to overthrow the Qing government to re-establish the Han-led government. The earliest revolutionary organizations were founded outside of China, such as
2303:. Similar revolts then broke out spontaneously around the country, and revolutionaries in all provinces of the country renounced the Qing dynasty. On 1 November 1911, the Qing court appointed
5036:
to establish a constitutional monarchy under the Guangxu Emperor. Their plot was discovered by the governors-general of Hunan and Hubei. About twenty conspirators were arrested and executed.
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4614:. When the Tongmenghui was established, more than 90% of the Tongmenghui members were between 17 and 26 years of age. Some of the work in the era includes manhua publications such as the
4792:
for the revolution and said, "The literati were deeply into the search for honors and profits, so they were regarded as having only secondary importance. By contrast, organizations like
5142:, called "Ping-liu-li Uprising", (萍瀏醴起義) in 1905. The uprising recruited miners as early as 1903 to rise against the Qing ruling class. After the uprising failed, Ma Fuyi was executed.
15566:
10431:
10414:
6526:
majority wanted to secure the peace agreement by taking power in Beijing. Zhang Jian and others reasoned that having the capital in Beijing would check against Manchu restoration and
5863:, Zhang Mingqi (張鳴岐), was forced to discuss with local representatives a proposal for Guangdong's independence. They decided to announce it the next day. Chen Jiongming then captured
3181:
7233:
4281:
3203:
17023:
7268:) documented the success of the revolution beginning with the Wuchang uprising and leading to Sun's inauguration, producing three documentary films that covered the revolution.
6502:
of Puyi. On 22 January, Sun Yat-sen announced that he would resign the presidency in favor of Yuan Shikai if the latter supported the emperor's abdication. Yuan then pressured
7133:, ten years after the 1911 Revolution, that basically nothing changed except "the Manchus have left the kitchen". Economic problems were not addressed until the governance of
4039:
was also a major contributor to the revolution. Following the death of the Guangxu Emperor and the Empress Dowager Cixi in 1908, the throne was inherited by the two-years-old
9483:
5528:
Hui General Ma Anliang abandoned the Qing cause upon the Qing abdication in the Xinhai Revolution while the Manchu governor general Shengyun was enraged at the revolution.
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6324:
4226:
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politics department decided to secede from the Qing government, announcing Guangxi's independence. Qing Governor Shen Bingkun (沈秉堃) was allowed to remain governor, but
5196:) gathered some followers, and together they seized Qing arms in the lake, 20 km (12 mi) from Huizhou. They killed several Qing soldiers and attacked Taiwei (
5283:
to counterattack, and the revolutionaries were forced to retreat into the mountainous areas. After this uprising's failure, Sun was forced to move to Singapore due to
4404:
3952:, the court came to rely on armies raised by local officials. After a generation of relative success in importing Western naval and weapons technology, defeat in the
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democratic ideas throughout China. Though in 1911 at the provisional government proclamation ceremony, Sun Yat-sen said, "The revolution is not yet successful, the
5994:
5464:
After the success of the Wuchang Uprising, many other protests occurred throughout the country for various reasons. Some uprisings declared restoration (光復) of the
9977:
9865:
9793:
6391:
5867:. On 9 November, Guangdong announced its independence and established a military government. They elected Hu Hanmin and Chen Jiongming as Chief and Vice-Governor.
3805:
11031:
4918:
supported anti-Manchu, anti-Qing revolutionary activities including the ones organized by Sun Yat-sen and supported Japanese taking over Manchuria. The anti-Qing
4047:
as a regent. The Prince continued the reform path of Cixi, but conservative Manchu elements in the court opposed it, causing further support for revolutionaries.
14822:
4514:
and Tao Chengzhang. Despite professing the anti-Qing cause, the Guangfuhui was highly critical of Sun Yat-sen. One of the most famous female revolutionaries was
9964:
When that army's commander, Dong Fuxiang died in 1908, Ma Anliang took control ... To curb the power of these warlords, Yuan Shikai sent his subordinates to ...
10114:... poor' and 'Down with Yuan Shikai,' the first president of the new Chinese ... Ma Anliang sent his subordinate Ma Qi to the old town of Taozhou on April ...
6422:
favored a flag bearing the mythical "well-field" system of village agriculture. In the end, the assembly compromised: the national flag would be the banner of
6371:
6283:
5982:
began to declare independence. By the 27th, the Great Han Sichuan Military Government was established, headed by revolutionary Pu Dianzun (蒲殿俊). Qing official
4129:
3328:
2315:
12951:
Yan, Jiaqi Yan. Hong, David S. K. Mair, Denis C. (1992). Toward a democratic China: the intellectual autobiography of Yan Jiaqi. University of Hawaii Press.
9890:... thereupon supporting Yuan Shikai even when he declared himself emperor. Despite their close relationship, when his superior Ma Anliang tried to arrest ...
6628:
A plan backed by foreign bankers was reportedly in place to declare the Duke of Yansheng as Emperor of China, if the revolutionary's republican cause failed.
5736:
to launch an uprising. Zhu Rui (朱瑞), Wu Siyu (吳思豫), Lu Gongwang (吕公望) and others of the New Army captured the military supplies workshop. Other units, led by
5540:
walls separating it from the Han parts. Southern Xi'an was entirely Han. Xi'an had the biggest Manchu banner garrison quarter by area before its destruction.
3910:(right, 1865–1898) was executed. After the 1911 Revolution, Liang became Minister of Justice of the Republic of China. Kang remained a royalist and supported
15166:
14861:
13637:
11383:
10823:
3284:
9852:... White Wolf and the " Hui protector and mediator , " Ma Anliang . When Yuan Shikai died in 1916 , Zhang Guangjian's control over Gansu did not decrease .
6002:
On 8 November, supported by the Tongmenghui, Xu Shaozhen (徐紹楨) of the New Army announced an uprising in Molin Pass (秣陵關), 30 km (19 mi) away from
16396:
15855:
13103:
10714:
On October 24th , ancient Singan , the capital of the northwestern province of Shensi , the original capital of China , where the empress dowager , Tse Hsi
10126:
10046:
Yuan Shikai, later to become the first President of the Republic of China, was in charge of foreign affairs (and much else) for this last decade of the ...
10014:
9902:
9830:
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and established the Great Han Guizhou Military Government, electing Yang Jincheng (楊藎誠) and Zhao Dequan (趙德全) as the chief and vice governor respectively.
2339:
9934:
tierte Yuan Shikai in bezug auf die Boxerbewegung, daß "Irrlehren (yaoyan) ... Revolte Ruhe und Frieden eintreten können" (chu bao nai ke anliang gaoshi).
7213:
was quoted as arguing that "When talking about the 1911 Revolution, the theorist these days tends to overemphasize. The word 'success' was way overused."
5448:
as he was delivering arms to the Qing. Revolutionaries killed 2 Germans and wounded 2 other Germans at the battle of Hanyang, including a former colonel.
17067:
16903:
14969:
13248:
13047:
10158:... commanders such as Zeng Guofan, Zuo Zongtang, Li Hongzhang and Yuan Shikai. ... Ma Anliang, Ma Fuxiang, and Ma Fuxing who commanded the Kansu Braves.
10480:
9818:
This message by Wang may have contributed to breaking the resistance of Ma Anliang, who had in any case, come under strong pressure of Yuan Shikai's ...
7248:, who was imprisoned for twelve years, do not praise the 1911 Revolution. Qin Yongmin said the revolution only replaced one dictator with another, that
5154:
carried out an assassination attempt at the Beijing Zhengyangmen East Railway station (正陽門車站) in an attack on five Qing officials on 24 September 1905.
14894:
14780:
10076:
On his order, Wang was executed.66 According to Yuan Shikai, the most important ... to arrest bad elements and protect the people (chubao'anliang), ...
9780:
On his order, Wang was executed.66 According to Yuan Shikai, the most important ... to arrest bad elements and protect the people (chubao'anliang), ...
6570:
3272:
7353: Many of the Qing soldiers with Han background turned to support the revolution during the uprisings, so the actual casualties are hard to trace.
14785:
6574:
5871:
is known to have helped make the independence declaration more peaceful. It was unknown at the time if representatives from the European colonies of
5048:
Uprising (惠州起義). The revolutionary army was led by Zheng Shiliang and initially included 20,000 men, who fought for half a month. However, after the
3361:
2436:
5405:
The Literary Society (文學社) and the Progressive Association (共進會) were revolutionary organizations involved in the uprising that mainly began with a
16742:
14844:
10171:
5371:(林覺民) was one of the 72. On the eve of battle, he wrote "A Letter to My Wife" (與妻訣別書), later to be considered a masterpiece in Chinese literature.
5008:
3928:
in 1842, a conservative court culture constrained efforts to reform and did not want to cede authority to local officials. Following defeat in the
13381:
Edwards, Louise, and Lili Zhou. "Gender and the 'virtue of violence': Creating a new vision of political engagement through the 1911 revolution."
13073:
4780:, a book in which he talked about the extermination of the Manchus for the 260 years of oppression, sorrow, cruelty, and tyranny, and turning the
16482:
11649:
2235:
7180:
Since the 1920s, the two dominant parties –the ROC and PRC– see the 1911 Revolution quite differently. Both Chinas recognize Sun Yat-sen as the
5441:
as the governor of the temporary government. Qing officers like the bannermen Duanfang and Zhao Erfeng were killed by the revolutionary forces.
11452:
7074:
6274:
even cabled Yuan Shikai and invited him to join the Republic. The court changes were too late, and the emperor was about to have to step down.
5295:
On 27 March 1908, Huang Xing launched a raid, later known as the Qin-lian Uprising (欽廉上思起義), from a base in Vietnam and attacked the cities of
4397:
3533:
10002:
During the Second Revolution in 1913 he was persuaded by the southern Revolutionary leader Sun Yat-sen to join the anti-Yuan Shikai rebellion.
9248:
7156:. In the usual view of historians, there are two restorations of feudal power after the revolution: the first was Yuan Shikai; the second was
2334:. A brief civil war between the North and the South ended in compromise. Sun would resign in favor of Yuan, who would become President of the
16887:
16858:
16477:
15933:
15390:
9566:
8083:
8075:
6426:. The Five Races Under One Union flag with horizontal stripes represented the five major nationalities of the republic. The red represented
5032:
organized the Independence Army. The Independence Army Uprising (自立軍起義) was planned to occur on 23 August 1900. Their goal was to overthrow
4601:
Sun Yat-sen successfully united the Revive China Society, Huaxinghui and Guangfuhui in the summer of 1905, thereby establishing the unified
4063:
16559:
15048:
14285:
14009:
9795:
The Muslim Midwest in Modern China: The Tale of the Hui Communities in Gansu (Lanzhou, Linxia, and Lintan) and in Yunnan (Kunming and Dali)
6459:
6044:
6033:
4322:
3050:
9952:. A Philip e Lilienthal Book in Asian Studies ACLS Humanities E-Book (illustrated ed.). University of California Press. p. 228.
6300:; and the revolutionaries decided to make it the site of the new provisional government. At the time, Beijing was still the Qing capital.
16098:
14295:
9750:
Ma Anliang attacked Shaanxi successfully, and Yuan Shikai took the invasion seriously enough to alert eastern troops to move against him.
5323:
On 19 November 1908, the Mapaoying Uprising (馬炮營起義) was launched by revolutionary group Yuewanghui (岳王會) member Xiong Chenggei (熊成基) at
14625:
5701:
5487:
Tongmenghui were led by Jiao Dafeng (焦達嶧) and Chen Zuoxin (陳作新). They headed an armed group, consisting partly of revolutionaries from
3378:
2319:
16440:
16547:
16532:
14004:
4390:
2758:
5839:, Deng Keng (鄧鏗), Peng Reihai (彭瑞海) and other members of Guangdong's Tongmenghui organized local militias to launch the uprising in
4647:
proposed to overthrow the Manchus and return to Chinese classical values. In Paris, well-connected young intellectuals, Li Shizhen,
2291:
was opposed by conservatives in the Qing court as too radical and by reformers as too slow. Several factions, including underground
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to persuade him not to support the Qing. However, Ma did not want to endanger his relationship with the Qings. He sent the eastern
4014:, including local and provincial elections. These moves did not secure trust or wide support among political activists. Many, like
3964:
and many concluded that Chinese society also needed to be modernized if technological and commercial advancements were to succeed.
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had fallen back to the Qing army. So for safety, the revolutionaries convened their first conference at the British Concession in
10747:
10726:
9922:. Vol. 8 of Studien zur Internationalen Geschichte (illustrated ed.). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 399.
5943:'s family, his wife Tung Chao-shih (Dong Zhaoshi), nephew Tung Wen (Dong Wen), and grandson Tung Kung (Dong Gong) fought for the
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3067:
1792:
13827:
The Anti-tradition Trends of May Fourth Era and the Future of Libertarianism in China included in "Personage and their thoughts"
11540:
10366:. RAS China in Shanghai series of China Monographs. Vol. 1 (illustrated ed.). Hong Kong University Press. p. 18.
6446:. Despite the general target of the uprisings to be the Manchus, Sun Yat-sen, Song Jiaoren and Huang Xing unanimously advocated
5770:'s Tongmenghui also launched an uprising on that day and laid siege to the provincial capital. The constitutionalists persuaded
5616:, along with Yao Yijie (姚以價), Huang Guoliang (黃國梁), Wen Shouquan (溫壽泉), Li Chenglin (李成林), Zhang Shuzhi (張樹幟) and Qiao Xi (喬煦).
17270:
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8943:
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A very short uprising occurred from 25 to 28 January 1903, to establish a "Great Ming Heavenly Kingdom" (大明順天國). This involved
5101:
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12146:存萃學社. 周康燮. (1971). 辛亥革命研究論集: 1895–1929, Volume 1. 崇文書店 publishing. Digitized on 16 August 2007 by the University of Michigan.
6226:
6145:, created by the Republican revolutionaries. By the end of 1912, the last Qing troops were forced out of Tibet through India.
2272:. The revolution was the culmination of a decade of agitation, revolts, and uprisings. Its success marked the collapse of the
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in Guangdong. The struggle continued for fourteen days but was forced to stop after the revolutionaries ran out of supplies.
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1943:
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12852:
Tanner, Harold M. (2010). "China: From the Great Qing Empire through the People's Republic of China 1644–2009" Volume 2 of
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was elected as premier. However, Song was assassinated in Shanghai on 20 March 1913, under the secret order of Yuan Shikai.
4832:. By early 1911, an experimental cabinet had thirteen members, nine of whom were Manchus selected from the imperial family.
4686:
Many revolutionaries promoted anti-Qing/anti-Manchu sentiments and revived memories of conflict between the ethnic minority
17357:
16771:
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16435:
16159:
15206:
14939:
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Meanwhile, the ideals of democracy are far from realised on the mainland Chinese side. For example, former Chinese premier
6458:
On 16 January, while returning to his residence, Yuan Shikai was ambushed in a bomb attack organized by the Tongmenghui in
6402:
of the First Year of the ROC. On 3 January, the representatives recommended Li Yuanhong as the Provisional Vice-president.
4241:
4197:
3779:
3196:
2949:
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both consider themselves the legitimate successors to the 1911 Revolution and honor the ideals of the revolution including
2016:
9057:
Lu Xun. Nadolny, Kevin John. (2009). Capturing Chinese: Short Stories from Lu Xun's Nahan. Capturing Chinese publishing.
1933:
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branch of the Tongmenghui led New Army units in a successful uprising. They established the Jiangxi Military Government.
4181:
3595:
2228:
2086:
1712:
1403:
11348:
10029:
7232:
once said in a speech that without real democracy, there is no guarantee of economic and political rights; but he led a
6871:
6577:. While in Beijing, the Kuomintang was formed on 25 August 1912. The KMT held the majority of seats after the election.
3956:
in 1895 was all the more humiliating and convinced many of the need for institutional change. The court established the
16987:
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10099:
10069:
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9957:
9927:
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9743:
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7209:
A change in the belief that the revolution had been a generally positive change began in the late 1980s and 1990s, but
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3747:
2850:
2331:
2103:
1913:
1373:
13107:
6511:
pressured by Yuan and other ministers, Puyi (age six) and Empress Dowager Longyu accepted Yuan's terms of abdication.
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On 10 March 1912, Yuan Shikai was sworn as the second Provisional President of the Republic of China in Beijing. The
4990:
4110:
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2798:
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2193:
1658:
1443:
11307:居正, 羅福惠, 蕭怡. (1989). 居正文集, Volume 1. 華中師範大學出版社 publishing. Digitized by University of California. 15 December 2008.
9919:
Herrschaft und Widerstand in der "Musterkolonie" Kiautschou: Interaktionen zwischen China und Deutschland, 1897-1914
6338:
as his representative. Tang left Beijing for Wuhan to negotiate with the revolutionaries. The revolutionaries chose
17087:
15647:
15642:
15417:
14954:
14610:
14016:
13183:
13155:
10593:
Travels of a Consular officer in North West China; with original maps of Shensi and Kansu and illus. by photographs
6498:
of the Nanking Provisional Government officially delivered the Imperial Edict of Abdication to Yuan Shikai for the
6239:
On 1 November 1911, the Qing government appointed Yuan Shikai as Prime Minister of the imperial cabinet, replacing
6029:
4053:
3600:
3580:
3043:
2061:
1732:
8179:(1800–1949). Issue 25 of "Historical Dictionaries of Ancient Civilizations and Historical Eras". Scarecrow Press.
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1973:
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16447:
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15129:
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Uprising (迪化起義). This was led by more than 100 members of Gelaohui. This uprising failed. On 7 January 1912, the
4036:
3373:
2350:
8572:
8537:
6561:
4744:). Many of these groups were reorganized by Sun, who was referred to as the "father of the Chinese revolution".
4668:. Zhang Renjie gave Sun major financial help. Many of these anarchists would later assume high positions in the
4499:, along with 100 others. Their motto was "Take one province by force, and inspire the other provinces to rise".
16788:
16654:
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13618:
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8881:"Qīnggōng cáng xīnhài gémìng dǎng'àn gōngbù qīng tíng mì zhuī sūnzhōngshān (tú)-xīnwén zhōngxīn_zhōnghuá wǎng"
8273:
6961:
5859:, General Li Zhun (李準) and Long Jiguang (龍濟光) of the Guangdong Navy agreed to support the revolution. The Qing
5507:'s Tongmenghui, led by Jing Dingcheng (景定成) and Qian Ding (錢鼎) as well as Jing Wumu (井勿幕) and others including
4159:
3075:
2768:
2221:
1067:
778:
13213:"Democracy Activist Qin Yongmin Released from Prison after 12-Year Sentence | Human Rights in China 中国人权"
13212:
13051:
7087:
After the revolution, there was a huge outpouring of anti-Manchu sentiment through China, but particularly in
1988:
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17222:
16997:
16853:
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1358:
12303:劉煒. 陳萬雄. 張債儀. (2002) Chinese civilization in a new light 中華文明傳真#10 清. Commercial press publishing company.
12137:中央硏究院近代史硏究所. (1971). 中央硏究院近代史硏究所集刊, Volume 2. Digitized on 2 August 2007 from the University of California.
9177:汪贵胜, 许祖范. Compiled by 程必定. (1989). 安徽近代经济史. 黄山书社. Digitized by the University of Michigan. 31 October 2007.
5716:
led an uprising along with New Army units and students from the military academy. They immediately captured
1968:
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16981:
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14483:
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13717:
13504:
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9845:
9159:廣西壯族自治區地方誌編纂委員會. (1994). 廣西通志: 軍事志. 廣西人民出版社 publishing. Digitized University of Michigan. 26 October 2009.
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Manchus & Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928
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12802:
Manchus & Han: ethnic relations and political power in late Qing and early republican China, 1861–1928
12758:
11960:
Manchus & Han: ethnic relations and political power in late Qing and early republican China, 1861–1928
11479:
Manchus & Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928
11065:
Manchus & Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928
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10607:
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Manchus & Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928
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Manchus & Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928
7954:蔣緯國. (1981). 建立民國, Volume 2. 國民革命戰史: 第1部. 黎明文化事業公司. University of California. Digitized 14 February 2011.
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Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928
12093:"Investing in the New Republic: Multinational Banks, Political Risk, and the Chinese Revolution of 1911"
11895:
Manchus and Han: ethnic relations and political power in late Qing and early republican China, 1861–1928
10436:. The Chinese Empire: A General and Missionary Survey, Marshall Broomhall. Morgan at Scott. p. 201.
10282:
Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861-1928
9681:
Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928
9654:
Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928
9627:
Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928
5425:
The New Army units of Hubei had originally been the Hubei Army, which had been trained by Qing official
4714:, supported straight-up lines like "slay the Manchus" and concepts like "Anti-Manchuism" (興漢滅胡 / 排滿主義).
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11220:(1979). 傳記文學, Volume 34. 傳記文學雜誌社 Publishing. University of Wisconsin– Madison. Digitized 11 April 2011.
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was quoted as saying that the "1911 Revolution inserted the concept of a republic into common people".
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within the revolutionary groups. He would not return to the mainland until after the Wuchang Uprising.
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The Qing had struggled for a long time to reform the government and resist foreign aggression, but the
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69:
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Revolutionaries, monarchists, and Chinatowns: Chinese politics in the Americas and the 1911 revolution
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were retained by the new Republic of China and the title holders continued to receive their pensions.
5532:
to abandon the Qing under the combination of Yuan Shikai's actions and these messages from other Hui.
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in 1894 with the main purpose of raising funds for revolutions. The two organizations merged in 1894.
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The military dimension of the Chinese revolution: The New Army and its role in the revolution of 1911
13275:
8848:
8508:
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8080:. Berkeley: Center for Chinese Studies, Institute of International Studies, University of California.
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revolutionaries in slaughtering the Manchus. The native Hui Muslims of Gansu province led by general
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7851:陳民, 中國社會科學院. 中華民國史研究室. (1981). 中國致公黨. 文史資料出版社. Digitized University of California 10 December 2007.
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7784:中国人民大学. 书报资料中心. (1982). 中国近代史, Issues 1–6. 中国人民大学书报资料社 publishing. University of California Press.
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be installed as Emperor of China, either a descendant of Confucius who held the noble title of the
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The Qing government established new schools and encouraged students to study abroad as part of the
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1948:
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Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949
9516:
7363: Clipping from Min Bao (People's Papers). Originally the publishing of Hua Xin Hui and named
4439:, who did political satire such as "The Situation in the Far East", one of the first-ever Chinese
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8886:[Archives of the 1911 Revolution in the Palace Collection of the Qing Dynasty Released].
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6346:, Japan, and France, Tang Shaoyi and Wu Tingfang began to negotiate a settlement at the British
6195:
Tibet and Outer Mongolia then recognized each other in a treaty. In 1919, the Republic of China
6184:
became a contested terrain between the Bogd Khanate and China. In general, Russia supported the
5535:
A year before the massacre of Manchus in October 1911, an oath against Manchus was sworn at the
4632:
In July 1907, several members of Tongmenghui in Tokyo advocated a revolution in the area of the
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Chinese historiography on the Revolution of 1911: a critical survey and a selected bibliography
11323:
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8437:
Spies: A Narrative Encyclopedia of Dirty Tricks and Double Dealing from Biblical Times to Today
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6342:. With the intervention of six foreign powers, the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany,
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There were also many other minor revolutionary organizations, such as Lizhi Xuehui (勵志學會) in
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11132:國立臺灣師範大學. 歷史學系. (2003). Bulletin of historical research, Issue 31. 國立臺灣師範大學歷史學系 publishing.
9186:张新民. (1993). 中国人权辞书. 海南出版社 publishing. Digitized by University of Michigan. 9 October 2009.
8343:
6354:. He would be treated as a ruler of a separate country and have expenses of several million
5456:
5110:, Li Jitang (李紀堂), Liang Muguang (梁慕光) and Hong Quanfu (洪全福), who formerly took part in the
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Feng, Youlan Feng. Mair, Denis C. (2000). The hall of three pines: an account of my life.
9949:
The Paper Road: Archive and Experience in the Botanical Exploration of West China and Tibet
8703:
South China Morning Post. 6 April 2011. Waiting may be over at the grave of an unsung hero.
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drafted an abdication proposal that was approved by the Provisional Senate. On 20 January,
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personally went to the tower to command the battle. The Qing government sent troops led by
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in 1860, the Qing began efforts to modernize by adopting Western technologies through the
8:
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2346:, was promulgated on 12 February 1912. Yuan was sworn in as president on 10 March 1912.
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The Presidency of Yuan Shih-K'ai: Liberalism and Dictatorship in Early Republican China
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was founded and based in exile in Japan where many anti-Qing revolutionaries gathered.
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Zhigongtang (致公堂). Sun Yat-sen himself came in contact with the Hongmen, also known as
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Anglo-Chinese Diplomacy 1906-1920: In the Careers of Sir John Jordan and Yüan Shih-kai
13358:
12672:
12544:
The Chinese Hsinhai Revolution: G. E. Morrison and Anglo-Japanese Relations, 1897–1920
11651:
Struggle by the Pen: The Uyghur Discourse of Nation and National Interest, c.1900–1949
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Remote Homeland, Recovered Borderland: Manchus, Manchoukuo, and Manchuria, 1907–1985
10312:. Vol. 56 of Berliner China-Studienlocation=. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 237.
8954:
7265:
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and Wang Jingwei, were all Chinese students in Japan. Some were young students like
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2365:
The revolution is named Xinhai because it occurred in 1911, the year of the Xinhai (
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5899:, agreed to secede from the Qing government and announced Shandong's independence.
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5695:(陳其美), Li Pingsu (李平書), Zhang Chengyou (張承槱), Li Yingshi (李英石), Li Xiehe (李燮和) and
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in North America and Southeast Asia, and within China, even in the new armies. The
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19:
This article is about the historical event. For the Chinese television series, see
13591:
Elite activism and political transformation in China: Zhejiang Province, 1865–1911
11382:
LIPMAN, JONATHAN N. (1997). "5 / Strategies of Integration Muslims in New China".
10822:
LIPMAN, JONATHAN N. (1997). "5 / Strategies of Integration Muslims in New China".
10569:. Studies on Ethnic Groups in China. University of Washington Press. p. 170.
10285:. Studies on Ethnic Groups in China. University of Washington Press. p. 204.
9738:. Studies on Ethnic Groups in China. University of Washington Press. p. 170.
9168:中国百科年鉴. (1982). 中国大百科全书出版社. University of California. Digitized 18 December 2008.
6543:
broke out all over the city. They were allegedly started by disobedient troops of
5555:
China. All pro-Qing military activity in the northwest was put to an end by this.
5491:
and partly of defecting New Army units, in a campaign to extend the uprising into
4846:
3983:. They proposed basic reform in education, military, and economy in the so-called
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14570:
14376:
13523:
13343:
China's Revolution: 1911–1912. A Historical and Political Record of the Civil War
13037:
South China morning post. 29 March 2011. Replacing chairman Mao with Sun Yat-sen.
12572:
11595:"Xinhai Revolution in Xinjiang: Qing Dynasty's plan of moving westward shattered"
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6189:
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were able to sow widely the ideas of resisting the Qing and restoring the Ming."
4578:. This revolutionary group would eventually develop a strong link with the later
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Annals & Memoirs of the Court of Peking: (from the 16th to the 20th Century)
9132:
The Chinese in Southeast Asia and Beyond: Socioeconomic and Political Dimensions
6199:
but then lost it again in 1921. The People's Republic of China, a member of the
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The Search for a Vanishing Beijing: A Guide to China's Capital Through the Ages
12320:
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Recollections of the Revolution of 1911: A Great Democratic Revolution of China
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1538:
1533:
1478:
1468:
1463:
1448:
1378:
1363:
1348:
1338:
1250:
1150:
1140:
1130:
724:
178:
12983:(illustrated, reprint ed.). University of Washington Press. p. 270.
12108:
10849:
9684:(illustrated, reprint ed.). University of Washington Press. p. 193.
9657:(illustrated, reprint ed.). University of Washington Press. p. 192.
9121:中華民國史硏究室. (1986). 中華民國史資料叢稿: 譯稿. Volumes 1–2 of 中華民國史資料叢稿. published by 中華書局.
8463:
6534:
argued in favor of Nanjing to balance against Yuan's power base in the north.
5571:
control was jointly declared by non-Muslim gentry with Hui Muslim Ma Fuxiang.
4022:
and blamed them for China's troubles. Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao formed the
3845:
1433:
17326:
17286:
17252:
17217:
16833:
16823:
16639:
16030:
15860:
15607:
15441:
15280:
15082:
14403:
14391:
14233:
14094:
12116:
11427:
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Center for Asian Studies (1979).
7210:
7046:
7021:
6594:
6431:
6063:
5920:
5911:
Tongmenghui launched the Ningxia Uprising (寧夏會黨起義). The revolutionaries sent
5672:
as independent and launched an expedition against Qing official Yuan Shikai.
5426:
5067:
4765:
4711:
4699:
4687:
4633:
4511:
4488:
4380:
3861:(right, 1871–1908), who ruled over the Qing dynasty from 1875 until his death
3680:
3555:
3513:
3498:
3109:
3089:
2646:
2579:
2402:
2398:
1978:
1812:
1782:
1692:
1598:
1593:
1568:
1548:
1388:
1260:
1235:
1210:
1195:
1185:
1170:
1125:
891:
867:
394:
10969:
8574:
A re-evaluation of Chiang Kaishek's blueshirts: Chinese fascism in the 1930s
4736:
funding revolutionary activities, especially the Southeast Asian Chinese of
17306:
17003:
16945:
16634:
16616:
16472:
15942:
15900:
15785:
15657:
15622:
14228:
14223:
14218:
14208:
14203:
14193:
14111:
14106:
13877:
A Farewell to the Revolutions: Records of Discussions in 20th century China
12713:
12657:
12637:
12617:
12596:
12273:
Awakening China: Politics, Culture, and Class in the Nationalist Revolution
11989:
Wu Tingfang (1842–1922): reform and modernization in modern Chinese history
11811:
Asia's first modern revolution: Mongolia proclaims its independence in 1911
11368:
10767:
8617:
8582:
8557:
8522:
8363:
7596:
7285:
7026:
6606:
6598:
6578:
6379:
6244:
6055:
5944:
5940:
5927:
5696:
5411:
5276:
5107:
5081:
5049:
5004:
4932:
4896:
4886:
4757:
4695:
4660:
4652:
4607:
4496:
4492:
4436:
4428:
3976:
3903:
3740:
3518:
3508:
3129:
2308:
2265:
1648:
1628:
1613:
1573:
1558:
1518:
1453:
1438:
1328:
1230:
896:
823:
696:
532:
461:
449:
442:
437:
430:
425:
413:
401:
389:
377:
361:
349:
337:
173:
164:
149:
141:
136:
108:
61:
13392:
Esherick, Joseph W. "Reconsidering 1911: Lessons of a sudden revolution."
12239:
A Journey into China's Antiquity: Yuan Dynasty, Ming Dynasty, Qing Dynasty
11119:
10609:
The National Review, China: Literary and educational supplement, Volume 15
10176:(illustrated ed.). University of California Press. pp. 29, 197.
9705:
Fitzgerald, Charles Patrick; Kotker, Norman (1969). Kotker, Norman (ed.).
5145:
17242:
16963:
16684:
16679:
15479:
14396:
14381:
14188:
14146:
14141:
14089:
13758:
The Late 50 years of Qing: Yuan Shikai, Sun Yat-sen and Xinhai Revolution
11720:
8845:
Print and politics: 'Shibao' and the culture of reform in late Qing China
7293:
7241:
7041:
6941:
6694:
6590:
6535:
6495:
6427:
6339:
6335:
6316:
6312:
6204:
6118:
6025:
5964:
5888:
5868:
5796:
5787:
5465:
5438:
5419:
5328:
5280:
5075:
4960:
4919:
4871:
4691:
4665:
4602:
4590:
4548:
Criminal organizations also existed that were anti-Manchu, including the
4507:
4460:
4139:
4027:
3972:
3961:
3899:
3872:
3458:
3389:
3227:
2974:
2355:
2327:
2323:
2311:) as Prime Minister, and he began negotiations with the revolutionaries.
2304:
2126:
1663:
1603:
1553:
1498:
1293:
1225:
951:
946:
520:
484:
454:
382:
197:
13187:
10247:
10202:
8504:
Race War!: White Supremacy and the Japanese Attack on the British Empire
6230:
Presidential seal of the provisional government of the Republic of China
3836:
3021:
2206:
16910:
16754:
16704:
16674:
16517:
15652:
14560:
14371:
14099:
13216:
8122:
Orphan Warriors: Three Manchu Generations and the End of the Qing World
7795:
The Storm Clouds Clear Over China: The Memoir of Chʻen Li-fu, 1900–1993
7249:
7229:
7197:
7193:
7189:
7138:
7036:
6986:
6785:
6531:
6499:
6419:
6411:
6271:
6263:
6150:
5812:
5771:
5692:
5691:
On 3 November, Shanghai's Tongmenghui, Guangfuhui and merchants led by
5684:
5637:
5605:
5567:
5547:
Ma Anliang was ordered to attack the revolutionaries in Shaanxi by the
5521:
5517:
5368:
5268:
5226:
5151:
5127:
5025:
4996:
4669:
4644:
4571:
4549:
4503:
4484:
4480:
4256:
4231:
3907:
3857:(left, 1835–1908), who controlled court politics for 47 years, and the
3493:
3351:
3176:
2996:
2589:
2428:
2166:
2156:
1618:
1583:
1508:
1493:
1428:
1353:
1298:
1200:
1145:
1024:
1009:
544:
508:
418:
406:
15911:
13402:
Reform and revolution in China: the 1911 revolution in Hunan and Hubei
12010:
Struggle for democracy: Sung Chiao-jen and the 1911 Chinese revolution
6605:. The Duke of Yansheng was proposed as a candidate for emperorship by
6584:
6486:
6386:
6366:
5648:
the next day and established the Yunnan Military Government, electing
16699:
16689:
15662:
15617:
14555:
14496:
13529:
13453:
A History of Modern Tibet, 1913–1951: The Demise of the Lamaist state
13272:
Revolutionary Becomings: Documentary Media in Twentieth-Century China
12732:(revised ed.). Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 2014. p. 74.
12548:
11839:
the International Association for Tibetan Studies. BRILL Publishing.
8603:
7218:
7145:
7006:
6991:
6795:
6790:
6780:
6757:
6296:
on 30 November. By 2 December, the revolutionary forces were able to
6177:
6072:
5912:
5896:
5856:
5755:
5665:
5488:
5340:
revolutionaries were quickly defeated, causing the uprising to fail.
5272:
5131:
4850:
4793:
4761:
4648:
4611:
4557:
3988:
3644:
3528:
3523:
3488:
3483:
3463:
3424:
2609:
2547:
2280:
and over 200 years of the Qing dynasty, and the beginning of China's
1638:
1318:
1014:
906:
771:
568:
287:
10433:
The Chinese Empire: A General and Missionary Survey, Volumes 678-679
10028:
Hamrin, Carol Lee (2009). Hamrin, Carol Lee; Bieler, Stacey (eds.).
9294:
The heritage of Han: the Gelaohui and the 1911 revolution in Sichuan
8023:張豈之, 陳振江, 江沛. (2002). 晚淸民國史. Volume 5 of 中國歷史, 張 豈之. 五南圖書出版股份有限公司.
6472:
4845:
was the closest Japanese supporter; others included Heiyama Shu and
4452:
17184:
16929:
16876:
16818:
16694:
16669:
15737:
15730:
15043:
7261:
7149:
6308:
6021:
5983:
5892:
5733:
5729:
5661:
5548:
5512:
5508:
5492:
5415:
5300:
5262:
On 1 December 1907, the Zhennanguan Uprising (鎮南關起事) took place at
5222:
5163:
4944:
4857:, led expeditions to rescue foreign missionaries in 1911 and 1912.
4773:
4741:
4563:
4468:
4015:
3957:
3664:
3562:
2641:
2300:
1483:
1240:
1004:
941:
792:
710:
282:
277:
12380:
Boorman, Howard L. Howard, Richard C. Cheng, Joseph K.H. (1970).
10941:蒋顺兴, 李良玉. (1990). 山西王阎锡山/中华民国史丛书. Edition reprint. 河南人民出版社, 1990.
10390:
Underground Asia: Global Revolutionaries and the Assault on Empire
9785:
8718:
Modern China: an encyclopedia of history, culture, and nationalism
8307:
Modern China: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Nationalism
7993:
Modern China: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Nationalism
7757:
Modern China: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Nationalism
7475:
Modern China: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Nationalism
6024:
on 28 December, Liu Xianzun (劉先俊) and revolutionaries started the
5799:
was enlisted into a Dare to Die unit to fight as a revolutionary.
5061:
2413:
on Taiwan, and the Anniversary of the 1911 Revolution in the PRC.
17169:
14166:
14161:
14156:
13913:
11385:
Familiar Strangers : A History of Muslims in Northwest China
11171:
Howard L. Boorman; Richard C. Howard; Joseph K. H. Cheng (1967).
10825:
Familiar Strangers : A History of Muslims in Northwest China
10239:
Accidental Holy Land: The Communist Revolution in Northwest China
10194:
Accidental Holy Land: The Communist Revolution in Northwest China
10173:
Accidental Holy Land: The Communist Revolution in Northwest China
10031:
Salt and Light, Volume 1: Lives of Faith That Shaped Modern China
7328:
7170:
7088:
7031:
7016:
7001:
6996:
6751:
6622:
6614:
6544:
6539:
delegates back to the south. Then on the evening of 29 February,
6435:
6407:
6240:
6234:
6088:
6003:
5979:
5975:
5968:
5908:
5891:
and several other officers of the New Army, the Qing governor of
5864:
5783:
5750:
5717:
5713:
5669:
5645:
5609:
5592:
5588:
5504:
5296:
5251:
5246:
5234:
5215:
5175:
5135:
5045:
4959:
The central foci of the uprisings were mostly connected with the
4825:
4808:
4575:
4553:
4538:
4530:
4526:
4515:
4435:, created in Hong Kong in 1890. There were 15 members, including
2604:
2537:
830:
246:
13724:
Yu, George T. "The 1911 Revolution: Past, Present, and Future,"
9711:(illustrated ed.). American Heritage Pub. Co. p. 365.
9249:"Lin Jue Min's "Letter of Farewell to My Wife" — My translation"
5712:
On 4 November, Zhang Bailin (張百麟) of the revolutionary party in
15832:
13902:
13853:
12911:
The History of Modern China: The Fall and Rise of a Great Power
12210:
A Thousand miles of dreams: The journeys of two Chinese sisters
10242:(illustrated ed.). Univ of California Press. p. 197.
9430:张创新. (2005). 中国政治制度史. 2nd Edition. Tsinghua University Press.
8236:
The History of Modern China: The Fall and Rise of a Great Power
8215:
The History of Modern China: The Fall and Rise of a Great Power
8151:
Pioneers of Modern China: Understanding the Inscrutable Chinese
7124:
7011:
6981:
6618:
6565:
Yuan Shikai swearing in as the Provisional President in Beijing
6293:
6154:
6142:
6084:
5855:
in Guangdong Province. On 8 November, after being persuaded by
5824:
5629:
5613:
5445:
5312:
5230:
5139:
4880:
4567:
4534:
4440:
2599:
2378:
2338:, if Yuan could secure the abdication of the Qing emperor. The
1160:
265:
234:
160:
10509:
Caught in the Chinese revolution: a record of risks and rescue
10034:. Studies in Chinese Christianity. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
8675:計秋楓, 朱慶葆. (2001). 中國近代史, Volume 1. Chinese University Press.
7824:
Between China and Europe: Person, Culture and Emotion in Macao
5704:, along with some of the most well-known families of the era.
5680:
5162:
The Huanggang Uprising (黃岡起義) was launched on 22 May 1907, in
16893:
16452:
13944:
11021:张玉法, 中央硏究院. 近代史硏究所. (1985). 民国初年的政党. 中央硏究院近代史硏究所 Publishing.
10091:
China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects
7101:
The Biographies of Avaricious Officials and Corrupt Personnel
7095:
6355:
6130:
6080:
5952:
5935:
5931:
5774:(朱家寶), the Qing Governor of Anhui, to announce independence.
5767:
5649:
5633:
5484:
5383:
The Iron Blood 18-star flag, used during the Wuchang Uprising
5324:
4542:
2386:
838:
577:
556:
466:
209:
12934:
O'Neill, Mark (4 July 2010). "Who is the Father of China?".
12578:
The Gate of Heavenly Peace: The Chinese and Their Revolution
11678:
Blondeau, Anne-Marie; Buffetrille, Katia; Jing, Wei (2008).
6058:, because he could not handle fighting the revolutionaries.
5998:
1911 battle at Ta-ping gate, Nanjing. Painting by T. Miyano.
5934:
Muslim militia under the command of one of his sons to help
3890:
72:
flags used by revolutionaries in Shanghai and Northern China
17063:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet
16552:
11350:
Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China
10749:
Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China
10566:
Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China
9982:(illustrated ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 87.
9735:
Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China
9568:
Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China
8949:[On May 27, 1907, the Huanggang Uprising failed.].
8539:Élitist fascism: Chiang Kaishek's Blueshirts in 1930s China
7793:
Chen, Lifu. Chang, Hsu-hsin. Myers, Ramon Hawley. (1994).
6277:
6138:
5923:
5250:
to the area of Shiwandashan, while Wang Heshun returned to
5174:
In the same year, Sun Yat-sen sent more revolutionaries to
4040:
3915:
2636:
2343:
342:
13850:
The History of Cultural Interactions of China and Malaysia
10485:(illustrated ed.). Edition Axel Menges. p. 354.
9082:鄭連根. (2009). 故紙眉批── 一個傳媒人的讀史心得. 秀威資訊科技股份有限公司 publishing.
7892:. University of Tokyo Press. Digitized 10 September 2008.
7863:計秋楓, 朱慶葆. (2001). 中國近代史, V. 1. Chinese University Press.
7610:"Hong Kong played a key role in the life of Sun Yat-sen".
5422:
led the New Army against the Railway Protection Movement.
4026:
in an attempt to restore the emperor, but others, such as
2322:
declared the establishment of the Republic of China, with
13573:
Mitter, Rana. "1911: The Unanchored Chinese Revolution."
11866:
Chinese foreign policy: pragmatism and strategic behavior
9509:
Backhouse, Sir Edmund; Otway, John; Bland, Percy (1914).
7379:
5044:
On 8 October 1900, Sun Yat-sen ordered the launch of the
811:
797:
783:
10339:. Contemporary Chinese Studies. UBC Press. p. 151.
10064:. Contemporary Chinese Studies. UBC Press. p. 201.
9768:. Contemporary Chinese Studies. UBC Press. p. 201.
9571:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 170.
7367:, it was renamed after the establishment of Tongmenghui.
4947:
was formed in 1901 after the defeat of the Qings in the
13737:
The Politics of Rights and the 1911 Revolution in China
12729:
Modernisation of Chinese Culture: Continuity and Change
12455:
Autocratic tradition and Chinese politics: Zhengyuan Fu
11677:
11229:鄧之誠. (1983). 中華二千年史, Volume 5, Part 3, Issue 1. 中華書局.
10468:. Vol. 28. China Inland Mission. 1902. p. 18.
10309:
Making Local China: A Case Study of Yangzhou, 1853-1928
8944:"Gōngyuán 1907 nián 5 yuè 27 rì huánggāng qǐyì shībài"
5887:
On 13 November, after being persuaded by revolutionary
5146:
Beijing Zhengyangmen East Railway assassination attempt
4443:, and who later became one of the core founders of the
13844:
Zhou (周), Weimin (伟民); Tang (唐), Linlin (玲玲) (2002).
13239:"China grapples with revolutionary past, 100 years on"
13184:"China grapples with revolutionary past, 100 years on"
12325:
Modern China's ethnic frontiers: a journey to the west
11680:
Authenticating Tibet: Answers to China's 100 Questions
9870:. Islam in Series. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 93.
9564:
7657:
Connected Worlds: History in Transnational Perspective
7252:
was not an emperor, but he is worse than the emperor.
6450:
to be carried out from the mainland to the frontiers.
6284:
Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912)
5628:
On 30 October, Li Genyuan (李根源) of the Tongmenghui in
1840:
11388:. University of Washington Press. pp. 181, 182.
10828:. University of Washington Press. pp. 171, 172.
10630:
Andrew Young of Shensi :Adventure in Medical Missions
10596:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 120, 121, 122.
7963:饒懷民. (2006). 辛亥革命與清末民初社會/中國近代史事論叢. 中華書局 publishing.
7582:
Political Routes to Starvation: Why Does Famine Kill?
7115:, on the contrary, became virtually extinct by 2007.
6094:
The revolutionaries printed new multi-lingual media.
5583:
Flag used by naval fleet during the Jiujiang Uprising
759:
745:
729:
715:
701:
10546:
National Review: Zhongguo Gong Lun Xi Bao, Volume 14
10197:. University of California Press. pp. 29, 197.
8599:
Encyclopedia of Intelligence and Counterintelligence
7275:
6266:
system with the emperor having unlimited power to a
3979:
who offered a program inspired in large part by the
3924:
After suffering its first defeat by the West in the
17068:
Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory
12884:"China's Manchu speakers struggle to save language"
12613:
The 1911 Revolution: A Retrospective After 70 Years
11143:
Warlord Soldiers: Chinese Common Soldiers 1911–1937
10890:
10888:
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9623:
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9112:辛亥革命武昌起義紀念館. (1991). 辛亥革命史地圖集. 中國地圖出版社 publishing.
6585:
Proposed Han monarchs and retention of noble titles
6550:
6387:
Republic of China declared and national flag issued
6137:forces. The bulk of the area historically known as
5640:, and other officers of the New Army to launch the
2360:
attempt at imperial restoration of the Qing dynasty
13871:Li (李), Zehou (澤厚); Liu (劉), Zhaifu (再復) (1999).
13686:
13658:
13450:
13156:"China's Wen calls for greater democracy, reforms"
13106:. Big5.ifeng.com. 30 December 2008. Archived from
12609:
12424:
12422:
12420:
12418:
12416:
12414:
12412:
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12408:
12406:
11430:Chinese Republican studies newsletter, Volumes 5-7
11282:徐博东, 黄志萍. (1987). 丘逢甲傳. 秀威資訊科技股份有限公司 publishing.
11172:
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10882:
10880:
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10876:
10874:
10872:
10870:
10868:
10866:
8462:
7687:Provincial Patriots: The Hunanese and Modern China
7626:Lum, Yansheng Ma. Lum, Raymond Mun Kong. (1999).
5668:was elected as the military governor. Li declared
5130:was involved in an uprising in the three areas of
3827:Official map of the Qing Empire published in 1905.
13418:Fenby, Jonathan. "The Birth of China's Tragedy."
12299:
12297:
11809:Onon, Urgunge Onon. Pritchatt, Derrick. (1989).
11319:Travels of a Consular Officer in North-West China
10146:(illustrated ed.). Vij Books India Pvt Ltd.
9290:
8917:張家鳳. (2010). 中山先生與國際人士. Volume 1. 秀威資訊科技股份有限公司.
8755:Historical dictionary of modern China (1800–1949)
4417:
17324:
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13215:. Hrichina.org. 29 November 2010. Archived from
11620:. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 376.
11254:广东省中山图书馆. (2002). 民国广东大事记. 羊城晚报出版社 Publishing.
10125:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
10013:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
9901:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
9829:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
9704:
8454:
8410:
7859:
7857:
7628:Sun Yat-sen in Hawaii: Activities and Supporters
7434:The Rise of China and the Capitalist World Order
6361:
5623:
5311:In April 1908, another uprising was launched in
4895:Yuan rose to power in north China and built the
12832:"Chinese Literature – Man-Qing yeshi 滿淸野史"
12403:
11465:中國地圖出版社. (1991). 辛亥革命史地圖集. 中國地圖出版社 publishing.
11211:国祁李. (1990). 民国史论集, Volume 2. 南天書局 publishing.
10863:
10512:. London: T. Fisher Unwin. pp. 19, 20, 21.
10104:. Archived from the original on 28 January 2022
9992:. Archived from the original on 28 January 2022
9880:. Archived from the original on 28 January 2022
9850:. Stanford University. pp. 208, 105, 209.
9808:. Archived from the original on 28 January 2022
8753:Gao, James Zheng (2009). "Chronology section".
8433:
5444:Revolutionaries killed a German arms dealer in
4999:was tasked with designing the revolutionaries'
3329:Provisional Government of the Republic of China
16468:Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations
13689:China in revolution: the first phase 1900–1913
13369:
12534:
12294:
10990:中共湖南省委員會. (1981). 新湘評論, Issues 7–12. 新湘評論雜誌社.
9798:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 71, 72.
9551:. Atlantic Monthly Company. 1913. p. 779.
9535:. Atlantic Monthly Company. 1913. p. 779.
9515:(reprint ed.). Houghton Mifflin. p.
9346:戴逸, 龔書鐸. (2003) 中國通史. 清. Intelligence Press.
7888:Etō, Shinkichi. Schiffrin, Harold Z. (2008).
7721:Goossaert, Vincent. Palmer, David A. (2011).
6235:North: Qing Court final transformation attempt
4905:The far right-wing Japanese ultra-nationalist
4747:
3999:, encouraged by the Empress Dowager, prompted
16888:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
16859:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
15927:
15580:
13929:
13870:
13659:Shinkichi, Eto; Schiffrin, Harold Z. (1994).
13247:. Yahoo! News. 9 October 2011. Archived from
12796:
12794:
11954:
11952:
11950:
11948:
11647:
11473:
11471:
11059:
11057:
11055:
11053:
9265:, Volume 3. Taylor & Francis publishing.
9038:
9032:
9026:
8993:
8987:
8981:
8975:
7854:
7068:
5700:eventually become one of the founders of the
5197:
5191:
5185:
5179:
5015:
4938:
4533:, Yiwenhui (益聞會) and Hanzudulihui (漢族獨立會) in
4398:
3799:
3044:
2229:
659:
92: – February 12, 1912
37:
13404:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
13207:
13205:
12929:
12927:
12685:
12355:邵建. (2008). 胡適前傳. 秀威資訊科技股份有限公司 publishing.
12061:
12059:
12057:
12055:
11673:
11671:
11310:
9590:
9588:
9318:
9316:
9194:
9192:
8589:
8461:Bergère, Marie-Claire; Lloyd, Janet (1998).
8460:
8074:Scalapino, Robert A.; Yu, George T. (1961).
7751:
7749:
7747:
6480:
6392:On 29 December 1911, Sun Yat-sen was elected
6210:
6160:
6133:. Zhao was beheaded in December 1911 by pro-
6054:(袁大化) fled and submitted his resignation to
5343:
5327:. Yuewanghui, at this time, was a subset of
65:
12933:
12565:
12382:Biographical dictionary of Republican China
11505:
11503:
11175:Biographical Dictionary of Republican China
10798:
10796:
10505:
9478:
9476:
9474:
9472:
9426:
9424:
9422:
9420:
9418:
9214:
9212:
8814:申友良. (2002). 报王黃世仲. 中囯社会科学出版社 publishing.
8416:
7921:. Princeton Architectural Press. New York.
7544:The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature
7469:
7467:
7465:
7127:commented in 1921 during the publishing of
6262:(憲法重大信條十九條), which turned the Qing from an
6097:
5460:Map of uprisings during the 1911 Revolution
5334:
4975:
2314:In Nanjing, revolutionary forces created a
15934:
15920:
13936:
13922:
12947:
12945:
12791:
12616:. New World Press. p. 55 – via
12603:
11945:
11924:The political institutions of modern China
11785:Mayhew, Bradley and Michael Kohn. (2005).
11781:
11779:
11777:
11574:Eurasian crossroads: a history of Xinjiang
11509:中央研究院. (1993). 近代中國歷史人物論文集. 中央研究院近代史研究所.
11468:
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11408:粟戡时, 同明, 志盛, 雪云. (1981). 湖南反正追记. 湖南人民出版社.
11050:
9979:China's Wars: Rousing the Dragon 1894-1949
9470:
9468:
9466:
9464:
9462:
9460:
9458:
9456:
9454:
9452:
9322:王恆偉. (2005) (2006) 中國歷史講堂 No. 6 民國. 中華書局.
8711:
8709:
8699:
8697:
8095:楊碧玉. 洪秀全政治人格之研究. 秀威資訊科技股份有限公司 Publishing.
7987:
7985:
7163:
7075:
7061:
6514:
6192:) during the time of the 1911 Revolution.
6009:
5675:
5599:
5169:
4506:was also founded in 1904, in Shanghai, by
4405:
4391:
3806:
3792:
3379:Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council
3051:
3037:
2299:, an armed rebellion among members of the
2236:
2222:
642:
16548:Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
13797:
13521:
13448:
13202:
13033:
13031:
13029:
13027:
13025:
12924:
12664:
12656:. H. Vetch. 1967. p. 67 – via
12540:
12513:Autocratic tradition and Chinese politics
12267:
12265:
12263:
12052:
11668:
11535:
11533:
11531:
10482:The Magic Square: Cities in Ancient China
10429:
10393:. Harvard University Press. p. 141.
9630:. University of Washington. p. 190.
9585:
9342:
9340:
9338:
9336:
9313:
9198:王恆偉. (2005) (2006) 中國歷史講堂 No. 5 清. 中華書局.
9189:
8953:(in Chinese). 27 May 2011. Archived from
8564:
8529:
8494:
8375:
8373:
7937:为君丘, 張運宗. (2003). 走入近代中國. 五南圖書出版股份有限公司.
7744:
7534:
7385:
6303:
6153:, returned to Tibet in January 1913 from
5830:
5811:One of the old buildings occupied by the
5178:to launch the "Huizhou Qinühu Uprising" (
4799:
648:"Xinhai Revolution" in Chinese characters
16397:Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi
13823:<五四時代的激烈反傳統思想與中國自由主義的前途> 收入"思想與人物"
13774:
13755:
13399:
13333:
12829:
12204:
12202:
11805:
11803:
11714:
11500:
11417:辛亥革命史地圖集. (1991). 辛亥革命武昌起義紀念館. 中國地圖出版社.
11278:
11276:
10793:
10589:
10359:
10235:
10169:
9945:
9915:
9415:
9209:
8890:(in Traditional Chinese). Archived from
8838:
8836:
8595:
8427:
8298:
8228:
8209:
8207:
8205:
8203:
8201:
7462:
7260:One of Japan's earliest film companies (
6560:
6471:
6365:
6307:
6278:South: Provisional Government in Nanking
6243:. On 3 November, after a proposition by
6225:
5993:
5882:
5806:
5679:
5578:
5455:
5386:
5378:
5353:
5209:
4966:
4803:
4584:
4451:
3987:. The reform was abruptly canceled by a
3822:
17004:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
15941:
13820:
13178:
13176:
13153:
13133:. Vol. 8. 上海: 文彙出版社. p. 341.
13003:陸韻葭. (2006). 上海玩全指南. Travelcom press.
12942:
12804:. University of Washington publishing.
12752:
12691:
12090:
12002:
11962:. University of Washington Publishing.
11774:
11481:. University of Washington Publishing.
11207:
11205:
11203:
10802:
10780:
10703:
10684:
10665:
10646:
9863:
9791:
9598:. University of Washington Publishing.
9449:
9392:
9363:
9255:
8913:
8911:
8909:
8706:
8694:
8382:China, Britain and Hong Kong, 1895–1945
7982:
7655:Curthoys, Ann. Lake, Marilyn. (2005).
7501:
7499:
7173:still need to strive for the future." (
6221:
5958:
5728:Also on 4 November, revolutionaries in
5655:
5472:
5451:
5257:
5121:
4639:Many young revolutionaries adopted the
4012:basic fiscal and administrative reforms
3906:(1873–1929) who fled into exile, while
1793:Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch
303:
17325:
14871:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
13681:
13612:
13587:
13501:Homer Lea: American Soldier of Fortune
13498:
13340:
13263:
13022:
12976:
12830:Theobald, Ulrich (28 September 2011).
12571:
12484:Huang Hsing and the Chinese revolution
12351:
12349:
12260:
12241:. Volume 4. Morning Glory Publishers.
12065:李雲漢. (1996). 中國近代史. 三民書局 publishing.
11981:
11613:
11568:
11566:
11564:
11562:
11528:
11381:
11346:
11179:. Columbia University Press. pp.
10821:
10745:
10636:. London: The Carey Press. p. vi.
10612:. National Review. 1914. p. 482.
10562:
10522:
10478:
10419:. Morgan and Scott. 1882. p. 113.
10386:
10278:
10087:
10027:
9975:
9843:
9731:
9677:
9650:
9560:
9558:
9333:
9108:
9106:
9104:
9053:
9051:
9049:
8789:陳錫祺. (1991). 孫中山年谱長編 volume 1. 中华书局.
8630:
8370:
8267:
8171:
8169:
8167:
7723:The Religious Question in Modern China
7578:
7144:The 1911 Revolution mainly got rid of
6453:
6180:became the ruler of the Bogd Khanate.
5879:would be ceded to the new government.
5802:
5744:
5612:, the capital city of the province of
5102:Heavenly Kingdom of the Great Mingshun
5095:
5089:Two important Qing figures at the time
4545:and Qunzhihui (群智會/群智社) in Guangzhou.
3216:The International Development of China
2268:, and led to the establishment of the
813:
761:
17302:Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions
16543:Principles of the Constitution (1908)
15915:
13917:
13711:
13475:
13318:Three Day Journal of Wuchang Uprising
12881:
12482:Hsueh, Chun-tu. Xue, Jundu. (1961).
12199:
11800:
11607:
11273:
10752:. Studies on Ethnic Groups in China.
10626:
10139:
9022:
9020:
8842:
8833:
8671:
8669:
8642:W. W. Norton & Company Publishing
8570:
8535:
8500:
8345:Homer Lea American Soldier of Fortune
8198:
8177:Historical Dictionary of Modern China
8086:). The online version is unpaginated.
8019:
8017:
7919:Hong Kong Comics: A History of Manhua
7684:
7398:
7396:
7394:
7324:Timeline of Late Anti-Qing Rebellions
6370:Sun Yat-sen and other members of the
6315:, left. Edward Selby Little, middle.
6297:
5318:
5157:
4835:
4483:was founded in 1904 by notables like
4175:Second Kuomintang-Communist Civil War
3780:People's Republic of China portal
3716:Constitution of the Republic of China
2411:National Day of the Republic of China
1944:1946 Italian institutional referendum
1884:Spanish American wars of independence
16523:Ministry of Posts and Communications
13804:The History of the Republic of China
13432:University of British Columbia Press
13425:
13356:
13345:. Shanghai, China: Commercial Press.
13269:
13173:
13104:"王志昆講重慶辛亥革命:為什麼兵不血刃,一次成功_重慶_重慶站_鳳凰網"
12823:
12777:"Sun Yatsen and the 1911 Revolution"
12670:
11789:, p.32. Lonely Planet Publications.
11200:
11096:. Xinhua News Agency. Archived from
11034:. Xinhua News Agency. Archived from
10529:. Stanford University. p. 184.
10526:The Border World of Gansu, 1895-1935
10332:
10057:
9847:The Border World of Gansu, 1895-1935
9761:
9486:. Xinhua News Agency. Archived from
8906:
8715:
8304:
8048:蔡登山. 繁華落盡──洋場才子與小報文人. 秀威資訊科技股份有限公司.
7496:
7404:A History of the Modern Chinese Army
7303:The Battle for the Republic of China
7204:
6841:Simplification of Chinese characters
6102:
5723:
5574:
5511:, launched an uprising and captured
5290:
4971:Flag of the First Guangzhou Uprising
4782:sons and grandsons of Yellow Emperor
4717:
4558:Tiandihui (Heaven and Earth society)
17271:History of Qing (People's Republic)
15567:Major Historical and Cultural Sites
13080:. 19 September 2011. Archived from
12346:
11559:
9555:
9101:
9046:
8969:
8752:
8434:Jay Robert Nash (28 October 1997).
8379:
8164:
7995:. Taylor & Francis Publishing.
7759:. Taylor & Francis Publishing.
7477:. Taylor & Francis publishing.
6702:Eastward spread of Western learning
6636:
6372:Government of the Republic of China
5989:
5902:
5777:
5707:
5608:of the New Army led an uprising in
5520:led more than twenty battalions of
5498:
5418:, the railroad superintendent, and
5374:
5245:From August to September 1907, the
5240:
5039:
4726:
4465:Xingzhonghui (Revive China Society)
4001:another foreign invasion of Beijing
2276:, the end of over two millennia of
1713:The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates
13:
16988:Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor
16357:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
16350:1909 Provincial Assembly elections
16230:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)
16054:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
14705:
13943:
13728:, 31#10 (1991), pp. 895–904,
13550:
13301:
13296:
12671:Kent, Percy Horace Braund (1912).
12384:, V.3. Columbia University Press.
12012:. University of California Press.
11897:. University of Washington Press.
11067:. University of Washington Press.
10966:"山西辛亥革命官僚階層——巡撫陸鍾琦之死_辛亥革命前奏_辛亥革命网"
10305:
9180:
9017:
8666:
8596:Carlisle, Rodney (26 March 2015).
8014:
7431:
7391:
6690:Constitutional Protection Movement
6258:(立憲運動), the Qing court passed the
5205:
4984:, based in Hong Kong, planned the
4889:being trained in Xiaozhan, Tianjin
4481:Huaxinghui (China Revival Society)
4422:
3748:Republic of China Military Academy
618:
611:
14:
17379:
17277:Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty
17118:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)
16993:Shamanism during the Qing dynasty
16145:Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)
14862:Political Consultative Conference
13895:
13396:6.1 (2012): 1–14, historiography.
13394:Journal of Modern Chinese History
13128:
12757:. Bobbs-Merrill Company. p.
12541:Woodhouse, Eiko (2 August 2004).
12212:. Rowman Littlefield Publishing.
12208:Welland, Sasah Su-ling. (2007).
11987:Pomerantz-Zhang, Linda. (1992).
10807:. Bobbs-Merrill Company. p.
10785:. Bobbs-Merrill Company. p.
10708:. Bobbs-Merrill Company. p.
10689:. Bobbs-Merrill Company. p.
10670:. Bobbs-Merrill Company. p.
10651:. Bobbs-Merrill Company. p.
9397:. Bobbs-Merrill Company. p.
9368:. Bobbs-Merrill Company. p.
9297:. University of Iowa. p. 156
7309:Military of the Republic of China
7223:Federation for a Democratic China
6860:Translation of foreign literature
6846:Romanization of Chinese languages
6410:. Others in competition included
6288:On 28 November 1911, Wuchang and
5761:
5563:was governor of Shaanxi in 1905.
5306:
5024:started, Tang Caichang (唐才常) and
4474:
2356:political division and warlordism
17088:Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking
16404:Articles of Favourable Treatment
16160:Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)
15648:Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty
15643:Four Masters of the Ming dynasty
13901:
13584:, chapter 1 (Polity Press, 2023)
13582:The Republic of China, 1912-1949
13231:
13147:
13122:
13096:
13066:
13040:
12997:
12970:
12903:
12875:
12846:
12769:
12746:
12720:
12644:
12636:. 1913. p. 200 – via
12624:
12505:
12476:
12447:
12374:
12314:
12231:
12170:
12149:
12140:
12131:
12084:
12041:. The Minerva Group Publishing.
12031:
11916:
11887:
11858:
11832:
11745:
11708:
11648:Ondřej Klimeš (8 January 2015).
11641:
11587:
11459:
11433:. Indiana University. p. 35
11420:
11411:
11402:
11375:
11347:Lipman, Jonathan Neaman (2004).
11340:
11301:
11248:
11223:
11214:
11135:
11126:
11112:
11086:
11024:
11015:
10993:
10984:
10968:. Big5.xhgmw.org. Archived from
10958:
10944:
10935:
10913:
10842:
10815:
10774:
10739:
10719:
10697:
10678:
10659:
10640:
10620:
10600:
10583:
10556:
10537:
10523:Lipman, Jonathan Neaman (1980).
10516:
10499:
10472:
10456:
10440:
10423:
10407:
10380:
10353:
10326:
10299:
10272:
10229:
10163:
9844:Lipman, Jonathan Neaman (1980).
9548:The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 112
8420:Caught in the Chinese Revolution
8120:Crossley, Pamela Kyle. (1991).
7507:Encyclopedia of Political Theory
7406:. University Press of Kentucky.
7278:
6571:first National Assembly election
6551:Republican Government in Beijing
6398:. 1 January 1912 was set as the
6249:Constitutional Monarchy Movement
5551:Chang Geng and Manchu Shengyun.
5214:A statue to honor revolutionary
5074:
5060:
4879:
4864:
4589:Sun Yat-sen with members of the
4564:Gelaohui (Elder Brother Society)
4510:. Other notable members include
4504:Guangfuhui (Restoration Society)
4374:
4062:
3889:
3880:
3871:
3844:
3835:
3773:
3761:
3601:Three Principles of the Equality
3581:Kokang Democracy and Unity Party
3088:
3020:
2435:
2316:provisional coalition government
2205:
1733:Discourses Concerning Government
576:
562:
550:
538:
526:
514:
502:
490:
478:
460:
448:
436:
424:
412:
400:
388:
376:
360:
348:
336:
305:
271:
259:
252:
240:
228:
216:
203:
191:
172:
159:
148:
135:
55:
16135:Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813
16021:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
15638:Four Paragons of the Early Tang
14835:Political parties and movements
14199:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
14184:Northern and Southern dynasties
13821:Lin (林), Yusheng (毓生) (1983).
13775:Tang (唐), Degang (德剛) (2002).
13647:(U of British Columbia Press).
13154:Pomfret, James (27 June 2011).
13050:. Takungpao.com. Archived from
12178:Encyclopedia Small Silver Coins
11753:Population and Society in Tibet
10506:Borst-Smith, Ernest F. (1912).
10133:
10081:
10051:
10021:
9969:
9939:
9909:
9857:
9837:
9755:
9725:
9698:
9671:
9644:
9617:
9565:Jonathan Neaman Lipman (2004).
9539:
9523:
9502:
9386:
9357:
9284:
9241:
9171:
9162:
9153:
9134:. World Scientific Publishing.
9124:
9115:
9076:
8936:
8883:清宮藏辛亥革命檔案公佈 清廷密追孫中山(圖)-新聞中心_中華網
8873:
8808:
8783:
8746:
8624:
8501:Horne, Gerald (November 2005).
8417:Borst-Smith, Ernest F. (1912).
8335:
8261:
8249:
8143:
8114:
8089:
8067:
8042:
7957:
7948:
7931:
7911:
7882:
7845:
7816:
7787:
7778:
7725:. University of Chicago Press.
7715:
7678:
7649:
6851:Writing with vernacular Chinese
6601:who possessed the title of the
6298:capture Nanking in the uprising
5687:, military governor of Shanghai
5644:Uprising (重九起義). They captured
5358:The memorial for the 72 martyrs
5237:was executed a few days later.
4623:
1999:Barbadian Republic Proclamation
839:
812:
798:
784:
16789:Guest House of Imperial Envoys
16079:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
13798:Zhang (張), Yufa (玉法) (1998).
13756:Tang (唐), Degang (德剛) (1998).
13643:Shan, Patrick Fuliang (2018).
13635:University of Washington Press
13619:University of Washington Press
13551:Ma, L. Eve Armentrout (1990).
13459:University of California Press
12882:Lague, David (16 March 2007).
12800:Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2000).
12692:Aldrich, M.A. (1 March 2008).
12515:. Cambridge University Press.
12457:. Cambridge University Press.
12176:Lane, Roger deWardt. (2008).
11991:. Hong Kong University Press.
11958:Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2000).
11755:. Hong Kong University Press.
11684:University of California Press
11477:Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2000).
11355:University of Washington Press
11145:. Cambridge University Press.
10754:University of Washington Press
10416:China's Millions, Issues 79-90
10333:Shan, Patrick Fuliang (2018).
10058:Shan, Patrick Fuliang (2018).
9762:Shan, Patrick Fuliang (2018).
9594:Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2000).
9039:
9033:
9027:
8994:
8988:
8982:
8976:
8274:University of Washington Press
8258:《總理全集》 First edition, page 920
8149:Lee, Khoon Choy Lee. (2005).
8124:. Princeton University Press.
8077:The Chinese Anarchist Movement
7822:João de Pina-Cabral. (2002).
7630:. University of Hawaii Press.
7620:
7603:
7572:
7528:
7425:
7365:China of the Twentieth Century
6863:Sorting out national heritages
6589:Some advocated that an ethnic
6186:independence of Outer Mongolia
6143:Xikang Administrative District
6125:. By 1908, Zhao was appointed
6121:to Tibet to retaliate against
5971:Northern Military Government.
5192:
5186:
5180:
4596:
4522:and was also from Guangfuhui.
4418:Organization of the Revolution
3204:Equalization of Land Ownership
1934:1935 Greek coup d'état attempt
1914:German Revolution of 1918–1919
760:
746:
730:
716:
702:
660:
38:
16:Republican revolution in China
1:
17223:Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank
16998:Islam during the Qing dynasty
16854:Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)
16538:Provincial military commander
16528:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
16513:Imperial Household Department
16340:Preparative Constitutionalism
16044:Sino-Russian border conflicts
13879:]. Taipei: Maitian (麥田).
13829:]. Taipei: Lianjin (聯經).
13806:]. Taipei: Lianjin (聯經).
13783:]. Taipei: Yuanliu (遠流).
13661:China's republican revolution
13449:Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1991).
13383:Frontiers of History in China
12977:Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2000).
12753:Thomson, John Stuart (1913).
12610:Shêng Hu; Danian Liu (1983).
12486:. Stanford University Press.
12275:. Stanford University Press.
11999:, 9789622092877. pg 207- 209.
11893:Rhoads, Edward J.M. (2000).
11614:Forbes, Andrew D. W. (1986).
11335:ma fu hsiang mongol an-liang.
11322:. CUP Archive. 1921. p.
11063:Rhoads, Edward J.M. (2000).
10803:Thomson, John Stuart (1913).
10781:Thomson, John Stuart (1913).
10704:Thomson, John Stuart (1913).
10685:Thomson, John Stuart (1913).
10666:Thomson, John Stuart (1913).
10647:Thomson, John Stuart (1913).
10279:Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2017).
9678:Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2000).
9651:Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2000).
9393:Thomson, John Stuart (1913).
9364:Thomson, John Stuart (1913).
8268:Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2000).
8256:Complete works of Sun Yat-sen
7890:China's Republican Revolution
7372:
6476:Imperial edict for abdication
6374:visited the mausoleum of the
6362:Establishment of the Republic
6016:Xinhai Revolution in Xinjiang
5624:Kunming Double Ninth Uprising
5331:. This uprising also failed.
4010:, the Qing court carried out
3818:
3591:Malaysian Chinese Association
3182:Revolutionary people's rights
2289:program of reforms after 1900
16982:Researches on Manchu Origins
16387:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
15997:Transition from Ming to Qing
15987:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
14940:Ministry of National Defense
14279:Chinese Communist Revolution
13720:, Michigan Studies on China.
13718:University of Michigan Press
13613:Rhoads, Edward J.M. (2000).
13588:Rankin, Mary Backus (1986).
13522:Kit-ching, Chan Lau (1978).
13505:University Press of Kentucky
13499:Kaplan, Lawrence M. (2010).
13422:(2011) 61#10 pp. 29–35.
13400:Esherick, Joseph W. (1976).
11576:. Columbia University Press
11572:Millward, James A. (2007).
10894:伍立杨. (2011). 中国1911 (辛亥年).
10746:Lipman, Jonathan N. (2011).
10563:Lipman, Jonathan N. (2011).
10430:Broomhall, Marshall (1907).
10236:Esherick, Joseph W. (2022).
10170:Esherick, Joseph W. (2022).
9732:Lipman, Jonathan N. (2011).
9708:The Horizon history of China
9624:Edward J. M. Rhoads (2000).
8380:Lau, Kit-ching Chan (1990).
8350:University Press of Kentucky
8342:Kaplan, Lawrence M. (2010).
7585:. Vernon Press. p. 45.
7355:
7345:
6573:took place according to the
6167:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
5732:urged the New Army units in
4617:Journal of Current Pictorial
3768:Republic of China portal
3616:Vietnamese Nationalist Party
2184:Republic without republicans
1929:11 September 1922 Revolution
1924:Mongolian Revolution of 1921
7:
17358:Revolution-based civil wars
16882:Changzhou School of Thought
16392:1911 Revolution in Xinjiang
16367:Railway Protection Movement
16345:1909 Parliamentary election
16330:British expedition to Tibet
16240:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
16200:Self-Strengthening Movement
16175:Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)
15603:Flowers of the Four Seasons
15588:Four Treasures of the Study
15207:Water supply and sanitation
14935:Central Military Commission
14930:Outline of military history
14680:Province-level subdivisions
13426:Fung, Edmund S. K. (1980).
13370:Scholarly Secondary Sources
12271:Fitzgerald, John. (1998).
11195:pai ch'ung-hsi dare to die.
10143:History of China's Military
9218:Langmead, Donald. (2011).
8637:The Search for Modern China
8175:Gao, James Zheng. (2009).
7917:Wong, Wendy Siuyi. (2001)
7319:National Revolutionary Army
7271:
6923:League of Left-Wing Writers
6714:Boxer Indemnity Scholarship
6043:(馮特民) began. Qing governor
5407:Railway Protection Movement
4980:In the spring of 1895, the
4754:Self-Strengthening movement
4748:Newly-Emerged intellectuals
4603:Tongmenghui (United League)
4247:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
4006:After the Allies imposed a
3934:Self-Strengthening Movement
3309:National Revolutionary Army
2328:Tongmenghui (United League)
1919:Turkish War of Independence
1841:
10:
17384:
17282:Legacy of the Qing dynasty
16170:Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)
16109:Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)
16099:Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa
16069:Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)
14876:Primary stage of socialism
14818:National People's Congress
14286:People's Republic of China
13748:
13645:Yuan Shikai: A Reappraisal
13557:University of Hawaii Press
13534:Hong Kong University Press
13374:
13360:The Passing of the Manchus
13129:章, 士釗 (2000) . "孫、黃遺劄密詮".
12909:Fenby, Jonathan. (2008).
12700:Hong Kong University Press
12674:The Passing of the Manchus
12633:The National Review, China
12157:University of Hawaii Press
11922:Tung, William L. (1968).
11868:. M.E. Sharpe publishing.
11717:The Making of Modern Tibet
11715:Grunfeld, A. Tom. (1996).
11543:. Hkcna.hk. Archived from
11001:""四大家族"后人:蒋家凋零落寞 宋、孔、陈家低调"
10336:Yuan Shikai: A Reappraisal
10094:. Routledge. p. 144.
10061:Yuan Shikai: A Reappraisal
9765:Yuan Shikai: A Reappraisal
9484:"武昌起義之後各省響應與國際調停 _新華網湖北頻道"
9291:Robert H. Felsing (1979).
8440:. M. Evans. pp. 99–.
8234:Fenby, Jonathan. (2008).
8213:Fenby, Jonathan. (2008).
8082:At The Anarchist Library (
7685:Platt, Stephen R. (2007).
7548:Cambridge University Press
7314:Republic of China calendar
7119:major improvements in the
6856:National Language Movement
6554:
6518:
6484:
6424:Five Races Under One Union
6281:
6214:
6164:
6141:was now claimed to be the
6106:
6013:
5652:as the military governor.
5476:
5394:
5347:
5184:). On 2 June, Deng Zhiyu (
5099:
5016:Independence Army Uprising
5003:flag. On 26 October 1895,
4954:
4939:Soldiers of the New Armies
4820:Qing government created a
4679:
4287:Sunflower Student Movement
4272:Third Taiwan Strait Crisis
4267:Wild Lily student movement
4237:First Taiwan Strait Crisis
4024:Emperor Protection Society
3936:. In the wars against the
3419:Chinese Muslim Association
3135:Five Races Under One Union
2387:People's Republic of China
1974:1970 Cambodian coup d'état
1723:The Commonwealth of Oceana
84:October 10, 1911
70:Five Races Under One Union
18:
17292:Names of the Qing dynasty
17235:
17203:
17160:
17153:
17022:
16940:Manchu Han Imperial Feast
16867:
16799:
16720:
16625:
16421:
16312:
16270:Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)
16265:Gongche Shangshu movement
16210:Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
16122:
16059:Chinese Rites controversy
16029:
15959:
15950:
15873:
15841:
15759:
15680:
15460:
15266:
15257:
15215:
15175:
15017:
15008:
14920:
14771:
14701:
14692:
14655:
14626:UNESCO Biosphere Reserves
14581:
14515:
14424:
14362:
14334:
14325:
14254:
14132:
14080:
14040:
13964:
13955:
13712:Young, Ernest P. (1977).
13665:University of Tokyo Press
13596:Stanford University Press
13341:Dingle, Edwin J. (1912).
13325:
13313:
13276:Columbia University Press
12779:. Sinica. 13 October 2011
12109:10.1017/S0007680520000276
12091:Moazzin, Ghassan (2020).
11864:Zhao, Suisheng. (2004).
9792:Israeli, Raphael (2017).
9261:Reilly, Thomas. (1997).
9130:Yan, Qinghuang. (2008).
8849:Stanford University Press
8581:. p. 78 – via
8509:New York University Press
8489:Black Dragon Society sun.
8471:Stanford University Press
7264:, owned by Sun supporter
7174:
6890:Doubting Antiquity School
6824:East-west cultural debate
6675:Coronation of Yuan Shikai
6631:
6603:Marquis of Extended Grace
6597:, or a descendant of the
6481:Abdication of the Emperor
6430:, the yellow represented
6416:Blue Sky with a White Sun
6211:Tannu Uriankhai secession
6161:Outer Mongolian secession
5835:Near the end of October,
5795:, the Muslim law student
5479:Battle of Changsha (1911)
5350:Second Guangzhou Uprising
5344:Second Guangzhou Uprising
5198:
5030:Foot Emancipation Society
5001:Blue Sky with a White Sun
4456:Dr. Sun Yat-sen in London
4182:Constitutional government
3971:turned to reformers like
3950:the Northwest (1862–1877)
3693:Revolutionary nationalism
3575:Outside of mainland China
3357:Chinese Pan-Blue Alliance
3352:Chinese Nationalist Party
3268:History of the Kuomintang
2366:
2332:President of the Republic
2318:. On 1 January 1912, the
2147:The Emperor's New Clothes
1899:5 October 1910 revolution
1894:French Revolution of 1848
917:Liberty as non-domination
850:
829:
822:
805:
791:
777:
770:
753:
739:
723:
709:
695:
688:
683:
679:
667:
653:
641:
637:
632:
605:
588:
326:
127:
76:
54:
46:
33:
17348:20th-century revolutions
17213:Great Qing Treasure Note
17033:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)
16743:Administrative divisions
16560:Administrative divisions
16488:Flag of the Qing dynasty
15801:Catholic Church in China
14945:People's Liberation Army
14912:One country, two systems
13872:
13845:
13822:
13799:
13776:
13760:. Taipei: Yuanliu (遠流).
13482:Hoover Institution Press
13186:. GEO.tv. Archived from
12936:South China morning post
12583:Penguin Publishing Group
12511:Fu, Zhengyuan. (1993).
12453:Fu, Zhengyuan. (1993).
12327:. Taylor & Francis.
12237:Yu Weichao Yu. (1997).
11723:Publishing. p. 63.
10088:Dillon, Michael (2013).
9916:Mühlhahn, Klaus (2014).
9532:The Atlantic, Volume 112
9263:Science and Football III
8945:
8882:
8386:Chinese University Press
7691:Harvard University Press
7613:South China Morning Post
7339:
7255:
7246:Democracy Party of China
7238:Chinese jasmine protests
6575:Provisional Constitution
6171:Bogd Khanate of Mongolia
6098:Uprisings in territories
5967:organized the Great Han
5823:In November, members of
5483:On 22 October 1911, the
5335:Gengxu New Army Uprising
5116:Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
4986:First Guangzhou Uprising
4976:First Guangzhou Uprising
4690:and the ethnic majority
4675:
4566:was another group, with
4529:, Gongqianghui (公強會) in
4446:South China Morning Post
4165:Second Sino-Japanese War
3606:Taiwanese People's Party
2307:(leader of the powerful
1989:1987 Fijian coups d'état
1949:1952 Egyptian revolution
927:Political representation
299:Bogd Khanate of Mongolia
16809:Chengde Mountain Resort
16610:Three Eastern Provinces
16260:First Sino-Japanese War
16235:Northern Chinese Famine
16094:Lin Shuangwen rebellion
15992:Qing invasion of Joseon
15633:Four Pillars of Destiny
15418:Regional discrimination
14840:Chinese Communist Party
13781:The Rule of Yuan Shikai
13476:Hsieh, Winston (1975).
13357:Kent, P. H. B. (1912).
12167:, 9780824822200. p. 45.
12097:Business History Review
12049:, 9780898755312. p.132.
11926:. Springer Publishing.
11654:. BRILL. pp. 83–.
10590:Teichman, Eric (1921).
10479:Schinz, Alfred (1996).
10360:Witchard, Anne (2012).
10191:—— (2022).
9976:Jowett, Philip (2013).
9946:Mueggler, Erik (2011).
9864:Frankel, James (2021).
9281:. pp. 105–106, 277–278.
9222:. ABC-CLIO Publishing.
9037:, 1901–2000, Volume 1.
7991:Wang, Ke-wen. (1998).
7755:Wang, Ke-wen. (1998).
7473:Wang, Ke-wen. (1998).
7164:Historical significance
7103:(貪官污吏傳) by Laoli (老吏).
6680:National Protection War
6515:Debate over the capital
6268:constitutional monarchy
6197:regained Outer Mongolia
6117:In 1905, the Qing sent
6091:in April and May 1912.
6010:Dihua and Yili Uprising
5676:Shanghai Armed Uprising
5600:Shanxi Taiyuan Uprising
5170:Huizhou Qinühu Uprising
5050:Japanese Prime Minister
4949:First Sino-Japanese War
4855:Arthur de Carle Sowerby
4574:, Liu Zhidan (劉志丹) and
4297:2017 Summer Universiade
4037:famine in 1906 and 1907
3954:First Sino-Japanese War
3611:Tibet Improvement Party
3586:Korea Nationalist Party
3431:Kuomintang Youth League
3369:123 Democratic Alliance
3362:Revolutionary Committee
3157:Five-Power Constitution
2484:By other characteristic
2349:In December 1915, Yuan
2336:new national government
1969:1969 Libyan coup d'état
1753:Discourse on Inequality
902:Consent of the governed
17190:Great Qing Copper Coin
17078:Convention of Tientsin
17011:Annotated Bibliography
16959:Qing official headwear
16002:Battle of Shanhai Pass
15386:Science and technology
15059:Special economic zones
14311:persecution of Uyghurs
14239:Century of humiliation
13577:208 (2011): 1009–1020.
13074:"劉少奇談辛亥革命(摘要)-中國共產黨新聞"
12856:. Hackett Publishing.
12677:. E. Arnold. pp.
11141:Lary, Diana. (2010).
10140:Sahay, Dr R K (2016).
8571:Chung, Dooeum (1997).
8536:Chung, Dooeum (2000).
7505:Bevir, Mark. (2010).
7402:Li, Xiaobing. (2007).
7130:The True Story of Ah Q
6566:
6504:Empress Dowager Longyu
6487:Puyi § Abdication
6477:
6383:
6325:North–South Conference
6320:
6304:North–South Conference
6231:
5999:
5986:would also be killed.
5831:Guangdong Independence
5820:
5688:
5584:
5566:Some Gansu Hui led by
5461:
5392:
5384:
5359:
5218:
4972:
4816:
4800:Gentry and businessmen
4593:
4541:, Yuewanghui (岳王會) in
4457:
4433:Furen Literary Society
4252:Project National Glory
4212:Retrocession of Taiwan
4160:Nationalist Government
3914:the last Qing emperor
3902:(left, 1858–1927) and
3828:
3314:Nationalist government
3240:State-owned enterprise
2278:imperial rule in China
355:Empress Dowager Longyu
327:Commanders and leaders
64:in Shanghai after the
17264:Draft History of Qing
17123:Treaty of Shimonoseki
16904:performance criticism
16508:Imperial Commissioner
16498:Great Qing Legal Code
16297:Eight-Nation Alliance
16280:Third plague pandemic
16190:Punti–Hakka Clan Wars
16114:White Lotus Rebellion
15593:Four Great Inventions
14977:People's Armed Police
13695:Yale University Press
13683:Wright, Mary Clabaugh
13334:Contemporary Accounts
12037:Wu Yuzhang. (2001).
12008:K. S. Liew. (1971).
11357:. pp. 182, 183.
10731:. 1905. p. 206.
10627:Keyte, J. C. (1924).
10549:. 1913. p. 251.
9220:Maya Lin: A Biography
8716:Wang, Ke-wen (1998).
8305:Wang, Ke-wen (1998).
7236:against the peaceful
7111:. Manchu culture and
6918:Crescent Moon Society
6709:Scientific Revolution
6564:
6475:
6396:provisional president
6369:
6311:
6229:
6032:Uprising (伊犁起義) with
5997:
5883:Shandong Independence
5861:viceroy of Liangguang
5810:
5702:ROC four big families
5683:
5582:
5459:
5391:Paths of the uprising
5390:
5382:
5357:
5213:
4970:
4807:
4588:
4455:
4020:anti-Manchu prejudice
3826:
3655:Cultural conservatism
2786:Bulgarian unification
2462:Counter-revolutionary
2369:) stem-branch in the
2351:restored the monarchy
2260:, ended China's last
2137:Criticism of monarchy
1959:North Yemen civil war
1773:The Federalist Papers
1068:Federal parliamentary
799:san1 hoi6 gaak3 ming6
606:Casualties and losses
119:Revolutionary victory
17363:Revolutions in China
17195:Great Qing Gold Coin
17128:Treaty of Tarbagatai
17073:Convention of Peking
16953:Pentaglot Dictionary
16935:Literary inquisition
16645:Ever Victorious Army
16478:Deliberative Council
16382:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
16335:1905 Batang uprising
16275:Hundred Days' Reform
16165:Small Swords Society
15572:World Heritage Sites
15100:Foreign aid received
14808:Environmental policy
14606:Environmental policy
14601:Environmental issues
13910:at Wikimedia Commons
13739:(Stanford UP, 2018)
13594:. Stanford, Calif.:
13385:6.4 (2011): 485–504
13363:. London: E. Arnold.
12755:China Revolutionized
11813:. BRILL Publishing.
10910:. Chapter 连锁反应 各省独立.
10805:China Revolutionized
10783:China Revolutionized
10706:China Revolutionized
10687:China Revolutionized
10668:China Revolutionized
10649:China Revolutionized
10387:Harper, Tim (2021).
9395:China Revolutionized
9366:China Revolutionized
8843:Judge, Joan (1996).
8722:Taylor & Francis
8644:. pp. 250–256.
8579:University of London
8311:Taylor & Francis
8153:. World Scientific.
7579:Dianda, Bas (2019).
7182:Father of the Nation
7109:New Culture Movement
6829:Total Westernization
6645:New Culture Movement
6599:Ming imperial family
6442:, and the black for
6323:On 18 December, the
6222:Change of government
6109:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
5959:Sichuan Independence
5656:Nanchang Restoration
5636:, Luo Peijin (羅佩金),
5473:Changsha Restoration
5452:Provincial uprisings
5258:Zhennanguan Uprising
5122:Ping-liu-li Uprising
5034:Empress Dowager Cixi
5007:and Sun Yat-sen led
4982:Revive China Society
4907:Black Dragon Society
4776:, known for writing
4537:, Yizhishe (易知社) in
4217:February 28 Incident
3993:Empress Dowager Cixi
3985:Hundred Days' Reform
3855:Empress Dowager Cixi
3596:People's Power Party
3436:Reorganization Group
3384:Revive China Society
3197:Socialism (Mínshēng)
2558:Contentious politics
2429:Political revolution
2409:. 10 October is the
2342:of the six-year-old
2282:early republican era
2252:, also known as the
2122:Classical radicalism
1864:Republic of Florence
1803:Democracy in America
962:Separation of powers
937:Public participation
155:Chinese Armed Forces
17353:Civil wars in China
17248:Anti-Qing sentiment
17098:Treaty of the Bogue
17038:Treaty of Nerchinsk
16970:Complete Tang Poems
16650:Green Standard Army
16533:Provincial governor
16503:Imperial Clan Court
16483:Diplomatic missions
16458:Consultative Bureau
16205:Tongzhi Restoration
16084:Afaqi Khoja revolts
16064:Ten Great Campaigns
15972:Jurchen unification
15818:History of religion
15813:Freedom of religion
15668:Four Pests campaign
15613:Four Classic Novels
15225:Automotive industry
15105:Foreign aid program
14796:Pro-democratisation
14291:Cultural Revolution
13633:Viewable online at
13270:Qian, Ying (2024).
13244:The West Australian
13190:on 11 November 2011
12834:. chinaknowledge.de
12575:(28 October 1982).
12573:Spence, Jonathan D.
11751:Rong, Ma. (2010).
11032:"辛亥百年蘇州光復 一根竹竿挑瓦革命"
10248:10.1525/luminos.117
10203:10.1525/luminos.117
9251:. 15 November 2009.
8946:公元1907年5月27日 黄冈起义失败
8632:Spence, Jonathan D.
7826:. Berg Publishing.
7509:. Sage Publishing.
7154:Late Imperial China
7094:A Short History of
6949:The Critical Review
6729:May Fourth Movement
6454:Donghuamen Incident
5803:Fujian Independence
5782:On 7 November, the
5745:Jiangsu Restoration
5660:On 31 October, the
5285:anti-Sun sentiments
5229:led an uprising in
5096:Great Ming Uprising
5020:In 1900, after the
4682:Anti-Qing sentiment
4495:, Sun Yat-sen, and
4467:was established in
4145:Northern Expedition
4008:punitive settlement
3938:Taiping (1851–1864)
3711:Anti-Qing sentiment
3441:Western Hills Group
3414:Blue Shirts Society
3374:Democratic Alliance
3324:Northern Expedition
3297:National Revolution
3285:Kidnapped in London
3167:Popular sovereignty
3150:Democracy (Mínquán)
3125:Chinese unification
3118:Nationalism (Mínzú)
3027:Politics portal
2373:of the traditional
2340:edict of abdication
2212:Politics portal
2017:Antigua and Barbuda
1964:Zanzibar Revolution
1874:American Revolution
1763:The Social Contract
932:Popular sovereignty
785:Sān-hoih gaak-mihng
223:Yellow Sand Society
212:Military Government
49:anti-Qing movements
17133:Treaty of Tientsin
16844:Western Qing tombs
16839:Eastern Qing tombs
16665:Peking Field Force
16409:Manchu Restoration
16302:Declaration of war
16255:Jindandao incident
16074:Lhasa riot of 1750
15725:Population history
15705:Internal migration
15320:Harmonious Society
15195:Telecommunications
15152:Standard of living
15071:Online advertising
14823:Standing Committee
13251:on 19 October 2017
13219:on 31 October 2011
12889:The New York Times
11600:China News Service
11541:"新疆伊犁辛亥革命打破清王朝西遷夢"
11094:"辛亥革命大事記_時政頻道_新華網"
11003:. Chinanews.com.cn
10449:The Chinese Empire
8544:Ashgate Publishing
7659:. ANU Publishing.
7438:Ashgate Publishing
7240:. Others, such as
7121:standard of living
6935:Major publications
6884:Schools of thought
6724:Russian Revolution
6704:
6685:Manchu Restoration
6666:
6567:
6557:Beiyang Government
6521:History of Beijing
6478:
6448:racial integration
6384:
6382:, 15 February 1912
6321:
6232:
6217:Uryankhay Republic
6000:
5821:
5689:
5585:
5537:Great Goose Pagoda
5462:
5435:Viceroy of Huguang
5393:
5385:
5360:
5319:Mapaoying Uprising
5219:
5190:) and Chen Chuan (
5158:Huanggang Uprising
5126:Ma Fuyi (馬福益) and
4973:
4836:Foreign supporters
4817:
4786:George Washingtons
4778:Revolutionary Army
4710:. Others, such as
4594:
4458:
4292:2015 Ma–Xi meeting
4277:Anti-Secession Law
4135:Beiyang Government
3946:Yunnan (1856–1873)
3829:
3731:Pan-Blue Coalition
3628:Related ideologies
3469:Chiang (Ching-kuo)
3263:First United Front
3162:Popular initiative
3002:Second Arab Spring
2258:Hsinhai Revolution
2178:Primus inter pares
1994:Nepalese Civil War
1984:Iranian Revolution
1954:14 July Revolution
1909:Russian Revolution
1904:Chinese Revolution
1854:Republic of Venice
1703:Discourses on Livy
17320:
17319:
17231:
17230:
17143:Treaty of Whampoa
17138:Treaty of Wanghia
17113:Treaty of Nanking
17083:Li–Lobanov Treaty
17058:Chefoo Convention
17053:Burlingame Treaty
16924:Kangxi Dictionary
16829:Old Summer Palace
16660:Firearm Battalion
16463:Cup of Solid Gold
16417:
16416:
16362:Manchurian plague
16325:Late Qing reforms
16316:(1901–1912)
16250:Sikkim expedition
16180:Panthay Rebellion
16150:Taiping Rebellion
16126:(1801–1900)
16104:Sino-Nepalese War
16049:Dzungar–Qing Wars
16035:(1683–1799)
15963:(1616–1683)
15909:
15908:
15869:
15868:
15676:
15675:
15253:
15252:
15240:Shipping industry
15004:
15003:
14970:Strategic Support
14845:General Secretary
14830:National security
14813:Foreign relations
14767:
14766:
14688:
14687:
14651:
14650:
14354:Natural disasters
14321:
14320:
14274:Chinese Civil War
14269:Republic of China
14244:Taiping Rebellion
14117:Spring and Autumn
14022:Foreign relations
13908:Xinhai Revolution
13906:Media related to
13886:978-957-708-735-5
13863:978-7-5443-0682-9
13836:978-957-08-0384-6
13813:978-957-08-1826-0
13790:978-957-32-4680-0
13767:978-957-32-3513-2
13704:978-0-300-01460-0
13674:978-4-13-027030-4
13605:978-0-8047-1321-4
13566:978-0-8248-1239-3
13514:978-0-8131-2616-6
13491:978-0-8179-3341-8
13468:978-0-520-07590-0
13441:978-0-7748-0129-4
13411:978-0-520-03084-8
13017:978-986-7143-13-6
12965:978-0-8248-1501-1
12919:978-0-7139-9832-0
12870:978-1-60384-204-4
12818:978-0-295-98040-9
12709:978-962-209-777-3
12702:. pp. 176–.
12592:978-1-101-17372-5
12558:978-1-134-35242-5
12551:. pp. 113–.
12529:978-0-521-44228-2
12500:978-0-8047-0031-3
12471:978-0-521-44228-2
12434:dnspod.qcloud.com
12398:978-0-231-08957-9
12369:978-986-221-008-6
12341:978-0-415-58264-3
12289:978-0-8047-3337-3
12255:978-7-5054-0514-1
12226:978-0-7425-5314-9
12194:978-0-615-24479-2
12079:978-957-14-0669-5
12026:978-0-520-01760-3
11976:978-0-295-98040-9
11940:978-90-247-0552-8
11911:978-0-295-98040-9
11882:978-0-7656-1284-7
11827:978-90-04-08390-5
11769:978-962-209-202-0
11741:978-1-56324-714-9
11704:978-0-520-24464-1
11693:978-0-520-24464-1
11661:978-90-04-28809-6
11627:978-0-521-25514-1
11603:. 7 October 2011.
11523:978-957-671-150-3
11495:978-0-295-98040-9
11364:978-0-295-97644-0
11296:978-986-221-636-1
11268:978-7-80651-206-7
11243:978-7-101-00390-1
11190:978-0-231-08957-9
11159:978-0-521-13629-7
11081:978-0-295-98040-9
10900:978-7-5313-3869-7
10728:Japan Weekly Mail
10363:Lao She in London
9612:978-0-295-98040-9
9578:978-0-295-97644-0
9444:978-7-302-10146-8
9279:978-0-419-22160-9
9236:978-0-313-37853-9
9148:978-981-279-047-7
9096:978-986-221-190-8
9071:978-0-9842762-0-2
9012:978-957-11-2898-6
8931:978-986-221-510-4
8869:978-0-8047-2741-9
8828:978-7-5004-3309-5
8779:978-0-8108-4930-3
8768:978-0-8108-4930-3
8742:978-0-8153-0720-4
8689:978-962-201-987-4
8662:978-0-393-30780-1
8613:978-1-317-47177-6
8553:978-0-7546-1166-0
8518:978-0-8147-3641-8
8511:. pp. 252–.
8484:978-0-8047-4011-1
8447:978-1-4617-4770-3
8423:. T Fisher Unwin.
8406:978-962-201-409-1
8331:978-0-8153-0720-4
8294:978-0-295-98040-9
8244:978-0-7139-9832-0
8223:978-0-7139-9832-0
8193:978-0-8108-4930-3
8138:978-0-691-00877-6
8109:978-986-221-141-0
8062:978-986-221-826-6
8037:978-957-11-2898-6
8009:978-0-8153-0720-4
7977:978-7-101-05156-8
7906:978-4-13-027030-4
7877:978-962-201-987-4
7840:978-0-8264-5749-3
7811:978-0-8179-9272-9
7773:978-0-8153-0720-4
7739:978-0-226-30416-8
7711:978-0-674-02665-0
7700:978-0-674-02665-0
7673:978-1-920942-44-1
7644:978-0-8248-2179-1
7592:978-1-62273-508-2
7568:978-0-521-11677-0
7557:978-0-521-11677-0
7536:Chang, Kang-i Sun
7523:978-1-4129-5865-3
7493:. p. 106. p. 344.
7491:978-0-8153-0720-4
7458:978-0-7546-7913-4
7447:978-0-7546-7913-4
7440:Ltd. p. 91.
7432:Li, Xing (2010).
7420:978-0-8131-2438-4
7388:, pp. 49–52.
7334:Monarchy of China
7221:, founder of the
7205:Modern evaluation
7141:on the mainland.
7085:
7084:
6872:Education reforms
6867:Feminist movement
6766:Anti-Confucianism
6760:
6719:French Revolution
6700:
6670:Second Revolution
6661:
6352:New Summer Palace
6270:. On 9 November,
6260:Nineteen Articles
6127:imperial resident
6113:Tibet (1912–1951)
6103:Tibetan secession
5949:Xinhai Revolution
5724:Zhejiang Uprising
5575:Jiujiang Uprising
5549:baoyi bondservant
5503:On the same day,
5401:Battle of Yangxia
5291:Qin-Lian Uprising
4718:Strata and groups
4708:Taiping Rebellion
4641:anarchist program
4518:, who fought for
4415:
4414:
4381:Taiwan portal
4282:100th anniversary
4155:Chinese Civil War
4150:Shanghai massacre
4130:Provisional Gov't
4056:Republic of China
3989:conservative coup
3816:
3815:
3721:National Assembly
3660:Dai Jitao Thought
3479:Chiang (Wei-shui)
3474:Chiang (Kai-shek)
3396:Young China Party
3334:Second Revolution
3319:New Life Movement
3061:
3060:
2595:Mass mobilization
2585:Guerrilla warfare
2379:Republic of China
2320:National Assembly
2270:Republic of China
2254:Xinhai Revolution
2246:
2245:
2189:Republican empire
2162:List of republics
2011:National variants
1939:Spanish Civil War
1879:French Revolution
1859:Republic of Genoa
1743:The Spirit of Law
1676:Theoretical works
1020:Neo-republicanism
854:
853:
846:
845:
779:Yale Romanization
690:Standard Mandarin
628:
627:
186:Revolutionaries:
123:
122:
66:Shanghai Uprising
17375:
17297:New Qing History
17180:Qianlong Tongbao
17158:
17157:
17103:Treaty of Canton
17043:Unequal treaties
16849:Fuling Mausoleum
16448:Advisory Council
16377:Wuchang Uprising
16317:
16220:Tianjin Massacre
16185:Second Opium War
16127:
16089:Sino-Burmese War
16036:
16014:Battle of Penghu
15982:Seven Grievances
15964:
15957:
15956:
15936:
15929:
15922:
15913:
15912:
15889:
15882:
15779:Tibetan Buddhism
15774:Chinese Buddhism
15628:Four Holy Beasts
15578:
15577:
15430:Social relations
15359:Standard Chinese
15354:Chinese language
15264:
15263:
15049:Economic history
15015:
15014:
14994:Maritime Militia
14703:
14702:
14699:
14698:
14670:Border crossings
14665:Baseline islands
14360:
14359:
14332:
14331:
14296:Tiananmen Square
14179:Sixteen Kingdoms
13987:Military history
13962:
13961:
13938:
13931:
13924:
13915:
13914:
13905:
13890:
13867:
13840:
13817:
13794:
13771:
13735:Zheng, Xiaowei.
13721:
13708:
13692:
13678:
13632:
13609:
13580:Paulès, Xavier.
13570:
13547:
13518:
13495:
13472:
13456:
13445:
13415:
13364:
13349:Internet Archive
13346:
13327:
13315:
13290:
13289:
13274:. New York, NY:
13267:
13261:
13260:
13258:
13256:
13235:
13229:
13228:
13226:
13224:
13209:
13200:
13199:
13197:
13195:
13180:
13171:
13170:
13168:
13166:
13151:
13145:
13144:
13126:
13120:
13119:
13117:
13115:
13100:
13094:
13093:
13091:
13089:
13070:
13064:
13063:
13061:
13059:
13044:
13038:
13035:
13020:
13001:
12995:
12994:
12974:
12968:
12949:
12940:
12939:
12931:
12922:
12907:
12901:
12900:
12898:
12896:
12879:
12873:
12854:China: A History
12850:
12844:
12843:
12841:
12839:
12827:
12821:
12798:
12789:
12788:
12786:
12784:
12773:
12767:
12766:
12763:Internet Archive
12750:
12744:
12743:
12724:
12718:
12717:
12689:
12683:
12682:
12668:
12662:
12661:
12653:Monumenta Serica
12648:
12642:
12641:
12628:
12622:
12621:
12607:
12601:
12600:
12585:. pp. 84–.
12569:
12563:
12562:
12538:
12532:
12509:
12503:
12480:
12474:
12451:
12445:
12444:
12442:
12440:
12426:
12401:
12378:
12372:
12353:
12344:
12318:
12312:
12301:
12292:
12269:
12258:
12235:
12229:
12206:
12197:
12174:
12168:
12153:
12147:
12144:
12138:
12135:
12129:
12128:
12088:
12082:
12063:
12050:
12035:
12029:
12006:
12000:
11985:
11979:
11956:
11943:
11920:
11914:
11891:
11885:
11862:
11856:
11836:
11830:
11807:
11798:
11783:
11772:
11749:
11743:
11734:
11712:
11706:
11697:
11675:
11666:
11665:
11645:
11639:
11638:
11636:
11634:
11611:
11605:
11604:
11591:
11585:
11570:
11557:
11556:
11554:
11552:
11547:on 24 March 2020
11537:
11526:
11507:
11498:
11475:
11466:
11463:
11457:
11456:
11450:
11442:
11440:
11438:
11424:
11418:
11415:
11409:
11406:
11400:
11399:
11379:
11373:
11372:
11344:
11338:
11337:
11332:
11330:
11314:
11308:
11305:
11299:
11280:
11271:
11252:
11246:
11227:
11221:
11218:
11212:
11209:
11198:
11197:
11178:
11168:
11162:
11139:
11133:
11130:
11124:
11123:
11116:
11110:
11109:
11107:
11105:
11090:
11084:
11061:
11048:
11047:
11045:
11043:
11028:
11022:
11019:
11013:
11012:
11010:
11008:
10997:
10991:
10988:
10982:
10981:
10979:
10977:
10962:
10956:
10955:
10948:
10942:
10939:
10933:
10932:
10930:
10928:
10917:
10911:
10892:
10861:
10860:
10858:
10856:
10846:
10840:
10839:
10819:
10813:
10812:
10800:
10791:
10790:
10778:
10772:
10771:
10743:
10737:
10736:
10723:
10717:
10716:
10701:
10695:
10694:
10682:
10676:
10675:
10663:
10657:
10656:
10644:
10638:
10637:
10635:
10624:
10618:
10617:
10604:
10598:
10597:
10587:
10581:
10580:
10560:
10554:
10553:
10541:
10535:
10534:
10520:
10514:
10513:
10503:
10497:
10496:
10476:
10470:
10469:
10465:China's Millions
10460:
10454:
10453:
10444:
10438:
10437:
10427:
10421:
10420:
10411:
10405:
10404:
10384:
10378:
10377:
10357:
10351:
10350:
10330:
10324:
10323:
10306:Li, Xue (2018).
10303:
10297:
10296:
10276:
10270:
10269:
10233:
10227:
10224:
10187:
10167:
10161:
10160:
10137:
10131:
10130:
10124:
10116:
10111:
10109:
10085:
10079:
10078:
10055:
10049:
10048:
10025:
10019:
10018:
10012:
10004:
9999:
9997:
9973:
9967:
9966:
9943:
9937:
9936:
9913:
9907:
9906:
9900:
9892:
9887:
9885:
9861:
9855:
9854:
9841:
9835:
9834:
9828:
9820:
9815:
9813:
9789:
9783:
9782:
9759:
9753:
9752:
9729:
9723:
9722:
9702:
9696:
9695:
9675:
9669:
9668:
9648:
9642:
9641:
9621:
9615:
9592:
9583:
9582:
9562:
9553:
9552:
9543:
9537:
9536:
9527:
9521:
9520:
9506:
9500:
9499:
9497:
9495:
9480:
9447:
9428:
9413:
9412:
9390:
9384:
9383:
9361:
9355:
9344:
9331:
9320:
9311:
9310:
9304:
9302:
9288:
9282:
9259:
9253:
9252:
9245:
9239:
9216:
9207:
9196:
9187:
9184:
9178:
9175:
9169:
9166:
9160:
9157:
9151:
9128:
9122:
9119:
9113:
9110:
9099:
9080:
9074:
9055:
9044:
9042:
9041:
9036:
9035:
9030:
9029:
9024:
9015:
8997:
8996:
8991:
8990:
8985:
8984:
8979:
8978:
8973:
8967:
8966:
8964:
8962:
8940:
8934:
8915:
8904:
8903:
8901:
8899:
8877:
8871:
8862:
8840:
8831:
8812:
8806:
8787:
8781:
8772:
8750:
8744:
8735:
8713:
8704:
8701:
8692:
8673:
8664:
8655:
8628:
8622:
8621:
8606:. pp. 71–.
8593:
8587:
8586:
8568:
8562:
8561:
8533:
8527:
8526:
8498:
8492:
8491:
8468:
8458:
8452:
8451:
8431:
8425:
8424:
8414:
8408:
8399:
8377:
8368:
8367:
8339:
8333:
8324:
8302:
8296:
8287:
8265:
8259:
8253:
8247:
8232:
8226:
8225:. p. 96. p. 106.
8211:
8196:
8173:
8162:
8161:, 9789812566188.
8147:
8141:
8118:
8112:
8093:
8087:
8081:
8071:
8065:
8046:
8040:
8021:
8012:
7989:
7980:
7961:
7955:
7952:
7946:
7945:, 9789571131757.
7935:
7929:
7915:
7909:
7886:
7880:
7861:
7852:
7849:
7843:
7820:
7814:
7797:. Hoover Press.
7791:
7785:
7782:
7776:
7753:
7742:
7719:
7713:
7704:
7682:
7676:
7653:
7647:
7624:
7618:
7617:
7616:. 29 March 2011.
7607:
7601:
7600:
7576:
7570:
7561:
7532:
7526:
7503:
7494:
7471:
7460:
7451:
7429:
7423:
7422:. pp. 13, 26–27.
7400:
7389:
7386:Kit-ching (1978)
7383:
7358:
7348:
7288:
7283:
7282:
7281:
7176:
7135:Chiang Ching-kuo
7077:
7070:
7063:
6956:A Madman's Diary
6910:New Confucianism
6905:Creation Society
6771:Social Darwinism
6756:
6641:
6640:
6637:Social influence
6595:Duke of Yansheng
6528:Mongol secession
6468:
6438:, the white for
6333:
6257:
6053:
6042:
5990:Nanjing Uprising
5974:On 22 November,
5963:On 21 November,
5907:On 17 November,
5903:Ningxia Uprising
5817:Lianjiang County
5778:Guangxi Uprising
5708:Guizhou Uprising
5499:Shaanxi Uprising
5397:Wuchang Uprising
5375:Wuchang Uprising
5367:. Revolutionary
5241:Qinzhou Uprising
5221:On 6 July 1907,
5201:
5200:
5195:
5194:
5189:
5188:
5183:
5182:
5112:Jintian uprising
5078:
5064:
5040:Huizhou Uprising
5028:of the previous
4994:
4883:
4868:
4733:overseas Chinese
4731:Assistance from
4727:Overseas Chinese
4700:Tatar barbarians
4407:
4400:
4393:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4363:the Taiwan issue
4227:Exodus to Taiwan
4200:
4169:Nanjing Massacre
4113:
4066:
4050:
4049:
4041:Xuantong Emperor
3981:reforms in Japan
3942:Nian (1851–1868)
3930:Second Opium War
3893:
3884:
3875:
3848:
3839:
3808:
3801:
3794:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3650:Communitarianism
3559:
3542:
3305:
3293:
3281:
3273:June 16 incident
3224:
3212:
3190:
3105:Anti-imperialism
3092:
3082:
3078:Three Principles
3063:
3062:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3025:
3024:
2878:Hungarian (1956)
2710:Spanish American
2439:
2416:
2415:
2383:island of Taiwan
2375:Chinese calendar
2371:sexagenary cycle
2368:
2344:Xuantong Emperor
2326:, leader of the
2297:Wuchang Uprising
2293:anti-Qing groups
2274:Chinese monarchy
2262:imperial dynasty
2238:
2231:
2224:
2210:
2209:
2194:Republican Party
2172:Peasant republic
2132:Communitarianism
1849:Classical Athens
1844:
1818:
1808:
1798:
1788:
1778:
1768:
1758:
1748:
1738:
1728:
1718:
1708:
1698:
1688:
922:Mixed government
856:
855:
842:
841:
840:Sin-hāi kek-bēng
818:
817:
816:
801:
800:
787:
786:
766:
765:
764:
749:
748:
735:
734:
733:
732:Hsin-hai ko-ming
719:
718:
717:ㄒㄧㄣ ㄏㄞˋ ㄍㄜˊ ㄇㄧㄥˋ
705:
704:
681:
680:
663:
662:
646:
630:
629:
620:
613:
581:
580:
567:
566:
565:
555:
554:
553:
543:
542:
541:
531:
530:
529:
519:
518:
517:
507:
506:
505:
495:
494:
493:
483:
482:
481:
465:
464:
453:
452:
441:
440:
429:
428:
417:
416:
405:
404:
393:
392:
381:
380:
365:
364:
353:
352:
343:Xuantong Emperor
341:
340:
315:
311:
309:
308:
276:
275:
274:
264:
263:
262:
257:
256:
255:
245:
244:
243:
233:
232:
231:
221:
220:
219:
208:
207:
206:
196:
195:
194:
177:
176:
163:
153:
152:
140:
139:
99:
97:
91:
89:
78:
77:
68:, hung with the
59:
42:
41:
40:
31:
30:
17383:
17382:
17378:
17377:
17376:
17374:
17373:
17372:
17333:1911 Revolution
17323:
17322:
17321:
17316:
17312:Willow Palisade
17258:Chuang Guandong
17227:
17199:
17149:
17108:Treaty of Kulja
17093:Treaty of Aigun
17026:
17018:
16917:History of Ming
16869:
16863:
16801:
16795:
16721:Special regions
16716:
16655:Imperial Guards
16621:
16413:
16372:1911 Revolution
16318:
16315:
16308:
16285:Boxer Rebellion
16245:Sino-French War
16195:Amur Annexation
16140:First Opium War
16128:
16125:
16118:
16037:
16034:
16025:
16009:Great Clearance
15965:
15962:
15946:
15940:
15910:
15905:
15892:
15885:
15878:
15865:
15837:
15755:
15715:Life expectancy
15672:
15576:
15456:
15376:Public holidays
15364:Written Chinese
15349:Intellectualism
15301:Sex trafficking
15249:
15211:
15171:
15000:
14916:
14763:
14754:Nationality law
14737:Law enforcement
14715:Judicial system
14684:
14647:
14621:Nature reserves
14611:Protected areas
14577:
14548:Water resources
14511:
14420:
14358:
14317:
14301:Economic reform
14264:1911 Revolution
14250:
14214:Jin (1115–1234)
14128:
14076:
14036:
13951:
13942:
13898:
13893:
13887:
13874:
13864:
13856:: Hainan (海南).
13847:
13837:
13824:
13814:
13801:
13791:
13778:
13768:
13751:
13746:
13705:
13675:
13638:Manchus and Han
13629:
13606:
13575:China Quarterly
13567:
13544:
13515:
13492:
13469:
13442:
13412:
13377:
13372:
13367:
13336:
13331:
13304:
13302:Primary Sources
13299:
13297:Further reading
13294:
13293:
13286:
13268:
13264:
13254:
13252:
13237:
13236:
13232:
13222:
13220:
13211:
13210:
13203:
13193:
13191:
13182:
13181:
13174:
13164:
13162:
13152:
13148:
13141:
13127:
13123:
13113:
13111:
13110:on 14 July 2012
13102:
13101:
13097:
13087:
13085:
13084:on 17 June 2012
13072:
13071:
13067:
13057:
13055:
13054:on 5 April 2012
13046:
13045:
13041:
13036:
13023:
13002:
12998:
12991:
12975:
12971:
12950:
12943:
12932:
12925:
12908:
12904:
12894:
12892:
12880:
12876:
12851:
12847:
12837:
12835:
12828:
12824:
12799:
12792:
12782:
12780:
12775:
12774:
12770:
12751:
12747:
12740:
12726:
12725:
12721:
12710:
12690:
12686:
12669:
12665:
12650:
12649:
12645:
12630:
12629:
12625:
12608:
12604:
12593:
12570:
12566:
12559:
12539:
12535:
12510:
12506:
12481:
12477:
12452:
12448:
12438:
12436:
12428:
12427:
12404:
12379:
12375:
12354:
12347:
12319:
12315:
12302:
12295:
12270:
12261:
12236:
12232:
12207:
12200:
12175:
12171:
12154:
12150:
12145:
12141:
12136:
12132:
12089:
12085:
12064:
12053:
12036:
12032:
12007:
12003:
11986:
11982:
11957:
11946:
11921:
11917:
11892:
11888:
11863:
11859:
11837:
11833:
11829:. pp.38–40, 79.
11808:
11801:
11784:
11775:
11750:
11746:
11731:
11713:
11709:
11694:
11686:. p. 230.
11676:
11669:
11662:
11646:
11642:
11632:
11630:
11628:
11612:
11608:
11593:
11592:
11588:
11571:
11560:
11550:
11548:
11539:
11538:
11529:
11508:
11501:
11476:
11469:
11464:
11460:
11444:
11443:
11436:
11434:
11425:
11421:
11416:
11412:
11407:
11403:
11396:
11380:
11376:
11365:
11345:
11341:
11328:
11326:
11316:
11315:
11311:
11306:
11302:
11281:
11274:
11253:
11249:
11228:
11224:
11219:
11215:
11210:
11201:
11191:
11169:
11165:
11140:
11136:
11131:
11127:
11118:
11117:
11113:
11103:
11101:
11092:
11091:
11087:
11062:
11051:
11041:
11039:
11030:
11029:
11025:
11020:
11016:
11006:
11004:
10999:
10998:
10994:
10989:
10985:
10975:
10973:
10972:on 5 April 2012
10964:
10963:
10959:
10950:
10949:
10945:
10940:
10936:
10926:
10924:
10921:"辛亥革命中的九江起义(3)"
10919:
10918:
10914:
10893:
10864:
10854:
10852:
10850:"中華民國海軍 - 旗海圖幟"
10848:
10847:
10843:
10836:
10820:
10816:
10801:
10794:
10779:
10775:
10764:
10756:. p. 263.
10744:
10740:
10725:
10724:
10720:
10702:
10698:
10683:
10679:
10664:
10660:
10645:
10641:
10633:
10625:
10621:
10606:
10605:
10601:
10588:
10584:
10577:
10561:
10557:
10543:
10542:
10538:
10521:
10517:
10504:
10500:
10493:
10477:
10473:
10462:
10461:
10457:
10446:
10445:
10441:
10428:
10424:
10413:
10412:
10408:
10401:
10385:
10381:
10374:
10358:
10354:
10347:
10331:
10327:
10320:
10304:
10300:
10293:
10277:
10273:
10258:
10234:
10230:
10213:
10190:
10184:
10168:
10164:
10154:
10138:
10134:
10118:
10117:
10107:
10105:
10102:
10086:
10082:
10072:
10056:
10052:
10042:
10026:
10022:
10006:
10005:
9995:
9993:
9990:
9974:
9970:
9960:
9944:
9940:
9930:
9914:
9910:
9894:
9893:
9883:
9881:
9878:
9862:
9858:
9842:
9838:
9822:
9821:
9811:
9809:
9806:
9790:
9786:
9776:
9760:
9756:
9746:
9730:
9726:
9719:
9703:
9699:
9692:
9676:
9672:
9665:
9649:
9645:
9638:
9622:
9618:
9593:
9586:
9579:
9563:
9556:
9545:
9544:
9540:
9529:
9528:
9524:
9507:
9503:
9493:
9491:
9482:
9481:
9450:
9429:
9416:
9409:
9391:
9387:
9380:
9362:
9358:
9345:
9334:
9321:
9314:
9300:
9298:
9289:
9285:
9260:
9256:
9247:
9246:
9242:
9217:
9210:
9197:
9190:
9185:
9181:
9176:
9172:
9167:
9163:
9158:
9154:
9129:
9125:
9120:
9116:
9111:
9102:
9081:
9077:
9056:
9047:
9025:
9018:
8974:
8970:
8960:
8958:
8957:on 7 April 2012
8947:
8942:
8941:
8937:
8916:
8907:
8897:
8895:
8884:
8879:
8878:
8874:
8859:
8851:. p. 214.
8841:
8834:
8813:
8809:
8788:
8784:
8769:
8759:Scarecrow Press
8751:
8747:
8732:
8724:. p. 424.
8714:
8707:
8702:
8695:
8674:
8667:
8652:
8629:
8625:
8614:
8594:
8590:
8569:
8565:
8554:
8534:
8530:
8519:
8499:
8495:
8485:
8459:
8455:
8448:
8432:
8428:
8415:
8411:
8396:
8378:
8371:
8360:
8341:
8340:
8336:
8321:
8303:
8299:
8284:
8266:
8262:
8254:
8250:
8233:
8229:
8212:
8199:
8174:
8165:
8148:
8144:
8119:
8115:
8094:
8090:
8073:
8072:
8068:
8047:
8043:
8022:
8015:
7990:
7983:
7962:
7958:
7953:
7949:
7936:
7932:
7916:
7912:
7887:
7883:
7862:
7855:
7850:
7846:
7821:
7817:
7792:
7788:
7783:
7779:
7754:
7745:
7720:
7716:
7701:
7693:. p. 128.
7683:
7679:
7654:
7650:
7625:
7621:
7609:
7608:
7604:
7593:
7577:
7573:
7558:
7550:. p. 441.
7546:. Vol. 2.
7533:
7529:
7504:
7497:
7472:
7463:
7448:
7430:
7426:
7401:
7392:
7384:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7368:
7354:
7342:
7284:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7258:
7207:
7166:
7081:
7052:
7051:
6977:
6969:
6968:
6936:
6928:
6927:
6914:Research Clique
6885:
6877:
6876:
6836:Democratization
6814:
6806:
6805:
6742:
6734:
6733:
6664:1911 Revolution
6659:
6651:
6639:
6634:
6587:
6559:
6553:
6541:riots and fires
6523:
6517:
6489:
6483:
6462:
6456:
6434:, the blue for
6389:
6364:
6327:
6306:
6286:
6280:
6251:
6237:
6224:
6219:
6213:
6190:Tannu Uriankhai
6173:
6165:Main articles:
6163:
6115:
6107:Main articles:
6105:
6100:
6047:
6036:
6018:
6012:
5992:
5961:
5905:
5885:
5833:
5805:
5780:
5764:
5749:On 5 November,
5747:
5738:Chiang Kai-shek
5726:
5710:
5678:
5658:
5626:
5604:On 29 October,
5602:
5587:On 23 October,
5577:
5501:
5481:
5475:
5454:
5403:
5395:Main articles:
5377:
5352:
5346:
5337:
5321:
5309:
5293:
5260:
5243:
5208:
5206:Anqing Uprising
5172:
5160:
5150:Wu Yue (吳樾) of
5148:
5124:
5104:
5098:
5093:
5092:
5091:
5090:
5086:
5085:
5084:
5079:
5071:
5070:
5065:
5042:
5022:Boxer Rebellion
5018:
4988:
4978:
4957:
4941:
4903:
4902:
4901:
4900:
4892:
4891:
4890:
4884:
4876:
4875:
4869:
4843:Miyazaki Touten
4838:
4802:
4750:
4740:(Singapore and
4729:
4720:
4684:
4678:
4626:
4599:
4580:Communist Party
4477:
4425:
4423:Earliest groups
4420:
4411:
4375:
4373:
4368:
4367:
4354:
4335:
4329:
4325:
4313:
4312:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4201:
4198:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4125:1911 Revolution
4119:
4118:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4101:
4055:
3997:Boxer Rebellion
3969:Guangxu Emperor
3926:First Opium War
3922:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3886:
3885:
3877:
3876:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3859:Guangxu Emperor
3851:
3850:
3849:
3841:
3840:
3821:
3812:
3774:
3772:
3762:
3760:
3753:
3752:
3726:National Anthem
3706:
3698:
3697:
3629:
3621:
3620:
3576:
3568:
3567:
3553:
3536:
3514:Wang (Chonghui)
3454:
3446:
3445:
3409:
3401:
3400:
3347:
3339:
3338:
3299:
3287:
3275:
3258:1911 Revolution
3253:
3245:
3244:
3218:
3206:
3193:
3184:
3172:Recall election
3146:
3114:
3100:
3079:
3076:
3057:
3019:
3014:
3013:
2670:
2662:
2661:
2533:
2525:
2524:
2485:
2477:
2476:
2447:
2358:, including an
2250:1911 Revolution
2242:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2117:
2109:
2108:
2012:
2004:
2003:
1889:Trienio Liberal
1830:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1806:
1796:
1786:
1776:
1766:
1756:
1746:
1736:
1726:
1716:
1706:
1696:
1686:
1677:
1669:
1668:
1404:Flynn (Stephen)
1289:
1281:
1280:
1121:
1113:
1112:
1038:
1030:
1029:
985:
977:
976:
972:Social equality
967:Social contract
957:Self-governance
912:Democratization
887:Anti-corruption
882:Anti-monarchism
877:
861:Politics series
747:Sin-hài gé-mìng
741:Tongyong Pinyin
731:
668:Literal meaning
649:
633:1911 Revolution
623:
600:
575:
574:
573:
563:
561:
551:
549:
539:
537:
527:
525:
515:
513:
503:
501:
497:Chiang Kai-shek
491:
489:
479:
477:
471:
459:
447:
435:
423:
411:
399:
387:
375:
359:
347:
335:
306:
304:
292:
272:
270:
260:
258:
253:
251:
241:
239:
229:
227:
217:
215:
204:
202:
192:
190:
171:
147:
134:
111:
95:
93:
87:
85:
60:
36:
35:
34:1911 Revolution
27:
22:1911 Revolution
17:
12:
11:
5:
17381:
17371:
17370:
17365:
17360:
17355:
17350:
17345:
17340:
17335:
17318:
17317:
17315:
17314:
17309:
17304:
17299:
17294:
17289:
17284:
17279:
17274:
17267:
17260:
17255:
17250:
17245:
17239:
17237:
17233:
17232:
17229:
17228:
17226:
17225:
17220:
17215:
17209:
17207:
17201:
17200:
17198:
17197:
17192:
17187:
17182:
17177:
17175:Kangxi Tongbao
17172:
17166:
17164:
17155:
17151:
17150:
17148:
17147:
17146:
17145:
17140:
17135:
17130:
17125:
17120:
17115:
17110:
17105:
17100:
17095:
17090:
17085:
17080:
17075:
17070:
17065:
17060:
17055:
17050:
17048:Boxer Protocol
17040:
17035:
17029:
17027:
17020:
17019:
17017:
17016:
17015:
17014:
17000:
16995:
16990:
16985:
16978:
16973:
16966:
16961:
16956:
16949:
16942:
16937:
16932:
16927:
16920:
16913:
16908:
16907:
16906:
16896:
16891:
16884:
16879:
16873:
16871:
16865:
16864:
16862:
16861:
16856:
16851:
16846:
16841:
16836:
16831:
16826:
16821:
16816:
16814:Forbidden City
16811:
16805:
16803:
16797:
16796:
16794:
16793:
16792:
16791:
16781:
16780:
16779:
16777:General of Ili
16774:
16764:
16763:
16762:
16760:List of ambans
16757:
16747:
16746:
16745:
16735:
16730:
16724:
16722:
16718:
16717:
16715:
16714:
16709:
16708:
16707:
16702:
16697:
16687:
16682:
16677:
16672:
16667:
16662:
16657:
16652:
16647:
16642:
16637:
16631:
16629:
16623:
16622:
16620:
16619:
16614:
16613:
16612:
16607:
16602:
16597:
16592:
16587:
16582:
16577:
16572:
16562:
16557:
16556:
16555:
16545:
16540:
16535:
16530:
16525:
16520:
16515:
16510:
16505:
16500:
16495:
16490:
16485:
16480:
16475:
16470:
16465:
16460:
16455:
16450:
16445:
16444:
16443:
16438:
16427:
16425:
16419:
16418:
16415:
16414:
16412:
16411:
16406:
16401:
16400:
16399:
16394:
16389:
16384:
16379:
16369:
16364:
16359:
16354:
16353:
16352:
16347:
16337:
16332:
16327:
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15110:Historical GDP
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14888:Vice President
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14596:Climate policy
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14497:Central Plains
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14344:Extreme points
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13982:Historiography
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13926:
13918:
13912:
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13897:
13896:External links
13894:
13892:
13891:
13885:
13873:告別革命-二十世紀中國對談錄
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13140:978-7805315430
13139:
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13078:People's Daily
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12321:Hsiao-ting Lin
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12130:
12103:(3): 507–534.
12083:
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12028:. pp. 131–136.
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11719:(2 ed.).
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11125:
11111:
11100:on 21 May 2014
11085:
11049:
11038:on 21 May 2014
11023:
11014:
10992:
10983:
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10954:. p. 102.
10943:
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10763:978-0295800554
10762:
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10576:978-0295800554
10575:
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10536:
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10471:
10455:
10452:. p. 201.
10439:
10422:
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10400:978-0674724617
10399:
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10373:978-9888139606
10372:
10352:
10346:978-0774837811
10345:
10325:
10319:978-3643908940
10318:
10298:
10292:978-0295997483
10291:
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10257:978-0520385320
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10212:978-0520385320
10211:
10183:978-0520385320
10182:
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10153:978-9386019905
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10101:978-1136809330
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10071:978-0774837811
10070:
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10041:978-1621892915
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9989:978-1472806741
9988:
9968:
9959:978-0520269026
9958:
9938:
9929:978-3486713695
9928:
9908:
9877:978-0755638840
9876:
9867:Islam in China
9856:
9836:
9805:978-1532637544
9804:
9784:
9775:978-0774837811
9774:
9754:
9745:978-0295800554
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9690:
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9490:on 21 May 2014
9448:
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9150:. pp. 182–187.
9123:
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9075:
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8986:. Volume 5 of
8968:
8935:
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8546:. p. 61.
8528:
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8483:
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8426:
8409:
8394:
8388:. p. 37.
8369:
8359:978-0813126173
8358:
8334:
8319:
8313:. p. 76.
8297:
8282:
8276:. p. 21.
8260:
8248:
8227:
8197:
8195:. p.156. p.29.
8163:
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8011:. pp. 390–391.
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7299:
7290:
7289:
7273:
7270:
7266:Shōkichi Umeya
7257:
7254:
7234:2011 crackdown
7206:
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7165:
7162:
7137:in Taiwan and
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6976:Notable people
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6895:Xueheng School
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6819:Westernization
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6555:Main article:
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6530:. But Sun and
6516:
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6485:Main article:
6482:
6479:
6455:
6452:
6388:
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6376:Hongwu Emperor
6363:
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6282:Main article:
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6220:
6215:Main article:
6212:
6209:
6201:United Nations
6182:Inner Mongolia
6162:
6159:
6147:Thubten Gyatso
6104:
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6099:
6096:
6014:Main article:
6011:
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5991:
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5957:
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5837:Chen Jiongming
5832:
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5804:
5801:
5793:Huang Shaohong
5779:
5776:
5763:
5762:Anhui Uprising
5760:
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5709:
5706:
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5598:
5576:
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5497:
5477:Main article:
5474:
5471:
5453:
5450:
5414:officers like
5376:
5373:
5348:Main article:
5345:
5342:
5336:
5333:
5320:
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5308:
5307:Hekou Uprising
5305:
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5256:
5242:
5239:
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5204:
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5100:Main article:
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5041:
5038:
5017:
5014:
5009:Zheng Shiliang
4977:
4974:
4956:
4953:
4940:
4937:
4928:Tōten Miyazaki
4916:Tōyama Mitsuru
4894:
4893:
4885:
4878:
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4870:
4863:
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4861:
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4859:
4837:
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4830:prime minister
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4716:
4694:from the late
4680:Main article:
4677:
4674:
4625:
4622:
4598:
4595:
4520:women's rights
4476:
4475:Smaller groups
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4410:
4409:
4402:
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4369:
4366:
4365:
4360:
4358:the Kuomintang
4353:
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4342:
4337:
4336:(geographical)
4328:
4327:
4326:(1949–present)
4320:
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4299:
4294:
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4262:Lieyu massacre
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4058:
4054:History of the
4018:, felt strong
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3750:
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3744:
3743:
3738:
3736:mainland China
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3707:
3705:Related topics
3704:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3678:
3676:Multiracialism
3673:
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3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3639:Anti-communism
3636:
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3526:
3521:
3519:Wang (Jingwei)
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3403:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3294:
3282:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3225:
3213:
3192:
3191:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3145:
3144:
3141:Zhonghua minzu
3137:
3132:
3127:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3085:
3084:
3072:
3071:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3009:
2999:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2759:Italian states
2751:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2677:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2652:Tax resistance
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2553:Class conflict
2550:
2545:
2543:Civil disorder
2540:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2432:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2407:national unity
2391:mainland China
2354:to decades of
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2142:Egalitarianism
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2118:
2116:Related topics
2115:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2087:United Kingdom
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1869:Dutch Republic
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1837:
1835:Roman Republic
1831:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1809:
1799:
1789:
1779:
1769:
1759:
1749:
1739:
1729:
1719:
1709:
1699:
1689:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1276:Wollstonecraft
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
986:
983:
982:
979:
978:
975:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
878:
875:
874:
871:
870:
864:
863:
852:
851:
848:
847:
844:
843:
836:
827:
826:
820:
819:
809:
803:
802:
795:
789:
788:
781:
775:
774:
772:Yue: Cantonese
768:
767:
757:
751:
750:
743:
737:
736:
727:
721:
720:
713:
707:
706:
699:
693:
692:
686:
685:
684:Transcriptions
677:
676:
669:
665:
664:
657:
651:
650:
647:
639:
638:
635:
634:
626:
625:
615:
608:
607:
603:
602:
595:
591:
590:
586:
585:
583:Thubten Gyatso
572:
571:
559:
547:
535:
523:
511:
499:
487:
474:
472:
470:
469:
457:
445:
433:
421:
409:
397:
385:
373:
357:
345:
332:
329:
328:
324:
323:
322:
321:
316:
301:
291:
290:
285:
280:
268:
249:
237:
225:
213:
200:
183:
182:
181:
179:Royalist Party
169:
168:
167:
130:
129:
125:
124:
121:
120:
117:
113:
112:
107:
105:
101:
100:
82:
74:
73:
52:
51:
44:
43:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
17380:
17369:
17368:Eight Banners
17366:
17364:
17361:
17359:
17356:
17354:
17351:
17349:
17346:
17344:
17343:1912 in China
17341:
17339:
17338:1911 in China
17336:
17334:
17331:
17330:
17328:
17313:
17310:
17308:
17305:
17303:
17300:
17298:
17295:
17293:
17290:
17288:
17287:Manchu people
17285:
17283:
17280:
17278:
17275:
17273:
17272:
17268:
17266:
17265:
17261:
17259:
17256:
17254:
17253:Canton System
17251:
17249:
17246:
17244:
17241:
17240:
17238:
17234:
17224:
17221:
17219:
17218:Hubu Guanpiao
17216:
17214:
17211:
17210:
17208:
17206:
17202:
17196:
17193:
17191:
17188:
17186:
17183:
17181:
17178:
17176:
17173:
17171:
17168:
17167:
17165:
17163:
17159:
17156:
17152:
17144:
17141:
17139:
17136:
17134:
17131:
17129:
17126:
17124:
17121:
17119:
17116:
17114:
17111:
17109:
17106:
17104:
17101:
17099:
17096:
17094:
17091:
17089:
17086:
17084:
17081:
17079:
17076:
17074:
17071:
17069:
17066:
17064:
17061:
17059:
17056:
17054:
17051:
17049:
17046:
17045:
17044:
17041:
17039:
17036:
17034:
17031:
17030:
17028:
17025:
17021:
17013:
17012:
17008:
17007:
17006:
17005:
17001:
16999:
16996:
16994:
16991:
16989:
16986:
16984:
16983:
16979:
16977:
16974:
16972:
16971:
16967:
16965:
16962:
16960:
16957:
16955:
16954:
16950:
16948:
16947:
16943:
16941:
16938:
16936:
16933:
16931:
16928:
16926:
16925:
16921:
16919:
16918:
16914:
16912:
16909:
16905:
16902:
16901:
16900:
16897:
16895:
16892:
16890:
16889:
16885:
16883:
16880:
16878:
16875:
16874:
16872:
16868:Society &
16866:
16860:
16857:
16855:
16852:
16850:
16847:
16845:
16842:
16840:
16837:
16835:
16834:Summer Palace
16832:
16830:
16827:
16825:
16824:Mukden Palace
16822:
16820:
16817:
16815:
16812:
16810:
16807:
16806:
16804:
16800:Palaces &
16798:
16790:
16787:
16786:
16785:
16782:
16778:
16775:
16773:
16770:
16769:
16768:
16765:
16761:
16758:
16756:
16753:
16752:
16751:
16748:
16744:
16741:
16740:
16739:
16736:
16734:
16731:
16729:
16726:
16725:
16723:
16719:
16713:
16710:
16706:
16703:
16701:
16698:
16696:
16693:
16692:
16691:
16688:
16686:
16683:
16681:
16678:
16676:
16673:
16671:
16668:
16666:
16663:
16661:
16658:
16656:
16653:
16651:
16648:
16646:
16643:
16641:
16640:Eight Banners
16638:
16636:
16633:
16632:
16630:
16628:
16624:
16618:
16615:
16611:
16608:
16606:
16603:
16601:
16598:
16596:
16593:
16591:
16588:
16586:
16583:
16581:
16578:
16576:
16573:
16571:
16568:
16567:
16566:
16563:
16561:
16558:
16554:
16551:
16550:
16549:
16546:
16544:
16541:
16539:
16536:
16534:
16531:
16529:
16526:
16524:
16521:
16519:
16516:
16514:
16511:
16509:
16506:
16504:
16501:
16499:
16496:
16494:
16493:Grand Council
16491:
16489:
16486:
16484:
16481:
16479:
16476:
16474:
16471:
16469:
16466:
16464:
16461:
16459:
16456:
16454:
16451:
16449:
16446:
16442:
16439:
16437:
16434:
16433:
16432:
16429:
16428:
16426:
16424:
16420:
16410:
16407:
16405:
16402:
16398:
16395:
16393:
16390:
16388:
16385:
16383:
16380:
16378:
16375:
16374:
16373:
16370:
16368:
16365:
16363:
16360:
16358:
16355:
16351:
16348:
16346:
16343:
16342:
16341:
16338:
16336:
16333:
16331:
16328:
16326:
16323:
16322:
16320:
16313:20th century
16311:
16303:
16300:
16299:
16298:
16295:
16291:
16288:
16287:
16286:
16283:
16281:
16278:
16276:
16273:
16271:
16268:
16266:
16263:
16261:
16258:
16256:
16253:
16251:
16248:
16246:
16243:
16241:
16238:
16236:
16233:
16231:
16228:
16226:
16223:
16221:
16218:
16216:
16213:
16211:
16208:
16206:
16203:
16201:
16198:
16196:
16193:
16191:
16188:
16186:
16183:
16181:
16178:
16176:
16173:
16171:
16168:
16166:
16163:
16161:
16158:
16156:
16153:
16151:
16148:
16146:
16143:
16141:
16138:
16136:
16133:
16132:
16130:
16123:19th century
16121:
16115:
16112:
16110:
16107:
16105:
16102:
16100:
16097:
16095:
16092:
16090:
16087:
16085:
16082:
16080:
16077:
16075:
16072:
16070:
16067:
16065:
16062:
16060:
16057:
16055:
16052:
16050:
16047:
16045:
16042:
16041:
16039:
16032:
16028:
16022:
16019:
16015:
16012:
16011:
16010:
16007:
16003:
16000:
15999:
15998:
15995:
15993:
15990:
15988:
15985:
15983:
15980:
15978:
15975:
15973:
15970:
15969:
15967:
15958:
15955:
15953:
15949:
15944:
15937:
15932:
15930:
15925:
15923:
15918:
15917:
15914:
15902:
15899:
15897:
15894:
15893:
15888:
15884:
15881:
15877:
15876:
15872:
15862:
15859:
15857:
15854:
15852:
15849:
15848:
15846:
15844:
15840:
15834:
15831:
15829:
15826:
15824:
15821:
15819:
15816:
15814:
15811:
15807:
15806:Protestantism
15804:
15802:
15799:
15798:
15797:
15794:
15792:
15791:Folk religion
15789:
15787:
15784:
15780:
15777:
15775:
15772:
15771:
15770:
15767:
15766:
15764:
15762:
15758:
15752:
15749:
15747:
15744:
15739:
15735:
15732:
15728:
15727:
15726:
15723:
15721:
15718:
15716:
15713:
15711:
15708:
15706:
15703:
15701:
15698:
15696:
15695:Ethnic groups
15693:
15691:
15688:
15687:
15685:
15683:
15679:
15669:
15666:
15664:
15661:
15659:
15656:
15654:
15651:
15649:
15646:
15644:
15641:
15639:
15636:
15634:
15631:
15629:
15626:
15624:
15621:
15619:
15616:
15614:
15611:
15609:
15608:Four Beauties
15606:
15604:
15601:
15599:
15596:
15594:
15591:
15589:
15586:
15585:
15583:
15579:
15573:
15570:
15568:
15565:
15563:
15560:
15558:
15555:
15553:
15550:
15548:
15545:
15543:
15540:
15538:
15535:
15533:
15530:
15528:
15525:
15523:
15520:
15516:
15513:
15512:
15511:
15508:
15506:
15503:
15501:
15498:
15496:
15493:
15491:
15488:
15486:
15483:
15481:
15478:
15476:
15473:
15471:
15468:
15467:
15465:
15463:
15459:
15453:
15450:
15448:
15447:Urban society
15445:
15443:
15440:
15436:
15433:
15432:
15431:
15428:
15424:
15421:
15419:
15416:
15414:
15411:
15409:
15406:
15405:
15404:
15403:Social issues
15401:
15399:
15396:
15392:
15389:
15388:
15387:
15384:
15382:
15381:Rural society
15379:
15377:
15374:
15372:
15369:
15365:
15362:
15360:
15357:
15356:
15355:
15352:
15350:
15347:
15343:
15340:
15336:
15333:
15332:
15331:
15328:
15327:
15326:
15323:
15321:
15318:
15314:
15311:
15310:
15309:
15306:
15302:
15299:
15297:
15294:
15292:
15289:
15288:
15287:
15284:
15282:
15281:Chinese Dream
15279:
15277:
15274:
15272:
15269:
15268:
15265:
15262:
15260:
15256:
15246:
15245:Space program
15243:
15241:
15238:
15236:
15233:
15231:
15228:
15226:
15223:
15222:
15220:
15218:
15214:
15208:
15205:
15201:
15198:
15197:
15196:
15193:
15189:
15186:
15185:
15184:
15181:
15180:
15178:
15174:
15168:
15165:
15163:
15160:
15158:
15155:
15153:
15150:
15148:
15145:
15141:
15138:
15136:
15133:
15131:
15128:
15126:
15123:
15121:
15118:
15117:
15116:
15113:
15111:
15108:
15106:
15103:
15101:
15098:
15094:
15091:
15089:
15086:
15084:
15081:
15080:
15079:
15076:
15072:
15069:
15068:
15067:
15064:
15060:
15057:
15055:
15052:
15051:
15050:
15047:
15045:
15042:
15038:
15035:
15034:
15033:
15030:
15028:
15025:
15023:
15020:
15019:
15016:
15013:
15011:
15007:
14995:
14992:
14991:
14990:
14987:
14983:
14980:
14979:
14978:
14975:
14971:
14968:
14966:
14963:
14961:
14958:
14956:
14953:
14951:
14948:
14947:
14946:
14943:
14941:
14938:
14936:
14933:
14931:
14928:
14927:
14925:
14923:
14919:
14913:
14910:
14906:
14903:
14901:
14898:
14897:
14896:
14895:State Council
14893:
14889:
14886:
14885:
14884:
14881:
14877:
14874:
14873:
14872:
14869:
14863:
14860:
14859:
14858:
14855:
14851:
14848:
14846:
14843:
14842:
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14387:South Central
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14174:Jin (266–420)
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14017:Ethnic groups
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13742:
13741:online review
13738:
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13716:. Ann Arbor:
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13693:. New Haven:
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13543:962-209-010-9
13539:
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13503:. Lexington:
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13430:. Vancouver:
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13420:History Today
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12967:. p.189, 251.
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12531:. pp.153–154.
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9206:. p. 195-198.
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9060:
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9028:中国二十世紀通鉴编辑委员会
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8159:981-256-618-X
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8130:0-691-00877-9
8127:
8123:
8117:
8110:
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8101:986-221-141-5
8098:
8092:
8085:
8084:Free Download
8079:
8078:
8070:
8063:
8059:
8055:
8054:986-221-826-6
8051:
8045:
8039:. pp. 178–186
8038:
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8029:957-11-2898-8
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8001:0-8153-0720-9
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7540:Owen, Stephen
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7247:
7244:(秦永敏) of the
7243:
7239:
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7226:
7224:
7220:
7214:
7212:
7211:Zhang Shizhao
7202:
7199:
7195:
7191:
7187:
7183:
7178:
7175:革命尚未成功,同志仍需努力
7172:
7161:
7159:
7155:
7151:
7147:
7142:
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7131:
7126:
7123:. The writer
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7047:Qian Xuantong
7045:
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7022:Qian Xuantong
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6662:Aftermath of
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6394:as the first
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5917:Zhangjiachuan
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5427:Zhang Zhidong
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5068:Zhang Zhidong
5063:
5054:
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5047:
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5031:
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4908:
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4852:
4848:
4847:Ryōhei Uchida
4844:
4833:
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4827:
4823:
4814:
4813:royal cabinet
4810:
4806:
4797:
4795:
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4779:
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4771:
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4766:Liao Zhongkai
4763:
4759:
4755:
4745:
4743:
4739:
4734:
4724:
4715:
4713:
4712:Zhang Binglin
4709:
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4634:Yangtze River
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4523:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4512:Zhang Binglin
4509:
4505:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4489:Zhang Shizhao
4486:
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4472:
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4466:
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4116:
4115:Mainland rule
4105:
4104:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4089:
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4078:
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4017:
4013:
4009:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3967:In 1898, the
3965:
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3959:
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3709:
3708:
3702:
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3694:
3691:
3687:
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3683:
3682:
3681:Progressivism
3679:
3677:
3674:
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3648:
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3408:Organisations
3405:
3404:
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3391:
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3136:
3133:
3131:
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3123:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3111:
3110:Republicanism
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3080:of the People
3074:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3054:
3049:
3047:
3042:
3040:
3035:
3034:
3032:
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3028:
3023:
3018:
3017:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2991:
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2800:
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2772:
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2708:
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2701:
2698:
2696:
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2678:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2647:Strike action
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
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2608:
2606:
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2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2580:Direct action
2578:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2568:Demonstration
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
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2511:
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2418:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2405:of China and
2404:
2403:modernization
2400:
2399:republicanism
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2239:
2234:
2232:
2227:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2202:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2105:
2104:United States
2102:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1979:Metapolitefsi
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1815:
1814:
1813:On Revolution
1810:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1783:Rights of Man
1780:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1694:
1693:De re publica
1690:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1499:Jones (Lynne)
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1294:Adams (Gerry)
1292:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1093:Revolutionary
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1083:Parliamentary
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
987:
981:
980:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
892:Civil society
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
879:
873:
872:
869:
868:Republicanism
866:
865:
862:
858:
857:
849:
837:
835:
832:
828:
825:
821:
815:
810:
808:
804:
796:
794:
790:
782:
780:
776:
773:
769:
763:
758:
756:
752:
744:
742:
738:
728:
726:
722:
714:
712:
708:
703:Xīnhài gémìng
700:
698:
694:
691:
687:
682:
678:
675:) revolution"
674:
670:
666:
658:
656:
652:
645:
640:
636:
631:
622:
616:
610:
609:
604:
599:
596:
593:
592:
587:
584:
579:
570:
560:
558:
548:
546:
536:
534:
524:
522:
512:
510:
500:
498:
488:
486:
476:
475:
473:
468:
463:
458:
456:
451:
446:
444:
439:
434:
432:
427:
422:
420:
415:
410:
408:
403:
398:
396:
395:Feng Guozhang
391:
386:
384:
379:
374:
372:
368:
363:
358:
356:
351:
346:
344:
339:
334:
333:
331:
330:
325:
320:
317:
314:
302:
300:
297:
296:
295:
294:Separatists:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
269:
267:
250:
248:
238:
236:
226:
224:
214:
211:
201:
199:
189:
188:
187:
184:
180:
175:
170:
166:
162:
158:
157:
156:
151:
146:
145:
144:
143:
138:
132:
131:
126:
118:
115:
114:
110:
106:
103:
102:
83:
80:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
58:
53:
50:
45:
32:
29:
25:
23:
17307:Treaty ports
17269:
17262:
17236:Other topics
17009:
17002:
16980:
16968:
16951:
16946:Peiwen Yunfu
16944:
16922:
16915:
16886:
16635:Beiyang Army
16617:Zongli Yamen
16473:Da-Qing Bank
16371:
16290:Red Lanterns
15943:Qing dynasty
15796:Christianity
15786:Confucianism
15746:Urbanization
15682:Demographics
15658:Gang of Four
15623:Four Symbols
15522:Martial arts
15296:Prostitution
15183:Architecture
15037:Central bank
14905:Vice Premier
14857:United front
14786:Constitution
14742:Penal system
14720:Human rights
14657:Subdivisions
14495: /
14491: /
14414:Southwestern
14409:Northwestern
14263:
14112:Western Zhou
14060:Yellow River
14010:1949–present
13876:
13849:
13846:中国和马来西亚文化交流史
13826:
13803:
13780:
13757:
13736:
13726:Asian Survey
13725:
13713:
13688:
13660:
13644:
13614:
13590:
13581:
13574:
13555:. Honolulu:
13552:
13524:
13500:
13477:
13452:
13427:
13419:
13401:
13393:
13382:
13359:
13342:
13317:
13308:Wu Xinghan (
13271:
13265:
13253:. Retrieved
13249:the original
13242:
13233:
13221:. Retrieved
13217:the original
13192:. Retrieved
13188:the original
13163:. Retrieved
13159:
13149:
13130:
13124:
13112:. Retrieved
13108:the original
13098:
13086:. Retrieved
13082:the original
13077:
13068:
13056:. Retrieved
13052:the original
13042:
12999:
12979:
12972:
12935:
12910:
12905:
12893:. Retrieved
12887:
12877:
12853:
12848:
12836:. Retrieved
12825:
12801:
12781:. Retrieved
12771:
12761:– via
12754:
12748:
12728:
12722:
12714:Google Books
12712:– via
12694:
12687:
12673:
12666:
12658:Google Books
12652:
12646:
12638:Google Books
12632:
12626:
12618:Google Books
12612:
12605:
12597:Google Books
12595:– via
12577:
12567:
12543:
12536:
12512:
12507:
12483:
12478:
12454:
12449:
12437:. Retrieved
12433:
12381:
12376:
12324:
12316:
12272:
12238:
12233:
12209:
12177:
12172:
12151:
12142:
12133:
12100:
12096:
12086:
12038:
12033:
12009:
12004:
11988:
11983:
11959:
11923:
11918:
11894:
11889:
11865:
11860:
11834:
11810:
11786:
11752:
11747:
11716:
11710:
11679:
11650:
11643:
11631:. Retrieved
11616:
11609:
11598:
11589:
11573:
11549:. Retrieved
11545:the original
11478:
11461:
11435:. Retrieved
11429:
11422:
11413:
11404:
11384:
11377:
11369:Google Books
11367:– via
11349:
11342:
11334:
11327:. Retrieved
11318:
11312:
11303:
11250:
11225:
11216:
11194:
11174:
11166:
11142:
11137:
11128:
11114:
11102:. Retrieved
11098:the original
11088:
11064:
11040:. Retrieved
11036:the original
11026:
11017:
11005:. Retrieved
10995:
10986:
10974:. Retrieved
10970:the original
10960:
10951:
10946:
10937:
10925:. Retrieved
10915:
10853:. Retrieved
10844:
10824:
10817:
10804:
10782:
10776:
10768:Google Books
10766:– via
10748:
10741:
10732:
10727:
10721:
10713:
10705:
10699:
10686:
10680:
10667:
10661:
10648:
10642:
10629:
10622:
10613:
10608:
10602:
10592:
10585:
10565:
10558:
10550:
10545:
10539:
10530:
10525:
10518:
10508:
10501:
10481:
10474:
10464:
10458:
10448:
10442:
10432:
10425:
10415:
10409:
10389:
10382:
10362:
10355:
10335:
10328:
10308:
10301:
10281:
10274:
10238:
10231:
10193:
10172:
10165:
10157:
10142:
10135:
10113:
10106:. Retrieved
10090:
10083:
10075:
10060:
10053:
10045:
10030:
10023:
10001:
9994:. Retrieved
9978:
9971:
9963:
9948:
9941:
9933:
9918:
9911:
9889:
9882:. Retrieved
9866:
9859:
9851:
9846:
9839:
9817:
9810:. Retrieved
9794:
9787:
9779:
9764:
9757:
9749:
9734:
9727:
9707:
9700:
9680:
9673:
9653:
9646:
9626:
9619:
9595:
9567:
9547:
9541:
9531:
9525:
9511:
9504:
9492:. Retrieved
9488:the original
9394:
9388:
9365:
9359:
9354:. pp. 86–89.
9306:
9299:. Retrieved
9293:
9286:
9262:
9257:
9243:
9219:
9182:
9173:
9164:
9155:
9131:
9126:
9117:
9078:
8998:publishing.
8995:五南圖書出版股份有限公司
8977:張豈之, 陳振江, 江沛
8971:
8959:. Retrieved
8955:the original
8950:
8938:
8896:. Retrieved
8892:the original
8887:
8875:
8844:
8810:
8785:
8754:
8748:
8717:
8635:
8626:
8618:Google Books
8616:– via
8598:
8591:
8583:Google Books
8573:
8566:
8558:Google Books
8556:– via
8538:
8531:
8523:Google Books
8521:– via
8503:
8496:
8488:
8464:
8456:
8436:
8429:
8419:
8412:
8381:
8364:Google Books
8362:– via
8344:
8337:
8306:
8300:
8269:
8263:
8255:
8251:
8235:
8230:
8214:
8176:
8150:
8145:
8140:. pg180-181.
8121:
8116:
8091:
8076:
8069:
8044:
7992:
7959:
7950:
7933:
7918:
7913:
7889:
7884:
7847:
7823:
7818:
7794:
7789:
7780:
7756:
7722:
7717:
7686:
7680:
7656:
7651:
7627:
7622:
7611:
7605:
7597:Google Books
7595:– via
7581:
7574:
7543:
7530:
7506:
7474:
7433:
7427:
7403:
7381:
7364:
7360:
7356:
7350:
7346:
7344:
7301:
7294:
7286:China portal
7259:
7227:
7215:
7208:
7179:
7167:
7143:
7128:
7117:
7105:
7100:
7093:
7086:
7027:Shen Congwen
6962:
6954:
6947:
6940:
6801:New humanism
6699:
6663:
6627:
6611:
6607:Liang Qichao
6588:
6579:Song Jiaoren
6568:
6524:
6509:
6490:
6457:
6404:
6390:
6380:Ming dynasty
6322:
6287:
6245:Cen Chunxuan
6238:
6207:since 2002.
6194:
6174:
6116:
6093:
6060:
6056:Yang Zengxin
6019:
6001:
5973:
5962:
5945:Qing dynasty
5941:Dong Fuxiang
5928:Ma Yuanzhang
5906:
5886:
5834:
5822:
5781:
5765:
5748:
5727:
5711:
5697:Song Jiaoren
5690:
5659:
5642:Double Ninth
5632:joined with
5627:
5618:
5603:
5586:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5546:
5542:
5534:
5530:
5527:
5502:
5482:
5463:
5443:
5431:
5424:
5404:
5361:
5338:
5322:
5310:
5294:
5277:Long Jiguang
5261:
5244:
5220:
5173:
5161:
5149:
5125:
5108:Tse Tsan-tai
5105:
5082:Li Hongzhang
5043:
5019:
5005:Yeung Ku-wan
4979:
4958:
4942:
4933:Kaoru Otsuki
4924:
4904:
4897:Beiyang Army
4887:Beiyang Army
4839:
4818:
4790:
4777:
4758:Song Jiaoren
4751:
4730:
4721:
4702:, to revive
4696:Ming dynasty
4685:
4661:Wang Jingwei
4653:Zhang Renjie
4643:. In Tokyo,
4638:
4631:
4627:
4624:Later groups
4615:
4608:Wang Jingwei
4600:
4562:
4547:
4524:
4501:
4497:Song Jiaoren
4493:Chen Tianhua
4478:
4459:
4444:
4437:Tse Tsan-tai
4429:Yeung Ku-wan
4426:
4222:White Terror
4199:1945–present
4124:
4005:
3977:Liang Qichao
3966:
3923:
3904:Liang Qichao
3423:
3388:
3257:
3195:
3194:
3148:
3147:
3139:
3130:Pan-Asianism
3116:
3115:
3077:
2913:People Power
2823:
2630:Disobedience
2364:
2348:
2313:
2309:Beiyang Army
2286:
2266:Qing dynasty
2257:
2253:
2249:
2247:
2176:
1903:
1811:
1801:
1791:
1781:
1771:
1761:
1751:
1741:
1731:
1721:
1711:
1701:
1691:
1681:
1494:Jones (Elin)
1399:Flynn (Paul)
1359:Clarke (Tom)
1354:Clark (Katy)
1299:Adams (John)
1120:Philosophers
897:Civic virtue
859:Part of the
824:Southern Min
697:Hanyu Pinyin
617:
597:
533:Song Jiaoren
443:Yang Zengxin
431:Zhang Zuolin
293:
185:
165:Beiyang Army
142:Qing dynasty
133:
128:Belligerents
62:Nanjing Road
47:Part of the
28:
21:
17243:Aisin Gioro
17205:Paper money
16964:Qing poetry
16685:Wuwei Corps
16680:Shuishiying
16441:Family tree
15562:Variety art
15557:Tea culture
15485:Calligraphy
15470:Archaeology
15330:Food safety
15125:Gold mining
15027:Aquaculture
15022:Agriculture
14982:Coast Guard
14749:Naming laws
14583:Environment
14571:South China
14050:Paleolithic
14042:Prehistoric
14000:before 1912
13617:. Seattle:
13255:17 November
13223:17 November
13194:17 November
13165:17 November
13114:17 November
13088:17 November
13058:17 November
12895:17 November
12838:17 November
12439:30 December
12323:. (2010).
11721:M.E. Sharpe
11584:p.168, 440.
11353:. Seattle:
11104:17 November
10923:. xhgmw.com
10108:28 December
9996:28 December
9884:28 December
9812:28 December
9031:. (2002).
8980:. (2002).
8473:. pp.
8465:Sun Yat-sen
7242:Qin Yongmin
7192:. In 1954,
7188:is seen as
7099:(奴才小史) and
7042:Kang Youwei
6942:La Jeunesse
6695:Warlord Era
6536:Li Yuanhong
6496:Wu Tingfang
6463: [
6358:in silver.
6340:Wu Tingfang
6336:Tang Shaoyi
6328: [
6317:Wu Tingfang
6313:Tang Shaoyi
6252: [
6241:Prince Qing
6205:Ulaanbaatar
6188:(including
6149:, the 13th
6119:Zhao Erfeng
6048: [
6037: [
5951:in 1911 in
5947:during the
5889:Ding Weifen
5869:Qiu Fengjia
5797:Bai Chongxi
5788:Lu Rongting
5766:Members of
5466:Han Chinese
5439:Li Yuanhong
5420:Zhao Erfeng
5329:Tongmenghui
5281:Lu Rongting
5264:Zhennanguan
5114:during the
4989: [
4961:Tongmenghui
4920:Tongmenghui
4874:(1859–1916)
4872:Yuan Shikai
4826:Prince Qing
4809:Prince Qing
4692:Han Chinese
4666:Cai Yuanpei
4597:Tongmenghui
4591:Tongmenghui
4508:Cai Yuanpei
4461:Sun Yat-sen
4242:Vietnam War
4140:Warlord Era
4045:Prince Chun
4028:Sun Yat-sen
3973:Kang Youwei
3962:Yuan Shikai
3900:Kang Youwei
3554: [
3537: [
3390:Tongmenghui
3300: [
3288: [
3276: [
3228:Land reform
3219: [
3207: [
3185: [
2975:Arab Spring
2573:Human chain
2563:Coup d'état
2472:Proletarian
2395:nationalism
2324:Sun Yat-sen
2305:Yuan Shikai
2127:Common good
2067:New Zealand
2062:Netherlands
1807:(1835–1840)
1777:(1787–1788)
1687:(c. 375 BC)
1609:Robespierre
1384:Etherington
1319:Benn (Tony)
1288:Politicians
1266:Tocqueville
1226:Montesquieu
1206:Machiavelli
952:Rule of law
947:Res publica
673:stem-branch
521:Li Yuanhong
485:Sun Yat-sen
455:Zhao Erfeng
383:Yuan Shikai
371:Prince Chun
198:Tongmenghui
24:(TV series)
17327:Categories
16911:Four Wangs
16802:mausoleums
16755:Golden Urn
16728:Inner Asia
16705:Xiang Army
16675:Hushenying
16600:Liangguang
16580:Liangjiang
16518:Lifan Yuan
16423:Government
15823:Irreligion
15720:Statistics
15690:Emigration
15653:Four Wangs
15542:Philosophy
15527:Mass media
15510:Literature
15408:Patriarchy
15371:Propaganda
15291:Corruption
15276:Censorship
15066:E-commerce
14773:Government
14566:East China
14538:Waterfalls
14484:Peninsulas
14452:Grasslands
12990:0295980400
12311:. pp.92–93
11551:23 October
11042:16 October
11007:16 October
10976:16 October
10492:3930698021
9691:0295980400
9664:0295980400
9494:16 October
9408:9353972264
9379:9353972264
9330:. pp. 3–7.
9308:Sichuanese
9238:. pp. 5–6.
8961:16 October
8898:16 October
7373:References
7250:Mao Zedong
7230:Wen Jiabao
7198:Zhou Enlai
7194:Liu Shaoqi
7190:Mao Zedong
7139:Mao Zedong
7037:Zhu Ziqing
6987:Chen Duxiu
6900:Communists
6786:Liberalism
6741:Ideologies
6658:Background
6532:Huang Xing
6519:See also:
6500:abdication
6492:Zhang Jian
6460:Donghuamen
6420:Huang Xing
6412:Lu Haodong
6348:concession
6272:Huang Xing
6264:autocratic
6151:Dalai Lama
6135:Republican
6123:rebellions
6045:Yuan Dahua
6034:Feng Temin
5813:Guangfuhui
5772:Zhu Jiabao
5693:Chen Qimei
5685:Chen Qimei
5638:Tang Jiyao
5606:Yan Xishan
5568:Ma Fuxiang
5518:Ma Anliang
5369:Lin Juemin
5269:Huang Xing
5227:Guangfuhui
5152:Guangfuhui
5128:Huaxinghui
5026:Tan Sitong
4997:Lu Haodong
4811:with some
4770:Zhu Zhixin
4670:Kuomintang
4645:Liu Shipei
4572:Wu Yuzhang
4550:Green Gang
4485:Huang Xing
4311:History of
4257:Three Noes
4232:Korean War
3908:Tan Sitong
3819:Background
3670:Liberalism
3563:Zou (Rong)
3177:Referendum
3099:Principles
2997:Euromaidan
2945:Bolivarian
2893:Nicaraguan
2873:Guatemalan
2811:Young Turk
2791:Philippine
2620:Nonviolent
2615:Resistance
2590:Insurgency
2500:Nonviolent
2495:From above
2467:Democratic
2167:Monarchism
2157:Liberalism
2152:Jacobinism
1842:Gaṇasaṅgha
1697:(54–51 BC)
1181:Harrington
1058:Democratic
1048:Capitalist
1043:Autonomous
1025:Venizelism
1010:Khomeinism
725:Wade–Giles
557:Cai Genyin
545:Chen Qimei
509:Huang Xing
419:Duan Qirui
407:Ma Anliang
96:1912-02-12
88:1911-10-10
16733:Manchuria
16700:Huai Army
16690:Yong Ying
16575:Shaan-Gan
16031:High Qing
15977:Later Jin
15710:Languages
15663:Four Olds
15618:Four arts
15505:Libraries
15435:Structure
15398:Sexuality
15335:incidents
15308:Education
15217:Transport
15093:Renewable
15088:Petroleum
14883:President
14850:Politburo
14803:Elections
14791:Democracy
14759:Terrorism
14507:Volcanoes
14489:Northeast
14467:Mountains
14377:Northeast
14327:Geography
14234:High Qing
14055:Neolithic
14027:Dynasties
14005:1912–1949
13996:Economic
13965:Overviews
13530:Hong Kong
12549:Routledge
12125:229609499
12117:0007-6805
11884:. p. 207.
11447:cite book
11083:. p. 194.
10266:244639814
10221:244639814
10121:cite book
10009:cite book
9897:cite book
9825:cite book
9098:. p. 135.
8933:. p. 195.
8888:China.com
8604:Routledge
8246:. p. 109.
7879:. p. 468.
7842:. p. 209.
7675:. p. 101.
7525:. p. 168.
7219:Yan Jiaqi
7186:New China
7158:Zhang Xun
7146:feudalism
7007:Li Dazhao
6992:Guo Moruo
6963:The Tiger
6796:Communism
6791:Socialism
6781:Modernism
6776:Anarchism
6758:Scientism
6747:Democracy
6400:first day
6247:from the
6178:Bogd Khan
6073:Karashahr
5913:Yu Youren
5897:Sun Baoqi
5873:Hong Kong
5857:Hu Hanmin
5756:Zhenjiang
5666:Li Liejun
5489:Hongjiang
5273:Hu Hanmin
5132:Pingxiang
4912:Gen'yōsha
4851:Homer Lea
4762:Hu Hanmin
4649:Wu Zhihui
4612:Hu Hanmin
4345:Kaohsiung
4112:1912–1949
4092:Geography
4085:Education
4003:in 1900.
3912:restoring
3741:Hong Kong
3672:(element)
3645:Chiangism
3641:(element)
3634:Anarchism
3425:Guominjun
3233:in Taiwan
2950:Bulldozer
2903:Carnation
2898:Argentine
2841:1917–1923
2829:Communist
2774:Hungarian
2610:Rebellion
2548:Civil war
2510:Permanent
2457:Communist
2452:Bourgeois
2389:(PRC) in
2022:Australia
1654:Venizelos
1644:Spadolini
1634:Slaughter
1579:McDonnell
1544:Mackenzie
1489:Jefferson
1444:Griffiths
1424:de Gaulle
1419:Garibaldi
1379:Drakeford
1271:Warburton
1191:Jefferson
1186:Honderich
1166:Condorcet
1053:Christian
1015:Nasserism
990:Classical
907:Democracy
671:"Xinhai (
569:Hu Hanmin
288:Tiandihui
17185:Hongqian
17154:Currency
17024:Treaties
16930:Kaozheng
16877:Booi Aha
16819:Hetu Ala
16772:Timeline
16767:Xinjiang
16738:Mongolia
16695:Chu Army
16670:New Army
16627:Military
16565:Viceroys
15896:Category
15769:Buddhism
15761:Religion
15738:Post-90s
15731:Post-80s
15475:Archives
15342:HIV/AIDS
15313:Literacy
15271:Abortion
15200:Internet
15157:Taxation
15140:Textiles
15120:Chemical
15115:Industry
15044:Currency
14922:Military
14730:in Tibet
14694:Politics
14631:Wildlife
14543:Wetlands
14306:COVID-19
14134:Imperial
14032:Monarchs
13992:Language
13977:Timeline
13949:articles
13685:(1978).
13019:. p. 49.
12921:. p.143.
12872:. p.123.
12820:. p.266.
12783:14 March
12473:. p.154.
12371:. p.236.
12291:. p.180.
11978:. p.228.
11913:. p.183.
11497:. p.198.
11298:. p.175.
9614:. p.192.
9446:. p.377.
9034:中国二十世紀通鉴
9014:. p.177.
8691:. p.464.
8634:(1990).
8064:. p. 42.
7775:. p.287.
7646:. pg 6–7
7542:(2010).
7272:See also
7262:M. Pathe
7171:comrades
7150:fengjian
7113:language
6813:Practice
6444:Tibetans
6319:, right.
6022:Xinjiang
5984:Duanfang
5965:Guang'an
5919:to meet
5893:Shandong
5819:, Fujian
5734:Hangzhou
5730:Zhejiang
5662:Nanchang
5509:Gelaohui
5493:Changsha
5416:Duanfang
5301:Lianzhou
5223:Xu Xilin
5164:Chaozhou
4995:(廣州起義).
4945:New Army
4794:Sanhehui
4774:Zou Rong
4742:Malaysia
4704:Zhonghua
4657:Zhang Ji
4469:Honolulu
4097:Politics
4016:Zou Rong
3958:New Army
3918:in 1917.
3686:Economic
3665:Georgism
3551:Zou (Lu)
3068:a series
3066:Part of
3007:Sudanese
2985:Egyptian
2980:Tunisian
2933:Romanian
2834:Cultural
2820:Chinese
2795:Iranian
2764:February
2685:American
2680:Atlantic
2669:Examples
2642:Samizdat
2446:By class
2421:a series
2419:Part of
2385:and the
2301:New Army
2092:Scotland
2032:Barbados
1683:Republic
1599:Prescott
1569:Naysmith
1559:McKechin
1519:La Malfa
1514:Khomeini
1474:Iorwerth
1439:Griffith
1414:Gambetta
1409:Galloway
1394:Ferguson
1374:Davidson
1369:Cromwell
1364:Connolly
1344:Campbell
1261:Sunstein
1246:Rousseau
1241:Polybius
1176:Franklin
1156:Chappell
1151:Cattaneo
1088:People's
1073:Imperial
1005:Kemalism
942:Republic
876:Concepts
793:Jyutping
711:Bopomofo
598:100,000
589:Strength
283:Gelaohui
278:Zhejiang
104:Location
17170:Zhiqian
17162:Coinage
16899:Economy
16870:culture
16605:Yun-Gui
16595:Min-Zhe
16590:Sichuan
16585:Huguang
16431:Emperor
15952:History
15880:Outline
15843:Symbols
15700:Eunuchs
15547:Smoking
15495:Cuisine
15462:Culture
15452:Welfare
15423:Suicide
15391:history
15259:Society
15188:Housing
15162:Tourism
15147:Poverty
15032:Banking
15010:Economy
14989:Militia
14900:Premier
14502:Valleys
14462:Islands
14447:Deserts
14437:Canyons
14425:Terrain
14404:Western
14392:Central
14364:Regions
14349:Geology
14339:Borders
14082:Ancient
14065:Yangtze
13972:History
13957:History
13852:].
13749:Chinese
13375:English
13326:武昌起義三日記
13322:Chinese
13310:Chinese
13160:Reuters
12228:. p.87.
11942:. p.18.
11771:. p.48.
11633:28 June
11329:28 June
11161:. p.64.
9301:2 March
9073:. p.51.
7329:Qiu Jin
7152:) from
7089:Beijing
7032:Yu Dafu
7017:Mao Dun
7002:Lao She
6997:Hu Shih
6752:Science
6623:Yan Hui
6615:Mencius
6545:Cao Kun
6440:Muslims
6436:Mongols
6432:Manchus
6408:Taijitu
6378:of the
6290:Hanyang
6089:Kashgar
6004:Nanjing
5980:Sichuan
5976:Chengdu
5926:Master
5909:Ningxia
5865:Huizhou
5853:Sanshui
5841:Huazhou
5784:Guangxi
5751:Jiangsu
5718:Guiyang
5714:Guizhou
5670:Jiangxi
5646:Kunming
5610:Taiyuan
5593:Jiangxi
5589:Lin Sen
5505:Shaanxi
5365:martyrs
5297:Qinzhou
5252:Vietnam
5247:Qinzhou
5235:Qiu Jin
5216:Qiu Jin
5181:惠州七女湖起義
5176:Huizhou
5136:Liuyang
5046:Huizhou
4955:Prelude
4914:leader
4822:cabinet
4815:members
4672:(KMT).
4576:He Long
4554:Hongmen
4539:Jiangxi
4531:Sichuan
4527:Jiangsu
4516:Qiu Jin
4350:Beijing
4323:the PRC
4080:Economy
4075:Culture
4043:, with
4033:Chinese
3991:led by
3346:Parties
3252:History
2938:Singing
2888:Rwandan
2863:Spanish
2858:Siamese
2846:Russian
2816:Mexican
2742:Belgian
2717:Serbian
2705:Haitian
2690:Brabant
2675:English
2605:Protest
2538:Boycott
2532:Methods
2505:Passive
2381:on the
2057:Morocco
2047:Jamaica
2042:Ireland
2027:Bahamas
1829:History
1649:Taverne
1624:Skinner
1604:Ritchie
1549:Madison
1529:Lincoln
1479:Jackson
1469:Huppert
1464:Hopkins
1389:Fabiani
1349:Chapman
1334:Bolívar
1324:Bennett
1314:Bartley
1304:Atatürk
1216:Mazzini
1211:Madison
1141:Bentham
1131:Baggini
1098:Secular
1078:Islamic
1063:Federal
1000:Federal
984:Schools
831:Hokkien
655:Chinese
624:Unknown
621:50,000
614:170,000
601:Unknown
594:200,000
367:Zaifeng
247:Sichuan
94: (
86: (
16784:Taiwan
15960:Early
15945:topics
15901:Portal
15856:Emblem
15851:Anthem
15833:Taoism
15515:Poetry
15490:Cinema
15413:Racism
15325:Health
15078:Energy
15054:Reform
14965:Rocket
14950:Ground
14675:Cities
14561:Yellow
14533:Rivers
14523:Canals
14477:passes
14472:ranges
14256:Modern
13947:
13883:
13860:
13854:Haikou
13833:
13810:
13800:中華民國史稿
13787:
13764:
13730:online
13701:
13671:
13651:
13625:
13602:
13563:
13540:
13511:
13488:
13465:
13438:
13408:
13387:online
13324::
13312::
13282:
13137:
13048:"1911"
13015:
13007:
12987:
12963:
12955:
12917:
12868:
12860:
12816:
12808:
12736:
12706:
12589:
12555:
12527:
12519:
12498:
12490:
12469:
12461:
12430:"温馨提示"
12396:
12388:
12367:
12359:
12343:. p.7.
12339:
12331:
12307:
12287:
12279:
12253:
12245:
12224:
12216:
12192:
12184:
12163:
12123:
12115:
12077:
12069:
12045:
12024:
12016:
11995:
11974:
11966:
11938:
11930:
11909:
11901:
11880:
11872:
11851:
11843:
11825:
11817:
11793:
11767:
11759:
11739:
11727:
11702:
11690:
11658:
11624:
11580:
11521:
11513:
11493:
11485:
11437:6 June
11392:
11361:
11294:
11286:
11266:
11258:
11241:
11233:
11187:
11157:
11149:
11120:"温馨提示"
11079:
11071:
10927:19 May
10906:
10898:
10855:19 May
10832:
10760:
10573:
10489:
10397:
10370:
10343:
10316:
10289:
10264:
10254:
10219:
10209:
10180:
10150:
10098:
10068:
10038:
9986:
9956:
9926:
9874:
9802:
9772:
9742:
9715:
9688:
9661:
9634:
9610:
9602:
9575:
9442:
9434:
9405:
9376:
9350:
9326:
9277:
9269:
9234:
9226:
9202:
9146:
9138:
9094:
9086:
9069:
9061:
9010:
9002:
8929:
8921:
8867:
8855:
8826:
8818:
8801:
8793:
8777:
8765:
8740:
8728:
8687:
8679:
8660:
8648:
8610:
8550:
8515:
8481:
8444:
8404:
8392:
8356:
8329:
8317:
8292:
8280:
8242:
8221:
8191:
8183:
8157:
8136:
8128:
8107:
8099:
8060:
8052:
8035:
8027:
8007:
7999:
7975:
7967:
7941:
7925:
7904:
7896:
7875:
7867:
7838:
7830:
7809:
7801:
7771:
7763:
7737:
7729:
7709:
7697:
7671:
7663:
7642:
7634:
7589:
7566:
7554:
7521:
7513:
7489:
7481:
7456:
7444:
7418:
7410:
7359:
7349:
7297:(film)
7125:Lu Xun
7096:Slaves
7012:Lu Xun
6982:Ba Jin
6632:Legacy
6621:, and
6619:Zengzi
6418:flag.
6344:Russia
6294:Hankou
6155:Sikkim
6085:Luntai
6069:Zhenxi
6064:Jinghe
5921:Dungan
5845:Nanhai
5825:Fujian
5630:Yunnan
5614:Shanxi
5446:Hankou
5412:Banner
5313:Yunnan
5231:Anqing
5140:Liling
4738:Malaya
4688:Manchu
4568:Zhu De
4535:Fujian
4441:manhua
4340:Taipei
4333:Taiwan
4202:Taiwan
3960:under
3453:People
2990:Yemeni
2970:Kyrgyz
2960:Orange
2928:Velvet
2923:Yogurt
2868:August
2851:German
2824:Xinhai
2804:Second
2781:Eureka
2769:German
2700:French
2657:Terror
2600:Mutiny
2515:Social
2490:Colour
2377:. The
2264:, the
2082:Sweden
2072:Norway
2037:Canada
1817:(1963)
1797:(1794)
1787:(1791)
1767:(1762)
1757:(1755)
1747:(1748)
1737:(1698)
1727:(1656)
1717:(1649)
1707:(1531)
1659:Wilson
1629:Slater
1619:Skates
1574:Mannin
1564:Mullin
1539:Mackay
1504:Juárez
1459:Hébert
1454:Hatton
1449:Harvie
1339:Burgon
1256:Sidney
1251:Sandel
1236:Pettit
1161:Cicero
1126:Arendt
1108:Soviet
1103:Sister
995:Modern
310:
266:Yunnan
235:Shanxi
116:Result
16976:Queue
16894:Dibao
16750:Tibet
16570:Zhili
16453:Amban
15887:Index
15828:Islam
15751:Women
15552:Sport
15537:Names
15532:Music
15500:Dance
15286:Crime
15167:Trade
15135:Steel
14641:Flora
14636:Fauna
14556:Bohai
14552:Seas
14528:Lakes
14516:Water
14493:North
14457:Hills
14442:Caves
14397:South
14382:North
14095:Shang
13945:China
13875:[
13848:[
13825:[
13802:[
13779:[
13131:章士釗全集
12121:S2CID
11787:Tibet
10634:(PDF)
10262:S2CID
10217:S2CID
8983:晚淸民國史
7340:Notes
7256:Media
6467:]
6356:taels
6332:]
6256:]
6131:Lhasa
6081:Kucha
6052:]
6041:]
6026:Dihua
5953:Gansu
5936:Ma Qi
5932:Gansu
5877:Macau
5849:Sunde
5768:Anhui
5650:Cai E
5634:Cai E
5513:Xi'an
5485:Hunan
5325:Anhui
5118:era.
4993:]
4824:with
4784:into
4676:Views
4543:Anhui
4318:China
3558:]
3541:]
3534:Zhang
3494:Huang
3304:]
3292:]
3280:]
3223:]
3211:]
3189:]
2965:Tulip
2883:Cuban
2799:First
2749:Texas
2722:Greek
2695:Liège
2625:Civil
2330:, as
2097:Wales
2077:Spain
2052:Japan
1639:Smith
1614:Sayed
1594:Pound
1589:Nehru
1584:Nandy
1554:Magid
1534:Lucas
1524:Lewis
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