488:
1090:, the convention system remained dominant; party leaders dominated the proceedings and were in turn dominated by the federal administration. Party leaders were told their appointment power (and in some cases their own federal employment) would be withdrawn if they did not deliver their delegation to Taft. Cecil Lyons, the chair of the Texas party, had his patronage power withdrawn over his support for Roosevelt. Upon Roosevelt's entry, Taft operatives also made every effort accelerate the pace of the conventions, so that they could be held before Roosevelt had an opportunity to organize. Roosevelt delegates to local and state conventions responded by frequently accusing the local party machine of corruption and illegitimacy, forming a
326:
1140:
336:
141:
1765:
not be supporting Taft in this second presidential election, but instead would switch their support to
Theodore Roosevelt. All ten of the delegates signed a statement that they were deserting the Taft movement and supporting Roosevelt. The Taft campaign marked up the southern states and their delegates in anticipation of a big southern win. This changed when the five Georgia delegates, Clark, Grier, J.H. Boone, J. C. Styles, J. Eugene Peterson, and S. S. Mincey switched to supporting Roosevelt along with the five Mississippi delegates Charles Banks, W.P. Locker, Perry W. Howard, Daniel W. Gerry, and Wesly Crayton.
204:
1330:
876:. Woodruff's faction hampered Hughes' agenda and blocked Hughes' legislation for a direct presidential primary. Roosevelt re-entered politics in his home state of New York, allying with Hughes to support these failed primary proposals. To press the cause of electoral reform, Roosevelt stood for election as temporary chairman of the state convention. Taft offered to support Roosevelt and denounce Aldrich and Cannon, in exchange for an endorsement of the administration, but Roosevelt refused the deal. The New York Republican Party instead supported Vice President
1453:
1731:
631:
650:. Pinchot "threw down the gauntlet" by stating "unequivocally" that a national hydropower trust was "in the process of formation," aided by "strict construction" of the law, which inevitably championed "the great interests as against the people." Ballinger, under attack from Pinchot and the progressive press, merely recited a "routine dissertation on public-land matters." He was the only speaker not to accept questions, which drew an open rebuke from California governor
1247:
646:, who had overseen Roosevelt's conservation efforts from that office and had become Roosevelt's close personal friend. The Pinchot-Ballinger controversy soon became a proxy for several latent political conflictsβprogressives versus conservatives, corporate interests versus public rights, East versus Westβand consequently Pinchot's cause became the opening volley in the 1912 campaign to defeat Taft. In August 1909, both men spoke at the National Irrigation Conference in
1350:
197:
972:, who served as president) and sixteen U.S. Representatives. La Follette asked Roosevelt to join the league, but he declined. Though most members professed to support Roosevelt, the organization was regarded as a vehicle for a La Follette campaign. Similar organizations were formed in Minnesota, Michigan, Nebraska, South Dakota, Washington, and Wisconsin. Bourne stated that the 1912 presidential election would be between Wilson and La Follette.
1266:
190:
36:
627:. Within weeks of taking office, Ballinger privatized three million acres of federally preserved land, a reversal of Roosevelt's aggressive conservation policies. Ballinger made a purely legalistic argument for the reversal, claiming that requisite data and congressional approval must be secured before public seizure of any land. Taft backed Ballinger in his insistence that conservation could only be pursued "on the basis of law."
1391:
1411:
1159:
1769:
electoral vote or were controlled by federal patronage. Roosevelt summed up Taft's delegates as, "one-eighth of his delegates represent a real sentiment for him and seven-eighths represent nothing whatever but the use of patronage in his interest in certain
Democratic states". Roosevelt made it clear that Taft had turned the Republican Party for the worst and that he had no chance of winning the election.
2614:
1070:, relying on their support and his own leverage over federal appointments to secure Taft's nomination. Taft used his support from the southern delegates, 83% of which voted for him, to win the nomination. Another twelve delegates came from the District of Columbia, Hawaii, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico, which would not vote in the general election.
1607:
diverted the campaign's energy and focus during the early months. To counter the Taft campaign, the
Roosevelt forces sent a full-time staffer, Ormsby McHarg, to lobby Southern delegates. In Washington, pro-Roosevelt Senators blocked Taft's political appointments and opened a national investigation into the use of patronage in the South.
1066:; over 200 delegates would come from states that had not been won by a Republican since the end of Reconstruction and where the party was essentially non-existent other than Republican appointees who owed their jobs to Taft. However, Roosevelt had previously rejected an attempt to abolish Southern delegations at the
1615:"We should hold the judiciary in all respect, but it is both absurd and degrading to make a fetish of a judge or of any one else," he declared. Amid furor and accusations of insanity from conservatives, legal scholars, and even some progressives, he formally accepted the draft petition in Boston on February 25.
1772:
Five states voted in the final four weeks of the primary season, and
Roosevelt won all five states. He won Maryland 53β47 over Taft. In California, Roosevelt received 55% to Taft's 27% and La Follette's 18%. The major shock of the primary season was Roosevelt's 55β40% defeat of Taft in his home state
1610:
On
February 6, Florida Republicans held their state convention, which appeared to be organized solidly for Taft given his control of the party apparatus. After contested delegates were resolved in favor of the Taft forces, the Roosevelt men bolted to nominate a competing slate of Roosevelt delegates.
1594:
The strategy of the Taft organization in the South, where they were assured of total control for the time being, was to hold conventions before
Roosevelt could organize there, sometimes months before the usual time. The Taft campaign sought to quickly overpower Roosevelt-supporting party chairs, such
1557:
On
January 16, the Roosevelt National Committee was independently formed in Chicago; speculation became widespread that the former president would announce a campaign in late February, when he was scheduled to speak at the Ohio constitutional convention. He publicly stated that he would be willing to
927:
Roosevelt, in a letter to Lodge, wrote about internal
Republican disputes aiding the Democrats in the 1910 election. This included criticizing Cannon's supporters who "would a thousand fold" perfer a Democratic victory rather than Cannon not being elected speaker. The New York Republican Party was in
859:
National progressives praised the speech, while conservatives decried
Roosevelt as a "new Napoleon," "neo-Populist," "peripatetic revolutionist," "a virtual traitor to American institutions." The speech was declaimed as "more nearly revolutionary than anything that ever proceeded from the lips of any
855:
and by far the most radical he had ever delivered, calling for primacy of the executive, as "the steward of the public welfare" over the judiciary, which must be made "interested primarily in human welfare rather than in property." He also called for the large-scale revision of law "so as to work for
695:
Taft personally disliked Cannon and discussed the idea of removing him from the speakership with
Roosevelt shortly before ascending to the presidency. The declining Republican majority in the U.S. House of Representatives meant that the progressive faction of the Republicans could challenge Cannon by
1606:
and poorly organized. In Oklahoma, for example, two competing Roosevelt campaign organs were established, each seeking to seize the novel authority of the insurgent campaign for their own. Eventually, the national Roosevelt campaign intervened to resolve the dispute. Similar local disputes elsewhere
1078:
The method of delegate selection in the various states was an early proxy contest between the progressives and the conservatives, with progressives favoring a direct primary process. Upon Roosevelt's entry into the race in late February 1912, his supporters lobbied for the adoption of direct primary
939:
for the first time since 1895. Many of the Democratic victories were achieved by combining with progressive independents and Republicans to defeat conservatives, while many progressive Republicans retained their seats, heightening confidence that they could supplant Taft in 1912. In the alternative,
3253:
presented Taft's name for the nomination. Taft won the nomination while 344 of Roosevelt's delegates abstained from the vote. Allen read a speech from Roosevelt in which he criticized the process and stated that delegates had been stolen from his in order to secure Taft's nomination. Later that day
1768:
Theodore Roosevelt also attacked President Taft in the Chicago Tribune on June 17, 1912, with his own column. In the column Roosevelt wrote about the differences in delegates that Taft and he had. He stated that the delegates Taft had were from territories or states that had never cast a Republican
1764:
A big turn of events occurred on June 17, 1912. The Chicago Tribune sent out a newspaper with a column on the Republican primary titled, "10 From South Desert Taft for Roosevelt". In this column the writer explains that five Mississippi delegates and five Georgia delegates announced that they would
1702:
for a city flat. On some ballots, up to three feet of blank space separated the Roosevelt ticket from its emblem, leading some voters to tear off what the thought was waste paper and render their ballot unusable. In at least 400 of the 1,069 election districts, the physical supply of ballots, tally
1509:
As formal steps toward the primaries and conventions began in late 1911, La Follette was the sole declared challenger to President Taft; though he had the support of most progressives and insurgents, few observers considered him likely to win, even in the event that Taft was forced from the race at
975:
In March and April, Roosevelt completed a quiet tour of the American Southwest. While he publicly declined to comment on politics, he privately told friends Taft could only be renominated "by default," absent a serious progressive in the race. He did not regard La Follette, who struggled to attract
797:
If our political institutions were perfect, they would absolutely prevent the political domination of money in any part of our affairs. We need to make our political representatives more quickly and sensitively responsive to the people whose servants they are. ... The prime problem of our nation is
600:
Taft, unlike his predecessor, refused to interfere with legislation through executive leverage, and his efforts at mediation between progressives and conservatives failed. Seizing on the plain meaning of "revision" in the 1908 platform, Aldrich questioned, "Where did we ever make the statement that
1614:
On February 10, the governors of Kansas, Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska, and West Virginia answered Roosevelt's call for a draft. Speaking at the Ohio convention on February 21, he called for recall of judicial decisions as a last resort, an indirect slight to Taft, a former federal judge from Ohio.
956:
After the humiliating defeat of 1910, Roosevelt receded into private life and Taft turned his focus to the divided Congress, controlled by a mix of Democrats and insurgent Republicans. Roosevelt generally declined entreaties to challenge Taft, stating that the best hope for progressives was to "do
3215:
388 delegates were selected through the primaries and Roosevelt won 281, Taft received 71 delegates, and La Follette received 36 delegates. However, Taft had a 566β466 margin, placing him over the 540 needed for nomination, with the delegations selected at state conventions. Roosevelt accused the
1717:
After the results came in, Roosevelt himself joined the criticism of the New York process, which he called "fraud." He likewise denounced the "brutal and indecent" exclusion of his delegates in Indiana and "outrageous" tactics in Denver. "They are stealing the primary elections from us," he said.
1690:
The primary was closed, meaning only voters who formally enrolled as members of the Republican Party could vote. In all cities of over 5,000 people, voters were required to enroll in advance, while same-day registration was permitted in smaller towns and villages. Polls were open from 7 a.m. to 9
1565:
There was an attempt to end La Follette's campaign by promising a Roosevelt-La Follette ticket. La Follette rejected this, but the Pinchots, who faced embarrassment if they switched to Roosevelt after publicly asking La Follette to run, unsuccessfully tried to convince him to withdraw. Many of La
763:
wrote that this speech as "a major milestone in the alienation of progressive Republican sentiment from the Taft administration". The backlash to this speech and Taft's tour led to Lodge to write to Roosevelt about his concerns of La Follette and Cummins tearing the party apart. However, Taft was
662:
additionally advised Taft that Ballinger had, as commissioner, obstructed antitrust investigations into a Seattle developer who later became his legal client. In September, Taft rejected their findings and publicly exonerated Ballinger of wrong-doing and criticized Glavis's zeal. In January 1910,
1028:
arguing the trust was monopolistic in intent. Though Wickersham argued that Roosevelt was innocent of wrongdoing, he suggested the former president had naΓ―vely enabled U.S. Steel. In response, Roosevelt defended his record and denounced the Taft antitrust agenda as "chaotic." Privately, he began
1755:
Taft ended the month with a 50β48% win in Massachusetts. However, due to the Massachusetts ballot offering a presidential preference separate from the delegate vote, Roosevelt won more delegates even though he placed second. By the end of the month, Roosevelt was leading in delegates chosen in
910:
At the end of September, Roosevelt personally appeared at the New York convention in Saratoga. There, delegates rallied to his support and elected him chair rather than Sherman, who had to escort him to the stage for his keynote address. Roosevelt denounced machine politics as "the negation of
1082:
Despite the efforts of Taft supporters, primary elections were adopted by legislation in several states. In addition to the existing binding primary systems in place in California, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oregon, Wisconsin, and New Jersey, Roosevelt supporters successfully lobbied for primary
1586:
On February 2, Roosevelt privately told Johnson that he would run. That same night La Follette gave a disastrous speech to the Periodical Publishers Association in Philadelphia. La Follette, who had recently recovered from ptomaine poisoning, was deprived of sleep, and was distraught over a
671:
that he would "say nothing about politics until I have been home long enough to know the situation" and that he believed the party "must renominate" Taft. Nevertheless, public speculation mounted. Dolliver said, "With Pinchot knocked out and Aldrich put in command, I think you can hear a
467:
At the conclusion of the delegation selection process, Roosevelt had won 411 instructed delegates, Taft had 201, and 254 were contested between the two candidates. Of the remaining delegates, 46 were pledged to the minor candidates Albert B. Cummins and Robert M. La Follette and 166 were
596:
in college, opposed high tariffs. He stated that Aldrich was "ready to sacrifice the party" and told La Follette that he would veto the legislation, but later gave his support to the legislation after meetings with Aldrich and Cannon. He signed the bill into law on August 5, 1909.
1661:
in 1911, the state passed its first primary law. The Dix law did not satisfy progressives; the New York Legislative Voters Association said it could "scarcely be recognized by the name of direct primary." The legislature further amended the law in advance of the 1912 primary; the
1670:
closely associated with Roosevelt during his time as governor, decried the amendments. "All the legislation enacted on the subject of primaries tended to make successful contests against the party machines even more difficult than under the unfair primary law enacted last year."
824:. Some in the press already treated this as the start of a presidential campaign. "It is incredible that there should remain a single American citizen who does not see that Theodore Roosevelt has undertaken a campaign for the presidential nomination in 1912," wrote the
1656:
had aggressively campaigned for a direct primary in 1910 but were unsuccessful, possibly in part because Taft appointed Hughes to the U.S. Supreme Court during the campaign. Republicans lost the New York election in dramatic fashion, and under Democratic governor
683:
on the latter's return journey through Europe, where he shared his and others' criticisms of the Taft administration. Roosevelt then wrote to Lodge of his impression that the administration had "completely twisted round the policies I advocated and acted upon."
1722:. ... I cannot and will not stand by while the opinion of the people is being suppressed and their will thwarted." His campaign strategy changed to emphasize in-person speeches, and he implicitly threatened to bolt the party if not nominated at the convention.
1577:
costumes, but was reminded that La Follette was Taft's only official challenger and repelled from the stage. After the convention voted 118β32 to endorse Taft over La Follette, the chairman went outside and detonated five hundred pounds of high explosives.
898:
As the summer wore on, Roosevelt and Taft's personal relationship deteriorated. Relations between the "insurgents" and the regular Republicans deteriorated as well, as conservatives sought to purge the party of more radical Roosevelt allies like Senator
1742:
Roosevelt's fortunes began to change with the Illinois primary on April 9. In his first primary victory, Roosevelt won 61% of the vote to Taft 29% and La Follette 10%. Roosevelt won every county, though Taft won some Congressional Districts in Chicago.
1714:, he won only a single delegate, who ran unopposed. Overall, he received seven delegates to Taft's eighty-three. Progressives won no party committee races at any level. Taft also swept the Colorado and Indiana conventions held that same night.
4978:
The Texas precinct conventions were held on May 5, followed by county conventions on May 8 and district conventions at some intermediate date, culminating in a state convention on May 28. Delegates were elected at the district and state
1513:
On November 21, Roosevelt's name was officially entered into the Nebraska primary. Unauthorized Roosevelt clubs were founded in Idaho, Montana, Michigan, and Ohio. In December, a group of three progressive state party chairmen, led by
605:?" Though Taft had been a bystander in the tariff's passage, he defended it in a speaking tour soon after its passage into law. He said, "On the whole... I think the Payne bill is the best bill that the Republican Party ever passed."
468:
uninstructed. In the end, Taft won the vast majority of the party conventions, delivering him a working majority outright, and many Roosevelt supporters abstained from voting at the convention before bolting to form their own party.
860:
American who has held high office in our Government" and "more and worse than rank socialismβit is communism at the limit." Privately, Roosevelt admitted to Lodge, "I had no business to take the position in the fashion that I did."
720:
in late 1909 showed that 80% of newspaper editors west of the Allegheny Mountains wanted Cannon removed. Lodge wrote to Roosevelt in November stating that there was an understanding that Cannon would not be reelected speaker of the
9639:
9634:
1746:
In the two weeks following the Illinois primary, Roosevelt won three states. He defeated Taft by a 60-40% margin in Pennsylvania on April 13. Nebraska and Oregon voted on April 19, going to Roosevelt with 59% and 40% respectively.
1595:
as Cecil Lyons of Texas and Pearl Wright of Louisiana, and avoid the possibility that loyalty would evaporate if job-seekers came to believe that Taft could not be re-elected. The Taft forces in the South were organized rapidly by
999:'s government. Roosevelt's editorial criticisms became more strident, though he privately admonished his son, who was becoming active in progressive politics, not to openly endorse a challenger. "My present intention," he wrote to
666:
Still in Africa, Roosevelt declined to publicly comment but privately wrote Pinchot, "I cannot believe it. I do not know any man in public life who has rendered quite the service you have rendered." Separately, he wrote to Senator
1623:
The first presidential preference primary was held in North Dakota on March 19. The North Dakota campaign was unique in that Roosevelt faced La Follette without Taft in the race. The state's progressive organization under Senator
548:
wrote, "No foreign ruler or man of eminence could have aroused more universal attention, received a warmer welcome, or achieved greater popularity among every class of society." He returned to the United States on June 18, 1910.
1738:, "From the first of April until June, he waged one of the most strenuous campaigns in American political history." The results were evident; he nearly swept the remaining primaries and drew close to Taft before the convention.
1686:
in the audience, Roosevelt framed his speech around the subject of boss rule. He received a standing ovation for declaring, "I prefer to govern myself, to do my own part, rather than have the government of a particular class."
4359:
Roosevelt, Theodore. "Roosevelt Delegates, Taft Delegates, Stolen Delegates. (June 17, 1912)." June 17, 1912 - Roosevelt Delegates, Taft Delegates, Stolen Delegates. | Chicago Tribune Archive. N.p., 17 June 1912. Web. 21 Feb.
1587:
life-threatening operation to his daughter, devolved into a harangue of the newspapermen. His gave a confused speech in which he repeated himself constantly over the course of one hour. The next day the Pinchots, Flinn,
3226:
served as Roosevelt's floor manager at the convention. Hadley made a motion for 74 of Taft's delegates to be replaced by 72 delegates after the reading of the convention call, but his motion was ruled out of order.
696:
allying with the Democrats. Twelve Republican representatives refused to vote for Cannon in the 1909 speaker election. Cannon removed his opponents from committee posts and Taft declined to object to these actions.
6458:
928:
turmoil as progressives attacked Roosevelt for supporting Taft and the tariff while conservatives attacked him as using the state's gubernatorial election as a stepping stone to a presidential campaign in 1912.
5696:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5763:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5730:
5725:
5720:
984:. In June, the two men made their final public appearance together in Baltimore; after Roosevelt denied subsequent reports that he had promised to support Taft in 1912, they did not speak for several years.
657:
Immediately after his Spokane speech, Pinchot took his case directly to Taft, claiming that waterpower interests had begun an immense land grab in Montana. Soon after, Pinchot and regional forestry official
5758:
5691:
3258:
and nominated him as an independent candidate for president which Roosevelt accepted although he requested a formal convention. Roosevelt initially considered not running as a third-party candidate until
10012:
711:
from their positions as committee chairs. This produced a progressive backlash and progressives organized candidates to primary Republican incumbents who supported Cannon and the Payne-Aldrich tariff.
1550:, and Stubbs. These four governors had been urging him to run for the presidency, but the idea was almost abandoned when it was leaked. However, he continued with the idea after governors Osborn and
1015:. He testified that his acquiescence to the merger had been necessary to halt the financial panic and generally acquitted himself well in the hearing, receiving praise even from the Democratic
487:
3220:
ruled in favor of Taft for 233 of the delegate cases while 6 were in favor of Roosevelt. The committee reinvestigated 92 of the contested delegates and ruled in favor of Taft for all of them.
1591:, and other La Follette supporters abandoned him for Roosevelt. A rumor spread that La Follette withdrew from the race when in fact he was taking a two-week break due to illness and overwork.
7326:
7305:
1756:
primaries with 179 to 108 for Taft and 36 for La Follette. Due to the fact that just 14 states held primaries, Taft had 428 delegates overall while Roosevelt had 204 and La Follette had 36.
4890:
At the convention, a large number of Roosevelt delegates abstained from voting. For the purposes of the roll call map, their votes are combined with those who cast their vote for Roosevelt.
960:
On January 21, 1911, the National Progressive Republican League was founded in La Follette's home. Its charter membership boasted eight United States Senators (in addition to La Follette,
7235:
5715:
503:
declined entreaties to seek another term in office, keeping to a spontaneous pledge he made upon securing re-election in 1904. His initial choice for a successor was Secretary of State
7411:
1468:
showed Roosevelt leading Taft by 300 votes. In April, Poindexter stated that only Roosevelt could win in 1912. In June, the president of Roosevelt Club of St. Paul, with Pinchot and
1011:
In November, Roosevelt returned to the political stage to testify in front of a congressional committee investigating his oversight of the 1907 partial merger of U.S. Steel and the
4350:"10 FROM SOUTH DESERT TAFT FOR ROOSEVELT (June 17, 1912)." June 17, 1912 - 10 FROM SOUTH DESERT TAFT FOR ROOSEVELT | Chicago Tribune Archive. N.p., 17 June 1912. Web. 21 Feb. 2017.
725:. Taft asked Knox to suggest in "certain Senatorial and other quarters" that this was the best time for Cannon to retire on his own volition. In 1910, a proposal by Representative
1698:
Roosevelt supporters harshly criticized the conduct of the primary. In New York City, the election board used a fourteen-foot-long ballot; at least one newspaper compared it to a
729:
to greatly reduce the power of the speaker was approved by a vote of 191 to 156, with 46 Republicans in support. Cannon did not resign and a motion of dismissal by Representative
3235:
of the southern delegations as every northern state, except for four, voted for McGovern. Hadley was later proposed as a compromise candidate, but that attempt was unsuccessful.
891:, told the press that Roosevelt had begged for the meeting to boost his failing career, Roosevelt was privately incensed and denied the story, annoying Taft in turn. Taft told
9023:
507:, but Root's career as a corporate attorney had rendered him unpalatable to progressives, and he declined to seek the presidency. Instead, Roosevelt endorsed Secretary of War
10280:
9663:
53:
1707:
telegraphed his complaint to Governor Dix, "An apter method of mocking the supposed right of the voter to signify his will at a party primary could not have been devised."
5784:
5779:
429:. Taft's victory at the national convention precipitated a fissure in the Republican Party, with Roosevelt standing for the presidency as the candidate of an independent
9016:
7878:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
5794:
5789:
7819:
1083:
legislation in Illinois, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, and South Dakota. Taft supporters were successful in blocking primary legislation in Michigan.
568:
As part of the 1908 platform, the party pledged itself to "tariff revision," which nearly all observers took to mean a reduction in the record-high rates under the
9649:
9644:
9629:
9624:
9619:
9614:
9609:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
7404:
5880:
1611:
Thus, a tone was set for the Southern campaign; conventions would elect a Taft delegation and Roosevelt supporters would elect a competing slate of delegates.
764:
unaware of the internal disputes as he was surrounded by local leaders and wrote that his tour achieved everything he wanted in a letter to Secretary of State
7781:
5872:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5584:
3231:, a supporter of Taft, was selected to chair the convention after winning 558 votes against McGovern's 501 votes. Root was accused of having won through the
4398:
511:. With Roosevelt's support and steadfast refusal to accept the nomination himself, Taft easily won the Republican nomination and the general election over
100:
10244:
72:
1667:
495:. Instead, he spent the first years of his successor's term touring East Africa and Europe. He is pictured here with a hunting trophy in December 1909.
1094:, and electing a competing slate of delegates. This created a large number of delegate credential contests to be resolved at the national convention.
7397:
2628:
1773:
of Ohio on May 21. One week later, Roosevelt won New Jersey, 56β41%. The primary season wrapped up with South Dakota, where Roosevelt won with 55%.
79:
10031:
10024:
5888:
10234:
10114:
7894:
7841:
6144:
5986:
17:
9983:
7812:
6438:
6433:
5348:
5296:
5265:
5238:
5208:
5906:
957:
what we can with Taft, face probable defeat in 1912, and then endeavor to reorganize under really capable and sanely progressive leadership."
86:
9539:
7264:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
1566:
Follette supporters, including the Pinchots and Flinn, secretly contributed to Roosevelt while still campaigning for La Follette in January.
8663:
8643:
8623:
8603:
8583:
8563:
8543:
8523:
8503:
8483:
8463:
8443:
8423:
8403:
8383:
8363:
8343:
8323:
8303:
8283:
8263:
8243:
8223:
8203:
8183:
8163:
8143:
8123:
7786:
7358:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
4902:
At the end of the selection process, 254 delegates were in dispute between Roosevelt and Taft. These numbers reflect the undisputed totals.
3280:
673:
516:
161:
976:
support in the East, as that candidate. Roosevelt made his first public criticism of Taft administration policy in a spring editorial for
10071:
9959:
904:
68:
10161:
5867:
5833:
1703:
sheets, or election officials were lacking such that no primary was held at all. On primary day, Roosevelt's New York campaign manager
941:
1079:
laws in as many states as possible, believing that the existing convention system would be impassibly dominated by the conservatives.
687:
Through the spring of 1910, as Roosevelt made his return from Europe, Congress held hearings into Taft's handling of the controversy.
8819:
7805:
5838:
5577:
1985:
1281:
1012:
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to get the right type of good citizenship, and, to get it, we must have progress, and our public men must be genuinely progressive.
592:, both members of the progressive faction, led the opposition to the tariff legislation in the U.S. Senate. Taft, who studied under
10254:
10086:
10081:
9823:
7429:
7425:
7421:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
1856:
1570:
1062:
Roosevelt supporters criticized the allocation of a large amount of delegates to the South as essentially amounting to a system of
638:
for insubordination in 1910 triggered criticism from progressives. Pinchot immediately lobbied Roosevelt to challenge Taft in 1912.
492:
482:
418:
10076:
9285:
9130:
8682:
7930:
6370:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
3268:
3008:
2740:
1506:, and others refusing to support him. Cummins believed that La Follette would not receive more than 200 votes at the convention.
1170:
734:
430:
830:. Speaking in Denver on August 29, Roosevelt delivered one of his first political speeches since leaving office, denouncing the
10214:
10194:
9969:
9718:
1526:
and consulted with political allies through January on whether or not he should enter the race. In December, governors Stubbs,
936:
780:
515:. Roosevelt, after privately expressing some skepticism over Taft's decision not to retain his cabinet officers, departed for
10239:
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9949:
7257:
5847:
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5320:
5132:
1710:
The result was a landslide for Taft, with those able to vote turning out two-to-one for the President. In Roosevelt's native
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840:
807:
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in attendance, predicted the formation of a new political party under the leadership of Roosevelt, Pinchot, and Garfield.
818:
In advance of the New York convention, Roosevelt embarked on a western tour, ostensibly as an independent commentator for
93:
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After losing his home state of New York, Roosevelt personally entered the campaign on April 1. According to historian
456:, a fellow progressive who entered the race early. However, President Taft was equally dominant under the traditional
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8748:
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4912:
4435:"Plenty of Work For National Committee: Republican Rump Convention in Florida is the Starter; Advantage is With Taft"
3355:
3247:, and Root opposed it as losing the convention would result in the destruction of the Old Guard's political machine.
1479:
endorse Taft for reelection at its 1910 convention, but it failed while delegates cheered at a picture of Roosevelt.
940:
some saw the defeat of the Republican ticket in New York as a personal rebuke of Roosevelt. Republicans lost several
663:
Pinchot took the case public in an open letter to Dolliver, after which Taft promptly fired him for insubordination.
119:
699:
On August 5, 1909, Cannon announced the selection for the permanent committees. This selection removed progressives
519:
and European tour which kept him overseas into 1910, at least in part to give Taft latitude to operate politically.
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9106:
8742:
7828:
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Ganoe, John T. (September 1934), "Some Constitutional and Political Aspects of the BallingerβPinchot Controversy",
2810:
2685:
969:
932:
887:. Taft reiterated his willingness to support Roosevelt's bid for convention chair. However, when Taft's secretary,
526:
brought him international as well as domestic prestige. He was fΓͺted at the leading European courts, accepted the
9964:
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9843:
8796:
8754:
8730:
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1599:, with threats issued to state and local party leaders to return a Taft delegation or face removal from office.
1051:. Unlike the Democratic Party of the time, the Republicans had no unit rule or two-thirds majority requirement.
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a.k.a. "winner-take-all" rule, requiring that all delegates vote in accordance with the majority of their state
4841:"TAFT 566 - ROOSEVELT 466. - Present Line-Up of Instructed and Pledged Delegates With All the Contests Decided"
1255:
1148:
992:
414:
57:
1029:
speaking more openly about his willingness to challenge Taft. The response won praise on Wall Street, and the
10249:
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9883:
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614:
991:
had devolved into a prolonged struggle over rates and, though Congress eventually passed a compromise bill,
413:
were selected through a series of primaries, caucuses, and conventions to determine the party's nominee for
10019:
9908:
9798:
9763:
9713:
9698:
8827:
8802:
8766:
8700:
2970:
1024:
Nevertheless, the Department of Justice opened an antitrust case against U.S. Steel, with Attorney General
746:
623:, a progressive and close advisor to Roosevelt. He was replaced by commissioner of the General Land Office
1573:
devolved into anarchy; the local committee chair attempted a stampede for Roosevelt, complete with men in
1542:
On January 12, Roosevelt considered launching his campaign by replying to a joint letter of invitation by
10131:
10046:
10000:
9828:
9723:
9703:
9030:
8790:
8778:
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820:
722:
1277:
325:
10051:
9888:
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5911:
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1643:
President Taft's first major victory came in New York's primary on March 26. Just before the vote, the
5225:
Released for Publication: Some Inside Political History of Theodore Roosevelt and His Times, 1898β1918
464:
power could be leveraged in his favor and party bosses were able to maneuver delegations towards him.
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9858:
9813:
9803:
9788:
9778:
9743:
9708:
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La Follette announced his campaign on June 17, 1911. His campaign was financially backed by Pinchot,
981:
535:
335:
5562:
5409:"Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and the Disputed Delegates in 1912: Texas as a Case Study"
1139:
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9753:
9748:
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9693:
9683:
5019:
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3028:
1674:
The campaign for New York opened the night after the North Dakota primary, when Roosevelt spoke at
1476:
4393:"Ed Perry Down and Out: Spectacular Politician Met Waterloo in Coalgate Convention--Taft Endorsed"
9863:
9818:
9758:
9733:
9688:
9455:
9350:
5185:
5044:
1635:
Roosevelt attributed his loss to Democrats who voted for La Follette to embarrass his candidacy.
1460:
political cartoon portrays a diminutive La Follette as the heavy underdog against President Taft.
1329:
911:
democracy". The next day, the convention nominated Roosevelt's preferred candidate for governor,
203:
46:
1464:
In February 1910, a poll of Republican newspaper editors west of the Allegheny Mountains by the
880:
for convention president, an implicit endorsement of the administration against the insurgents.
452:
supported by Roosevelt and his allies, and the primaries were largely dominated by Roosevelt or
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9738:
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8098:
7703:
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5304:
5161:
2773:
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1469:
1000:
884:
868:
Republican politics in New York were divided between factions under the leadership of Governor
512:
3345:
1522:; he again refused to run, but privately, his will had begun to waver. He declined to issue a
10126:
9898:
9853:
8338:
7588:
7204:
5947:
3101:
1823:
1704:
1691:
p.m., except in New York City, where polls did not open until 3 p.m. Votes were collected by
1551:
1491:
1323:
642:
Ballinger's chief critic was his own subordinate, head of the United States Forestry Service
593:
585:
453:
226:
534:, and delivered a series of lectures at leading European institutions, including his famous
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The Bully Pulpit: Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and the Golden Age of Journalism
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1653:
1531:
869:
769:
589:
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577:
563:
531:
445:
1047:
The presidential nomination was decided by a simple majority vote of the delegates to the
8:
10109:
9320:
9058:
8090:
8077:
7973:
7856:
7547:
5169:
Nash, Howard P. (1959). "Chapter Nine: Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Movement".
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1809:
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1596:
1503:
1133:
931:
In the fall, Roosevelt campaigned for both progressive and conservative Republicans. The
873:
848:
832:
704:
539:
508:
422:
395:
383:
215:
5170:
4960:
Roosevelt won ten statewide delegates and six district delegates elected simultaneously.
2627:
Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the
1003:, "is to make a couple of speeches for Taft, but not to go actively into the campaign."
836:
decision and accusing the Supreme Court of favoring corporations over "popular rights."
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5515:"The Gamble for Power: Theodore Roosevelt's Decision to Run for the Presidency in 1912"
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811:
803:
783:
as governor of California, La Follette defeated his conservative primary opponent, and
730:
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500:
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221:
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Roosevelt had been elected Vice President in 1900, become President in 1901 upon the
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1429:
1384:
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1311:
1194:
1025:
961:
888:
775:
Conservative and pro-Taft incumbents suffered multiple losses in the 1910 elections.
765:
752:
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668:
624:
620:
527:
441:
856:
a more substantial equality of opportunity and of reward for equally good service."
9514:
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3013:
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2701:
2016:
1588:
1569:
Delegate selections began as early as January 23, when the district convention for
1559:
1499:
1452:
1271:
1204:
919:
soon after if he was a candidate for president, Roosevelt replied, "I don't know."
900:
877:
784:
726:
241:
9593:
9524:
9445:
9385:
9280:
9275:
9260:
9255:
9240:
9082:
9064:
9052:
9046:
9005:
8957:
8903:
8354:
8274:
8258:
8254:
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8154:
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4933:
The Democratic Party ultimately repealed their unit rule at the 1912 convention.
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8198:
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4991:
The remainder of the Texas delegates were contested between Roosevelt and Taft.
3192:
3156:
2982:
2976:
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2841:
2822:
1730:
1663:
1658:
1645:
1543:
1523:
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1031:
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965:
945:
892:
680:
573:
569:
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434:
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3216:
Taft faction of having over 200 fraudulently selected delegates. However, the
10274:
10209:
9534:
9475:
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9184:
8915:
8454:
8434:
8394:
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1912: Wilson, Roosevelt, Taft, and DebsβThe Election That Changed the Country
4434:
4392:
3244:
3113:
3063:
3004:
2878:
2804:
2736:
2316:
1711:
1675:
1519:
1487:
912:
852:
776:
651:
440:
For the first time, a large number of delegates were selected through direct
1537:
9554:
9549:
9470:
9450:
9405:
9355:
9325:
9290:
9214:
9196:
8981:
8969:
8861:
8849:
8837:
8654:
8634:
8614:
7964:
3264:
3196:
3131:
3019:
2965:
2890:
2748:
2546:
2195:
1946:
1649:
reported that Taft had won 134 out of the 170 delegates chosen nationwide.
1574:
1527:
1036:
826:
659:
630:
619:
One of the cabinet secretaries not retained by the Taft administration was
5449:
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1246:
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9544:
9519:
9505:
9370:
9166:
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8578:
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8538:
8414:
8398:
8378:
8278:
7679:
7508:
7488:
5092:
5009:
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4487:
4485:
4483:
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offered their financial support. Roosevelt and his supporters formed the
3032:
1719:
1629:
1625:
5555:
5539:
5530:
5514:
5457:
5433:
5424:
5408:
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9310:
8999:
8993:
8963:
8638:
8618:
8498:
8478:
8218:
8214:
5898:
5497:
5477:
5434:"The 1912 Election and the Rhetorical Foundations of the Liberal State"
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3125:
3119:
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1515:
504:
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Backstage in 1912: The Inside Story of the Split Republican Convention
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3239:
and other conservative Republicans considered Hadley's candidacy, but
196:
9202:
8598:
8518:
5592:
5182:
Parties and Elections in America: The Electoral Process Fifth Edition
4951:
All four Florida delegates were contested between Roosevelt and Taft.
4942:
All four Florida delegates were contested between Roosevelt and Taft.
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1699:
1355:
1339:
461:
246:
5380:
3491:
1562:
and would feel "in honor bound" if it came from the "plain people."
1498:). He was unable to coalesce the progressive movement with Governor
987:
Through the year, Taft's popularity sagged further. His efforts for
189:
35:
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9480:
8987:
8658:
8514:
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523:
5482:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
5478:"The Operation of the State-Wide Direct Primary in New York State"
5283:
Power and Responsibility: The Life and Times of Theodore Roosevelt
5195:
Conservatives in the Progressive Era: The Taft Republicans of 1912
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1890:
647:
3271:
and Johnson was selected as his vice-presidential running mate.
2613:
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2275:
847:
on August 31. The speech was drafted with advice from Pinchot,
790:
584:, which reduced rates on some imports but raised them on most.
457:
1059:
A total of 1,078 delegates were allocated for the convention.
5158:
Political Parties In American History, Volume 3, 1890-present
2359:
895:
that he and Roosevelt had reached "the parting of the ways."
491:
President Theodore Roosevelt declined to seek re-election in
5540:"The Making of a Presidentβ1912: The Northern Negroes' View"
5145:(1946). "Chapter Eight: Old Friends are Friends No Longer".
3738:
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3734:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3510:
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1638:
1628:
committed to La Follette in 1911. The conservatives, led by
5525:(3, Reassessments of Presidents and First Ladies): 633β47.
5175:. Washington, D.C.: Public Affairs Press. pp. 242β267.
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Taft's decision to fire Chief of the U.S. Forestry Service
236:
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The Roosevelt organization, especially in the South, was
1538:
January: Delegate elections begin and LaFollette declines
1430:
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1312:
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4915:, and been re-elected to a full term of his own in 1904.
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failed. Cannon was replaced in Republican leadership by
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1322:
6459:
List of candidates by number of primary votes received
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3839:
3827:
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1239:
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that he may have been mistaken in defending Aldrich.
174:
1,074 delegates to the Republican National Convention
10281:
1912 United States Republican presidential primaries
4823:
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1984:
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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2788:, former Chief of the United States Forest Service
2672:, former Chief of the United States Forest Service
1534:announced their support for a Roosevelt campaign.
409:From January 23 to June 4, 1912, delegates to the
5594:United States presidential primaries and caucuses
4816:
4047:
3579:
3016:, former prosecutor from San Francisco and Oregon
863:
27:Selection of Republican US presidential candidate
10272:
608:
374:
7562:(incumbent; nominated but died before election)
5148:Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Movement
5068:Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Movement
4762:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4746:
1725:
839:His trip culminated in a speech calling for a "
69:"1912 Republican Party presidential primaries"
7813:
7405:
5578:
4969:Primary held, but vote figures are not known.
1212:
476:
7359:Graduated Random Presidential Primary System
4743:
3281:1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries
791:Roosevelt's western trip and New Nationalism
737:as Minority Leader after the 1910 election.
133:1912 Republican Party presidential primaries
10072:National Republican Congressional Committee
5337:. Vol. II. New York. pp. 765β814.
5151:. New York: Hill and Wang. pp. 220β55.
5015:The Vital South: How Presidents Are Elected
1759:
951:
905:Republican Congressional Campaign Committee
10162:High School Republican National Federation
7820:
7806:
7412:
7398:
5585:
5571:
5347:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5295:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5264:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5237:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5207:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5004:
4024:
1750:
5472:
5335:The Life and Times of William Howard Taft
5246:
4898:
4896:
3085:, former U.S. Representative from Indiana
1639:March 26: New York, Colorado, and Indiana
1618:
1298:
1013:Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company
1006:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
10255:Timeline of modern American conservatism
10087:Republican Attorneys General Association
10082:National Republican Senatorial Committee
7426:1912 United States presidential election
5907:Conservative Political Action Conference
5280:
5274:
5192:
4987:
4985:
4774:The Bowling Green Daily Sentinel-Tribune
3079:, U.S. Representative from Massachusetts
3047:List of William Howard Taft endorsements
2912:, former Lieutenant Governor of New York
1729:
1451:
759:and the Payne-Aldrich tariff. Historian
629:
486:
483:1908 United States presidential election
460:and convention systems, where executive
329:
10077:National Republican Redistricting Trust
7662:
7618:
7538:
5537:
5362:
5329:
5115:
4517:. Ishpeming, Mi. 26 Mar 1912. p. 2
4326:
4289:
3893:
3869:
3742:
3544:
3532:
3520:
3400:
3009:Pennsylvania Republican State Committee
2776:, former U.S. Secretary of the Interior
2763:List of Theodore Roosevelt endorsements
2741:Pennsylvania Republican State Committee
2663:, former U.S. Secretary of the Interior
2649:List of Robert La Follette endorsements
1776:
1447:
1361:
1132:
993:the parallel debate north of the border
690:
557:
14:
10273:
10195:Republican National Coalition for Life
5512:
5365:"The Direct Primary in New York State"
5303:
5155:
4893:
4867:
4810:
4798:
4786:
4737:
4725:
4713:
4694:
4679:
4667:
4655:
4631:
4602:
4538:
4460:
4378:
4314:
4258:
4174:
4131:
4119:
4000:
3985:
3968:
3941:
3917:
3845:
3833:
3821:
3809:
3790:
3766:
3704:
3347:Guide to U.S. Elections - Google Books
3319:
1054:
937:United States House of Representatives
10137:Republican National Hispanic Assembly
7801:
7697:
7393:
5566:
5538:Strange, Douglas C. (November 1968).
5432:Kraig, Robert Alexander (Fall 2000).
5431:
5413:The Southwestern Historical Quarterly
5403:
5369:The American Political Science Review
5222:
5179:
5141:
5091:
5061:
4982:
4643:
4550:
4420:
4338:
4270:
4243:
4231:
4210:
4198:
4186:
4155:
4143:
4104:
4092:
4080:
4068:
4056:
4041:
4012:
3953:
3929:
3905:
3881:
3857:
3778:
3754:
3725:
3681:
3669:
3657:
3645:
3633:
3621:
3609:
3597:
3585:
3573:
3556:
3477:
3471:
3465:
3448:
3436:
3424:
3412:
3388:
3376:
3331:
3302:
3022:, attorney, activist, and brother of
2751:, attorney, activist, and brother of
1571:Oklahoma's 4th congressional district
499:In 1908, popular incumbent president
7827:
7353:California Democratic Party v. Jones
5168:
4827:
3343:
3159:, former Lieutenant Governor of Ohio
2607:
1073:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
5484:. 106, The Direct Primary: 142β47.
3254:supporters of Roosevelt met in the
3174:New York Republican State Committee
2850:, U.S. Representative from Nebraska
2782:, former U.S. Secretary of the Navy
2756:(switched endorsement to Roosevelt)
2744:(switched endorsement to Roosevelt)
2725:(switched endorsement to Roosevelt)
2706:(switched endorsement to Roosevelt)
2704:, U.S. Representative from Nebraska
2690:(switched endorsement to Roosevelt)
2674:(switched endorsement to Roosevelt)
2665:(switched endorsement to Roosevelt)
1652:Both Roosevelt and former governor
1228:
1118:
1068:1908 Republican National Convention
1049:1912 Republican National Convention
915:, by a large margin. When asked by
768:. Taft later told Attorney General
411:1912 Republican National Convention
340:First place by convention roll call
24:
10180:Republican Main Street Partnership
5216:
5172:Third Parties in American Politics
5080:
2801:, former U.S. Senator from Indiana
1582:February: The South solid for Taft
1518:of Michigan, visited Roosevelt at
944:, including to Democratic nominee
923:Democratic landslide and aftermath
330:First place by first-instance vote
25:
10292:
10122:Congressional Hispanic Conference
5513:Pavord, Andrew C. (Summer 1996).
5040:Presidential Elections: 1789-1996
4913:assassination of William McKinley
4769:"Review of Week's Political Game"
3204:, U.S. Senator from Massachusetts
3060:, U.S. Senator from Massachusetts
2844:, U.S. Representative from Kansas
1425:
1422:
1368:
1307:
740:
530:in Oslo for his mediation of the
425:was chosen over former president
10092:Republican Governors Association
8631:2020 (Charlotte/other locations)
7369:Rotating Regional Primary System
5281:Harbaugh, William Henry (1961).
5254:. Philadelphia. pp. 80β185.
5101:. New York: Simon and Schuster.
4833:
3066:, U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania
3040:, millionaire furniture retailer
2935:O.K. Davis, former reporter for
2612:
1494:, and Rudolph Spreckels (son of
1475:An attempt was made to have the
1409:
1389:
1348:
1328:
1264:
1245:
1157:
1138:
787:was elected to the U.S. Senate.
334:
324:
202:
195:
188:
139:
34:
4972:
4963:
4954:
4945:
4936:
4927:
4918:
4499:
4426:
4384:
4353:
4344:
2768:U.S. Executive Branch officials
2654:U.S. Executive Branch officials
2603:
1803:Delegates won and popular vote
433:, and the election of Democrat
45:needs additional citations for
18:1912 Nevada Republican caucuses
10185:Republican Majority for Choice
10013:Steering and Policy Committees
5519:Presidential Studies Quarterly
4998:
4905:
4884:
3337:
2813:, U.S. Senator from Washington
2688:, U.S. Senator from Washington
1554:also announced their support.
1256:President of the United States
1149:President of the United States
1035:suggested Roosevelt could be "
989:tariff reciprocity with Canada
864:Schism and New York convention
552:
437:over the divided Republicans.
13:
1:
10250:International Democracy Union
5073:University of Wisconsin Press
3480:The Pacific Historical Review
3286:
3218:Republican National Committee
3210:
3195:, U.S. Senator from Iowa and
2825:, U.S. Senator from Minnesota
1097:
1039:'s candidate for President."
615:Pinchot-Ballinger controversy
609:Pinchot-Ballinger controversy
522:Roosevelt's return trip from
471:
5285:. New York. pp. 412β36.
5193:Wilensky, Norman N. (1965).
4566:Congressional Quarterly 1997
4494:Congressional Quarterly 1997
3344:Kalb, Deborah (2016-02-19).
1726:April 9β19: Roosevelt surges
1668:good government organization
1042:
995:resulted in the collapse of
903:, against whom Taft and the
747:1910 United States elections
7:
10132:Republican Jewish Coalition
10047:Republican Governance Group
5438:Rhetoric and Public Affairs
5363:Feldman, H. (August 1917).
5356:
5227:. Boston. pp. 292β313.
4508:"Twelfth Michigan for Taft"
3274:
2869:, Governor of West Virginia
2863:, Governor of New Hampshire
2831:, U.S. Senator from Montana
1442:
883:Roosevelt met with Taft in
723:62nd United States Congress
601:we would revise the tariff
448:. Primary elections were a
444:rather than local or state
379:Previous Republican nominee
10:
10297:
10052:Republican Study Committee
7374:Interregional Primary Plan
5490:10.1177/000271622310600116
5223:Davis, Oscar King (1925).
3146:, Governor of Rhode Island
3128:, Governor of Pennsylvania
2819:, U.S. Senator from Kansas
1213:Withdrew during convention
1102:
744:
612:
572:of 1898. Instead, Senator
561:
480:
477:1908 presidential election
354: Roosevelt/Not Voting
157:January 23 to June 4, 1912
10227:
10190:Republican Liberty Caucus
10170:
10100:
10062:
9993:
9982:
9937:
9676:
9662:
9602:
9233:
9224:
9015:
8818:
8681:
7877:
7837:
7773:
7740:
7711:
7693:
7651:
7601:
7576:
7521:
7481:
7454:
7437:
7344:
7281:
7245:
7202:
7152:
7143:
7093:
7015:
6787:
6527:
6518:
6451:
6426:
6380:
6342:
6301:
6143:
5985:
5971:
5935:
5897:
5803:
5772:
5705:
5643:
5600:
4514:The Philadelphia Inquirer
3108:Phillips Lee Goldsborough
2946:, founding editor of the
2807:, U.S. Senator from Idaho
2577:
2226:
2009:
1802:
1795:
1790:
1783:
1219:
1109:
982:international arbitration
935:gained a majority in the
755:to defend Representative
679:Pinchot met Roosevelt at
576:and Speaker of the House
536:"man in the arena" speech
372:
320:
180:
172:
149:
137:
9960:Northern Mariana Islands
5644:National opinion polling
5186:Rowman & Littlefield
5085:
5020:Harvard University Press
4877:
4776:. 4 Mar 1912. p. 1.
4402:. 25 Jan 1912. p. 1
3261:George Walbridge Perkins
3116:, Governor of Washington
3077:Augustus Peabody Gardner
3029:George Walbridge Perkins
2881:, Governor of California
1760:Post-primary maneuvering
1477:Republican Party of Iowa
952:Pre-campaign maneuvering
365:
359:
352:
346:
5243:(Roosevelt perspective)
5180:Wayne, Stephen (2008).
5045:Congressional Quarterly
4442:. 7 Feb 1912. p. 3
3122:, Governor of Tennessee
3104:, Governor of Minnesota
2887:, Governor of Wisconsin
1751:April 30: Massachusetts
1287:Defeated at convention:
942:gubernatorial elections
806:, August 31, 1910,
176:538 votes needed to win
10042:Problem Solvers Caucus
7567:Nicholas Murray Butler
5958:South Carolina primary
5544:Negro History Bulletin
5127:. Simon and Schuster.
4025:Black & Black 1992
3256:Chicago Orchestra Hall
3140:, Governor of Delaware
3110:, Governor of Maryland
2893:, Governor of Michigan
2875:, Governor of Missouri
2774:James Rudolph Garfield
2661:James Rudolph Garfield
2623:is missing information
1799:and total popular vote
1739:
1619:March 19: North Dakota
1470:James Rudolph Garfield
1461:
1007:U.S. Steel prosecution
885:New Haven, Connecticut
800:
751:Taft gave a speech in
639:
513:William Jennings Bryan
496:
421:. Incumbent president
10127:Log Cabin Republicans
7742:Socialist Labor Party
7589:Robert M. La Follette
5948:New Hampshire primary
5706:State opinion polling
5450:10.1353/rap.2010.0042
5275:Candidate biographies
5156:Murphy, Paul (1974).
5117:Goodwin, Doris Kearns
4440:The Indianapolis News
3102:Adolph Olson Eberhart
2927:Manhattan Nationalist
2582:388 pledged delegates
1824:Robert M. La Follette
1733:
1705:Charles Holland Duell
1552:Chester Hardy Aldrich
1492:Charles Richard Crane
1455:
1324:Robert M. La Follette
1223:Most recent position
1113:Most recent position
795:
633:
594:William Graham Sumner
586:Robert M. La Follette
490:
454:Robert M. La Follette
227:Robert M. La Follette
10157:Republicans Overseas
10147:Teen Age Republicans
9950:District of Columbia
8351:1964 (San Francisco)
8311:1956 (San Francisco)
7847:National Union Party
7778:Other 1912 elections
5037:Evans, Gary (1997).
3071:U.S. Representatives
2931:Topeka State Journal
2899:, Governor of Kansas
2867:William E. Glasscock
2836:U.S. Representatives
2695:U.S. Representatives
1777:Schedule and results
1654:Charles Evans Hughes
1632:, backed Roosevelt.
1532:William E. Glasscock
1448:Pre-primary campaign
1295:(ran as Progressive)
870:Charles Evans Hughes
770:George W. Wickersham
691:Joseph Gurney Cannon
590:Jonathan P. Dolliver
582:Payne-Aldrich tariff
578:Joseph Gurney Cannon
564:Payne-Aldrich tariff
558:Payne-Aldrich tariff
532:Treaty of Portsmouth
253:Delegate count
54:improve this article
10110:College Republicans
8531:2000 (Philadelphia)
8271:1948 (Philadelphia)
8231:1940 (Philadelphia)
8048:1900 (Philadelphia)
7957:1872 (Philadelphia)
7905:1856 (Philadelphia)
7857:Fourth Party System
7548:William Howard Taft
5162:G. P. Putnam's Sons
4146:, pp. 201β202.
4107:, pp. 185β186.
4044:, pp. 109β110.
3956:, pp. 172β173.
3860:, pp. 153β154.
3757:, pp. 134β135.
3684:, pp. 128β129.
3182:Declined to endorse
3151:Statewide officials
3138:Simeon S. Pennewill
3031:, business aide to
2989:William Allen White
2968:, publisher of the
2957:, publisher of the
2925:, publisher of the
2904:Statewide officials
2885:Francis E. McGovern
2811:Jonathan Bourne Jr.
2720:, publisher of the
2686:Jonathan Bourne Jr.
2625:about endorsements.
1684:Timothy L. Woodruff
1597:William B. McKinley
1504:Albert J. Beveridge
1176:Secured nomination:
1134:William Howard Taft
1055:Delegate allocation
970:Jonathan Bourne Jr.
874:Timothy L. Woodruff
849:William Allen White
833:Lochner v. New York
705:Augustus P. Gardner
674:roar in East Africa
580:worked to pass the
509:William Howard Taft
423:William Howard Taft
396:William Howard Taft
384:William Howard Taft
216:William Howard Taft
134:
10142:Republicans Abroad
10007:Legislative Digest
8471:1988 (New Orleans)
8411:1976 (Kansas City)
8391:1972 (Miami Beach)
8371:1968 (Miami Beach)
8171:1928 (Kansas City)
8035:1896 (Saint Louis)
8022:1892 (Minneapolis)
7867:Sixth Party System
7862:Fifth Party System
7852:Third Party System
7628:Theodore Roosevelt
7584:Theodore Roosevelt
7504:Thomas R. Marshall
7472:Thomas R. Marshall
7272:1900 β’ 1904 β’ 1908
6427:Constitution Party
5804:Debates and forums
5601:Election timelines
5270:(Taft perspective)
4399:The Choctaw Herald
4329:, pp. 496β97.
4317:, pp. 179β83.
4261:, pp. 168β70.
4246:, pp. 226β27.
4234:, pp. 226β28.
4177:, pp. 163β66.
4122:, pp. 152β54.
4003:, pp. 149β52.
3988:, pp. 143β45.
3971:, pp. 136β37.
3896:, pp. 651β52.
3812:, pp. 113β16.
3769:, pp. 94β100.
3745:, pp. 643β46.
3707:, pp. 106β09.
3547:, pp. 607β09.
3523:, pp. 607β14.
3241:William Barnes Jr.
3172:, chairman of the
3170:William Barnes Jr.
3134:, Governor of Utah
3098:, Governor of Iowa
3007:, chairman of the
2938:The New York Times
2923:Henry Justin Allen
2739:, chairman of the
1986:Michigan 12th
1817:Theodore Roosevelt
1740:
1680:William Barnes Jr.
1462:
1456:A January 6, 1912
1399:U.S. Senator from
1338:U.S. Senator from
1241:Theodore Roosevelt
917:Ray Stannard Baker
845:Osawatomie, Kansas
812:Osawatomie, Kansas
804:Theodore Roosevelt
731:Albert S. Burleson
709:Henry Allen Cooper
640:
501:Theodore Roosevelt
497:
450:progressive reform
427:Theodore Roosevelt
391:Republican nominee
285:Popular vote
267:Contests won
222:Theodore Roosevelt
132:
10268:
10267:
10223:
10222:
10152:Young Republicans
10020:Senate Conference
9978:
9977:
9658:
9657:
7970:1876 (Cincinnati)
7795:
7794:
7769:
7768:
7713:Prohibition Party
7689:
7688:
7647:
7646:
7604:Progressive Party
7597:
7596:
7517:
7516:
7387:
7386:
7340:
7339:
7336:
7335:
7283:Progressive Party
7017:Libertarian Party
6452:Results breakdown
6447:
6446:
6302:Libertarian Party
5877:Libertarian Party
5474:Overacker, Louise
5331:Pringle, Henry F.
5322:978-0-375-50487-7
5311:Colonel Roosevelt
5248:Rosewater, Victor
5134:978-1-416-54786-0
3728:, pp. 55β61.
3672:, pp. 72β73.
3660:, pp. 69β70.
3636:, pp. 91β93.
3624:, pp. 88β89.
3612:, pp. 67β68.
3600:, pp. 40β44.
3576:, pp. 14β17.
3468:, pp. 31β34.
3427:, pp. 49β50.
3269:Progressive Party
3251:Warren G. Harding
3224:Herbert S. Hadley
3202:Henry Cabot Lodge
2949:Manchester Leader
2873:Herbert S. Hadley
2817:Joseph L. Bristow
2646:
2645:
2598:
2597:
2231:
1857:Oklahoma 4th
1548:Herbert S. Hadley
1440:
1439:
1385:Albert B. Cummins
1366:
1304:
1296:
1210:
1209:
1188:
1074:Selection process
1026:George Wickersham
962:Joseph L. Bristow
889:Charles D. Norton
766:Philander C. Knox
753:Winona, Minnesota
735:James Robert Mann
701:Charles N. Fowler
669:Henry Cabot Lodge
625:Richard Ballinger
621:James R. Garfield
528:Nobel Peace Prize
517:an African safari
446:party conventions
442:primary elections
431:Progressive Party
407:
406:
403:
402:
361: La Follette
316:
315:
168:
167:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
10288:
10025:Policy Committee
10001:House Conference
9991:
9990:
9674:
9673:
9231:
9230:
8651:2024 (Milwaukee)
8611:2016 (Cleveland)
8511:1996 (San Diego)
8211:1936 (Cleveland)
8151:1924 (Cleveland)
7931:1864 (Baltimore)
7831:
7830:Republican Party
7822:
7815:
7808:
7799:
7798:
7752:Arthur E. Reimer
7731:Aaron S. Watkins
7723:Eugene W. Chafin
7695:
7694:
7678:Vice President:
7660:
7659:
7636:Vice President:
7616:
7615:
7577:Other candidates
7559:James S. Sherman
7536:
7535:
7524:Republican Party
7482:Other candidates
7470:Vice President:
7452:
7451:
7440:Democratic Party
7414:
7407:
7400:
7391:
7390:
7379:National Primary
7150:
7149:
6789:Republican Party
6529:Democratic Party
6525:
6524:
6486:Republican Party
6463:Democratic Party
6145:Republican Party
5987:Democratic Party
5983:
5982:
5848:Republican Party
5811:Democratic Party
5740:Republican Party
5712:Democratic Party
5673:Republican Party
5650:Democratic Party
5587:
5580:
5573:
5564:
5563:
5559:
5534:
5509:
5469:
5428:
5400:
5352:
5346:
5338:
5326:
5315:. Random House.
5314:
5300:
5294:
5286:
5269:
5263:
5255:
5242:
5236:
5228:
5212:
5206:
5198:
5189:
5176:
5165:
5152:
5143:Mowry, George E.
5138:
5126:
5112:
5076:
5058:
5033:
4992:
4989:
4980:
4976:
4970:
4967:
4961:
4958:
4952:
4949:
4943:
4940:
4934:
4931:
4925:
4922:
4916:
4909:
4903:
4900:
4891:
4888:
4871:
4865:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4845:
4837:
4831:
4825:
4814:
4808:
4802:
4796:
4790:
4784:
4778:
4777:
4771:
4764:
4741:
4735:
4729:
4723:
4717:
4711:
4698:
4692:
4683:
4677:
4671:
4665:
4659:
4653:
4647:
4641:
4635:
4629:
4606:
4600:
4569:
4563:
4554:
4548:
4542:
4536:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4510:
4503:
4497:
4491:
4464:
4458:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4437:
4430:
4424:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4395:
4388:
4382:
4376:
4361:
4357:
4351:
4348:
4342:
4336:
4330:
4324:
4318:
4312:
4293:
4287:
4274:
4268:
4262:
4256:
4247:
4241:
4235:
4229:
4214:
4208:
4202:
4196:
4190:
4184:
4178:
4172:
4159:
4153:
4147:
4141:
4135:
4129:
4123:
4117:
4108:
4102:
4096:
4090:
4084:
4078:
4072:
4066:
4060:
4054:
4045:
4039:
4028:
4022:
4016:
4010:
4004:
3998:
3989:
3983:
3972:
3966:
3957:
3951:
3945:
3939:
3933:
3927:
3921:
3915:
3909:
3903:
3897:
3891:
3885:
3879:
3873:
3867:
3861:
3855:
3849:
3843:
3837:
3831:
3825:
3819:
3813:
3807:
3794:
3788:
3782:
3776:
3770:
3764:
3758:
3752:
3746:
3740:
3729:
3723:
3708:
3702:
3685:
3679:
3673:
3667:
3661:
3655:
3649:
3643:
3637:
3631:
3625:
3619:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3595:
3589:
3583:
3577:
3571:
3560:
3554:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3524:
3518:
3503:
3502:
3475:
3469:
3463:
3452:
3446:
3440:
3434:
3428:
3422:
3416:
3410:
3404:
3398:
3392:
3386:
3380:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3341:
3335:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3306:
3300:
3237:James Eli Watson
3096:Beryl F. Carroll
3083:James Eli Watson
3038:Alexander Revell
3014:Francis J. Heney
2991:, editor of the
2971:Washington Times
2955:Medill McCormick
2910:Timothy Woodruff
2897:Walter R. Stubbs
2848:George W. Norris
2799:Albert Beveridge
2718:Medill McCormick
2702:George W. Norris
2641:
2638:
2632:
2616:
2608:
2586:
2229:
1988:
1859:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1800:
1788:
1781:
1780:
1718:"All I ask is a
1678:. Noticing both
1589:Medill McCormick
1510:the convention.
1500:Walter R. Stubbs
1436:
1432:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1393:
1379:
1375:
1364:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1332:
1318:
1314:
1302:
1294:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1249:
1217:
1216:
1205:James S. Sherman
1201:
1197:
1186:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1142:
1107:
1106:
933:Democratic Party
901:Albert Beveridge
878:James S. Sherman
814:
785:Miles Poindexter
727:George W. Norris
375:
368:
366:
362:
360:
355:
353:
349:
347:
341:
338:
331:
328:
233:Home state
206:
199:
192:
182:
181:
151:
150:
144:
143:
142:
135:
131:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
10296:
10295:
10291:
10290:
10289:
10287:
10286:
10285:
10271:
10270:
10269:
10264:
10219:
10172:
10166:
10102:
10096:
10064:
10058:
9985:
9974:
9933:
9669:
9667:
9654:
9603:Chair elections
9598:
9220:
9119:D. B. Henderson
9107:T. J. Henderson
9032:
9029:
9027:
9022:
9018:
9011:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8821:
8814:
8687:administrations
8685:
8677:
8571:2008 (St. Paul)
8551:2004 (New York)
7896:
7893:
7891:
7887:
7884:
7880:
7873:
7833:
7829:
7826:
7796:
7791:
7765:
7760:August Gillhaus
7736:
7707:
7685:
7654:Socialist Party
7643:
7607:
7593:
7572:
7555:Vice President:
7527:
7513:
7499:Oscar Underwood
7477:
7443:
7433:
7418:
7388:
7383:
7332:
7277:
7241:
7205:Greenback Party
7198:
7139:
7089:
7011:
6783:
6520:
6514:
6443:
6422:
6376:
6338:
6297:
6139:
5975:
5967:
5953:Nevada caucuses
5931:
5912:Iowa State Fair
5893:
5799:
5768:
5701:
5639:
5596:
5591:
5405:Gould, Lewis L.
5381:10.2307/1944250
5359:
5340:
5339:
5323:
5288:
5287:
5277:
5257:
5256:
5230:
5229:
5219:
5217:Primary sources
5200:
5199:
5135:
5109:
5088:
5083:
5081:Further reading
5055:
5030:
5001:
4996:
4995:
4990:
4983:
4977:
4973:
4968:
4964:
4959:
4955:
4950:
4946:
4941:
4937:
4932:
4928:
4923:
4919:
4910:
4906:
4901:
4894:
4889:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4874:
4866:
4862:
4853:
4851:
4843:
4839:
4838:
4834:
4826:
4817:
4809:
4805:
4797:
4793:
4785:
4781:
4766:
4765:
4744:
4736:
4732:
4724:
4720:
4712:
4701:
4693:
4686:
4678:
4674:
4666:
4662:
4654:
4650:
4642:
4638:
4630:
4609:
4601:
4572:
4564:
4557:
4549:
4545:
4537:
4530:
4520:
4518:
4505:
4504:
4500:
4492:
4467:
4459:
4455:
4445:
4443:
4432:
4431:
4427:
4419:
4415:
4405:
4403:
4390:
4389:
4385:
4377:
4364:
4358:
4354:
4349:
4345:
4337:
4333:
4325:
4321:
4313:
4296:
4288:
4277:
4269:
4265:
4257:
4250:
4242:
4238:
4230:
4217:
4209:
4205:
4197:
4193:
4185:
4181:
4173:
4162:
4154:
4150:
4142:
4138:
4130:
4126:
4118:
4111:
4103:
4099:
4095:, pp. 174.
4091:
4087:
4079:
4075:
4067:
4063:
4055:
4048:
4040:
4031:
4023:
4019:
4011:
4007:
3999:
3992:
3984:
3975:
3967:
3960:
3952:
3948:
3940:
3936:
3928:
3924:
3916:
3912:
3904:
3900:
3892:
3888:
3880:
3876:
3868:
3864:
3856:
3852:
3844:
3840:
3832:
3828:
3820:
3816:
3808:
3797:
3789:
3785:
3777:
3773:
3765:
3761:
3753:
3749:
3741:
3732:
3724:
3711:
3703:
3688:
3680:
3676:
3668:
3664:
3656:
3652:
3644:
3640:
3632:
3628:
3620:
3616:
3608:
3604:
3596:
3592:
3584:
3580:
3572:
3563:
3555:
3551:
3543:
3539:
3531:
3527:
3519:
3506:
3492:10.2307/3633711
3476:
3472:
3464:
3455:
3447:
3443:
3435:
3431:
3423:
3419:
3411:
3407:
3399:
3395:
3387:
3383:
3375:
3371:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3342:
3338:
3330:
3326:
3318:
3309:
3301:
3294:
3289:
3277:
3233:rotten boroughs
3213:
3208:
3207:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3144:Aram J. Pothier
3058:W. Murray Crane
3048:
3044:
3043:
3024:Gifford Pinchot
2993:Emporia Gazette
2960:Chicago Tribune
2829:Joseph M. Dixon
2786:Gifford Pinchot
2780:Truman Newberry
2764:
2760:
2759:
2753:Gifford Pinchot
2722:Chicago Tribune
2670:Gifford Pinchot
2650:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2626:
2617:
2606:
2600:
2585:2,311,036 votes
2584:
2583:
2581:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2549:
2530:
2523:
2516:
2511:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2473:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2435:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2362:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2326:
2319:
2302:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2278:
2264:
2259:
2252:
2245:
2240:
2228:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2198:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2160:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2098:
2092:
2085:
2067:
2061:
2054:
2038:
2033:
2026:
2019:
1989:
1966:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1920:
1893:
1873:
1866:
1860:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1779:
1762:
1753:
1736:George E. Mowry
1728:
1641:
1621:
1584:
1540:
1502:, U.S. Senator
1496:Claus Spreckels
1466:Chicago Tribune
1458:Harper's Weekly
1450:
1445:
1426:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1369:
1363:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1308:
1301:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1215:
1191:
1185:
1177:
1174:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1105:
1100:
1092:rump convention
1076:
1064:rotten boroughs
1057:
1045:
1009:
997:Wilfrid Laurier
954:
948:in New Jersey.
925:
866:
841:new nationalism
816:
808:New Nationalism
802:
793:
761:George E. Mowry
757:James A. Tawney
749:
743:
717:Chicago Tribune
693:
644:Gifford Pinchot
636:Gifford Pinchot
617:
611:
566:
560:
555:
485:
479:
474:
398:
393:
386:
381:
373:
364:
363:
358:
357:
356:
351:
350:
345:
344:
343:
342:
339:
332:
321:
175:
173:
145:
140:
138:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10294:
10284:
10283:
10266:
10265:
10263:
10262:
10257:
10252:
10247:
10242:
10237:
10231:
10229:
10225:
10224:
10221:
10220:
10218:
10217:
10212:
10207:
10205:Liberty Caucus
10202:
10200:ConservAmerica
10197:
10192:
10187:
10182:
10176:
10174:
10168:
10167:
10165:
10164:
10159:
10154:
10149:
10144:
10139:
10134:
10129:
10124:
10119:
10118:
10117:
10106:
10104:
10098:
10097:
10095:
10094:
10089:
10084:
10079:
10074:
10068:
10066:
10060:
10059:
10057:
10056:
10055:
10054:
10049:
10044:
10039:
10037:Freedom Caucus
10029:
10028:
10027:
10017:
10016:
10015:
10010:
9997:
9995:
9988:
9980:
9979:
9976:
9975:
9973:
9972:
9970:Virgin Islands
9967:
9962:
9957:
9952:
9947:
9945:American Samoa
9941:
9939:
9935:
9934:
9932:
9931:
9926:
9921:
9916:
9911:
9906:
9901:
9896:
9891:
9886:
9881:
9879:South Carolina
9876:
9871:
9866:
9861:
9856:
9851:
9846:
9844:North Carolina
9841:
9836:
9831:
9826:
9821:
9816:
9811:
9806:
9801:
9796:
9791:
9786:
9781:
9776:
9771:
9766:
9761:
9756:
9751:
9746:
9741:
9736:
9731:
9726:
9721:
9716:
9711:
9706:
9701:
9696:
9691:
9686:
9680:
9678:
9671:
9660:
9659:
9656:
9655:
9653:
9652:
9647:
9642:
9637:
9632:
9627:
9622:
9617:
9612:
9606:
9604:
9600:
9599:
9597:
9596:
9591:
9586:
9581:
9576:
9571:
9562:
9557:
9552:
9547:
9542:
9537:
9532:
9527:
9522:
9517:
9512:
9503:
9498:
9493:
9488:
9483:
9478:
9473:
9468:
9463:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9443:
9438:
9433:
9428:
9423:
9418:
9413:
9408:
9403:
9398:
9393:
9388:
9383:
9378:
9373:
9368:
9363:
9358:
9353:
9348:
9343:
9338:
9333:
9328:
9323:
9318:
9313:
9308:
9303:
9298:
9293:
9288:
9283:
9278:
9273:
9268:
9263:
9258:
9253:
9248:
9243:
9237:
9235:
9228:
9222:
9221:
9219:
9218:
9212:
9206:
9200:
9194:
9188:
9182:
9176:
9170:
9164:
9158:
9152:
9146:
9140:
9134:
9128:
9122:
9116:
9110:
9104:
9098:
9092:
9086:
9080:
9074:
9068:
9062:
9056:
9050:
9044:
9037:
9035:
9013:
9012:
9010:
9009:
9003:
8997:
8991:
8985:
8979:
8973:
8967:
8961:
8955:
8949:
8943:
8937:
8931:
8925:
8919:
8913:
8907:
8901:
8895:
8889:
8883:
8877:
8871:
8865:
8859:
8853:
8847:
8841:
8834:
8832:
8816:
8815:
8813:
8812:
8806:
8800:
8794:
8788:
8782:
8776:
8770:
8764:
8758:
8752:
8746:
8740:
8734:
8728:
8722:
8716:
8710:
8704:
8698:
8691:
8689:
8679:
8678:
8676:
8675:
8672:2028 (Houston)
8668:
8667:
8666:
8648:
8647:
8646:
8628:
8627:
8626:
8608:
8607:
8606:
8588:
8587:
8586:
8568:
8567:
8566:
8548:
8547:
8546:
8528:
8527:
8526:
8508:
8507:
8506:
8491:1992 (Houston)
8488:
8487:
8486:
8468:
8467:
8466:
8448:
8447:
8446:
8431:1980 (Detroit)
8428:
8427:
8426:
8408:
8407:
8406:
8388:
8387:
8386:
8368:
8367:
8366:
8348:
8347:
8346:
8331:1960 (Chicago)
8328:
8327:
8326:
8308:
8307:
8306:
8291:1952 (Chicago)
8288:
8287:
8286:
8268:
8267:
8266:
8251:1944 (Chicago)
8248:
8247:
8246:
8228:
8227:
8226:
8208:
8207:
8206:
8191:1932 (Chicago)
8188:
8187:
8186:
8168:
8167:
8166:
8148:
8147:
8146:
8131:1920 (Chicago)
8128:
8127:
8126:
8111:1916 (Chicago)
8108:
8107:
8106:
8087:1912 (Chicago)
8084:
8074:1908 (Chicago)
8071:
8061:1904 (Chicago)
8058:
8045:
8032:
8019:
8009:1888 (Chicago)
8006:
7996:1884 (Chicago)
7993:
7983:1880 (Chicago)
7980:
7967:
7954:
7944:1868 (Chicago)
7941:
7928:
7918:1860 (Chicago)
7915:
7901:
7899:
7875:
7874:
7872:
7871:
7870:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7838:
7835:
7834:
7825:
7824:
7817:
7810:
7802:
7793:
7792:
7790:
7789:
7784:
7774:
7771:
7770:
7767:
7766:
7764:
7763:
7755:
7746:
7744:
7738:
7737:
7735:
7734:
7726:
7717:
7715:
7709:
7708:
7691:
7690:
7687:
7686:
7684:
7683:
7675:
7672:Eugene V. Debs
7666:
7664:
7657:
7649:
7648:
7645:
7644:
7642:
7641:
7632:
7631:
7622:
7620:
7613:
7599:
7598:
7595:
7594:
7592:
7591:
7586:
7580:
7578:
7574:
7573:
7571:
7570:
7563:
7552:
7542:
7540:
7533:
7519:
7518:
7515:
7514:
7512:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7485:
7483:
7479:
7478:
7476:
7475:
7467:
7464:Woodrow Wilson
7458:
7456:
7449:
7435:
7434:
7417:
7416:
7409:
7402:
7394:
7385:
7384:
7382:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7348:
7346:
7342:
7341:
7338:
7337:
7334:
7333:
7331:
7330:
7323:
7316:
7309:
7302:
7295:
7287:
7285:
7279:
7278:
7276:
7275:
7268:
7261:
7253:
7251:
7248:Populist Party
7243:
7242:
7240:
7239:
7232:
7225:
7218:
7210:
7208:
7200:
7199:
7197:
7196:
7189:
7182:
7175:
7168:
7160:
7158:
7147:
7141:
7140:
7138:
7137:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7099:
7097:
7091:
7090:
7088:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7021:
7019:
7013:
7012:
7010:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6793:
6791:
6785:
6784:
6782:
6781:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6533:
6531:
6522:
6516:
6515:
6513:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6461:
6455:
6453:
6449:
6448:
6445:
6444:
6442:
6441:
6436:
6430:
6428:
6424:
6423:
6421:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6384:
6382:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6374:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6346:
6344:
6340:
6339:
6337:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6305:
6303:
6299:
6298:
6296:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6149:
6147:
6141:
6140:
6138:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5991:
5989:
5980:
5969:
5968:
5966:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5939:
5937:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5929:
5923:
5914:
5909:
5903:
5901:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5891:
5886:
5883:
5878:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5844:
5843:
5842:
5841:
5836:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5807:
5805:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5776:
5774:
5770:
5769:
5767:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5737:
5736:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5709:
5707:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5647:
5645:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5637:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5604:
5602:
5598:
5597:
5590:
5589:
5582:
5575:
5567:
5561:
5560:
5535:
5510:
5476:(March 1923).
5470:
5429:
5401:
5375:(3): 494β518.
5358:
5355:
5354:
5353:
5327:
5321:
5305:Morris, Edmund
5301:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5271:
5244:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5213:
5197:. Gainesville.
5190:
5177:
5166:
5153:
5139:
5133:
5113:
5107:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5077:
5059:
5053:
5034:
5028:
5000:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4981:
4971:
4962:
4953:
4944:
4935:
4926:
4917:
4904:
4892:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4860:
4848:New York Times
4832:
4815:
4813:, p. 174.
4803:
4801:, p. 180.
4791:
4789:, p. 209.
4779:
4742:
4740:, p. 200.
4730:
4728:, p. 187.
4718:
4716:, p. 192.
4699:
4697:, p. 202.
4684:
4682:, p. 207.
4672:
4670:, p. 165.
4660:
4658:, p. 199.
4648:
4646:, p. 202.
4636:
4634:, p. 173.
4607:
4605:, p. 175.
4570:
4568:, p. 150.
4555:
4543:
4541:, p. 181.
4528:
4498:
4496:, p. 149.
4465:
4463:, p. 178.
4453:
4425:
4423:, p. 226.
4413:
4383:
4381:, p. 164.
4362:
4352:
4343:
4341:, p. 229.
4331:
4319:
4294:
4292:, p. 495.
4275:
4273:, p. 231.
4263:
4248:
4236:
4215:
4213:, p. 207.
4203:
4201:, p. 206.
4191:
4189:, p. 205.
4179:
4160:
4158:, p. 210.
4148:
4136:
4134:, p. 160.
4124:
4109:
4097:
4085:
4083:, p. 128.
4073:
4071:, p. 118.
4061:
4046:
4029:
4027:, p. 122.
4017:
4015:, p. 241.
4005:
3990:
3973:
3958:
3946:
3944:, p. 127.
3934:
3932:, p. 172.
3922:
3920:, p. 122.
3910:
3908:, p. 155.
3898:
3886:
3874:
3872:, p. 650.
3862:
3850:
3848:, p. 117.
3838:
3836:, p. 103.
3826:
3824:, p. 101.
3814:
3795:
3793:, p. 113.
3783:
3781:, p. 139.
3771:
3759:
3747:
3730:
3709:
3686:
3674:
3662:
3650:
3648:, p. 164.
3638:
3626:
3614:
3602:
3590:
3578:
3561:
3549:
3537:
3535:, p. 606.
3525:
3504:
3486:(3): 323β333,
3470:
3453:
3441:
3429:
3417:
3405:
3393:
3381:
3369:
3356:
3336:
3324:
3322:, p. 176.
3307:
3305:, p. 113.
3291:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3276:
3273:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3199:
3193:Albert Cummins
3189:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3157:Warren Harding
3153:
3152:
3148:
3147:
3141:
3135:
3129:
3123:
3117:
3111:
3105:
3099:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3080:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3061:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3035:
3026:
3017:
3011:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2986:
2983:New York Press
2977:Boston Journal
2963:
2952:
2941:
2933:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2861:Robert P. Bass
2857:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2845:
2842:Victor Murdock
2838:
2837:
2833:
2832:
2826:
2823:Moses E. Clapp
2820:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2745:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2666:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2620:
2618:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2565:
2556:
2551:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2527:
2518:
2513:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2489:
2480:
2475:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2451:
2442:
2437:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2413:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2330:
2321:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2285:
2280:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2247:
2242:
2235:
2232:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2214:
2205:
2200:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2176:
2167:
2162:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2140:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2087:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2056:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2021:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1991:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1925:
1922:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1869:
1862:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1794:
1789:
1787:(daily totals)
1778:
1775:
1761:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1727:
1724:
1664:Citizens Union
1659:John Alden Dix
1646:New York Times
1640:
1637:
1620:
1617:
1583:
1580:
1544:Robert P. Bass
1539:
1536:
1524:Sherman pledge
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1406:
1396:
1394:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1367:
1360:
1358:
1345:
1335:
1333:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1306:
1297:
1274:
1261:
1252:
1250:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1189:
1182:
1167:
1154:
1145:
1143:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1075:
1072:
1056:
1053:
1044:
1041:
1032:New York World
1018:New York Times
1008:
1005:
968:, Norris, and
966:Moses E. Clapp
953:
950:
946:Woodrow Wilson
924:
921:
907:raised funds.
893:Archibald Butt
865:
862:
794:
792:
789:
745:Main article:
742:
741:1910 elections
739:
714:A poll by the
692:
689:
681:Porto Maurizio
613:Main article:
610:
607:
574:Nelson Aldrich
570:Dingley Tariff
562:Main article:
559:
556:
554:
551:
545:New York Times
481:Main article:
478:
475:
473:
470:
435:Woodrow Wilson
405:
404:
401:
400:
388:
370:
369:
333:
323:
322:
318:
317:
314:
313:
310:
305:
302:
298:
297:
294:
289:
286:
282:
281:
278:
273:
268:
264:
263:
260:
257:
254:
250:
249:
244:
239:
234:
230:
229:
224:
219:
212:
208:
207:
200:
193:
186:
178:
177:
170:
169:
166:
165:
159:
154:
147:
146:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10293:
10282:
10279:
10278:
10276:
10261:
10258:
10256:
10253:
10251:
10248:
10246:
10243:
10241:
10238:
10236:
10233:
10232:
10230:
10226:
10216:
10215:The Wish List
10213:
10211:
10210:Ripon Society
10208:
10206:
10203:
10201:
10198:
10196:
10193:
10191:
10188:
10186:
10183:
10181:
10178:
10177:
10175:
10169:
10163:
10160:
10158:
10155:
10153:
10150:
10148:
10145:
10143:
10140:
10138:
10135:
10133:
10130:
10128:
10125:
10123:
10120:
10116:
10113:
10112:
10111:
10108:
10107:
10105:
10099:
10093:
10090:
10088:
10085:
10083:
10080:
10078:
10075:
10073:
10070:
10069:
10067:
10061:
10053:
10050:
10048:
10045:
10043:
10040:
10038:
10035:
10034:
10033:
10030:
10026:
10023:
10022:
10021:
10018:
10014:
10011:
10009:
10008:
10004:
10003:
10002:
9999:
9998:
9996:
9992:
9989:
9987:
9986:organizations
9981:
9971:
9968:
9966:
9963:
9961:
9958:
9956:
9953:
9951:
9948:
9946:
9943:
9942:
9940:
9936:
9930:
9927:
9925:
9922:
9920:
9919:West Virginia
9917:
9915:
9912:
9910:
9907:
9905:
9902:
9900:
9897:
9895:
9892:
9890:
9887:
9885:
9882:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9870:
9867:
9865:
9862:
9860:
9857:
9855:
9852:
9850:
9847:
9845:
9842:
9840:
9837:
9835:
9832:
9830:
9827:
9825:
9824:New Hampshire
9822:
9820:
9817:
9815:
9812:
9810:
9807:
9805:
9802:
9800:
9797:
9795:
9792:
9790:
9787:
9785:
9784:Massachusetts
9782:
9780:
9777:
9775:
9772:
9770:
9767:
9765:
9762:
9760:
9757:
9755:
9752:
9750:
9747:
9745:
9742:
9740:
9737:
9735:
9732:
9730:
9727:
9725:
9722:
9720:
9717:
9715:
9712:
9710:
9707:
9705:
9702:
9700:
9697:
9695:
9692:
9690:
9687:
9685:
9682:
9681:
9679:
9675:
9672:
9665:
9661:
9651:
9648:
9646:
9643:
9641:
9638:
9636:
9633:
9631:
9628:
9626:
9623:
9621:
9618:
9616:
9613:
9611:
9608:
9607:
9605:
9601:
9595:
9592:
9590:
9587:
9585:
9582:
9580:
9577:
9575:
9572:
9570:
9566:
9563:
9561:
9558:
9556:
9553:
9551:
9548:
9546:
9543:
9541:
9538:
9536:
9533:
9531:
9528:
9526:
9523:
9521:
9518:
9516:
9513:
9511:
9507:
9504:
9502:
9499:
9497:
9494:
9492:
9489:
9487:
9484:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9474:
9472:
9469:
9467:
9464:
9462:
9459:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9437:
9434:
9432:
9429:
9427:
9424:
9422:
9419:
9417:
9414:
9412:
9409:
9407:
9404:
9402:
9399:
9397:
9394:
9392:
9389:
9387:
9384:
9382:
9379:
9377:
9374:
9372:
9369:
9367:
9364:
9362:
9359:
9357:
9354:
9352:
9349:
9347:
9344:
9342:
9339:
9337:
9334:
9332:
9329:
9327:
9324:
9322:
9319:
9317:
9314:
9312:
9309:
9307:
9304:
9302:
9299:
9297:
9294:
9292:
9289:
9287:
9284:
9282:
9279:
9277:
9274:
9272:
9269:
9267:
9264:
9262:
9259:
9257:
9254:
9252:
9249:
9247:
9244:
9242:
9239:
9238:
9236:
9232:
9229:
9227:
9223:
9216:
9213:
9210:
9207:
9204:
9201:
9198:
9195:
9192:
9189:
9186:
9183:
9180:
9177:
9174:
9171:
9168:
9165:
9162:
9159:
9156:
9153:
9150:
9147:
9144:
9141:
9138:
9135:
9132:
9129:
9126:
9123:
9120:
9117:
9114:
9111:
9108:
9105:
9102:
9099:
9096:
9093:
9090:
9087:
9084:
9081:
9078:
9075:
9072:
9069:
9066:
9063:
9060:
9057:
9054:
9051:
9048:
9045:
9042:
9039:
9038:
9036:
9034:
9025:
9020:
9014:
9007:
9004:
9001:
8998:
8995:
8992:
8989:
8986:
8983:
8980:
8977:
8974:
8971:
8968:
8965:
8962:
8959:
8956:
8953:
8950:
8947:
8944:
8941:
8938:
8935:
8932:
8929:
8926:
8923:
8920:
8917:
8914:
8911:
8908:
8905:
8902:
8899:
8896:
8893:
8890:
8887:
8884:
8881:
8878:
8875:
8872:
8869:
8866:
8863:
8860:
8857:
8854:
8851:
8848:
8845:
8842:
8839:
8836:
8835:
8833:
8831:
8823:
8817:
8810:
8807:
8804:
8801:
8798:
8797:G. H. W. Bush
8795:
8792:
8789:
8786:
8783:
8780:
8777:
8774:
8771:
8768:
8765:
8762:
8759:
8756:
8753:
8750:
8747:
8744:
8741:
8738:
8735:
8732:
8729:
8726:
8723:
8720:
8717:
8714:
8711:
8708:
8705:
8702:
8699:
8696:
8693:
8692:
8690:
8688:
8684:
8680:
8674:
8673:
8669:
8665:
8662:
8661:
8660:
8656:
8652:
8649:
8645:
8642:
8641:
8640:
8636:
8632:
8629:
8625:
8622:
8621:
8620:
8616:
8612:
8609:
8605:
8602:
8601:
8600:
8596:
8592:
8589:
8585:
8582:
8581:
8580:
8576:
8572:
8569:
8565:
8562:
8561:
8560:
8556:
8552:
8549:
8545:
8542:
8541:
8540:
8536:
8532:
8529:
8525:
8522:
8521:
8520:
8516:
8512:
8509:
8505:
8502:
8501:
8500:
8496:
8495:G. H. W. Bush
8492:
8489:
8485:
8482:
8481:
8480:
8476:
8475:G. H. W. Bush
8472:
8469:
8465:
8462:
8461:
8460:
8459:G. H. W. Bush
8456:
8452:
8451:1984 (Dallas)
8449:
8445:
8442:
8441:
8440:
8439:G. H. W. Bush
8436:
8432:
8429:
8425:
8422:
8421:
8420:
8416:
8412:
8409:
8405:
8402:
8401:
8400:
8396:
8392:
8389:
8385:
8382:
8381:
8380:
8376:
8372:
8369:
8365:
8362:
8361:
8360:
8356:
8352:
8349:
8345:
8342:
8341:
8340:
8336:
8332:
8329:
8325:
8322:
8321:
8320:
8316:
8312:
8309:
8305:
8302:
8301:
8300:
8296:
8292:
8289:
8285:
8282:
8281:
8280:
8276:
8272:
8269:
8265:
8262:
8261:
8260:
8256:
8252:
8249:
8245:
8242:
8241:
8240:
8236:
8232:
8229:
8225:
8222:
8221:
8220:
8216:
8212:
8209:
8205:
8202:
8201:
8200:
8196:
8192:
8189:
8185:
8182:
8181:
8180:
8176:
8172:
8169:
8165:
8162:
8161:
8160:
8156:
8152:
8149:
8145:
8142:
8141:
8140:
8136:
8132:
8129:
8125:
8122:
8121:
8120:
8116:
8112:
8109:
8105:
8102:
8101:
8100:
8096:
8092:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8079:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8066:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8053:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8040:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8027:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8014:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8001:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7988:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7975:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7962:
7958:
7955:
7953:
7949:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7936:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7923:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7910:
7906:
7903:
7902:
7900:
7898:
7889:
7882:
7876:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7844:
7843:
7840:
7839:
7836:
7832:
7823:
7818:
7816:
7811:
7809:
7804:
7803:
7800:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7779:
7776:
7775:
7772:
7762:
7761:
7756:
7754:
7753:
7748:
7747:
7745:
7743:
7739:
7733:
7732:
7727:
7725:
7724:
7719:
7718:
7716:
7714:
7710:
7705:
7701:
7696:
7692:
7682:
7681:
7676:
7674:
7673:
7668:
7667:
7665:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7655:
7650:
7640:
7639:
7638:Hiram Johnson
7634:
7633:
7630:
7629:
7624:
7623:
7621:
7617:
7614:
7611:
7606:
7605:
7600:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7581:
7579:
7575:
7569:
7568:
7564:
7561:
7560:
7556:
7553:
7550:
7549:
7544:
7543:
7541:
7537:
7534:
7531:
7526:
7525:
7520:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7494:Judson Harmon
7492:
7490:
7487:
7486:
7484:
7480:
7474:
7473:
7468:
7466:
7465:
7460:
7459:
7457:
7453:
7450:
7447:
7442:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7427:
7423:
7415:
7410:
7408:
7403:
7401:
7396:
7395:
7392:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7364:Delaware Plan
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7354:
7350:
7349:
7347:
7343:
7329:
7328:
7324:
7322:
7321:
7317:
7315:
7314:
7310:
7308:
7307:
7303:
7301:
7300:
7296:
7294:
7293:
7289:
7288:
7286:
7284:
7280:
7274:
7273:
7269:
7267:
7266:
7262:
7260:
7259:
7255:
7254:
7252:
7250:
7249:
7244:
7238:
7237:
7233:
7231:
7230:
7226:
7224:
7223:
7219:
7217:
7216:
7212:
7211:
7209:
7207:
7206:
7201:
7195:
7194:
7190:
7188:
7187:
7183:
7181:
7180:
7176:
7174:
7173:
7169:
7167:
7166:
7162:
7161:
7159:
7157:
7156:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7142:
7136:
7135:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7100:
7098:
7096:
7092:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7022:
7020:
7018:
7014:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6794:
6792:
6790:
6786:
6780:
6779:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6534:
6532:
6530:
6526:
6523:
6517:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6450:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6431:
6429:
6425:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6385:
6383:
6379:
6373:
6372:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6347:
6345:
6341:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6306:
6304:
6300:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6150:
6148:
6146:
6142:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5992:
5990:
5988:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5974:
5970:
5964:
5963:Super Tuesday
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5943:Iowa caucuses
5941:
5940:
5938:
5934:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5900:
5896:
5890:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5845:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5802:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5771:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5739:
5738:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5704:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5642:
5636:
5635:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5588:
5583:
5581:
5576:
5574:
5569:
5568:
5565:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5444:(3): 363β95.
5443:
5439:
5435:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5407:(July 1976).
5406:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5361:
5360:
5350:
5344:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5318:
5313:
5312:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5292:
5284:
5279:
5278:
5267:
5261:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5240:
5234:
5226:
5221:
5220:
5210:
5204:
5196:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5178:
5174:
5173:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5154:
5150:
5149:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5130:
5125:
5124:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5108:0-7432-0394-1
5104:
5100:
5099:
5094:
5090:
5089:
5074:
5070:
5069:
5064:
5063:Mowry, George
5060:
5056:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5041:
5035:
5031:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5016:
5011:
5007:
5003:
5002:
4988:
4986:
4975:
4966:
4957:
4948:
4939:
4930:
4921:
4914:
4908:
4899:
4897:
4887:
4883:
4869:
4864:
4849:
4842:
4836:
4829:
4824:
4822:
4820:
4812:
4807:
4800:
4795:
4788:
4783:
4775:
4770:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4739:
4734:
4727:
4722:
4715:
4710:
4708:
4706:
4704:
4696:
4691:
4689:
4681:
4676:
4669:
4664:
4657:
4652:
4645:
4640:
4633:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4612:
4604:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4589:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4567:
4562:
4560:
4553:, p. 45.
4552:
4547:
4540:
4535:
4533:
4516:
4515:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4462:
4457:
4441:
4436:
4429:
4422:
4417:
4401:
4400:
4394:
4387:
4380:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4356:
4347:
4340:
4335:
4328:
4323:
4316:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4291:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4272:
4267:
4260:
4255:
4253:
4245:
4240:
4233:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4212:
4207:
4200:
4195:
4188:
4183:
4176:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4157:
4152:
4145:
4140:
4133:
4128:
4121:
4116:
4114:
4106:
4101:
4094:
4089:
4082:
4077:
4070:
4065:
4058:
4053:
4051:
4043:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4026:
4021:
4014:
4009:
4002:
3997:
3995:
3987:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3970:
3965:
3963:
3955:
3950:
3943:
3938:
3931:
3926:
3919:
3914:
3907:
3902:
3895:
3890:
3884:, p. 94.
3883:
3878:
3871:
3866:
3859:
3854:
3847:
3842:
3835:
3830:
3823:
3818:
3811:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3792:
3787:
3780:
3775:
3768:
3763:
3756:
3751:
3744:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3727:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3706:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3683:
3678:
3671:
3666:
3659:
3654:
3647:
3642:
3635:
3630:
3623:
3618:
3611:
3606:
3599:
3594:
3587:
3582:
3575:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3559:, p. 14.
3558:
3553:
3546:
3541:
3534:
3529:
3522:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3451:, p. 56.
3450:
3445:
3439:, p. 45.
3438:
3433:
3426:
3421:
3415:, p. 17.
3414:
3409:
3402:
3397:
3391:, p. 28.
3390:
3385:
3379:, p. 44.
3378:
3373:
3359:
3357:9781483380353
3353:
3349:
3348:
3340:
3334:, p. 33.
3333:
3328:
3321:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3304:
3299:
3297:
3292:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3248:
3246:
3245:Boies Penrose
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3219:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3187:U.S. Senators
3186:
3185:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3114:Marion E. Hay
3112:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3064:Boies Penrose
3062:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3052:U.S. Senators
3051:
3050:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3005:William Flinn
3003:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2879:Hiram Johnson
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2805:William Borah
2803:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2793:U.S. Senators
2792:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2737:William Flinn
2734:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2679:U.S. Senators
2678:
2677:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2640:
2630:
2624:
2621:This article
2619:
2615:
2610:
2609:
2601:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2317:Massachusetts
2315:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1791:Total pledged
1782:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1757:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1732:
1723:
1721:
1715:
1713:
1712:New York City
1708:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1693:secret ballot
1688:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1676:Carnegie Hall
1672:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1592:
1590:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1561:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1546:, Glasscock,
1545:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1520:Sagamore Hill
1517:
1511:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1488:William Flinn
1485:
1480:
1478:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1459:
1454:
1434:
1433:
1420:
1418:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1376:
1359:
1357:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1305:
1292:
1291:June 22, 1912
1288:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1273:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1235:Contests won
1234:
1232:Popular vote
1231:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1190:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1179:June 22, 1912
1172:
1168:
1166:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1128:Running mate
1127:
1125:Contests won
1124:
1122:Popular vote
1121:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1052:
1050:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
985:
983:
979:
973:
971:
967:
963:
958:
949:
947:
943:
938:
934:
929:
920:
918:
914:
913:Henry Stimson
908:
906:
902:
896:
894:
890:
886:
881:
879:
875:
871:
861:
857:
854:
853:Herbert Croly
850:
846:
842:
837:
835:
834:
829:
828:
823:
822:
815:
813:
809:
805:
799:
788:
786:
782:
778:
777:Hiram Johnson
773:
771:
767:
762:
758:
754:
748:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
719:
718:
712:
710:
706:
702:
697:
688:
685:
682:
677:
675:
670:
664:
661:
655:
653:
652:George Pardee
649:
645:
637:
632:
628:
626:
622:
616:
606:
604:
598:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
565:
550:
547:
546:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
494:
489:
484:
469:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
419:1912 election
416:
412:
399:
397:
392:
389:
387:
385:
380:
377:
376:
371:
367: Cummins
337:
327:
319:
311:
309:
306:
303:
300:
299:
295:
293:
290:
287:
284:
283:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
266:
265:
261:
258:
255:
252:
251:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
232:
231:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
217:
213:
210:
209:
205:
201:
198:
194:
191:
187:
184:
183:
179:
171:
164: →
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
152:
148:
136:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: β
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
10245:Bibliography
10005:
9884:South Dakota
9874:Rhode Island
9869:Pennsylvania
9849:North Dakota
8683:Presidential
8670:
8591:2012 (Tampa)
8103:
7895:presidential
7879:Presidential
7777:
7758:VP nominee:
7757:
7749:
7729:VP nominee:
7728:
7720:
7677:
7669:
7652:
7635:
7625:
7602:
7565:
7557:
7554:
7545:
7522:
7469:
7461:
7438:
7430:→ 1916
7422:← 1908
7351:
7325:
7318:
7311:
7304:
7297:
7290:
7282:
7270:
7263:
7256:
7246:
7234:
7227:
7220:
7213:
7203:
7191:
7184:
7177:
7170:
7163:
7153:
7144:
7133:
6777:
6381:Reform Party
6369:
6152:
5936:Major events
5917:
5633:
5550:(7): 14β23.
5547:
5543:
5522:
5518:
5481:
5441:
5437:
5419:(1): 33β56.
5416:
5412:
5372:
5368:
5334:
5310:
5282:
5251:
5224:
5194:
5181:
5171:
5157:
5147:
5122:
5097:
5093:Chace, James
5067:
5039:
5014:
5010:Black, Merle
4974:
4965:
4956:
4947:
4938:
4929:
4920:
4907:
4886:
4863:
4852:. Retrieved
4850:. 1912-06-16
4847:
4835:
4806:
4794:
4782:
4773:
4733:
4721:
4675:
4663:
4651:
4639:
4546:
4519:. Retrieved
4512:
4501:
4456:
4444:. Retrieved
4439:
4428:
4416:
4404:. Retrieved
4397:
4386:
4355:
4346:
4334:
4327:Feldman 1917
4322:
4290:Feldman 1917
4266:
4239:
4206:
4194:
4182:
4151:
4139:
4127:
4100:
4088:
4076:
4064:
4020:
4008:
3949:
3937:
3925:
3913:
3901:
3894:Goodwin 2013
3889:
3877:
3870:Goodwin 2013
3865:
3853:
3841:
3829:
3817:
3786:
3774:
3762:
3750:
3743:Goodwin 2013
3677:
3665:
3653:
3641:
3629:
3617:
3605:
3593:
3581:
3552:
3545:Goodwin 2013
3540:
3533:Goodwin 2013
3528:
3521:Goodwin 2013
3483:
3479:
3473:
3444:
3432:
3420:
3408:
3403:, p. 2.
3401:Goodwin 2013
3396:
3384:
3372:
3361:. Retrieved
3350:. CQ Press.
3346:
3339:
3327:
3265:Frank Munsey
3249:
3222:
3214:
3197:favorite son
3132:William Spry
3020:Amos Pinchot
2992:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2966:Frank Munsey
2958:
2947:
2936:
2930:
2926:
2891:Chase Osborn
2749:Amos Pinchot
2747:
2735:
2716:
2700:
2684:
2668:
2659:
2634:
2622:
2604:Endorsements
2599:
2578:
2562:
2558:
2547:South Dakota
2524:
2520:
2486:
2482:
2448:
2444:
2410:
2406:
2399:
2371:
2366:
2363:conventions
2332:
2327:
2323:
2291:
2287:
2253:
2249:
2211:
2207:
2196:Pennsylvania
2173:
2169:
2137:
2133:
2093:
2089:
2062:
2058:
2027:
2023:
1993:
1967:
1963:
1947:North Dakota
1927:
1897:
1864:
1810:William Taft
1771:
1767:
1763:
1754:
1745:
1741:
1716:
1709:
1697:
1689:
1673:
1651:
1644:
1642:
1634:
1622:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1601:
1593:
1585:
1575:Rough Riders
1568:
1564:
1558:entertain a
1556:
1541:
1528:Chase Osborn
1512:
1508:
1484:William Kent
1481:
1474:
1465:
1463:
1457:
1431:data missing
1428:
1405:(1908β1926)
1398:
1374:data missing
1371:
1344:(1906β1925)
1337:
1313:data missing
1310:
1299:
1286:
1260:(1901β1909)
1254:
1196:data missing
1193:
1175:
1153:(1909β1913)
1147:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1061:
1058:
1046:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1010:
1001:Theodore Jr.
986:
977:
974:
959:
955:
930:
926:
909:
897:
882:
867:
858:
838:
831:
827:New York Sun
825:
819:
817:
801:
796:
774:
750:
715:
713:
698:
694:
686:
678:
665:
660:Louis Glavis
656:
641:
618:
602:
599:
567:
543:
521:
498:
466:
439:
408:
394:
390:
382:
378:
307:
291:
275:
270:
214:
156:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
10063:Fundraising
9984:Affiliated
9965:Puerto Rico
9799:Mississippi
9714:Connecticut
9436:Summerfield
9211:(2019β2023)
9205:(2015β2019)
9199:(2007β2015)
9193:(1999β2007)
9187:(1995β1999)
9181:(1981β1995)
9175:(1973β1981)
9169:(1965β1973)
9163:(1959β1965)
9157:(1939β1959)
9151:(1931β1939)
9145:(1925β1931)
9139:(1919β1925)
9133:(1911β1919)
9127:(1903β1911)
9121:(1899β1903)
9115:(1895β1899)
9109:(1891β1895)
9103:(1889β1891)
9097:(1883β1889)
9091:(1881β1883)
9085:(1879β1881)
9079:(1877β1879)
9073:(1875β1877)
9067:(1869β1875)
9055:(1863β1869)
9049:(1861β1863)
9043:(1860β1861)
9002:(2003β2007)
8996:(1996β2003)
8990:(1985β1996)
8984:(1980β1985)
8978:(1979β1980)
8972:(1977β1979)
8966:(1969β1977)
8960:(1959β1969)
8954:(1953β1959)
8942:(1952β1953)
8936:(1949β1952)
8930:(1944β1949)
8924:(1941β1944)
8918:(1940β1941)
8912:(1933β1940)
8906:(1929β1933)
8900:(1924β1929)
8894:(1918β1924)
8888:(1913β1918)
8882:(1911β1913)
8876:(1908β1911)
8870:(1897β1908)
8864:(1891β1897)
8858:(1885β1891)
8852:(1884β1885)
8846:(1862β1884)
8840:(1859β1862)
8820:U.S. Senate
8811:(2017β2021)
8805:(2001β2009)
8799:(1989β1993)
8793:(1981β1989)
8787:(1974β1977)
8781:(1969β1974)
8775:(1953β1961)
8769:(1929β1933)
8763:(1923β1929)
8757:(1921β1923)
8751:(1909β1913)
8745:(1901β1909)
8739:(1897β1901)
8733:(1889β1893)
8727:(1881β1885)
8715:(1877β1881)
8709:(1869β1877)
8703:(1865β1868)
8697:(1861β1865)
7888:conventions
7704:independent
7700:Third-party
7680:Emil Seidel
7670:President:
7626:President:
7551:(incumbent)
7546:President:
7509:Eugene Foss
7489:Champ Clark
7462:President:
7095:Green Party
6521:conventions
6343:Green Party
5899:Straw polls
5885:Green Party
5773:Fundraising
5006:Black, Earl
4999:Works cited
4868:Murphy 1974
4811:Morris 2010
4799:Morris 2010
4787:Morris 2010
4738:Morris 2010
4726:Morris 2010
4714:Morris 2010
4695:Morris 2010
4680:Morris 2010
4668:Morris 2010
4656:Morris 2010
4632:Morris 2010
4603:Morris 2010
4539:Morris 2010
4461:Morris 2010
4379:Morris 2010
4315:Morris 2010
4259:Morris 2010
4175:Morris 2010
4132:Morris 2010
4120:Morris 2010
4001:Morris 2010
3986:Morris 2010
3969:Morris 2010
3942:Morris 2010
3918:Morris 2010
3846:Morris 2010
3834:Morris 2010
3822:Morris 2010
3810:Morris 2010
3791:Morris 2010
3767:Morris 2010
3705:Morris 2010
3320:Morris 2010
3164:Individuals
3033:J.P. Morgan
2999:Individuals
2917:Journalists
2730:Individuals
2711:Journalists
2086:convention
2055:convention
1990:convention
1921:convention
1894:convention
1884:February 6
1874:32 (21.3%)
1867:118 (78.7%)
1861:convention
1849:January 23
1720:square deal
1700:hall runner
1630:L. B. Hanna
1626:Asle Gronna
1226:Home state
1116:Home state
980:denouncing
978:The Outlook
821:The Outlook
553:Party split
301:Percentage
9914:Washington
9834:New Mexico
9829:New Jersey
9704:California
9515:Fahrenkopf
9510:Fahrenkopf
9431:Gabrielson
9041:Pennington
9031:Conference
9017:U.S. House
8838:J. P. Hale
8828:Conference
8803:G. W. Bush
8773:Eisenhower
8555:G. W. Bush
8535:G. W. Bush
8315:Eisenhower
8295:Eisenhower
7706:candidates
7610:Convention
7530:Convention
7446:Convention
7155:Whig Party
5921:Ames, Iowa
5054:1568020651
5029:0674941306
4854:2016-02-24
4644:Mowry 1960
4551:Gould 1976
4421:Mowry 1946
4339:Mowry 1946
4271:Mowry 1946
4244:Mowry 1946
4232:Mowry 1946
4211:Mowry 1960
4199:Mowry 1960
4187:Mowry 1960
4156:Mowry 1960
4144:Mowry 1960
4105:Mowry 1960
4093:Mowry 1960
4081:Mowry 1960
4069:Mowry 1960
4057:Gould 1976
4042:Chace 2004
4013:Mowry 1946
3954:Mowry 1960
3930:Mowry 1960
3906:Mowry 1960
3882:Chace 2004
3858:Mowry 1960
3779:Mowry 1960
3755:Mowry 1960
3726:Chace 2004
3682:Mowry 1960
3670:Mowry 1960
3658:Mowry 1960
3646:Mowry 1960
3634:Mowry 1960
3622:Mowry 1960
3610:Mowry 1960
3598:Mowry 1960
3586:Wayne 2008
3574:Chace 2004
3557:Chace 2004
3466:Chace 2004
3449:Mowry 1960
3437:Mowry 1960
3425:Mowry 1960
3413:Chace 2004
3389:Chace 2004
3377:Gould 1976
3363:2016-02-19
3332:Gould 1976
3303:Chace 2004
3287:References
3229:Elihu Root
3211:Convention
3126:John Tener
3120:Ben Hooper
2944:Frank Knox
2637:March 2022
2509:New Jersey
2433:California
1832:Reference
1793:delegates
1516:Frank Knox
1220:Candidate
1110:Candidate
1098:Candidates
1037:Mr. Morgan
505:Elihu Root
472:Background
348: Taft
211:Candidate
80:newspapers
10235:Primaries
10171:Factional
10101:Sectional
9938:Territory
9924:Wisconsin
9889:Tennessee
9794:Minnesota
9769:Louisiana
9670:territory
9668:state and
9555:Gillespie
9540:Nicholson
9476:R. Morton
9456:T. Morton
9341:Rosewater
9331:Hitchcock
9321:Cortelyou
9143:Longworth
9006:McConnell
8886:Gallinger
8743:Roosevelt
8664:primaries
8644:primaries
8624:primaries
8604:primaries
8584:primaries
8564:primaries
8544:primaries
8524:primaries
8504:primaries
8484:primaries
8464:primaries
8444:primaries
8424:primaries
8404:primaries
8384:primaries
8364:primaries
8355:Goldwater
8344:primaries
8324:primaries
8304:primaries
8284:primaries
8264:primaries
8244:primaries
8224:primaries
8204:primaries
8184:primaries
8164:primaries
8144:primaries
8124:primaries
8119:Fairbanks
8104:primaries
8069:Fairbanks
8065:Roosevelt
8056:Roosevelt
7897:primaries
7750:Nominee:
7721:Nominee:
6519:National
5978:primaries
5506:143733897
5466:143817140
5397:147503477
5343:cite book
5291:cite book
5260:cite book
5233:cite book
5203:cite book
4828:Nash 1959
3090:Governors
2855:Governors
2629:talk page
2353:May 5β28
2310:April 30
2189:April 13
2117:Wisconsin
2034:(33.57%)
2010:March 26
1978:March 25
1940:March 19
1911:March 14
1356:Wisconsin
1340:Wisconsin
1300:1,164,765
1282:Positions
1229:Campaign
1119:Campaign
1088:the South
1043:Procedure
462:patronage
415:president
292:1,164,765
247:Wisconsin
10275:Category
10260:Trumpism
10115:Chairmen
10032:Factions
9994:Congress
9909:Virginia
9859:Oklahoma
9839:New York
9814:Nebraska
9804:Missouri
9789:Michigan
9779:Maryland
9764:Kentucky
9744:Illinois
9719:Delaware
9709:Colorado
9699:Arkansas
9589:McDaniel
9565:MartΓnez
9501:Richards
9416:Brownell
9411:Spangler
9396:Hamilton
9391:Fletcher
9301:Campbell
9296:Clarkson
9266:Chandler
9209:McCarthy
9185:Gingrich
9024:Speakers
8952:Knowland
8761:Coolidge
8737:McKinley
8731:Harrison
8719:Garfield
8155:Coolidge
8139:Coolidge
8052:McKinley
8039:McKinley
8026:Harrison
8013:Harrison
7987:Garfield
7886:national
7663:Nominees
7619:Nominees
7539:Nominees
7455:Nominees
5973:Caucuses
5918:defunct:
5556:24767265
5531:27551622
5458:41940243
5425:30238426
5357:Articles
5333:(1939).
5307:(2010).
5250:(1932).
5119:(2013).
5095:(2004).
5065:(1960).
5012:(1992).
3275:See also
2550:primary
2512:primary
2479:118,362
2474:primary
2436:primary
2396:primary
2393:Maryland
2320:primary
2279:primary
2241:primary
2238:Nebraska
2227:April 19
2204:191,179
2199:primary
2166:127,481
2161:primary
2158:Illinois
2151:April 9
2120:primary
2110:April 2
2052:Colorado
2028:(66.43%)
2020:primary
2017:New York
1950:primary
1918:Oklahoma
1443:Campaign
1278:Campaign
1272:New York
1171:Campaign
810:speech,
603:downward
540:Sorbonne
524:Khartoum
296:327,357
288:766,326
242:New York
110:May 2022
10240:Debates
10228:Related
9929:Wyoming
9904:Vermont
9809:Montana
9749:Indiana
9729:Georgia
9724:Florida
9694:Arizona
9684:Alabama
9664:Parties
9594:Whatley
9584:Priebus
9560:Mehlman
9550:Racicot
9545:Gilmore
9535:Barbour
9525:Yeutter
9520:Atwater
9441:Roberts
9386:Sanders
9271:Cameron
9256:Claflin
9246:Raymond
9217:(2023β)
9215:Johnson
9197:Boehner
9191:Hastert
9161:Halleck
9137:Gillett
9071:McCrary
9059:Pomeroy
9019:leaders
9008:(2007β)
8976:Stevens
8958:Dirksen
8940:Bridges
8874:E. Hale
8868:Allison
8862:Sherman
8856:Edmunds
8850:Sherman
8844:Anthony
8822:leaders
8755:Harding
8701:Johnson
8695:Lincoln
8259:Bricker
8235:Willkie
8135:Harding
8095:Sherman
8082:Sherman
7978:Wheeler
7939:Johnson
7935:Lincoln
7922:Lincoln
7909:FrΓ©mont
7881:tickets
7842:History
7345:Reforms
7145:Defunct
5834:debates
5498:1014670
5389:1944250
3500:3633711
2569:10,944
2555:19,960
2540:June 4
2517:44,034
2502:May 28
2493:15,570
2487:165,809
2464:May 21
2455:45,876
2449:138,563
2441:69,345
2426:May 14
2403:25,995
2336:83,099
2298:22,491
2284:20,517
2260:16,785
2246:13,341
2212:282,853
2180:42,692
2174:266,917
2138:133,354
2125:47,514
2083:Indiana
1960:23,669
1891:Florida
1796:Contest
1365:(14.5%)
1362:327,357
1303:(51.5%)
1187:(33.9%)
1184:766,326
1103:Nominee
781:elected
648:Spokane
538:at the
417:in the
185:
94:scholar
10173:groups
10103:groups
10065:groups
9864:Oregon
9819:Nevada
9759:Kansas
9734:Hawaii
9689:Alaska
9579:Steele
9574:Duncan
9569:Duncan
9506:Laxalt
9461:Miller
9451:Alcorn
9401:Martin
9376:Huston
9366:Butler
9351:Wilcox
9346:Hilles
9306:Carter
9276:Jewell
9261:Morgan
9241:Morgan
9234:Chairs
9179:Michel
9173:Rhodes
9155:Martin
9125:Cannon
9095:Cannon
9089:Keifer
9065:Blaine
9061:(1869)
9053:Colfax
9033:chairs
8948:(1953)
8934:Wherry
8922:McNary
8916:Austin
8910:McNary
8904:Watson
8898:Curtis
8880:Cullom
8830:chairs
8791:Reagan
8767:Hoover
8725:Arthur
8721:(1881)
8595:Romney
8575:McCain
8559:Cheney
8539:Cheney
8499:Quayle
8479:Quayle
8455:Reagan
8435:Reagan
8359:Miller
8279:Warren
8239:McNary
8215:Landon
8199:Curtis
8195:Hoover
8179:Curtis
8175:Hoover
8115:Hughes
8099:Butler
8043:Hobart
8017:Morton
8000:Blaine
7991:Arthur
7965:Wilson
7952:Colfax
7926:Hamlin
7913:Dayton
7787:Senate
5839:forums
5554:
5529:
5504:
5496:
5464:
5456:
5423:
5395:
5387:
5319:
5131:
5105:
5051:
5026:
4979:level.
3498:
3354:
2980:, and
2563:38,106
2531:3,464
2525:61,297
2411:29,124
2386:May 6
2341:2,058
2328:86,722
2292:28,905
2276:Oregon
2265:2,036
2254:45,795
1968:34,123
1955:1,876
1829:Other
1604:ad hoc
1530:, and
1414:
1353:
1269:
1162:
851:, and
707:, and
542:. The
458:caucus
312:14.5%
304:33.9%
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
9894:Texas
9774:Maine
9739:Idaho
9677:State
9496:Brock
9491:Smith
9471:Bliss
9466:Burch
9426:Scott
9421:Reece
9406:Walsh
9361:Adams
9316:Payne
9311:Hanna
9286:Jones
9281:Sabin
9149:Snell
9000:Frist
8982:Baker
8970:Baker
8964:Scott
8928:White
8892:Lodge
8809:Trump
8779:Nixon
8713:Hayes
8707:Grant
8659:Vance
8655:Trump
8639:Pence
8635:Trump
8619:Pence
8615:Trump
8579:Palin
8399:Agnew
8395:Nixon
8379:Agnew
8375:Nixon
8339:Lodge
8335:Nixon
8319:Nixon
8299:Nixon
8275:Dewey
8255:Dewey
8159:Dawes
8004:Logan
7974:Hayes
7961:Grant
7948:Grant
7782:House
5926:Texas
5830:2020
5552:JSTOR
5527:JSTOR
5502:S2CID
5494:JSTOR
5462:S2CID
5454:JSTOR
5421:JSTOR
5393:S2CID
5385:JSTOR
5086:Books
4878:Notes
4844:(PDF)
4521:4 Jun
4446:4 Jun
4406:4 Jun
4360:2017.
3496:JSTOR
2579:Total
2360:Texas
1560:draft
1435:]
1427:[
1378:]
1370:[
1317:]
1309:[
1200:]
1192:[
843:" in
308:51.5%
101:JSTOR
87:books
9955:Guam
9899:Utah
9854:Ohio
9754:Iowa
9650:2024
9645:2023
9640:2021
9635:2019
9630:2017
9625:2015
9620:2013
9615:2011
9610:2009
9530:Bond
9486:Bush
9481:Dole
9446:Hall
9381:Fess
9371:Work
9356:Hays
9336:Hill
9291:Quay
9251:Ward
9203:Ryan
9167:Ford
9131:Mann
9113:Reed
9101:Reed
9083:Frye
9077:Hale
9047:Grow
8994:Lott
8988:Dole
8946:Taft
8785:Ford
8749:Taft
8599:Ryan
8519:Kemp
8515:Dole
8419:Dole
8415:Ford
8219:Knox
8091:Taft
8078:Taft
8030:Reid
7702:and
7424:)
7327:1952
7320:1948
7313:1924
7306:1920
7299:1916
7292:1912
7265:1896
7258:1892
7236:1888
7229:1884
7222:1880
7215:1876
7193:1856
7186:1852
7179:1848
7172:1844
7165:1839
7134:2024
7128:2020
7123:2016
7118:2012
7113:2008
7108:2004
7103:2000
7085:2024
7080:2020
7075:2016
7070:2014
7065:2012
7060:2010
7055:2008
7050:2004
7045:2000
7040:1996
7035:1991
7030:1987
7025:1983
7007:2024
7002:2020
6997:2016
6992:2012
6987:2008
6982:2004
6977:2000
6972:1996
6967:1992
6962:1988
6957:1984
6952:1980
6947:1976
6942:1972
6937:1968
6932:1964
6927:1960
6922:1956
6917:1952
6912:1948
6907:1944
6902:1940
6897:1936
6892:1932
6887:1928
6882:1924
6877:1920
6872:1916
6867:1912
6862:1908
6857:1904
6852:1900
6847:1896
6842:1892
6837:1888
6832:1884
6827:1880
6822:1876
6817:1872
6812:1868
6807:1864
6802:1860
6797:1856
6778:2024
6772:2020
6767:2016
6762:2012
6757:2008
6752:2004
6747:2000
6742:1996
6737:1992
6732:1988
6727:1984
6722:1980
6717:1976
6712:1972
6707:1968
6702:1964
6697:1960
6692:1956
6687:1952
6682:1948
6677:1944
6672:1940
6667:1936
6662:1932
6657:1928
6652:1924
6647:1920
6642:1916
6637:1912
6632:1908
6627:1904
6622:1900
6617:1896
6612:1892
6607:1888
6602:1884
6597:1880
6592:1876
6587:1872
6582:1868
6577:1864
6572:1860
6567:1856
6562:1852
6557:1848
6552:1844
6547:1840
6542:1835
6537:1832
6510:2024
6505:2020
6500:2016
6495:2012
6490:2008
6482:2024
6477:2020
6472:2016
6467:2008
6439:2020
6434:2016
6418:2020
6413:2016
6408:2012
6403:2008
6398:2004
6393:2000
6388:1996
6371:2024
6365:2020
6360:2016
6355:2012
6350:2008
6334:2024
6329:2020
6324:2016
6319:2012
6314:2008
6309:2004
6293:2024
6288:2020
6283:2016
6278:2012
6273:2008
6268:2004
6263:2000
6258:1996
6253:1992
6248:1988
6243:1984
6238:1980
6233:1976
6228:1972
6223:1968
6218:1964
6213:1960
6208:1956
6203:1952
6198:1948
6193:1944
6188:1940
6183:1936
6178:1932
6173:1928
6168:1924
6163:1920
6158:1916
6153:1912
6135:2024
6130:2020
6125:2016
6120:2012
6115:2008
6110:2004
6105:2000
6100:1996
6095:1992
6090:1988
6085:1984
6080:1980
6075:1976
6070:1972
6065:1968
6060:1964
6055:1960
6050:1956
6045:1952
6040:1948
6035:1944
6030:1940
6025:1936
6020:1932
6015:1928
6010:1924
6005:1920
6000:1916
5995:1912
5976:and
5889:2016
5881:2016
5873:2024
5868:2020
5863:2016
5858:2012
5853:2008
5826:2016
5821:2008
5816:2004
5795:2020
5790:2016
5785:2012
5780:2008
5764:2024
5759:2020
5754:2016
5749:2012
5744:2008
5735:2024
5731:2020
5726:2016
5721:2008
5716:2004
5697:2024
5692:2020
5687:2016
5682:2012
5677:2008
5669:2024
5664:2020
5659:2016
5654:2008
5634:2024
5628:2020
5623:2016
5618:2012
5613:2008
5608:2004
5349:link
5317:ISBN
5297:link
5266:link
5239:link
5209:link
5129:ISBN
5103:ISBN
5049:ISBN
5024:ISBN
4523:2023
4448:2023
4408:2023
3352:ISBN
3263:and
2929:and
2471:Ohio
2230:(27)
2144:643
2130:628
1784:Date
1682:and
1666:, a
1417:Iowa
1401:Iowa
1165:Ohio
872:and
779:was
588:and
493:1908
259:411
256:201
237:Ohio
162:1916
73:news
9326:New
9226:RNC
9028:and
8825:and
7892:and
5486:doi
5446:doi
5377:doi
3488:doi
2543:11
2505:28
2467:48
2429:26
2389:16
2356:40
2346:99
2313:36
2303:14
2272:10
2234:17
2192:76
2154:58
2113:26
2039:0%
2013:90
1943:10
1086:In
676:."
262:36
56:by
10277::
9666:by
8653::
8633::
8613::
8593::
8573::
8553::
8533::
8513::
8493::
8473::
8453::
8433::
8413::
8393::
8373::
8353::
8333::
8313::
8293::
8273::
8253::
8233::
8213::
8193::
8173::
8153::
8133::
8113::
8089::
8076::
8063::
8050::
8037::
8024::
8011::
7998::
7985::
7972::
7959::
7946::
7933::
7920::
7907::
7780::
5548:31
5546:.
5542:.
5523:26
5521:.
5517:.
5500:.
5492:.
5480:.
5460:.
5452:.
5440:.
5436:.
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5415:.
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5341:{{
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5289:{{
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5008:;
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4772:.
4745:^
4702:^
4687:^
4610:^
4573:^
4558:^
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4468:^
4438:.
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4365:^
4297:^
4278:^
4251:^
4218:^
4163:^
4112:^
4049:^
4032:^
3993:^
3976:^
3961:^
3798:^
3733:^
3712:^
3689:^
3564:^
3507:^
3494:,
3482:,
3456:^
3310:^
3295:^
3243:,
2974:,
2521:16
2515:12
2483:28
2477:20
2445:14
2417:0
2379:β
2376:β
2333:18
2324:18
2250:10
2218:0
2208:45
2202:31
2170:39
2164:19
2134:19
2099:?
2079:?
2068:?
2048:?
2032:31
2024:59
2001:β
1998:β
1981:2
1928:16
1924:?
1914:?
1887:4
1877:β
1852:2
1695:.
1490:,
1486:,
1423:β
1280:β’
1021:.
964:,
703:,
654:.
280:2
9567:/
9508:/
9026:,
9021:,
8657:/
8637:/
8617:/
8597:/
8577:/
8557:/
8537:/
8517:/
8497:/
8477:/
8457:/
8437:/
8417:/
8397:/
8377:/
8357:/
8337:/
8317:/
8297:/
8277:/
8257:/
8237:/
8217:/
8197:/
8177:/
8157:/
8137:/
8117:/
8097:/
8093:/
8080:/
8067:/
8054:/
8041:/
8028:/
8015:/
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7989:/
7976:/
7963:/
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7924:/
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2372:5
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2296:3
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2263:0
2258:4
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2216:0
2178:0
2142:0
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2123:7
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2090:?
2063:?
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2037:0
1994:2
1964:6
1958:4
1953:0
1865:2
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1276:(
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1169:(
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98:Β·
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