51:
278:
Brandimarte was arrested in May 1945 after the fall of the
Fascist regime. He was indicted for the murders in Turin, but the case was transferred to Florence. Five years later he was sentenced to 26 years and three months in jail, although he denied to have organized the massacre. However, in April
235:
The initial pretext for the large-scale offensive against the labour movement in Turin was the killing of two
Fascists, Giuseppe Dresda and Lucio Bazzani, in the Barriera di Nizza, by the Communist militant and tram worker Francesco Prato, on the night of 17–18 December 1922.
187:
as Prime
Minister on 29 October 1922 the Turin labour movement kept on offering resistance to Fascism. The residual working class opposition was shown by the ongoing clandestine production and distribution of the Turin-based Communist newspaper
227:, De Vecchi and his right-hand man Piero Brandimarte. Fascism's increasingly prominent political position at the national level required stricter discipline from Fascists to prevent disaffection of its more liberal and squeamish backers.
266:, being tied and dragged behind a truck until he died and another victim being bludgeoned to death. Officially, eleven people were killed and ten were seriously wounded by the Fascists. However, in 1924, Brandimarte declared to the
221:. The Turin's Fascists became increasingly angered by Mussolini's tendency to collude with local economic and political elites and police chiefs in marginalizing the leader of Turinese and Piedmontese
35:
198:, as well as political, factory and paramilitary organization, including popular uprisings against Fascist encroachment on working-class neighbourhoods and an important factory election victory.
794:
921:
596:
270:
newspaper that he had chosen 24 "subversives" from his lists and "entrusted them to our best squads to do justice. And justice was done. The dead were 22, because two escaped shooting."
167:. Over three days starting on 18 December and ending on 20 December 1922, at least 11 workers (and perhaps as many as 24) were killed in a terror campaign to break the resistance to
489:
647:
1085:
642:
871:
484:
1026:
20:
808:
1070:
690:
1192:
501:
610:
513:
535:
734:
722:
367:
1041:
452:
1004:
560:
669:
566:
262:
The fascists rounded up communists and trade unionists in the city and executed a number of them in gruesome manners with one victim,
1197:
916:
799:
926:
1172:
888:
601:
955:
1108:
1187:
846:
494:
554:
445:
410:
1202:
851:
30:
777:
652:
1182:
1092:
201:
Another important factor was the rivalry between the paramilitary and political leadership of the local Turin
629:
876:
438:
1177:
911:
530:
345:
1167:
1157:
1033:
263:
388:
1147:
856:
836:
813:
1152:
841:
479:
246:
1162:
861:
586:
416:
218:
949:
334:
1077:
866:
591:
1063:
883:
695:
133:
8:
983:
820:
685:
573:
506:
782:
615:
518:
282:
In 1946 a plaque with the names of the 11 victims was on the Piazza 18 dicembre 1922.
1019:
788:
717:
707:
581:
540:
406:
251:
241:
190:
933:
739:
727:
702:
525:
184:
430:
279:
1952, the
Bologna Court of Appeals absolved him because of insufficient evidence.
990:
961:
746:
401:
195:
168:
156:
1056:
1048:
759:
754:
207:. Once in government Mussolini sought to contain the violent excesses of local
143:
249:. This was followed by the destruction of the Turin-based Communist newspaper
1141:
1123:
1110:
712:
473:
372:
180:
26:
997:
50:
1011:
664:
637:
211:
129:
90:
94:
82:
110:
86:
389:
Lapide in memoria delle vittime della strage del XVIII dicembre
203:
245:, the trade union headquarters, and attacked two clubs of the
256:
164:
160:
98:
64:
255:. A number of the editors were taken to the central park in
659:
55:
The plaque remembering the 11 who died was erected in 1946.
643:
Tribunale speciale per la difesa dello Stato (1926–1943)
421:): Working class resistance and conflicts within fascism
485:
Fascist and anti-Fascist violence in Italy (1919–1926)
427:, Volume 10, Issue 2, November 2005, pp. 187–205.
259:
and were threatened with execution by
Fascist squads.
21:
Fascist and anti-Fascist violence in Italy (1919–26)
460:
1139:
313:, Volume 10, Issue 2, November 2005, pp. 187-205
239:In revenge Fascists raided and burned down the
159:against members of a local labour movement in
446:
222:
209:
405:, New York (NY): New Directions Publishing,
402:An Absurd Vice: A Biography of Cesare Pavese
561:Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals
360:
358:
567:Assassination attempts on Benito Mussolini
453:
439:
325:
323:
321:
319:
171:by the labour movement and working class.
97:, Members of the local labour movement in
49:
1193:20th-century terrorist incidents in Italy
301:
299:
297:
295:
16:Massacre of unionists by Fascist Italians
355:
339:
316:
1140:
292:
434:
379:
956:Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana
795:Legione Proletaria Filippo Corridoni
346:Ten Slain in Turin in Fascisti Riots
305:Sonnessa, "The 1922 Turin Massacre (
13:
847:Maximalist Italian Socialist Party
14:
1214:
922:Alleanza Nazionale per la Libertà
679:Antifascist martyrs and prisoners
368:1922 Torino: la prima strage nera
1198:Terrorist incidents in the 1920s
778:Formazioni di difesa proletaria
461:Italian antifascism (1919–1943)
230:
120:11 killed; 10 seriously wounded
490:Massacre of Palazzo d'Accursio
1:
1173:Political repression in Italy
285:
174:
648:Casellario politico centrale
273:
7:
912:Italian resistance movement
898:Organizations and movements
597:1940 San Mauro Forte revolt
531:1922 Italian general strike
415:Sonnessa, Antonio (2005). "
10:
1219:
670:Italian fascist censorship
18:
1188:Military history of Turin
975:
942:
904:
897:
829:
770:
678:
627:
466:
417:The 1922 Turin Massacre (
139:
124:
116:
104:
78:
70:
60:
48:
43:
857:Communist Party of Italy
837:Italian Republican Party
580:Italian antifascists in
155:refers to the attack by
1203:1922 in labor relations
1027:La Rivoluzione liberale
889:Unitary Socialist Party
842:Italian Socialist Party
480:Bloody Christmas (1920)
399:Lajolo, Davide (1983).
247:Italian Socialist Party
183:and the appointment of
31:Infobox civilian attack
24:
862:Sardinian Action Party
852:Italian People's Party
587:International Brigades
223:
219:Cesare Maria De Vecchi
210:
36:considered for merging
1183:1922 murders in Italy
867:Italian Liberal Party
592:Battle of Guadalajara
1120: /
950:Giustizia e Libertà
821:Garibaldi Battalion
809:Matteotti Battalion
686:Ferruccio Ghinaglia
574:Non abbiamo bisogno
548:1922 Turin massacre
502:Massacre of Sarzana
352:, December 20, 1922
153:1922 Turin massacre
74:18–20 December 1922
44:1922 Turin massacre
1178:Massacres in Italy
1124:45.0728°N 7.6896°E
751:Rosselli brothers
555:Aventine Secession
514:Massacre of Empoli
376:, 13 December 2012
350:The New York Times
1168:Fascist terrorism
1158:Conflicts in 1922
1103:
1102:
976:Antifascist press
971:
970:
830:Political parties
789:Arditi del Popolo
718:Giovanni Amendola
708:Giacomo Matteotti
691:Giuseppe Di Vagno
582:Spanish Civil War
536:Massacre of Parma
467:Historical events
268:Il Popolo di Roma
242:Camera del lavoro
149:
148:
134:Piero Brandimarte
1210:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1096:
1081:
1052:
1037:
1015:
934:Azione Cattolica
930:
902:
901:
880:
872:Unione Nazionale
817:
803:
743:
731:
703:Giovanni Minzoni
699:
656:
619:
611:Massacre of Bari
605:
544:
526:Parma Barricades
522:
510:
498:
455:
448:
441:
432:
431:
419:Strage di Torino
392:
387:
383:
377:
366:
362:
353:
343:
337:
327:
314:
307:Strage di Torino
303:
226:
215:
185:Benito Mussolini
157:Italian Fascists
53:
41:
40:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1148:Italian fascism
1138:
1137:
1129:45.0728; 7.6896
1128:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1099:
1090:
1086:Il Quarto Stato
1075:
1071:L'Italia libera
1046:
1031:
1009:
991:Critica Sociale
967:
962:Mazzini Society
938:
924:
893:
874:
825:
811:
797:
766:
747:Antonio Gramsci
737:
725:
693:
674:
650:
623:
613:
599:
538:
516:
504:
492:
462:
459:
396:
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385:
384:
380:
364:
363:
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344:
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328:
317:
304:
293:
288:
276:
233:
196:Antonio Gramsci
177:
107:
56:
39:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1216:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1153:1920s in Turin
1150:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1082:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1038:
1023:
1020:L'Ordine Nuovo
1016:
1001:
994:
987:
979:
977:
973:
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968:
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959:
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869:
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833:
831:
827:
826:
824:
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818:
806:
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804:
792:
785:
774:
772:
771:Military units
768:
767:
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764:
763:
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749:
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732:
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715:
710:
705:
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688:
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645:
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628:Repression in
625:
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578:
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564:
558:
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463:
458:
457:
450:
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429:
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394:
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378:
354:
338:
331:An Absurd Vice
315:
290:
289:
287:
284:
275:
272:
264:Pietro Ferrero
252:L'Ordine Nuovo
232:
229:
191:L'Ordine Nuovo
176:
173:
147:
146:
144:Anti-communism
141:
137:
136:
126:
122:
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118:
114:
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108:
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80:
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58:
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45:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1215:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1163:1922 in Italy
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1136:
1133:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1068:
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1065:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1054:
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1035:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1022:
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986:
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978:
974:
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960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
947:
945:
941:
935:
932:
928:
923:
920:
918:
917:Italia Libera
915:
913:
910:
909:
907:
903:
900:
896:
890:
887:
885:
882:
878:
873:
870:
868:
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845:
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835:
834:
832:
828:
822:
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815:
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807:
801:
796:
793:
791:
790:
786:
784:
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769:
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753:
752:
750:
748:
745:
741:
736:
735:Gastone Sozzi
733:
729:
724:
723:Anselmo Cessi
721:
719:
716:
714:
713:Piero Gobetti
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
697:
692:
689:
687:
684:
683:
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677:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
654:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
635:
633:
631:
630:Fascist Italy
626:
617:
612:
609:
603:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
584:
583:
579:
576:
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571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
549:
546:
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537:
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520:
515:
512:
508:
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474:Biennio Rosso
472:
471:
469:
465:
456:
451:
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437:
436:
433:
426:
422:
420:
414:
412:
411:9780811208512
408:
404:
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398:
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391:, MuseoTorino
390:
382:
375:
374:
373:La Repubblica
369:
361:
359:
351:
347:
342:
336:
332:
326:
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320:
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308:
302:
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243:
237:
228:
225:
220:
216:
214:
213:
206:
205:
199:
197:
193:
192:
186:
182:
181:March on Rome
172:
170:
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162:
158:
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145:
142:
138:
135:
131:
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119:
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100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
81:
77:
73:
69:
66:
63:
59:
52:
47:
42:
37:
33:
32:
28:
22:
1105:
1084:
1069:
1062:
1057:Umanità Nova
1055:
1040:
1025:
1018:
1003:
996:
989:
982:
884:Action Party
787:
572:
547:
425:Modern Italy
424:
418:
400:
386:(in Italian)
381:
371:
365:(in Italian)
349:
341:
330:
311:Modern Italy
310:
306:
281:
277:
267:
261:
250:
240:
238:
234:
231:The massacre
208:
202:
200:
194:, headed by
189:
178:
152:
150:
125:Perpetrators
29:
1127: /
1091: [
1076: [
1047: [
1042:Non Mollare
1032: [
1010: [
925: [
875: [
812: [
798: [
738: [
726: [
694: [
651: [
614: [
600: [
569:(1925–1932)
539: [
517: [
505: [
493: [
476:(1919–1920)
106:Attack type
91:Secularists
25:‹ The
1142:Categories
1112:45°04′22″N
783:Red Guards
665:Internment
638:Squadrismo
286:References
224:squadrismo
212:squadrismo
179:After the
175:Background
95:Socialists
83:Communists
19:See also:
1115:7°41′23″E
1005:Il Popolo
274:Aftermath
34:is being
1064:Il Mondo
958:(France)
952:(France)
943:In exile
905:In Italy
329:Lajolo,
128:Fascist
111:Massacre
87:Atheists
61:Location
38:. ›
27:template
1088:
1073:
1044:
1029:
1007:
998:L'Unità
984:Avanti!
217:led by
169:Fascism
132:led by
620:(1940)
577:(1931)
563:(1925)
557:(1924)
409:
204:fascio
140:Motive
130:squads
117:Deaths
79:Target
1095:]
1080:]
1051:]
1036:]
1014:]
964:(USA)
929:]
879:]
816:]
802:]
760:Nello
755:Carlo
742:]
730:]
698:]
655:]
618:]
604:]
543:]
521:]
509:]
497:]
335:p. 21
257:Turin
165:Italy
161:Turin
99:Turin
65:Turin
660:OVRA
407:ISBN
309:)",
151:The
71:Date
423:",
163:in
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370:,
357:^
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318:^
294:^
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447:t
440:v
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