2047:
1813:
1947:
2145:
1797:
2091:
Despite this, however, the Arab campaign of murder and sabotage continued and Arab gangs in the hills took on the appearance of organised guerrilla fighters. Violence continued throughout 1938. In July 1938, when the
Palestine Government seemed to have largely lost control of the situation, the garrison was strengthened from Egypt, and in September it was further reinforced from England. The police were placed under the operational control of the army commander, and military officials superseded the civil authorities in the enforcement of order. In October the Old City of Jerusalem, which had become a rebel stronghold, was reoccupied by the troops. By the end of the year a semblance of order had been restored in the towns, but terrorism continued in rural areas until the outbreak of the Second World War.
2173:
2153:
1636:
3683:
meet demands to provide financial aid to strikers). The AHC's functions in this capacity were truncated when it was abolished by the
British authorities in October 1937. Displaced in Damascus, its leaders were cut off from contact with field units and donations gradually dried up. al-Husayni, by then in exile, proved unable to raise money, and in Syria militant contacts were informed by July 1938 that they would have to make do on their own. By 1938 the drop in revenues caused militant gangs to resort to extortion and robbery, often draining villages of ready cash reserves set aside to pay government fines, which then had to be met by the sale of crops and livestock. Some contributions were obtained from American sources.
2327: ... when you'd finished your duty you would come away nothing had happened no bombs or anything and the driver would switch his wheel back and to make the truck waver and the poor wog on the front would roll off into the deck. Well if he was lucky he'd get away with a broken leg but if he was unlucky the truck behind coming up behind would hit him. But nobody bothered to pick up the bits they were left. You know we were there we were the masters we were the bosses and whatever we did was right ... Well you know you don't want him any more. He's fulfilled his job. And that's when Bill Usher said that it had to stop because before long they'd be running out of bloody rebels to sit on the bonnet.
1252:
4282:"the silencing of the opposition and humiliation of its leaders continued in the months that followed. In July 1938 an armed squad appeared at the home of a family of Nashashibi supporters in the village of Beit Rima, ...Before they left, the gang offered an explanation for their behavior: The jihad, they said, was directed against any person who did not obey the mufti. In the passion of the moment, they revealed the militants' fundamental tenet: Their national struggle was a religious holy war, and the incarnation of both the Palestinian Arab nation and Islam was Hajj Amin al-Husseini. Anyone who rejected his leadership was a heretic and his life was forfeit."
1341:
nationalist rebellion. At the same time, Jewish immigration peaked in 1935, just months before
Palestinian Arabs began their full-scale, nationwide revolt. Over the four years between 1933 and 1936 more than 164,000 Jewish immigrants arrived in Palestine, and between 1931 and 1936 the Jewish population more than doubled from 175,000 to 370,000 people, increasing the Jewish population share from 17% to 27%, and bringing about a significant deterioration in relations between Palestinian Arabs and Jews. In 1936 alone, some 60,000 Jews immigrated that year – the Jewish population having grown under British auspices from 57,000 to 320,000 in 1935
1609:, he alluded to the Haganah weapons smuggling operation. Questioned at the time by a confidant about his preparations, he stated that he had 15 men, each furnished with a rifle and one cartridge. Soon after, perhaps fearing a pending preemptive arrest, he disappeared with his group into the hills, not to start a revolution, premature at that point, but to impress upon people that he was a man ready to do what he said should be done. Some weeks later, a Jewish policeman was shot dead in a citrus grove while investigating the theft of grapefruit, after he happened to come close to the Qassamites' encampment. Following the incident, the
2850:
1805:
1746:
421:
401:
759:
733:
285:
1578:
436:
2161:
1337:
Moulins flour mills and the Nesher cement factory, could take advantage of cheap Arab labour pouring in from the countryside. After 1935 the slump in the construction boom and further concentration by the Yishuv on an exclusivist Hebrew labour programme removed most of the sources of employment for rural migrants. By 1935 only 12,000 Arabs (5% of the workforce) worked in the Jewish sector, half of these in agriculture, whereas 32,000 worked for the
Mandate authorities and 211,000 were either self-employed or worked for Arab employers.
328:
305:
1466:
144:
130:
2298:
this procedure is well-known and it can be safely assumed that cordon-breakers have good reasons for wishing to avoid the troops. A number of such cordon-breakers have been shot during searches and it is probable that such cases form the basis of the propaganda that Arab prisoners are shot in cold blood and reported as "killed while trying to escape". After the cordon is established the troops enter the village and all male inhabitants are collected for identification and interrogation.
384:
370:
359:
342:
717:
585:
557:
535:
515:
501:
487:
4015:. One British military commander asserted that 'If the Germans were in occupation in Haifa we'd not have any bloody troubles from the Arabs.' Nonetheless, while moderating forces did mitigate the violence, atrocities were committed, torture used, brutality commonplace. Collective punishment, the razing of villages, the smashing of personal property in homes, and the destruction of foodstocks was widespread. Britain's pacification succeeded and 'left Palestine in ruins.'
2412:
3377:
2341:
2467:
convoys and patrols. During rebel attacks these vehicles could issue emergency "XX calls" (XX with a coded location), which were given priority over all other radio traffic, to summon aerial reinforcements. Bombers, which were usually airborne within five minutes, could then either attack insurgents directly or "fix" their position for infantry troops. Forty-seven such XX calls were issued during the revolt, causing heavy losses to the rebels. In the June 1936
13132:
10102:
3742:
3833:
243:
2870:
3730:
1765:. This was repeatedly bombed at various points along its length. Other attacks were on railways (including trains) and on civilian targets such as Jewish settlements, secluded Jewish neighbourhoods in the mixed cities, and Jews, both individually and in groups. During the summer of that year, thousands of Jewish-farmed acres and orchards were destroyed, Jewish civilians were attacked and murdered, and some Jewish communities, such as those in
2032:
dissent from some of its members, the
Commission instead recommended a plan that would leave the Galilee under British mandate, but emphasised serious problems with it that included a lack of financial self-sufficiency of the proposed Arab State. The British Government accompanied the publication of the Woodhead Report by a statement of policy rejecting partition as impracticable due to "political, administrative and financial difficulties".
3805:
very most only for the duration of the war. In the event the White Paper quotas were exhausted only in
December 1944, over five and a half years later, and in the same period the United Kingdom absorbed 50,000 Jewish refugees and the British Commonwealth (Australia, Canada and South Africa) took many thousands more. During the War over 30,000 Jews joined the British forces and even the Irgun ceased operations against the British until 1944.
3687:
rebels were never implemented due to distrust of the Saudi middlemen. Italian attempts to furnish arms by the same venue were thwarted by
British intelligence. The British never found arms or munitions of German or Italian provenance. RAF intelligence dismissed these claims as either referring to 'comparatively small' sums or as purveyed to bring discredit on the Palestinians. al-Husayni and his associates received limited funding from
2985:
1971:
179:
457:
191:
2740:
2392:, the British Consul in Damascus, corresponded with Syrian and Transjordan authorities regarding border control and security to counteract arms smuggling and "terrorist" infiltration and produced a report for Tegart on the activities of the Palestine Defence Committee in Damascus. Tegart recommended the construction of a frontier road with a barbed wire fence, which became known as Tegart's wall, along the borders with
9799:
4229:"it was the first manifestation of the Nashashibi group's armed defense against those who had violated the honor of their family and the honor of ... But when the general strike ended, he once again began coordinating his moves with the Zionists. The opposition's principal motivation for security cooperation was the assassination campaign pursued by the rebels at the behest of the Husseini leadership."
1350:
1777:
2552:
3287:(restraint)," Arabs were killed in simultaneous attacks around Palestine. More deadly attacks followed: on 6 July 1938 21 Arabs were killed and 52 wounded by a bomb in a Haifa market; on 25 July a second market bomb in Haifa killed at least 39 Arabs and injured 70; a bomb in Jaffa's vegetable market on 26 August killed 24 Arabs and wounded 39. The attacks were condemned by the Jewish Agency.
3829:
heretic and his life was forfeit. After the Peel report publication, the murders of Arabs leaders who opposed the Mufti were accelerated. Pressed by the assassination campaign pursued by the rebels at the behest of the
Husseini leadership, the opposition had a security cooperation with the Jews. The flight of wealthy Arabs, which occurred during the revolt, was also replicated in 1947–49.
1536:, founded early in 1936, became active in the general strike. Women's organisations, which had been active in social matters, became politically involved from the end of the 1920s, with an Arab Women's Congress held in Jerusalem in 1929 attracting 200 participants, and an Arab Women's Association (later Arab Women's Union) being established at the same time, both organised by feminist
3389:
3704:, new general counsel of Jerusalem, to request support for the "battle against the Jews". Doehle found that Germany's hesitation in supporting the rebels had caused pro-German sentiment among Palestinian Arabs to waver. Some limited German funding for the revolt can be dated to around the summer of 1938 and was perhaps related to a goal of distracting the British from the on-going
2768:, including the communications network, pipelines, police stations, army outposts and British personnel. It was this aspect of the revolt, rather than attacks on Jews or violence between rivals for leadership of the national movement, that most concerned the high commissioner. The mandate authorities were further disturbed by the unity of purpose displayed during the six-month
213:
2211:, 1936–37 'statutory' martial law, a stage between semi-military rule under civil powers and full martial law under military powers, and one in which the army and not the civil High Commissioner was pre-eminent was put in place. Following the Arab capture of the Old City of Jerusalem in October 1938, the army effectively took over Jerusalem and then all of Palestine.
1739:(AHC). The Committee resolved "to continue the general strike until the British Government changes its present policy in a fundamental manner"; the demands were threefold: (1) the prohibition of Jewish immigration; (2) the prohibition of the transfer of Arab land to Jews; (3) the establishment of a National Government responsible to a representative council.
3777:, hostilities dictated the construction of a separate Jewish-run seaport for Tel Aviv, inspiring the delighted Ben-Gurion to note in his diary "we ought to reward the Arabs for giving us the impetus for this great creation." Metal works were established to produce armoured sheeting for vehicles and a rudimentary arms industry was founded. The settlement's
3403:
2046:
1935:, had failed to create a unified political structure embracing both Palestinian Arabs and Palestinian Jews in constitutional government with joint political institutions. This failure facilitated internal institutional partition in which the Jewish Agency exercised a degree of autonomous control over the Jewish settlement and the
1181:. The second phase, which began late in 1937, was a peasant-led resistance movement provoked by British repression in 1936 in which increasingly British forces were targeted as the army itself increasingly targeted the villages it thought supportive of the revolt. During this phase, the rebellion was brutally suppressed by the
4193:. Hughes states that this was denied by the Jewish press at the time:'The only basis for the suggestion that the assailants were Jews was apparently the fact that they were dressed in khaki shorts and jackets. It is submitted that this form of dress is not uncommon amongst the Arab workingmen of this particular neighbourhood.'
2590:. These searched as many as 150 vessels per week and were an effective preventive measure. At the request of the Army additional naval platoons landed in July to help protect Haifa and Jewish settlements in the surrounding countryside. The Navy also relieved the Army of duties in Haifa by using nine naval platoons to form the
4220:"The British government initially accepted the report in principle...With war clouds looming over Europe, they began to have second thoughts about the practicality of partition, fearing that to attempt to implement it against the will of the Palestinian Arab majority would rouse up the entire Arab world against Britain."
3700:
expressing its sympathy and moral support. Soon after the outbreak of the revolt, in
December 1936, Germany was approached by the rebel commander Fawzi al-Qawuqji and in January 1937 by representatives of the Arab Higher Committee, both requesting arms and money, but again in vain. In July al-Husayni himself approached
3258:. The agreement brought 52,000 German Jews to Palestine between 1933 and 1939, and generated $ 30,000,000 for the then almost bankrupt Jewish Agency, but in addition to the difficulties with the Revisionists, who advocated a boycott of Germany, it caused the Yishuv to be isolated from the rest of world Jewry.
2263:
thing happened he would take punitive measures against the nearest village to the scene of the mine. Well the nearest village to the scene of the mine was a place called al-Bassa and our
Company C were ordered to take part in punitive measures. And I will never forget arriving at al-Bassa and seeing the
1793:
garrison. The drastic measures taken included house searches without warrants, night raids, preventive detention, caning, flogging, deportation, confiscation of property, and torture. As early as May 1936 the British formed armed Jewish units equipped with armoured vehicles to serve as auxiliary police.
1959:
revolt: the support of all senior Arab officials in the political and technical departments in the Palestine administration (including all of the Arab judges) and the "interest and sympathy of the neighbouring Arab peoples", which had resulted in support for the rebellion in the form of volunteers from
3781:
were enhanced and Jewish unemployment was relieved owing to the employment of police officers, and replacement of striking Arab labourers, employees, craftsman and farmers by Jewish workers. Most of the important industries in Palestine were owned by Jews and in trade and the banking sector they were
3695:
and wished not only to disrupt the British rear but also to extend Italian influence in the region. The rebels utilized the Italian funding to smuggle weapons into Palestine via Syria. Total Italian funding amounted to approximately £150.000. It stopped in late 1938 and played no decisive role since
3682:
tax was placed on citrus groves, the industry being the backbone of Palestine's export trade; Palestinians on the government payroll contributed sums anywhere up to half of their salaries; levies were imposed on wealthier Arabs (many of whom went abroad to avoid paying them, or because they could not
3677:
The majority of funds raised to finance the uprising came from Arab/Muslim sources. In the broader Arab/Muslim world a measure of financial aid, never vast, filtered in from Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Muslim India for some time. In Palestine, the peasantry, often debt-ridden, could offer little towards
3604:
was responsible for the area south of Tulkarm and was known for evading capture whilst being pursued by the security forces. He signed his bulletins as 'The Ghost of Sheikh Qassam'. Razzik assumed a place in British army folklore and the troops sang a song about him. Razzik was capable and daring and
3276:
From October 1937 the Irgun instituted a wave of bombings against Arab crowds and buses. For the first time in the conflict massive bombs were placed in crowded Arab public places, killing and maiming dozens. These attacks substantially increased Arab casualties and sowed terror among the population.
2783:
In response to these challenges the British army command ("I" Branch) and battalion headquarters across Palestine issued a daily intelligence bulletin every afternoon detailing political developments. Special Service Officers (SSOs) assigned to intelligence gathering reported directly to their local
2245:
In addition to actions against property, a large amount of brutality by the British forces occurred, including beatings, torture and extrajudicial killings. A surprisingly large number of prisoners were "shot while trying to escape". Several incidents involved serious atrocities, such as massacres at
1331:
Although the Mandatory government introduced measures to limit the transfer of land from Arabs to Jews, these were easily circumvented by willing buyers and sellers. The failure of the authorities to invest in economic growth and healthcare for the general Palestinian public and the Zionist policy of
4272:
The volume of Germany's funding was intentionally limited, as its goal was neither the collapse of the British Mandate nor the establishment of an independent Arab state (which would have been counterproductive to Germany's policy of expelling the Jews to Palestine), but to cause additional nuisance
3804:
Although the Jewish settlement in Palestine was dismayed by the publication of the 1939 White Paper restricting Jewish immigration, David Ben-Gurion remained undeterred, believing that the policy would not be implemented, and in fact Neville Chamberlain had told him that the policy would last at the
3668:
In the contest of wills between the British Empire and Palestinian aspirants for statehood, the respective efforts to secure the financial means to sustain the hostilities also played out as a battle for funding. The Mandatory Authority's repression of the revolt was bankrolled directly from London
2795:
liaison officer for intelligence and security affairs between the Political Department of the Jewish Agency and the intelligence arms of the Royal Air Force and the C.I.D. Zaslany sifted through intelligence collected by Jewish-controlled field operatives and forwarded it to the British military. He
2763:
could undermine intelligence gathering operations and thereby impair their ability to predict and respond to inter-communal disorder. The rebellion had brought together urban nationalism and peasant economic grievances arising from rural poverty and landlessness, which was blamed on British misrule.
2297:
A cordon round the area to be searched is first established either by troops or aircraft and the inhabitants are warned that anybody trying to break through the cordon is likely to be shot. As literally hundreds of villages have been searched, in some cases more than once, during the past six months
2271:
peppering Bassa with machine gun fire and this went on for about 20 minutes and then we went in and I remembered we had lighted braziers and we set the houses on fire and we burnt the village to the ground ... Monty had him up and he asked him all about it and Gerald Whitfeld explained to
2099:
In the final fifteen months of the revolt alone there were 936 murders and 351 attempted murders; 2,125 incidents of sniping; 472 bombs thrown and detonated; 364 cases of armed robbery; 1,453 cases of sabotage against government and commercial property; 323 people abducted; 72 cases of intimidation;
2031:
considered three different plans, one of which was based on the Peel plan. Reporting in 1938, the Commission rejected the Peel plan primarily on the grounds that it could not be implemented without a massive forced transfer of Arabs (an option that the British government had already ruled out). With
3828:
The Mufti, Hajj Amin al-Husseini and his supporters directed a Jihad against any person who did not obey the Mufti. Their national struggle was a religious holy war, and the incarnation of both the Palestinian Arab nation and Islam was Hajj Amin al-Husseini. Anyone who rejected his leadership was a
2331:
British troops also left Arab wounded on the battlefield to die and maltreated Arab fighters taken in battle, so much so that the rebels tried to remove their wounded or dead from the field of battle. Sometimes, soldiers would occupy villages, expel all of the inhabitants and remain for months. The
2288:
collected around fifty men from al-Bassa and blew some of them up with explosion under a bus. Harry Arrigonie, a policeman who was present said that about twenty men were put onto a bus; those who tried to escape were shot and then the driver of the bus was forced to drive over a powerful land mine
2058:
by Quassemite gunmen in Nazareth. Andrews was widely hated by Palestinians for supporting Jewish settlement in the Galilee, and he openly advised Jews to create their own defense force. On 30 September, regulations were issued allowing the Government to detain political deportees in any part of the
1483:
The pressures of the 1930s wrought several changes, giving rise to new political organizations and a broader activism that spurred a far wider cross-section of the population in rural areas, strongly nationalist, to join actively in the Palestinian cause. Among new political parties formed in this
1421:
and anti-British militia. He recruited and arranged military training for impoverished but pious peasants but also for ex-criminals he had persuaded to take Islam seriously and they engaged in a campaign of vandalizing tree plantations and British-constructed rail lines, destroying phone lines and
3764:
In the overall context of the Jewish settlement's development in the 1930s the physical losses endured during the revolt were relatively insignificant. Although hundreds were killed and property was damaged no Jewish settlement was captured or destroyed and several dozen new ones were established.
3303:
units" were made up of disaffected Arab peasants recruited by the British administration and the Nashashibis in late 1938 to battle against Arab rebels during the revolt. Despite their peasant origins the bands were representative mainly of the interests of landlords and rural notables. Some peace
1902:
In June 1936 the British involved their clients in Transjordan, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Egypt in an attempt to pacify the Palestinian Arabs and on 9 October the rulers made an appeal for the strike to be ended. A more pressing concern may have been the approaching citrus harvest and the attractive,
1730:
The strike began on 19 April in Nablus, where an Arab National Committee was formed, and by the end of the month National Committees had been formed in all of the towns and some of the larger villages. On the same day, the High Commissioner Wauchope issued Emergency Regulations that laid the legal
2466:
into its then most refined form during the Arab Revolt. Air patrols had been found effective in keeping convoys and trains free from attack, but this did not help to expose insurgents to battle conditions likely to cause their defeat. From the middle of June 1936 wireless vehicles accompanied all
4202:"while the Zionist movement, after much agonising, accepted the principle of partition and the proposals as a basis for negotiation"; p. 49 "In the end, after bitter debate, the Congress equivocally approved – by a vote of 299 to 160 – the Peel recommendations as a basis for further negotiation."
3686:
A great deal of speculation later arose around the purported role of Germany and Italy in backing the revolt financially, based on early claims by Jewish operatives that both countries were fomenting the uprising by funneling cash and weapons to the insurgents. German plans to ship arms to the
3525:
and carried out nighttime attacks against British targets in the revolt's early stage in 1936. When the revolt was renewed in April 1937, he established a more organised command hierarchy consisting of four main brigades who operated in the north-central highlands (Tulkarm-Nablus-Jenin area). He
3332:
had written to Moshe Shertok stating his full willingness to co-operate with the Jewish Agency and to agree with whatever policy it proposed. From early in 1938 the Nashashibis received funding specifically to conduct anti-rebel operations, with Raghib al-Nashashibi himself receiving £5,000. The
2954:
The rebellion also inspired the Jewish Agency to expand the intelligence-gathering of its Political Department and especially of its Arab Division, with the focus changing from political to military intelligence. The Arab Division set up a network of Jewish controllers and Arab agents around the
2934:
In June 1937, the British imposed the death penalty for unauthorised possession of weapons, ammunition, and explosives, but since many Jews had permission to carry weapons and store ammunition for defence this order was directed primarily against Palestinian Arabs and most of the 112 executed in
2292:
Despite these measures Lieutenant-General Haining, the General Officer Commanding, reported secretly to the Cabinet on 1 December 1938 that "practically every village in the country harbours and supports the rebels and will assist in concealing their identity from the Government Forces." Haining
2262:
Now I will never forget this incident ... We were at al-Malikiyya, the other frontier base and word came through about 6 o'clock in the morning that one of our patrols had been blown up and Millie Law had been killed. Now Gerald Whitfeld had told these mukhtars that if any of this sort of
1277:
and then the Mandate authorities levied high taxes on farming and agricultural produce and during the 1920s and 1930s this together with a fall in prices, cheap imports, natural disasters and paltry harvests all contributed to the increasing indebtedness of the fellahin. The rents paid by tenant
1152:
The general strike lasted from April to October 1936. The revolt is often analysed in terms of two distinct phases. The first phase began as spontaneous popular resistance, which was seized on by the urban and elitist Arab Higher Committee, giving the movement an organized shape that was focused
3367:
Towards the end of the revolt in May 1939 the authorities dissolved the peace bands and confiscated their arms. However, because members of the bands had become tainted in the eyes of the Palestinian Arabs, and some were under sentence of death, they had little choice but to continue the battle
2090:
against Arab civilians as a form of what the group called "active defense" against Arab attacks on Jewish civilians. The British authorities set up military courts, which were established for the trial of offenses connected with the carrying and discharge of firearms, sabotage and intimidation.
1958:
The commission, which concluded that 1,000 Arab rebels had been killed during the six month strike, later described the disturbances as "an open rebellion of the Palestinian Arabs, assisted by fellow-Arabs from other countries, against Mandatory rule" and noted two unprecedented features of the
1792:
The measures taken against the strike were harsh from the outset and grew harsher as the revolt deepened. Unable to contain the protests with the two battalions already stationed in the country, Britain inundated Palestine with soldiers from regiments all over the empire, including its Egyptian
1336:
further compounded matters. The government did, however, set the minimum wage for Arab workers below that for Jewish workers, which meant that those making capital investments in the Yishuv's economic infrastructure, such as Haifa's electricity plant, the Shemen oil and soap factory, the Grands
3932:
There was a growing feeling among British officials that there was nothing left for them to do in Palestine. Perhaps the ultimate achievement of the Arab Revolt was to make the British sick of Palestine. Major-General Bernard "Monty" Montgomery concluded, "the Jew murders the Arab and the Arab
3699:
In the first years after 1933 Germany was approached by a variety of Arab nationalist groups from Palestine and abroad asking for aid, but Germany categorically refused. Maintaining good relations with the British was still considered to be of the uppermost priority, hence it limited itself to
2942:
In principle all of the joint units functioned as part of the British administration, but in practice they were under the command of the Jewish Agency and "intended to form the backbone of a Jewish military force set up under British sponsorship in preparation for the inevitable clash with the
2195:
The British had already formalised the principle of collective punishment in Palestine in the 1924–1925 Collective Responsibility and Punishment Ordinances and updated these ordinances in 1936 with the Collective Fines Ordinance. These collective fines (amounting to £1,000,000 over the revolt)
1552:
General strikes had been used in neighbouring Arab countries to place political pressures on Western colonial powers. In Iraq a general strike in July 1931, accompanied by organised demonstrations in the streets, led to independence for the former British mandate territory under Prime Minister
1340:
The ongoing disruption of agrarian life in Palestine, which had been continuing since Ottoman times, thus created a large population of landless peasant farmers who subsequently became mobile wage workers who were increasingly marginalised and impoverished; these became willing participants in
1312:, the country's peasant farmers, made up over two-thirds of the indigenous Arab population and from the 1920s onwards they were pushed off the land in increasingly large numbers into urban environments where they often encountered only poverty and social marginalisation. Many were crowded into
2816:
In 1937 the Jewish Agency's intelligence groups were responsible for bugging the Peel Commission hearings in Palestine. Eventually, the Arab Revolt convinced the Agency that a central intelligence service was required and this led to the formation of a counter-intelligence agency known as the
2318:
by forcing them to ride with military convoys to prevent mine attacks and sniping incidents: soldiers would tie the hostages to the bonnets of lorries, or put them on small flatbeds on the front of trains. The army told the hostages that any of them who tried to run away would be shot. On the
3175:
There was no single body within the Jewish settlement capable of co-ordinating intelligence gathering before 1939. Until then there were four separate organisations without any regular or formal liaison. These were an underground militia, forerunner of the first official information service,
2924:
The British authorities maintained, financed and armed the Jewish police from this point onward until the end of the Mandate, and by the end of September 1939 around 20,000 Jewish policeman, supernumeraries and settlement guards had been authorised to carry arms by the government, which also
1720:
3529:
Al-Hajj Muhammad refused to carry out political assassinations at the behest of political factions, including al-Husayni, once stating "I don't work for Husayniya ('Husanyni-ism'), but for wataniya ('nationalism')." He is still known by Palestinians as a hero and martyr and is regarded as a
1835:
It was quickly evident that the only way to regain the initiative from the rebels was by initiating measures against the villagers from which the rebels and saboteurs came ... I therefore initiated, in co-operation with the Inspector-General of Police R. G. B. Spicer, village searches.
3871:
Thousands of Palestinian houses were destroyed, and massive financial costs were incurred because of the general strike and the devastation of fields, crops and orchards. The economic boycott further damaged the fragile Palestinian Arab economy through loss of sales and goods and increased
60:
2310:
in August 1938 almost 5,000 men were held in a cage for two days and interrogated one after another. During their detention the city was searched and then each of the detainees was marked with a rubber stamp on his release. At one point a night curfew was imposed on most of the cities.
3520:
area was a deeply religious, intellectual man and as a fervent anti-Zionist, he was deeply committed to the revolt. He was regarded second to Qawukji in terms of leadership ability and maintained his independence from the exiled rebel leadership in Damascus. He personally led his
1605:. The news sparked Arab fears of a Jewish military takeover of Palestine. A little over two weeks later, on 2 November 1935, al-Qassam gave a speech in the port of Haifa denouncing the Balfour declaration on its 18th anniversary. In a proclamation to that effect, together with
3749:
Despite the intervention of up to 50,000 British troops and 15,000 Haganah men, the uprising continued for over three years. By the time it concluded in September 1939, more than 5,000 Arabs, over 300 Jews, and 262 Britons had been killed and at least 15,000 Arabs were wounded.
2196:
eventually became a heavy burden for poor Palestinian villagers, especially when the army also confiscated livestock, destroyed properties, imposed long curfews and established police posts, demolished houses and detained some or all of the Arab men in distant detention camps.
3998:
Matthew Hughes, a leading authority on the Revolt, notes that it is a standard move in British historiography to contrast the relative mildness of British counter-insurgency achievements with those of other Western colonial powers. A contrast is frequently drawn between the
2384:, and the security proposals he introduced exceeded measures adopted down to this time elsewhere in the British Empire. 70 fortresses were erected throughout the country at strategic choke points and near Palestinian villages which, if assessed as "bad", were subjected to
3908:
approached, British policy makers concluded that although they could rely on the support of the Jewish population in Palestine, who had no alternative but to support Britain, the support of Arab governments and populations in an area of great strategic importance for the
2026:
The British government initially accepted the Peel report in principle. However, with war clouds looming over Europe, they realized that to attempt to implement it against the will of the Palestinian Arab majority would rouse up the entire Arab world against Britain. The
1840:
In reality the measures created a sense of solidarity between the villagers and the rebels. The pro-Government Mayor of Nablus complained to the High Commissioner that, "During the last searches effected in villages properties were destroyed, jewels stolen, and the Holy
2946:
Jewish and British officials worked together to co-ordinate manhunts and collective actions against villages and also discussed the imposition of penalties and sentences. Overall, the Jewish Agency was successful in making "the point that the Zionist movement and the
2730:
in October 1935 and the deteriorating situation in Europe toward the end of the 1930s probably made British policy makers more willing to make concessions to Arab governments on the Palestine issue following the furore over the recommendations of the Peel Commission.
2505:
the RAF contingent in the region until September 1939. "Limited" bombing attacks on Arab villages were carried out by the RAF, although at times this involved razing whole villages. Harris described the system by which recalcitrant villages were kept under control by
2900:
for "defence"), a Jewish paramilitary organisation, actively supported British efforts to suppress the uprising, which reached 10,000 Arab fighters at their peak during the summer and fall of 1938. Although the British administration did not officially recognise the
1286:
of low-lying Category A farming land in Arab possession supported a farming population of 590,000 whereas the 102,000 dunums of such land in Jewish possession supported a farming population of only 50,000. The late 1920s witnessed poor harvests, and the consequent
1981:
Peel's main recommendation was for partition of Palestine into a small Jewish state (based on current Jewish land ownership population and incorporating the country's most productive agricultural land), a residual Mandatory area, and a larger Arab state linked to
3982:
that worked alongside it in the 1920s and 1930s behaved fairly well—certainly with a good deal more self-restraint than security forces of other imperial states. There is nothing in the British record in Palestine to compare with the devastating violence of the
2694:
and the howitzers were moved quickly between these positions by day and night to confuse bandits as to the likely direction of fire. Periodically, the guns were used to fire warning rounds close to the vicinity of villages believed to have rebel sympathies.
3323:
From December 1937 the main opposition figures among the Arabs approached the Jewish Agency for funding and assistance, motivated by the assassination campaign pursued by the rebels at the behest of the Husseini leadership. In October 1937, shortly after
3821:, thus counterproductive. During the uprising, British authorities attempted to confiscate all weapons from the Arab population. This, and the destruction of the main Arab political leadership in the revolt, greatly hindered their military efforts in the
3768:
The hostilities contributed to further disengagement of the Jewish and Arab economies in Palestine, which were intertwined to some extent until that time. Development of the economy and infrastructure accelerated. For example, whereas the Jewish city of
2108:
Despite cooperation of the Yishuv with the British to quell the revolt, some incidents towards the end of the conflict indicated a coming change in relations. On 12 June 1939, A British explosives expert was killed trying to defuse an Irgun bomb near a
2144:
3578:
worked closely with Fawzi al-Qawukji in 1936, but later defected to the British authorities. He bargained for a pardon by offering to collaborate with the British on countering rebel propaganda. Once on the payroll of the British consul in Damascus,
2071:; and in fear of arrest Jamal el-Husseini fled to Syria and Haj Amin el-Husseini to Lebanon; all frontiers with Palestine were closed, telephone connections to neighbouring countries were withdrawn, press censorship was introduced and a special
1864:
from Egypt led to the railways being put under guard, placing a great strain on the security forces. On 4 June, in response to this situation, the government rounded up a large number of Palestinian leaders and sent them to a detention camp at
2784:
command headquarters and their cars were equipped with wireless transmitters so that high grade intelligence could be reported directly to "I" Branch immediately. These sources of intelligence gradually became more important than those of the
2010:
movement also opposed the recommendations. Ben-Gurion was delighted by the Peel Commission's support for transfer, which he viewed as the foundation of "national consolidation in a free homeland." Subsequently, the two main Jewish leaders,
6922:
2302:
The report was issued in response to growing concern at the severity of the military measures amongst the general public in Great Britain, among members of the British Government, and among governments in countries neighbouring Palestine.
3928:
in London but the discussions ended without agreement on 27 March.The government's new policy as published in White Paper of 17 May had been determined already and despite Jewish protests and Irgun attacks the British remained resolute.
1990:
from the proposed Jewish state to a future Arab state and Transjordan. It is likely that Zionist leaders played a role in persuading Peel to accept the notion of transfer, which had been a strand of Zionist ideology from its inception.
2754:
The Arab Revolt was the last major test of Britain's security services in the Middle East before World War II. The development and deployment of intelligence-led counterinsurgency strategies was integral to the restoration of British
4238:'The contest of wills between the British Empire and the Palestinians was also an organizational battle for funds and equipment in which London would bankroll the Palestine Government and pay for the troops needed for pacification.'(
2812:
in Palestine (who was described by Haganah leader Dov Hos as the "best Zionist informer on the English"), until the latter was posted to Iraq in 1938, and through him became acquainted with many of the British intelligence officers.
1930:
deliberated. The Royal Commission was announced on 18 May 1936 and its members were appointed on 29 July, but the Commission did not arrive in Palestine until 11 November. In the early 1920s the first High Commissioner of Palestine,
3949:
struggle of the Palestinian Arab rebels against the British Empire. According to Swedenburg's analysis, for instance, the Zionist version of Israeli history acknowledges only one authentic national movement: the struggle for Jewish
1731:
basis for suppressing the insurgency. On 21 April the leaders of the five main parties accepted the decision at Nablus and called for a general strike of all Arabs engaged in labour, transport and shopkeeping for the following day.
2808:, a British army officer and Zionist leader, was appointed chief liaison officer between the British army and the Jewish Agency Executive with Zaslany as his deputy. Zaslany also worked as interpreter for Patrick Domville, head of
1381:
began to acquire a political and nationalist dimension and new national memorial days were introduced or gained new significance; among them Balfour Day (2 November, marking the Balfour Declaration of 1917), the anniversary of the
3526:
competed for the position of General Commander of the Revolt with Aref Abdul Razzik, and the two served the post in rotation from September 1938 to February 1939, when al-Hajj Muhammad was confirmed as the sole General Commander.
2489:, known as an advocate of "air policing", commented on the revolt saying that "one 250 lb. or 500 lb. bomb in each village that speaks out of turn" would satisfactorily solve the problem. In 1937 Harris was promoted to
1894:
A Statement of Policy issued by the Colonial Office in London on 7 September declared the situation a "direct challenge to the authority of the British Government in Palestine" and announced the appointment of Lieutenant-General
2234:
was not well received by the administration and the judge was soon removed from the country. Villages were also frequently punished by fines and confiscation of livestock. The British even used sea mines from the battleship
7738:
3962:מאורעות תרצ"ו-תרצ"ט) "riots", or "happenings". The appropriate description was debated by Jewish Agency officials, who were keen not to give a negative impression of Palestine to prospective immigrants In private, however,
866:
3966:
was unequivocal: the Arabs, he said, were "fighting dispossession ... The fear is not of losing land, but of losing the homeland of the Arab people, which others want to turn into the homeland of the Jewish people."
1690:, resulting in several Jewish deaths. After four days, by 19 April, the deteriorating situation erupted into a set of countrywide disturbances. An Arab general strike and revolt ensued that lasted until October 1936.
1205:
of Amin al-Husseini, and instead sided with the British – dispatching "Fasail al-Salam" (the "Peace Bands") in coordination with the British Army against nationalist and Jihadist Arab "Fasail" units (literally "bands").
3673:
fines on the peasantry –many heavily burdened already by debt and unable to pay them – were such that revenue extracted from punitive fines exceeded, and more than compensated for, the revenue lost during the revolt.
3437:), which means "band commander". The Jewish press often referred to them as "brigands", while the British authorities and media called them "bandits", "terrorists", "rebels" or "insurgents", but never "nationalists".
968:
3484:
and was thus a significant adversary of the Mandate and Jewish settlement authorities. He was trapped by British troops in a major engagement on 2 October 1938 and was killed whilst trying to lead his men to safety.
2959:, then head of the Jewish Agency, directly with the high commissioner himself. Shertok also advised the administration on political affairs, on one occasion convincing the high commissioner not to arrest Professor
2380:) advised a greater emphasis on foreign intelligence gathering and closure of Palestine's borders. Like many of those enrolled in the Palestinian gendarmerie, Tegart had served in Great Britain's repression of the
1734:
While the strike was initially organised by workers and local committees, under pressure from below, political leaders became involved to help with co-ordination. This led to the formation on 25 April 1936 of the
4549:
p.76:'Zionist settler-colonization is particular but it is not unique. In line with common colonial practices the Israeli state was founded on the ruin, displacement and dispossession of the indigenous people of
1667:, who had allowed al-Qassam a ceremonial burial some months earlier. The refusal sparked a demonstration by 30,000 Jews in Tel Aviv who overcame the police and maltreated Arab labourers and damaged property in
2513:
Aircraft of the RAF were also used to drop propaganda leaflets over Palestinian towns and villages telling the fellahin that they were the main sufferers of the rebellion and threatening an increase in taxes.
1307:
to warn that this 'social peril ... would serve as a focus of discontent and might even result in serious disorders.' Economic factors played a major role in the outbreak of the Arab revolt. Palestine's
1655:, robbed its passengers and, stating that they were acting to revenge al-Qassam's death, shot 3 Jewish passengers, two fatally, after ascertaining their identity. One of the three, Israel Chazan, was from
1812:
1217:
estimates 19,792 casualties for the Arabs, with 5,032 dead: 3,832 killed by the British and 1,200 dead due to intracommunal terrorism, and 14,760 wounded. By one estimate, ten percent of the adult male
859:
5982:
3958:
in May 1948. Swedenburg writes that the Zionist narrative has no room for an anticolonial and anti-British Palestinian national revolt. Zionists often describe the revolt as a series of "events" (
3872:
unemployment. The revolt did not achieve its goals, although it is "credited with signifying the birth of the Arab Palestinian identity." It is generally credited with forcing the issuance of the
3616:
was a peasant leader in the southern hills below Jerusalem who caused enormous damage to security patrols in his area. He was killed by a patrol of armed police in a battle near Hebron in 1937.
9848:
3456:. The former were guerrillas who engaged in armed confrontations, while the latter committed acts of sabotage. According to later accounts of some surviving rebel leaders from the Galilee, the
1946:
961:
1918:
was murdered in his home outside Jerusalem by an Arab assassin, one of three Jews killed by Arabs on 22 August, and one of 73 Jews killed since the beginning of the Arab armed insurrection.
1836:
Ostensibly, these searches were undertaken to find arms and wanted persons, actually the measures adopted by the Police on the lines of similar Turkish methods, were punitive and effective.
1824:
The British government in Palestine was convinced that the strike had the full support of the Palestinian Arabs and they could see "no weakening in the will and spirit of the Arab people."
852:
3669:
and through the revenue stream supplied to the administration by land and property taxes, stamp duties, excises on manufactured goods and customs duties on imports and exports. Draconian
2054:
With the failure of the Peel Commission's proposals the revolt resumed during the autumn of 1937 marked by the assassination on 26 September of Acting District Commissioner of the Galilee
5943:
2276:
in these villages that if this happened to any of my officers or men, I would take punitive measures against them and I did this and I would've lost control of the frontier if I hadn't."
2289:
buried by the soldiers which completely destroyed the bus, scattering the mutilated bodies of the prisoners everywhere. The other villagers were then forced to bury the bodies in a pit.
12150:
9467:
Hughes, Matthew (September 2009). "The practice and theory of British counterinsurgency: the histories of the atrocities at the Palestinian villages of al-Bassa and Halhul, 1938–1939".
4251:
Joseph Laniado, a Jewish Syrian parliamentarian told his Jewish contacts that Germany and Italy had channeled 'large amounts of money' to foment rebellion in Palestine'. In June 1939,
3640:. Qawuqji also led the volunteer force's Iraqi and Transjordanian battalions, and al-Ashmar was commander of the Syrian battalion, which largely consisted of volunteers from Damascus's
954:
2226:
charges were used to cut long pathways through the old city, destroying 220–240 buildings and rendering up to 6,000 Arabs homeless. Scathing criticism for this action from Palestine
1620:
The death of al-Qassam generated widespread outrage among Palestinian Arabs, galvanizing public sentiments with an impact similar to the effect on the Yishuv of news of the death of
1189:
using repressive measures that were intended to intimidate the whole population and undermine popular support for the revolt. A more dominant role on the Arab side was taken by the
2943:
Arabs." The Agency and the Mandate authorities shared the costs of the new units equally. The administration also provided security services to Jewish commercial concerns at cost.
2524:
Although the British Army was responsible for setting up the Arab counter-insurgent forces (known as the peace bands) and supplying them with arms and money these were operated by
3167:
Ta'as and Rekhesh were developed and expanded during the Arab Revolt but already existed before 1936 and the Haganah had been in operation from the earliest days of the Mandate.
1891:, helped the rebels to divide their formations into four fronts, each led by a District Commander who had armed platoons of 150–200 fighters, each commanded by a platoon leader.
3534:"for a national movement that was popular, honourable, religious, and lofty in its aims and actions." He was shot dead in a firefight with British forces outside the village of
2931:, the Haganah's clandestine munitions industry, developed an 81-mm mortar and manufactured mines and grenades, 17,500 of the latter being produced for use during the revolt.
12078:
707:
1939:
performed a comparable role for Muslims. Thus, well before Lord Peel arrived in Palestine on 11 November 1936, the groundwork for territorial partition as proposed by the
3785:
As a result of collaboration with the British colonial authorities and security forces many thousands of young men had their first experience of military training, which
9841:
5791:
Statement by His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom, Presented by the Secretary of State for the Colonies to Parliament by Command of His Majesty November 1938.
1117:, and the retaliatory killing by Jewish gunmen of two Arab laborers, incidents which triggered a flare-up of violence across Palestine. A month into the disturbances,
2277:
388:
8295:
620:
9073:
4291:"Capping it all, the Permanent Mandates Commission of the Council of the League of Nations rejected the White Paper as inconsistent with the terms of the Mandate."(
2214:
The main form of collective punishment employed by the British forces was destruction of property. Sometimes entire villages were reduced to rubble, as happened to
13216:
9993:
679:
589:
3880:
within ten years, although The League of Nations commission held that the White Paper was in conflict with the terms of the Mandate as put forth in the past. The
9803:
7897:
3552:
and before becoming a rebel worked as a Gazoz vendor. He was said to be a narrow-minded man who thrived on extortion and cruelty and thus became greatly feared.
3006:
1639:
Result of terrorist acts and government measures. Remains of a burnt Jewish passenger bus at Balad Esh-Sheikh outside Haifa. Picture taken between 1934 and 1938.
10392:
10105:
9834:
3246:
movement led by David Ben-Gurion. The rift between the two Zionist movements further deteriorated in 1933 when two Revisionists were blamed for the murder of
10228:
9941:
3413:, 1937. He was later executed. Al-Sa'di was a key actor in setting off the revolt with his April 1936 attack on a bus, which left two Jewish passengers dead.
1742:
About one month after the general strike started, the leadership group declared a general non-payment of taxes in explicit opposition to Jewish immigration.
920:
1153:
mainly on strikes and other forms of political protest, in order to secure a political result. By October 1936, this phase had been defeated by the British
11085:
10260:
8206:
Harouvi, Eldad (1999). "Reuven Zaslany (Shiloah) and the Covert Cooperation with British Intelligence During the Second World War". In Carmel, Hési (ed.).
925:
2604:
sailed to Haifa where landing parties were put ashore to maintain calm. Various other naval vessels continued with this role until the end of the revolt.
10983:
10233:
3571:
3481:
6081:
1278:
fellah increased sharply, owing to increased population density, and growing transfer of land from Arabs to the Jewish settlement agencies, such as the
12891:
2529:
1831:, commander of British forces in Palestine and Transjordan from 1933 to 1936, reported that because the rebel armed bands were supported by villagers,
3995:
He concludes that it was the "Palestine surge"—that is, London's use of sheer weight of numbers to overwhelm and crush the Arab rebels—was a success.
3825:, where imbalances between the Jewish and Arab economic performance, social cohesion, political organisation and military capability became apparent.
10939:
5794:"Policy statement/ Advice against partition – UK Secretary of State for the Colonies – UK documentation CMD. 5893/Non-UN document (11 November 1938)"
2218:
in October 1938; more often several prominent houses were blown up and others were trashed inside. The biggest single act of destruction occurred in
8938:
Palestine Royal Commission Report Presented by the Secretary of State for the Colonies to Parliament by Command of His Majesty, July 1937, Cmd. 5479
2319:
lorries, some soldiers would brake hard at the end of a journey and then casually drive over the hostage, killing or maiming him, as Arthur Lane, a
13206:
13171:
11029:
8854:
3396:
2607:
Following the Irgun's detonation of a large bomb in a market in Haifa on 6 July 1938 the High Commissioner signalled the Commander-in-Chief of the
1154:
910:
314:
267:
17:
8936:
5793:
4484:
13161:
10753:
10137:
667:
11735:
2955:
country. Some of the intelligence gathered was shared with the British administration, the exchange of information sometimes being conducted by
2023:
to approve equivocally the Peel recommendations as a basis for further negotiation, and to negotiate a modified Peel proposal with the British.
1237:, whereas on the Palestinian Arab side, the revolt forced the flight into exile of the main Palestinian Arab leader of the period, al-Husseini.
13246:
11056:
Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic, and conflicts with +100,000 killed with bold.
10255:
9977:
9322:
Palestine: Statement of Policy Presented by the Secretary of State for the Colonies to Parliament by Command of His Majesty, May 1939, Cmd 6019
3417:
At least 282 rebel leaders took part in the Arab Revolt, including four Christians. Rebel forces consisted of loosely organized bands known as
2521:, sabotaged bridges, railways and pipelines. RAF aerial photographs were also used to build up a detailed map of Arab population distribution.
1565:
had used a general strike from 20 January to 6 March in 1936 which, despite harsh reprisals, brought about negotiations in Paris that led to a
1328:
who worked among the poor in Haifa. The revolt was thus a popular uprising that produced its own leaders and developed into a national revolt.
1048:
695:
1105:
rendered landless, who as they moved to metropolitan centers to escape their abject poverty found themselves socially marginalized. Since the
12921:
12368:
10293:
9857:
6886:
3460:
maintained little coordination with the nominal hierarchy of the revolt. Most ambushes were the result of a local initiative undertaken by a
978:
663:
43:
3813:
The revolt weakened the military strength of Palestinian Arabs in advance of their ultimate confrontation with the Jewish settlement in the
3261:
Ultimately, however, the events of the Arab Revolt blurred the differences between the gradualist approach of Ben-Gurion and the Maximalist
2400:
to help prevent the flow of insurgents, goods and weapons. Tegart encouraged close co-operation with the Jewish Agency. It was built by the
1753:
In the countryside, armed insurrection started sporadically, becoming more organized over time. One particular target of the rebels was the
10672:
3814:
3705:
1194:
224:
10957:
10146:
4059:
2646:
2369:
1566:
3991:, both of which involve killing on a vastly greater scale. Many British soldiers behaved impeccably in Palestine during the Arab revolt.
2059:
British Empire, and authorising the High Commissioner to outlaw associations whose objectives he regarded as contrary to public policy.
12876:
12304:
10786:
3441:(meaning "gangs") was another Arabic term used for the rebels, and it spawned the British soldiers' nickname for all rebels, which was
1209:
According to official British figures covering the whole revolt, the army and police killed more than 2,000 Arabs in combat, 108 were
1109:
in 1920, Jews and Arabs had been involved in a cycle of attacks and counter-attacks, and the immediate spark for the uprising was the
13251:
12871:
8791:
Nicosia, Francis R. (1980). "Arab Nationalism and National Socialist Germany, 1933–1939. Ideological and Strategic Incompatibility".
7802:
2827:, who also helped to smuggle rifles, machine guns and ammunition from Poland to Palestine) and thereafter in 1940 to the creation of
2653:
established a Company Headquarters where seamen and Royal Marines manned a 3.7-inch howitzer. Sailors, Royal Marines, and men of the
1796:
1704:
1130:
2063:
was removed from the leadership of the Supreme Moslem Council and the General Waqf Committee, the local National Committees and the
13001:
12931:
12896:
12186:
11705:
11308:
11078:
10544:
9954:
4039:
1036:
2172:
1899:
as supreme military commander. By the end of September 20,000 British troops in Palestine were deployed to "round up Arab bands".
13196:
12861:
10702:
9414:
1861:
10776:
3974:, in his 2020 survey of the British Empire on the eve of the Second World War concludes that murderous incidents like al-Bassa:
3556:
was Durra's more respected lieutenant and later a leader of his own unit; he was killed by an army patrol in 1939 and buried in
2796:
was a frequent visitor at the headquarters of British intelligence and the army, the police and C.I.D. and he also travelled to
3896:
wrote that in that case, the Mufti preferred his personal interests and the ideology rather than the practical considerations.
3493:
and was the only active rebel leader on the ground who was a member of the Damascus-based Central Committee of National Jihad.
2722:
These facilities enhanced the strategic importance of Palestine and of Haifa in particular in Britain's control of the eastern
392:
5589:
2707:
to Haifa in 1935, shortly before the outbreak of the revolt. A refinery for processing oil from the pipeline was completed by
1282:, increased the number of fellahin evicted while also removing the land as a future source of livelihood. By 1931 the 106,400
13166:
11501:
10965:
10172:
9949:
9782:
9755:
9736:
9714:
9688:
9662:
9636:
9617:
9428:
9380:
9310:
9282:
9256:
9212:
9189:
9170:
9147:
9128:
9106:
9087:
9031:
9003:
8981:
8962:
8914:
8892:
8829:
8781:
8762:
8734:
8708:
8689:
8666:
8641:
8611:
8592:
8570:
8542:
8520:
8479:
8421:
8402:
8381:
8283:
8255:
8234:
8215:
8196:
8174:
8155:
8136:
8086:
8063:
8044:
8019:
7991:
7972:
7950:
7928:
7906:
7882:
7856:
7790:
7771:
7752:
6978:
6952:
5913:
5603:
4546:
3273:
firing weapons into a room through a window killing two men and one woman and injuring three people, including two children.
1394:
itself, at the same time, was steadily building the structures for its own state-building with public organisations like the
1031:
12499:
11175:
10590:
9330:
Yazbak, Mahmoud (July 2000). "From Poverty to Revolt: Economic Factors in the Outbreak of the 1936 Rebellion in Palestine".
1880:
on 21 June marked an escalation with the largest engagement of British troops against Arab militants so far in this Revolt.
1390:
and of transportation, communications, and especially of broadcasting and other media, all facilitated notable changes. The
1213:, and 961 died because of what they described as "gang and terrorist activities". In an analysis of the British statistics,
13241:
13236:
13231:
13226:
13221:
12539:
12258:
11531:
11344:
10024:
9534:"Terror in Galilee: British-Jewish Collaboration and the Special Night Squads in Palestine during the Arab Revolt, 1938–39"
8318:
4263:
that 'It was only as a result of the money we gave (al-Husayni) that it was possible to carry out the revolt in Palestine'.
4054:
3884:
was regarded by many as incompatible with the commitment to a Jewish National Home in Palestine, as proclaimed in the 1917
1266:
1246:
289:
9816:
6940:
3876:
in which Britain retreated from the partition arrangements proposed by the Peel Commission in favour of the creation of a
3678:
subsidising the resistance. A variety of measures were adopted. Women donated jewelry and ran fund-raising committees, a
2925:
distributed weapons to outlying Jewish settlements,and allowed the Haganah to acquire arms. Independently of the British,
1299:
in 1930 had identified the existence of a class of 'embittered landless people' as a contributory factor to the preceding
1101:
The uprising occurred during a peak in the influx of European Jewish immigrants, and with the growing plight of the rural
12911:
12856:
12174:
12108:
11071:
10996:
10719:
10211:
10130:
3955:
3933:
murders the Jew. This is what is going on in Palestine now. And it will go on for the next 50 years in all probability."
2918:
2152:
1977:
arrives in Mandatory Palestine on 11 November 1936. Privately, Peel believed that most Jews would remain in the Diaspora.
1660:
3745:
Jewish protest demonstrations against the 1939 Palestine White Paper. One of the big posters displayed the previous day.
1386:(4 July), and beginning in 1930, 16 May was celebrated as Palestine Day. The expansion of education, the development of
12851:
11386:
10660:
4533:
4004:
3501:
region of northeastern Galilee. He was killed by British forces who besieged him and his comrades near the border with
2100:
236 Jews killed by Arabs and 435 Arabs killed by Jews; 1,200 rebels killed by the police and military and 535 wounded.
1496:
6585:
3839:, St. James' Palace, February 1939. Palestinian delegates (foreground), left to right: Fu'ad Saba, Yaqub Al-Ghussein,
2634:
the following day and after another bomb was detonated on 10 July five platoons from the ship, made up of sailors and
13156:
12993:
12916:
11987:
11332:
11181:
10870:
10240:
10029:
3032:
2785:
2118:
1525:
363:
3014:
1635:
12781:
12773:
12437:
12204:
11211:
10970:
10606:
10513:
10354:
10086:
9920:
9332:
3860:
3202:, the illegal immigration service. In mid-1939 the effort to co-ordinate the activities of these groups was led by
2156:
A Jewish bus equipped with wire screens to protect passengers against rocks and grenades thrown by Arab insurgents.
51:
4180:
Hughes thinks this a conservative underestimate and calculates that a final figures might run from 5,748 to 7,272)
1663:'s request that permission be granted to allow them to conduct a solemn funeral for Chasan was turned down by the
12252:
11837:
11169:
10926:
9706:
9579:
8335:
2208:
1569:. This showed that determined economic and political pressure could challenge a fragile imperial administration.
12519:
7849:"Aryanisation" in Hamburg: The Economic Exclusion of Jews and the Confiscation of their Property in Nazi Germany
3765:
Over 50,000 new Jewish immigrants arrived in Palestine. In 1936 Jews made up about one-third of the population.
1251:
12941:
12703:
12297:
12192:
11549:
11464:
11133:
10887:
10123:
8471:
8011:
5626:
3357:
3265:
approach of Jabotinsky and turned militarist patriotism into a bipartisan philosophy. Indeed, Ben-Gurion's own
3010:
2777:
1485:
1174:
10742:
10493:
3632:(1925–27), deployed in northern Palestine. Their overall commander was Fawzi al-Qawuqji and his deputies were
2703:
Britain had completed the modern deep-sea port in Haifa in 1933 and finished laying a pipeline from the Iraqi
1903:
soaring prices on the international markets caused by the disruption to the Spanish citrus harvest due to the
13256:
13201:
11645:
11633:
11621:
11591:
11567:
11561:
11555:
11537:
11513:
10766:
10407:
10199:
9820:
8493:
8296:"The Banality of Brutality: British Armed Forces and the Repression of the Arab Revolt in Palestine, 1936–39"
6088:
3988:
3978:
were outrageous precisely because they were unusual. On the whole, the British Army and the various colonial
3688:
3513:
3392:
3368:
against the national movement's leadership, which they did with the continuing help of the Zionist movement.
1533:
539:
12509:
12489:
12469:
11585:
10629:
10585:
12886:
12846:
12836:
12385:
11903:
11115:
11095:
10841:
10747:
10561:
10303:
9878:
9162:
8437:
8098:
2306:
In addition to actions against villages the British Army also conducted punitive actions in the cities. In
1999:
1754:
12402:
11573:
11063:
6968:
4034:
1671:. The following day, two Arab workers sleeping in a hut in a banana plantation beside the highway between
1229:
The Arab revolt in Mandatory Palestine was unsuccessful, and its consequences affected the outcome of the
13211:
13011:
12841:
12831:
12090:
12042:
11627:
11428:
10976:
10556:
10344:
10222:
10206:
9204:
8678:
Confronting an Empire, Constructing a Nation: Arab nationalists and popular politics in mandate Palestine
8369:
Britain's Pacification of Palestine: The British Army, the Colonial State, and the Arab Revolt, 1936–1939
4000:
3888:. Al-Husseini rejected the new policy, although it seems that the ordinary Palestinian Arab accepted the
3069:
3063:
2910:
2727:
2708:
1974:
1785:
164:
9320:
5797:
4011:
to the winning-the-hearts-and-minds approach Britain is said to have adopted in Kenya in containing the
3196:, the arms procurement service, which had its own intelligence gathering capabilities, and likewise the
2615:, requesting the assistance of naval vessels capable of providing landing parties. Pound dispatched HMS
13191:
13186:
13181:
13176:
12982:
12975:
12906:
12585:
12347:
11651:
11579:
11519:
11368:
10881:
10846:
10682:
10677:
10655:
10550:
10430:
10402:
10349:
9370:
9248:
8942:
8754:
8562:
8512:
8373:
7874:
4171:(the Palestinian notable class) abetted, or were incapable of stopping, land sales and dispossessions.'
2968:
2769:
2431:
2357:
1710:
930:
350:
8331:"Palestinian Collaboration with the British: The Peace Bands and the Arab Revolt in Palestine, 1936–9"
5955:
See also WO 32/9618 Emergency Regulations 1936. Palestine Martial Law (Defence) Order in Council 1936.
2332:
Army even burned the bodies of "terrorists" to prevent their funerals becoming the focus of protests.
13135:
12936:
12826:
12723:
12412:
12390:
12290:
11909:
11296:
11223:
11139:
10829:
10450:
10444:
9420:
9079:
8129:
Arrows in the Dark: David Ben-Gurion, the Yishuv leadership, and Rescue Attempts During the Holocaust
5631:
2951:
were standing shoulder to shoulder against a common enemy, in a war in which they had common goals."
2408:. The total cost was £2 million. The Army forced the fellahin to work on the roads without pay.
2381:
1514:
1098:
in Palestine, whose concomitant effect was to marginalize and displace the indigenous Arab majority.
9600:
2535:
At the beginning of the revolt RAF assets in the region comprised a bomber flight at RAF Ramleh, an
12444:
12162:
11975:
11921:
11807:
11795:
11765:
11507:
11398:
11199:
11193:
10900:
10488:
10245:
10216:
10017:
9765:
Swedenburg, Ted (2004). "The Role of the Palestinian Peasantry in the Great Revolt (1936–1939". In
8096:
Fleischmann, Ellen L. (Spring 2000). "The Emergence of the Palestinian Women's Movement, 1929–39".
7938:
3836:
3325:
3083:
2995:
2906:
2507:
2474:
This use of air power was so successful that the British were able to reduce the regular garrison.
2264:
2185:
1781:
1687:
1510:
1489:
1426:
and jihadist groups had also been formed that advocated armed struggle; these were the Green Hand (
1304:
1262:
1222:
population between 20 and 60 was killed, wounded, imprisoned or exiled. Estimates of the number of
895:
310:
159:
6890:
3328:, the leader of the Arab Higher Committee, had fled from Palestine to escape British retribution,
3281:
in Jerusalem and then on 14 November, a day later commemorated as the "Day of the Breaking of the
13097:
13016:
12801:
12126:
12060:
11897:
11861:
11663:
11639:
11597:
11470:
11458:
11380:
11374:
11157:
10824:
10819:
10397:
10267:
10069:
9654:
8621:
4044:
3583:, he carried out many attacks against the rebels in 1938–1939 as leader of his own "peace band".
2999:
2801:
2764:
Accordingly, the Palestinian revolt targeted the political and economic apparatus of the British
2649:
for a punitive mission against Arabs who had attacked a Jewish colony near Haifa. By 17 July the
1447:
1369:
and the desire to defend indigenous traditions and institutions. Palestinian society was largely
1366:
656:
183:
11747:
11440:
9826:
9568:
8849:
3945:
historiography on Palestine, and even progressive Western scholars have little to say about the
2626:
to Haifa, which arrived the same day and landed five platoons, one to each police district. HMS
1926:
The strike was called off on 11 October 1936 and the violence abated for about a year while the
1757:
of the Iraq Petroleum Company constructed only a few years earlier to Haifa from a point on the
1628:
settlement. Huge crowds gathered for the occasion of his obsequies in Haifa and later burial in
1377:, with an urban land-holding elite lacking a centralised leadership. Traditional feasts such as
946:
12524:
12102:
11711:
11693:
11687:
11476:
11410:
11278:
11163:
11145:
10921:
10905:
10771:
9497:
8726:
8150:. Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, Shiloah Institute, Tel Aviv University.
7916:
4141:
4114:
4087:
4029:
3565:
3388:
2964:
2662:
2579:
2502:
2498:
2041:
2020:
1983:
1936:
1884:
1503:
1414:
1233:. It caused the British Mandate to give crucial support to pre-state Zionist militias like the
1186:
1170:
935:
411:
154:
47:
10115:
9222:
Townsend, C. (1988). "The defence of Palestine: insurrection and public security, 1936–1939".
9041:
Sanagan, Mark (2013). "Teacher, Preacher, soldier, Martyr: Rethinking 'Izz al-Din al-Qassam".
9017:
8952:
8556:
8367:
8005:
7800:
Arielli, Nir (August 2008). "Italian Involvement in the Arab Revolt in Palestine, 1936–1939".
6054:
2849:
2450:
from South Africa and set up a special centre in Jerusalem to train interrogators in torture.
2113:
post office. On 26 August, two British police officers, Inspector Ronald Barker and Inspector
1332:
ensuring that their investments were directed only to facilitate expansion exclusively of the
844:
13082:
12816:
12811:
12688:
12668:
12479:
12449:
11759:
11362:
11302:
11229:
10761:
10574:
10313:
10177:
10005:
9587:
8748:
8245:
6053:
Benjamin-Grob-Fitzgibbon,'Britain's small wars: the challenge to Empire,' in Randall D. Law,
3925:
3670:
3538:
on 27 March 1939, after Farid Irsheid's peace band informed the authorities of his location.
3219:
3149:
2788:
in Palestine, which had been dependent on Arab informers, and which were no longer reliable.
2385:
2165:
2064:
2055:
1736:
1477:
1198:
1158:
1122:
1110:
890:
247:
9075:
Lightning Through the Clouds: ʿIzz al-Din al-Qassam and the Making of the Modern Middle East
3448:
According to historian Simon Anglim, the rebel groups were divided into general categories:
13117:
13087:
13047:
13042:
12946:
12821:
12658:
12156:
11945:
11891:
11819:
11741:
11729:
11525:
11284:
11205:
11022:
10836:
10809:
10714:
10692:
10650:
10334:
10050:
9926:
9899:
4024:
3486:
3349:
3329:
3122:
3108:
2914:
2858:
2060:
1714:
1644:
1529:
1410:
1370:
1325:
1300:
1279:
1257:
1202:
1114:
1021:
1014:
1009:
992:
915:
569:
505:
470:
169:
3333:
British also supplied funding to the peace bands and sometimes directed their operations.
2686:
provided howitzer crews which were sent ashore to combat gun running near the border with
2184:
Military law allowed swift prison sentences to be passed. Thousands of Arabs were held in
1804:
1745:
8:
13107:
12464:
12397:
12030:
11843:
11801:
11254:
11121:
11016:
10876:
10781:
10709:
10528:
10518:
10436:
10424:
10414:
10308:
9748:
The British Defence of Egypt, 1935–1940: Conflict and Crisis in the Eastern Mediterranean
9292:
9266:
9043:
8850:"Repression and Rebellion: Britain's Response to the Arab Revolt in Palestine of 1936–39"
8468:
The Crime of Nationalism: Britain, Palestine, and Nation-Building on the Fringe of Empire
4538:
4167:
and elite parochialism" with notable families, these bonds weakened with urbanization as
4049:
3914:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3873:
3856:
3734:
3629:
3345:
3239:
3225:
3198:
3181:
3088:
2828:
2608:
2518:
2494:
2478:
2468:
2320:
2255:
2028:
1995:
1987:
1877:
1577:
1288:
1071:
644:
446:
420:
400:
327:
304:
199:
108:
91:
8996:
Out of the Limelight: Events, Operations, Missions, and Personalities in Israeli History
8558:
A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel
8458:
8432:
1921:
1686:
Jews and Palestinians attacked each other in and around Tel Aviv. Palestinians in Jaffa
1324:
where some found succour and encouragement in the teachings of the charismatic preacher
1303:, and the problem of these 'landless' Arabs grew particularly grave after 1931, causing
13112:
13092:
13052:
12968:
12951:
12926:
12733:
12544:
12534:
12514:
12484:
12459:
12198:
12066:
12048:
11999:
11963:
11951:
11939:
11885:
11657:
11615:
11446:
11422:
11392:
11320:
10814:
10697:
10666:
10612:
10580:
10523:
10359:
10250:
9555:
9520:
9484:
9455:
9357:
9349:
9302:
9060:
9023:
8871:
8808:
8454:
8354:
8148:
Despatches from Damascus: Gilbert MacKereth and British Policy in the Levant, 1933–1939
8115:
7835:
7827:
3951:
3924:
called together a conference of Arab and Zionist leaders on the future of Palestine at
3877:
3822:
3759:
3701:
3637:
3549:
3406:
3154:
3114:
2819:
2598:
2517:
Low flying RAF squadrons were able to produce detailed intelligence on the location of
2087:
2072:
1723:
1562:
1473:
1230:
1126:
763:
744:
711:
318:
12728:
5852:
3917:
concluded "if we must offend one side, let us offend the Jews rather than the Arabs."
1994:
The Arab Higher Committee rejected the recommendations immediately, as did the Jewish
13072:
12763:
12698:
12613:
12593:
12216:
12210:
12120:
11981:
11927:
11783:
11434:
11356:
11326:
11217:
10736:
10283:
10189:
10160:
9894:
9873:
9778:
9751:
9732:
9724:
9710:
9684:
9658:
9632:
9613:
9559:
9524:
9488:
9459:
9424:
9376:
9361:
9306:
9278:
9252:
9208:
9185:
9166:
9143:
9124:
9102:
9083:
9027:
8999:
8977:
8958:
8910:
8888:
8875:
8825:
8812:
8777:
8758:
8730:
8704:
8685:
8662:
8637:
8607:
8588:
8566:
8538:
8530:
8516:
8475:
8417:
8398:
8377:
8358:
8279:
8251:
8230:
8211:
8192:
8170:
8151:
8132:
8082:
8059:
8040:
8015:
7987:
7968:
7946:
7924:
7902:
7878:
7852:
7839:
7819:
7786:
7767:
7748:
6974:
6948:
5909:
5599:
5537:
4542:
4012:
3921:
3864:
3844:
3580:
3494:
3402:
3353:
3262:
3251:
2917:. The Special Night Squads engaged in activities described by colonial administrator
2759:
control in Palestine as the revolt had demonstrated to the British authorities how a
2716:
2712:
2680:
2620:
2539:
at Ramleh, fourteen bomber squadrons at RAF Amman, and a RAF armoured car company at
2463:
2447:
2389:
2231:
2177:
1915:
1904:
1825:
1816:
Palestinian Arabs search the rubble of a house demolished by the British military in
1621:
1558:
1141:, described Arab causes as fear of growing Jewish economic power, opposition to mass
1106:
1067:
997:
596:
561:
435:
333:
64:
British soldiers on an armoured train car with two Palestinian Arab hostages used as
9810:
6970:
A Discourse on Domination in Mandate Palestine: Imperialism, Property and Insurgency
3344:, also attended by the British military commander of the Jerusalem District General
2921:, as 'extreme and cruel' involving torture, whipping, abuse and execution of Arabs.
1442:
from 1929 until 1930 when they were dispersed; the Organization for Holy Struggle (
13006:
12713:
12678:
12648:
12643:
12618:
12427:
12313:
12240:
12228:
12222:
12180:
12084:
12054:
11969:
11789:
11771:
11753:
11723:
11338:
11187:
11127:
10949:
10932:
10893:
10568:
10503:
10498:
10470:
10369:
10329:
10074:
10062:
9545:
9512:
9476:
9447:
9341:
9231:
9052:
8991:
8863:
8800:
8446:
8344:
8310:
8107:
7866:
7811:
5535:"Troops Amhushed on Road, Heaviest Engagement of Palestine Revolt Follows (p. 9)".
4252:
3963:
3946:
3852:
3692:
3477:
3410:
3381:
3266:
3144:
3132:
3127:
2809:
2654:
2525:
2482:
2416:
2204:
2160:
2016:
2003:
1940:
1888:
1664:
1643:
The actual uprising was triggered some five months later, on 15 April 1936, by the
1610:
1606:
1537:
1383:
1354:
1292:
1223:
1219:
1134:
1118:
1063:
900:
748:
737:
699:
683:
671:
648:
636:
624:
612:
600:
546:
491:
204:
9550:
9533:
9235:
8552:
3277:
The first attack was on 11 November 1937, killing two Arabs at the bus depot near
1273:
World War I left Palestine, especially the countryside, deeply impoverished. The
13057:
13026:
13021:
12866:
12806:
12753:
12683:
12663:
12638:
12628:
12529:
12407:
12132:
12072:
12011:
12005:
11933:
11813:
11717:
11699:
11350:
11272:
10645:
10622:
10339:
10298:
9516:
9451:
9398:
9296:
8902:
8652:
8392:
8036:
8030:
5778:
4260:
4190:
4132:
4105:
4078:
3959:
3848:
3778:
3657:
3541:
3352:
and barricaded the gates. O'Connor had planned the operation by which men of the
3247:
2960:
2897:
2805:
2459:
2285:
1927:
1698:
1629:
1590:
1469:
1296:
1190:
1162:
905:
576:
9703:
From Haven to Conquest: Readings in Zionism and the Palestine Problem Until 1948
9438:
Goren, Tamir (2004). "The Judaization of Haifa at the Time of the Arab Revolt".
8056:
The History of the British Petroleum Company: 1928–1954. The Anglo-Iranian Years
3624:
In the first phase of the revolt, around 300 volunteers, mostly veterans of the
1857:
even suggested that all villages in the area of an incident should be punished.
1597:
and their bipods, 800 rifles and 400,000 rounds of ammunition destined for the
13062:
12901:
12796:
12791:
12758:
12748:
12738:
12708:
12633:
12623:
12504:
12432:
12327:
12264:
11993:
11915:
11873:
11867:
11855:
11543:
11099:
11036:
10617:
10600:
10595:
10465:
10419:
9766:
9672:
9056:
8489:
8184:
7960:
7892:
4164:
3941:
The 1936–39 Arab Revolt has been and still is marginalized in both Western and
3910:
3790:
3691:
during the revolt as the Italians were in dispute with the United Kingdom over
3653:
3336:
Fakhri Nashashibi was particularly successful in recruiting peace bands in the
2948:
2792:
2756:
2743:
2365:
2353:
2012:
1932:
1828:
1680:
1507:
1274:
691:
460:
374:
135:
9480:
9345:
8867:
8804:
8654:
Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization
7815:
2368:
was a senior police officer brought into Palestine from the colonial force of
1086:, lasted from 1936 until 1939. The movement sought independence from British
13150:
13067:
12693:
12673:
12608:
12560:
12474:
12270:
12246:
12144:
12138:
12036:
11404:
11290:
11260:
10989:
10687:
9865:
9698:
9274:
9159:
Memories of Revolt. The 1936–1939 Rebellion and the Palestinian National Past
9116:
8924:
8450:
8349:
8330:
7823:
7744:
3893:
3786:
3575:
3490:
3341:
3207:
3102:
2956:
2723:
2691:
2635:
2490:
2486:
2443:
2435:
2227:
2007:
1866:
1860:
On 2 June, an attempt by rebels to derail a train bringing the 2nd Battalion
1854:
1850:
1762:
1395:
1387:
1214:
716:
584:
519:
425:
404:
4535:
The Zionist Bible:Biblical Precedent, Colonialism and the Erasure of Memory,
3340:, on one occasion in December 1938 gathering 3,000 villagers for a rally in
1613:
launched a massive manhunt and surrounded al-Qassam in a cave just north of
1544:
alarm calls for inter-village help by rallying in defence of the rebellion.
13102:
12743:
12603:
12598:
12454:
12380:
12332:
12114:
11957:
11831:
11482:
11452:
11235:
11093:
10386:
10288:
10000:
9680:
9646:
9410:
9182:
Empires of Intelligence: Security Services and Colonial Disorder After 1914
8744:
8718:
8500:
8001:
7734:
7048:
7046:
7044:
7042:
6593:
4008:
3971:
3905:
3818:
3713:
3625:
3553:
3535:
3337:
3305:
3255:
3203:
3047:
Table 1: Security forces and infrastructure created during the Arab revolt
2854:
2824:
2612:
2536:
2373:
2315:
2268:
2114:
1770:
1758:
1656:
1554:
1465:
1431:
1418:
1182:
1166:
1095:
721:
632:
442:
407:
383:
369:
358:
341:
149:
65:
11777:
9651:
Palestine 1936: The Great Revolt and the Roots of the Middle East Conflict
8907:
The Palestinian Arab National Movement: From Riots to Rebellion, 1929–1939
3376:
2411:
1450:
and operative in the areas of Jerusalem (1931–1934); and the Rebel Youth (
12718:
12575:
12422:
12417:
12363:
12342:
12234:
11879:
11675:
11609:
11416:
11266:
11050:
10508:
10460:
10455:
10184:
10166:
9904:
9774:
8580:
8314:
4529:
3613:
3561:
3361:
3140:
2936:
2773:
2587:
2582:
and searchlights used to disperse Arab snipers. From the end of June two
2405:
2345:
2340:
2200:
1911:
1800:
Arab strike 1936. Car with brooms to sweep away tacks thrown by strikers.
1672:
1398:
and the covert creation and consolidation of a paramilitary arm with the
1313:
1178:
1087:
1004:
608:
9629:
The Jewish Radical Right: Revisionist Zionism and Its Ideological Legacy
9064:
7831:
7039:
12653:
12570:
12565:
12494:
11681:
11603:
11314:
11151:
9959:
9353:
8681:
8658:
8504:
8119:
3840:
3832:
3741:
3633:
3317:
3300:
3278:
2862:
2760:
2560:
2556:
2236:
2189:
2068:
1951:
1493:
1423:
1041:
7783:
Orde Wingate, the Iron Wall and Counter-Terrorism in Palestine 1937–39
7070:
6082:"File And Item Level Description of the Sir Charles Tegart Collection"
3228:
underground splinter group broke off from Haganah, calling itself the
2869:
2594:
and in August three naval platoons were landed to support the police.
2129:
12337:
12096:
11849:
11669:
9498:"A British 'Foreign Legion'? The British Police in Mandate Palestine"
9201:
The French Empire Between the Wars: Imperialism, Politics and Society
9013:
8078:
7626:
7624:
5595:
3729:
3557:
3348:. Just two months earlier, on 15 October 1938, rebels had seized the
3192:, which was staffed by Jews who were Arab-speaking and Arab-looking;
2583:
2570:
At the beginning of the Revolt crew from the Haifa Naval Force's two
2439:
2401:
2223:
2110:
1922:
Peel commission; break in hostilities (October 1936 – September 1937)
1896:
1842:
1647:
where remnants of a Qassamite band stopped a convoy on the road from
1614:
1594:
1582:
1540:. Myriads of rural women would play an important role in response to
1459:
1378:
346:
9325:(White Paper of 1939), London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1939
8723:
Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–1999
8111:
2984:
2067:
were disbanded; five Arab leaders were arrested and deported to the
1970:
1349:
13077:
12786:
12282:
11825:
10863:
10803:
8604:
Military Preparations of the Arab Community in Palestine: 1945–1948
8276:
A Job Well Done: A History of the Palestine Police Force, 1920–1948
3798:
3770:
3641:
3313:
3283:
3075:
2927:
2797:
2750:, worked closely with British intelligence during the Arab Revolt.
2704:
2673:
2597:
Following publication of the Peel Commission's report in July 1937
2575:
2540:
2247:
2215:
2135:
2083:
1439:
1309:
1102:
9677:
The Iron Cage: The Story of the Palestinian Struggle for Statehood
8208:
Intelligence for Peace: The Role of Intelligence in Times of Peace
8007:
Army of Shadows: Palestinian Collaboration with Zionism, 1917–1948
7621:
7106:
7104:
6711:
6709:
1719:
10057:
9856:
7921:
Israel's Secret Wars: A History of Israel's Intelligence Services
7740:
Britain at Bay: The Epic Story of the Second World War, 1938–1941
7091:
7089:
7087:
7085:
6993:
6991:
6989:
5674:
5672:
5670:
5668:
5666:
5664:
5662:
3984:
3794:
3531:
3517:
3502:
3189:
3094:
2892:
2739:
2687:
2571:
2393:
2273:
1676:
1652:
1625:
1598:
1500:
1455:
1399:
1362:
1234:
1210:
1146:
1091:
976:
463:
456:
439:
194:
190:
59:
11053:
and later conflicts (after 1914) of at least 100 fatalities each
8146:
Fry, Michael G.; MacKereth, Gilbert; Rabinovich, Itamar (1985).
5744:
4644:
2905:, the British security forces cooperated with it by forming the
2180:"cleansing" Jerusalem of Arabs participating in the revolt, 1938
2035:
27:
Nationalist uprising by Palestinian Arabs in Mandatory Palestine
10145:
10081:
10012:
9798:
8941:, London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1937, archived from
8633:
7101:
6706:
3942:
3709:
3601:
3380:
Rebels, some mounted on horses, posing with their rifles and a
2879:
2874:
2844:
2832:
2765:
2747:
2586:
were used to patrol the coast of Palestine in a bid to prevent
2471:
British planes attacked Arab irregulars with machine gun fire.
2424:
2349:
2307:
2251:
2139:
1846:
1766:
1648:
1617:. In the ensuing battle, on 20 November, al-Qassam was killed.
1518:
1391:
1333:
1142:
1138:
874:
8951:
Raider, Mark A.; Sarna, Jonathan D.; Zweig, Ronald W. (2012).
8885:
Air Power and Colonial Control: the Royal Air Force, 1919–1939
7082:
6986:
6339:
5659:
4405:
2800:
to liaise with the Arab opposition's peace bands and with the
1699:
Arab general strike and armed insurrection, April–October 1936
777:
20,000 Jewish policemen, supernumeraries and settlement guards
12881:
10194:
8494:"The Palestinians and 1948: the underlying causes of failure"
6906:
6904:
6902:
6900:
6828:
6826:
6370:
6368:
6366:
6364:
6362:
6360:
6358:
6356:
6354:
5710:
5708:
3774:
3679:
3545:
3498:
3309:
3270:
3243:
3230:
2883:
2551:
2420:
2397:
2280:
said "All right but just go a wee bit easier in the future."
2219:
2079:
1960:
1870:
1817:
1776:
1668:
1602:
1435:
1403:
1321:
1317:
1283:
216:
9569:"Women, Violence, and the Arab Revolt in Palestine, 1936–39"
7871:
A Never-ending Conflict: A Guide to Israeli Military History
6389:
6387:
6385:
6383:
6310:
6308:
6306:
6304:
6302:
6300:
6025:
6023:
5732:
5095:
4979:
4977:
4975:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4211:"to negotiate a modified (Peel) proposal with the British."
4189:
Laurens states that the identification is 'certain', citing
3395:
was designated the "General Commander of the Revolt" by the
3238:). The organisation took its orders from Revisionist leader
2734:
9403:
The Arab Awakening. The Story of the Arab National Movement
7699:
7641:
7639:
7407:
7299:
7263:
7169:
6298:
6296:
6294:
6292:
6290:
6288:
6286:
6284:
6282:
6280:
6167:
6165:
6163:
6161:
6159:
6157:
5756:
5591:
Zionism and the Arabs, 1936-1939 (RLE Israel and Palestine)
5227:
5215:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4573:
4492:. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine. 1946. pp. 38–49.
4395:
4393:
3649:
3645:
3476:
Abdul Khallik was an effective peasant leader appointed by
2726:. The threat to British control of the region posed by the
2284:
As well as destroying the village the RUR and men from the
1964:
1129:, declared 16 May 1936 as 'Palestine Day' and called for a
9298:
On the Eve: The Jews of Europe Before the Second World War
8632:]. La Question de Palestine (in French). Vol. 2.
7546:
7486:
7383:
7253:
7251:
7249:
7247:
7220:
7058:
6897:
6838:
6823:
6733:
6351:
6253:
5705:
5263:
5025:
3712:
gave money to al-Husayni and other sums were funneled via
3312:
who largely opposed the rebellion after 1937), and around
2314:
It was common British army practice to use local Arabs as
1462:
area from 1935, and composed mainly of local boy scouts.)
1344:
794:
2,500–7,500 (plus an additional 6,000–15,000 part-timers)
8701:
The Ill-made Alliance: Anglo-Turkish Relations, 1934–1940
7498:
7440:
7438:
7436:
7434:
7395:
7359:
7347:
7335:
7198:
7196:
7147:
7145:
7143:
7027:
7015:
7003:
6771:
6769:
6767:
6765:
6763:
6696:
6694:
6692:
6690:
6688:
6686:
6671:
6613:
6611:
6552:
6550:
6468:
6380:
6329:
6327:
6325:
6323:
6243:
6241:
6132:
6130:
6020:
5647:
5488:
5486:
5484:
5482:
5044:
5042:
5040:
4989:
4972:
4943:
4931:
4760:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4456:
3920:
In February 1939 Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs
3605:
gained a reputation as one of the army's problem heroes.
2377:
9375:. State University of New York Press. pp. 155–157.
7636:
7587:
7585:
7128:
6750:
6748:
6635:
6525:
6523:
6521:
6519:
6277:
6154:
6117:
6115:
6113:
6111:
6109:
6010:
6008:
5995:
5993:
5991:
5927:
5925:
5863:
5861:
5817:
5815:
5690:
Peel Commission Report Cmd. 5479, 1937, pp. 99, 104–105.
5469:
5467:
5465:
5061:
5059:
5057:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4791:
4789:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4775:
4738:
4736:
4709:
4622:
4620:
4570:
4432:
4390:
1357:, organiser of the Palestinian Arab Women's Association.
212:
9729:
The Israeli State and Society: Boundaries and Frontiers
8774:
Palestinian Political Prisoners: Identity and Community
7943:
A Military History of Britain: From 1775 to the Present
7898:
Scars of War, Wounds of Peace: The Israeli-Arab Tragedy
7687:
7462:
7419:
7244:
6869:
6867:
6865:
6492:
6480:
6411:
6399:
5885:
5518:
5516:
5503:
5501:
5179:
4842:
4830:
4422:
4420:
1074:
against the British administration, later known as the
10106:
Category:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine
9121:
Land and Power: The Zionist Resort to Force, 1881–1948
8750:
The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited
8267:
Anonymous Soldiers: The Struggle for Israel, 1917–1947
8145:
7965:
Terror Out of Zion: The Fight for Israeli Independence
7764:
The Rise of Israel: A History of a Revolutionary State
7675:
7663:
7510:
7431:
7371:
7311:
7287:
7208:
7193:
7140:
7076:
6760:
6721:
6683:
6659:
6647:
6623:
6608:
6547:
6504:
6456:
6423:
6320:
6265:
6238:
6214:
6202:
6127:
6062:
6035:
5545:
5479:
5389:
5318:
5316:
5314:
5251:
5239:
5203:
5143:
5131:
5107:
5071:
5037:
5001:
4673:
4656:
4593:
4553:
4501:
4499:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4336:
3290:
3269:
conducted a punitive operation in the Arab village of
2050:
British tanks pass through the streets of Haifa, 1938.
9610:
The Oxford Handbook of National Security Intelligence
8394:
The Palestinian People: Seeking Sovereignty and State
8075:
Anglo-Italian Relations in the Middle East, 1922–1940
7711:
7651:
7609:
7597:
7582:
7558:
7534:
7522:
7474:
7450:
7275:
7181:
7157:
6802:
6790:
6745:
6535:
6516:
6435:
6226:
6177:
6142:
6106:
6005:
5988:
5958:
5922:
5873:
5858:
5812:
5720:
5693:
5627:"3 Jews, Including Hebrew U. Teacher, Slain by Arabs"
5569:
5557:
5462:
5450:
5438:
5368:
5328:
5287:
5191:
5167:
5155:
5119:
5083:
5054:
4955:
4919:
4907:
4895:
4883:
4866:
4854:
4801:
4772:
4748:
4733:
4617:
4605:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4316:
2886:. British authorities provided the guns and uniforms.
1749:
Male and female Arab fighters during the revolt, 1936
9817:
The First Intifada: Rebellion in Palestine 1936–1939
7323:
6862:
5981:
Palestine, 1938 Allegations Against British Troops,
5827:
5513:
5498:
5435:
Peel Commission Report Cmd. 5479, 1937, pp. 100–102.
5410:
5340:
5275:
5013:
4818:
4721:
4685:
4444:
4417:
4146:
4119:
4092:
2094:
1943:
in its report on 7 July 1937 had already been done.
1532:, the former anti-Zionist, the latter pan-Arab. The
1090:
and the end of the British authorities' support for
7232:
5311:
5299:
4632:
4511:
4496:
4378:
3213:
2148:
Palestinians detained by British authorities, 1938.
2130:
Role of the Mandate Government and the British Army
1845:torn, and this has increased the excitement of the
1679:were assassinated in retaliation by members of the
1161:, international diplomacy (involving the rulers of
12892:General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries
6932:
4697:
4313:
3808:
2974:
2838:
1780:British policemen disperse an Arab mob during the
10831:Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present)
5853:Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry – Appendix IV
3105:(mobile arm of the Settlement Police)
2574:were used to carry out tasks ashore, manning two
1601:, was discovered during unloading at the port of
1365:and British colonial administration crystallised
13148:
8950:
8855:The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
8529:
5750:
5528:
4411:
3855:, and Alfred Roch. Facing are the British, with
3480:who caused great damage and loss of life in the
3397:Central Committee of National Jihad in Palestine
3170:
2698:
1910:On 22 August 1936, Anglo-Jewish Arabist scholar
268:Central Committee of National Jihad in Palestine
13217:Riots and civil disorder in Mandatory Palestine
10984:Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)
8164:
6715:
5407:Peel Commission Report Cmd. 5479, 1937, p. 100.
3899:
2971:, because of the likely negative consequences.
2791:In September 1937, the Jewish Agency appointed
8290:(First published 1982 by the Palestine Police)
8053:
6345:
5386:Peel Commission Report Cmd. 5479, 1937, p. 97.
5365:Peel Commission Report Cmd. 5479, 1937, p. 96.
3753:
2453:
2088:embarked on a series of indiscriminate attacks
1726:called the revolt a "life-and-death struggle."
12922:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
12369:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine
12298:
11079:
10294:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine
10131:
9858:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine
9842:
8165:Gettleman, Marvin E.; Schaar, Stuart (2003).
6195:Gilmour, Ian and Andrew. "Terrorism Review."
2121:, were killed by an Irgun mine in Jerusalem.
2103:
2036:Resumed revolt (September 1937 – August 1939)
1986:. A second and more radical proposal was for
1954:Kibbutz. Picture taken between 1936 and 1939.
980:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine
962:
860:
82:(3 years, 4 months and 1 week)
44:intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine
9416:Year Zero of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: 1929
8793:International Journal of Middle East Studies
8626:1922–1947 Une mission sacrée de civilisation
7575:
7573:
6855:
6853:
3364:recaptured the Old City, killing 19 rebels.
3304:bands also sprang up in the Nablus area, on
2939:were hanged for illegal possession of arms.
2776:nationalism as evidenced by the rise of the
2641:On 11 July provision of three platoons from
2434:where prisoners were subjected to beatings,
2293:reported the method for searching villages:
2117:, commander of the Jewish Department of the
1883:During July, Arab volunteers from Syria and
1145:and fear of the British identification with
37:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Mandatory Palestine
10147:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
9291:
9265:
8095:
8054:Ferrier, Ronald W.; Bamberg, J. H. (1994).
7959:
7915:
6945:Zionism and Arabism in Palestine and Israel
6893:on 26 August 2010 – via www.time.com.
6259:
5977:
5975:
5973:
5762:
5678:
5101:
4438:
4060:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
3489:was the main Qassamite rebel leader in the
3058:Other Yishuv defence infrastructure
3013:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
12305:
12291:
11086:
11072:
10138:
10124:
9978:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
9849:
9835:
9764:
9723:
9368:
9156:
8630:1922–1947 A sacred mission of civilization
8397:. Lynne Rienner Publishers, Incorporated.
7785:. Strategic and Combat Studies Institute.
7645:
7630:
7064:
7033:
7021:
7009:
6844:
6832:
6571:
6569:
6567:
6565:
5891:
5848:
5846:
5844:
5842:
5431:
5429:
5427:
5425:
4399:
4255:, an intelligence colonel in the Abwehr's
3384:emblazoned with a cross and crescent, 1937
2967:activist who had played a key role in the
2372:on 21 October 1937. Tegart and his deputy
1808:British military parade in Jerusalem, 1936
1688:rampaged through a Jewish residential area
1547:
1295:and the collapse of commodity prices. The
1049:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
969:
955:
867:
853:
9549:
8822:Zionism and Anti-Semitism in Nazi Germany
8601:
8348:
7981:
7803:British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies
7570:
6960:
6850:
6781:
6474:
5619:
5361:
5359:
5357:
5355:
4471:
3733:Jewish protest demonstration against the
3568:on 25 July 1939 and subsequently hanged.
3033:Learn how and when to remove this message
2735:Role of the British intelligence services
2638:, dispersed mobs and patrolled the city.
2546:
1705:Arab general strike (Mandatory Palestine)
1255:June 1936 cartoon in the Arabic-language
13002:Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic
12932:Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation
12897:Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine)
11030:Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)
9955:Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine
9745:
9397:
9221:
8990:
8675:
8167:The Middle East and Islamic World Reader
6966:
6941:"Qassamites in the Arab Revolt, 1936–39"
6938:
6486:
5970:
5416:
5185:
4040:Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine
3831:
3815:1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine
3740:
3728:
3497:was a prominent commander active in the
3401:
3387:
3375:
3371:
2868:
2848:
2738:
2550:
2410:
2356:, who also introduced border fences and
2339:
2171:
2159:
2151:
2143:
2045:
1969:
1945:
1811:
1803:
1795:
1775:
1744:
1718:
1634:
1591:arms shipment camouflaged in cement bins
1576:
1464:
1348:
1291:grew even harsher with the onset of the
1250:
13207:Political history of the United Kingdom
13172:Arab nationalism in Mandatory Palestine
12877:Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)
12862:Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order
10703:Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution
9697:
9671:
9645:
9607:
9140:The Royal Navy and the Palestine Patrol
9137:
9115:
9071:
9040:
8954:Abba Hillel Silver and American Zionism
8838:
8819:
8790:
8698:
8620:
8488:
8411:
8328:
8293:
8264:
8205:
8183:
8126:
8028:
7891:
7799:
7761:
7733:
7705:
7693:
7681:
7669:
7468:
7425:
7413:
7401:
7365:
7353:
7317:
7305:
7257:
6665:
6653:
6562:
6498:
6429:
6417:
6405:
6393:
6314:
6271:
6220:
6068:
5944:Cabinet Papers, 30 July 1946, CAB 128/6
5839:
5773:
5771:
5551:
5492:
5444:
5422:
5395:
5269:
5257:
5245:
5233:
5221:
5209:
5149:
5113:
5089:
5077:
5048:
5031:
5007:
4766:
4679:
4667:
4599:
4564:
4426:
4372:
3987:in Spanish Morocco for instance or the
3560:. Durra himself was apprehended by the
3072:(mobile arm of the Haganah)
1862:Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment
1492:-style boycott of the British, the pro-
1422:disrupting transportation. Three minor
1345:Political and socio-cultural background
276:Bureau of the Arab Revolt in Palestine
14:
13149:
12872:Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)
9626:
9566:
9531:
9495:
9466:
9329:
9198:
9179:
8971:
8901:
8882:
8847:
8771:
8743:
8717:
8579:
8551:
8390:
8365:
8224:
7865:
7846:
7780:
7717:
7564:
7552:
7516:
7444:
7293:
7281:
7269:
7226:
7214:
7202:
7187:
7175:
7163:
7151:
7134:
6923:'Situation in Brief: Official Reports'
6873:
6775:
6739:
6727:
6700:
6629:
6617:
6556:
6510:
6462:
6441:
6374:
6333:
6247:
6232:
6208:
6183:
6171:
6136:
6041:
5833:
5738:
5714:
5575:
5563:
5473:
5456:
5374:
5352:
5334:
5322:
5305:
5293:
5281:
5197:
5173:
5161:
5125:
5065:
4995:
4983:
4966:
4949:
4937:
4925:
4913:
4901:
4889:
4877:
4860:
4848:
4836:
4824:
4812:
4795:
4754:
4742:
4727:
4715:
4691:
4650:
4626:
4611:
4587:
4517:
4505:
4450:
4292:
4239:
2258:, described the massacre at al-Bassa:
2203:was not introduced but in a series of
1240:
1094:, which sought the establishment of a
13247:Rebellions against the British Empire
12286:
11067:
10119:
9950:Operation Atlas (Mandatory Palestine)
9830:
9437:
9409:
9242:
9096:
9012:
8923:
8650:
8465:
8430:
8273:
8072:
8000:
7937:
7657:
7615:
7603:
7591:
7540:
7528:
7504:
7492:
7480:
7456:
7341:
7329:
7110:
7095:
7052:
6997:
6910:
6808:
6796:
6754:
6677:
6641:
6541:
6529:
6148:
6121:
6029:
6014:
5999:
5964:
5931:
5903:
5879:
5867:
5821:
5726:
5699:
5653:
5587:
5581:
5522:
5507:
5346:
5137:
5019:
4703:
4638:
4384:
3773:relied on the nearby Arab seaport of
3696:the uprising peaked after that date.
3316:without connection to the Nashashibi-
2272:him. He said "Sir, I have warned the
1988:transfer of 225,000 Palestinian Arabs
1261:newspaper contrasting the actions of
950:
848:
781:2,883 Palestine Police Force officers
12312:
11345:Regulator Movement in North Carolina
8431:Kelly, Matthew Kraig (Winter 2015).
8243:
7389:
7377:
7238:
7077:Fry, MacKereth & Rabinovich 1985
5908:. Devora Publications. p. 151.
5768:
4055:List of conflicts in the Middle East
3508:
3011:adding citations to reliable sources
2978:
2690:. Detained Arabs were used to build
2188:, without trial, and without proper
1567:Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence
1247:Association for Palestinian Products
290:Society for the Defense of Palestine
12912:National Liberation Front (Algeria)
8229:. Greenhill Books. pp. 30–48.
7984:A History of the Modern Middle East
6199:, Volume 17, Issue 2, 1988, p. 131.
6056:The Routledge History of Terrorism,
4159:'While the majority of Palestinian
4136:
4109:
4082:
3956:Israeli Declaration of Independence
3782:much better placed than the Arabs.
2746:(Shiloah), later first director of
2254:. Desmond Woods, an officer of the
24:
13162:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
12852:Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria)
12374:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
10940:Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present)
10365:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
9932:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
9804:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
9391:
9184:. University of California Press.
8929:Encyclopedia of Zionism and Israel
8247:Nazi Propaganda for the Arab World
7055:, pp. 224, 226, 228, 239–240.
6887:"PALESTINE: Oozlebarts and Cantor"
6059:Routledge, 2015, pp. 177–189, 181.
4259:boasted to his chief and friend
3793:cited as one of the fruits of the
3619:
3242:who was at odds with the dominant
2661:, accompanied foot patrols of the
1524:Youth organisations emerged like
1226:killed are up to several hundred.
25:
13268:
12917:Palestine Liberation Organization
11094:Colonial conflicts involving the
10777:1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt
10030:Nazi Party in Mandatory Palestine
9792:
9631:. University of Wisconsin Press.
9538:Imperial and Commonwealth History
9405:(1945 ed.). Hamish Hamilton.
8535:The Palestinian People: A History
8131:. University of Wisconsin Press.
3936:
3608:
3592:And where that mare and Aref went
2415:Pillbox built along the route of
2095:Attacks and casualties in numbers
13252:Terrorism in Mandatory Palestine
13131:
13130:
12857:Arabian Peninsula People's Union
12540:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
10815:Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s)
10101:
10100:
9819:– A view from British historian
9797:
9372:Political Assassinations by Jews
8433:"The Revolt of 1936: A Revision"
7116:
6916:
6889:. 15 August 1938. Archived from
6879:
6814:
6586:"THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE IRGUN"
6578:
6447:
6189:
6074:
6047:
5949:
5937:
5897:
5855:Palestine: Historical Background
5785:
5684:
4285:
4276:
4266:
4245:
4232:
4223:
4214:
4205:
4196:
4001:German suppression of the Herero
3913:was not assured. Prime Minister
3652:. The Druze ex-Ottoman officer,
3214:Role of the Revisionist Zionists
2983:
2578:and naval lorries equipped with
2477:In 1936 an Air Staff Officer in
2082:formally rejected the policy of
1197:quickly withdrew from the rebel
757:
731:
715:
583:
555:
533:
513:
499:
485:
455:
434:
428:; AOC, Palestine and Transjordan
419:
399:
382:
368:
357:
340:
326:
303:
283:
241:
211:
189:
177:
142:
128:
58:
18:1936-39 Arab revolt in Palestine
12500:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état
11170:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
10997:Yemeni civil war (2014–present)
10966:Syrian War spillover in Lebanon
10720:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq
9707:Institute for Palestine Studies
9580:The Journal of Military History
8887:. Manchester University Press.
8841:Nazi Germany and the Arab World
8412:Kayyālī, Abd al-Wahhāb (1978).
8336:Journal of Contemporary History
5401:
5380:
4523:
4183:
4174:
4153:
4126:
4099:
4072:
4005:Belgium's genocide in the Congo
3809:Impact on the Palestinian Arabs
2975:Forces of the Jewish settlement
2839:British and Jewish co-operation
2335:
2192:, in overcrowded prison camps.
13197:History of Mandatory Palestine
12942:Union of Arab Republics (1972)
12704:Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz
11273:Father Rale's War/Dummer's War
9567:Hughes, Matthew (April 2016).
8998:. Gefen Publishing House Ltd.
8824:. Cambridge University Press.
8472:University of California Press
8058:. Cambridge University Press.
8032:Historical dictionary of Syria
8012:University of California Press
7982:Cleveland, William L. (2000).
5751:Raider, Sarna & Zweig 2012
4477:
3358:Royal Northumberland Fusiliers
3254:between the Jewish Agency and
2566:to destroy Palestinian houses.
1534:Palestinian Boy Scout Movement
1526:Young Men's Muslim Association
1413:organised and established the
775:25,000–50,000 British soldiers
445:; Commander-in-Chief, British
80:19 April 1936 – 26 August 1939
13:
1:
11670:Black War (Van Diemen's Land)
11514:Castle Hill convict rebellion
10767:1986 Egyptian conscripts riot
10408:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
9551:10.1080/03086534.2015.1083220
9469:Small Wars & Insurgencies
9224:The English Historical Review
9123:. Stanford University Press.
8651:Louis, William Roger (2006).
7901:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
4302:
3989:Italian pacification of Libya
3724:
3514:Abd al-Rahim al-Hajj Muhammad
3393:Abd al-Rahim al-Hajj Muhammad
3171:Haganah intelligence services
3117:(counter intelligence)
2728:Italian invasion of Abyssinia
2711:, a company jointly owned by
2699:Strategic importance of Haifa
2493:and in 1938 he was posted to
1557:, and full membership of the
1511:Arab-Palestinian Reform Party
540:Abd al-Rahim al-Hajj Muhammad
13167:1930s in Mandatory Palestine
12887:Federation of Arab Republics
12847:Arab Socialist Union (Libya)
12837:Arab Socialist Union (Egypt)
12438:Israeli–Palestinian conflict
12386:Arab separatism in Khuzestan
10971:Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)
10958:Turkish involvement in Syria
10842:al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen
10673:Political violence in Turkey
10607:Israeli–Palestinian conflict
10514:Yemeni–Adenese clan violence
10393:Italian bombing of Palestine
10355:1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts
10304:Arab separatism in Khuzestan
9879:Sinai and Palestine campaign
9811:The Arab Revolt in Palestine
9517:10.1080/00263206.2013.811656
9452:10.1080/00263200410001700356
9163:University of Arkansas Press
8972:Rotter, Andrew John (2008).
8839:Nicosia, Francis R. (2014).
8820:Nicosia, Francis R. (2008).
8676:Matthews, Weldon C. (2006).
8537:. Harvard University Press.
8533:; Migdal, Joseph S. (2003).
8438:Journal of Palestine Studies
8099:Journal of Palestine Studies
8073:Fiore, Massimiliano (2010).
8029:Commins, David Dean (2004).
7762:Adelman, Jonathan R (2008).
6197:Journal of Palestine Studies
5779:"Woodhead Commission report"
4412:Kimmerling & Migdal 2003
4307:
4163:were dependent on bonds of "
4009:France's violence in Algeria
3900:Impact on the British Empire
3706:occupation of Czechoslovakia
3544:, a Qassamite leader in the
3078:(weapons manufacture)
2419:, still standing today near
2222:on 16 June 1936, when large
414:, Palestine and Transjordan
52:Israeli–Palestinian conflict
7:
13242:Labor disputes in Palestine
13237:1939 in Mandatory Palestine
13232:1938 in Mandatory Palestine
13227:1937 in Mandatory Palestine
13222:1936 in Mandatory Palestine
13012:Flag of the Arab Federation
12842:Arab Socialist Union (Iraq)
12832:Arab Socialist Action Party
10223:Turkish War of Independence
10207:Unification of Saudi Arabia
9612:. Oxford University Press.
9369:Ben-Yehuda, Hahman (1993).
9236:10.1093/ehr/CIII.CCCCIX.917
9205:Manchester University Press
8976:. Oxford University Press.
8974:Hiroshima: The World's Bomb
8414:Palestine: A Modern History
8225:Harris, Sir Arthur (1998).
6967:Ghandour, Zeina B. (2009),
6716:Gettleman & Schaar 2003
4147:
4120:
4093:
4018:
3904:As the inevitable war with
3859:presiding. To his right is
3779:transportation capabilities
3754:Impact on the Jewish Yishuv
3064:Jewish Supernumerary Police
2911:Jewish Supernumerary Police
2709:Consolidated Refineries Ltd
2454:Role of the Royal Air Force
2124:
1786:The Illustrated London News
1693:
1589:On 16 October 1935 a large
165:Jewish Supernumerary Police
50:, and the precursor to the
10:
13273:
12983:On the Way of Resurrection
12976:The Battle for One Destiny
12907:Lebanese National Movement
12348:Third International Theory
12187:Jewish revolt in Palestine
11832:Fenian Rebellion in Canada
11477:Dwyer's guerrilla campaign
11369:American Revolutionary War
10888:Iran–Israel proxy conflict
10882:Houthi insurgency in Yemen
10871:Balochi insurgency in Iran
10847:1999 Shia uprising in Iraq
10683:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq
10678:Islamist uprising in Syria
10656:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
10545:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964
10431:Kurdish separatism in Iran
10350:Goharshad Mosque rebellion
9746:Morewood, Stephen (2004).
9249:Cambridge University Press
9057:10.1163/15685152-5334P0002
8909:. Vol. 2. Routledge.
8755:Cambridge University Press
8563:Princeton University Press
8513:Cambridge University Press
8374:Cambridge University Press
7967:. Transaction Publishers.
7875:Greenwood Publishing Group
7726:
6346:Ferrier & Bamberg 1994
4653:, pp. 25, 27, 37, 45.
3757:
3719:
3663:
3594:We're jiggered if we know.
3471:
3217:
2842:
2657:, who had embarked on the
2442:and what is now known as "
2432:Arab Investigation Centres
2423:industrial zone, northern
2358:Arab Investigation Centres
2133:
2104:Irgun anti-British attacks
2039:
1711:1936 Syrian general strike
1708:
1702:
1572:
1305:High Commissioner Wauchope
1244:
263:Volunteers from Arab world
13126:
13035:
12992:
12960:
12937:Unified Political Command
12827:Arab Nationalist Movement
12772:
12724:Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi
12584:
12553:
12520:1969 Sudanese coup d'état
12391:1979 Khuzestan insurgency
12356:
12320:
12021:
11958:Jameson Raid South Africa
11492:
11245:
11106:
11046:
11009:
10914:
10855:
10795:
10728:
10646:Black September in Jordan
10638:
10537:
10481:
10378:
10322:
10276:
10153:
10097:
10040:
9986:
9970:
9940:
9913:
9887:
9864:
9813:– A Zionist point of view
9608:Johnson, Loch K. (2010).
9481:10.1080/09592310903027090
9421:Brandeis University Press
9346:10.1080/00263200008701319
9080:University of Texas Press
8883:Omissi, David E. (1990).
8868:10.1080/03086530801889350
8805:10.1017/S0020743800026350
8329:Hughes, Matthew (2016b).
8303:English Historical Review
8294:Hughes, Matthew (2009a).
8191:. Black Swan Publishers.
7816:10.1080/13530190802180597
7579:Segev, 2000, pp. 436–441.
7113:, pp. 225, 235, 238.
6929:, Monday, 3 October 1938.
6787:Horne, 2003, pp. 237–238.
5632:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
4148:al-Thawra al-Filasṭīniyya
4121:Thawrat Filasṭīn al-Kubrā
3590:Its coat as white as snow
3291:Role of the "peace bands"
3267:Special Operations Squads
3250:, who had negotiated the
3128:Special Operations Squads
3097:(arms procurement)
2878:watching a settlement in
2772:and by the resurgence of
2388:. Accordingly, from 1938
2382:Irish War of Independence
2265:Rolls-Royce armoured cars
2168:after Arab riots in 1936.
1585:that were killed in 1936.
1430:) -active in the area of
1265:in 1936 against those of
988:
886:
801:
769:
726:Arab volunteer commanders
295:
120:
72:
57:
41:
36:
13157:20th-century revolutions
12445:1952 Egyptian revolution
12169:Arab revolt in Palestine
11766:Second Anglo-Burmese War
11508:Second Anglo-Maratha War
11399:Australian frontier wars
10748:Kurdish–Turkish conflict
10743:1980 Turkish coup d'état
10562:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
10494:1953 Iranian coup d'état
10489:1952 Egyptian revolution
10217:1919 Egyptian revolution
10200:Mount Lebanon starvation
10025:German Templar community
10018:Jewish Agency for Israel
9655:Rowman & Littlefield
9532:Hughes, Matthew (2015).
9496:Hughes, Matthew (2013).
9157:Swedenburg, Ted (2003).
9138:Stewart, Ninian (2002).
8776:. Taylor & Francis.
8703:. McGill-Queen's Press.
8602:Levenberg, Haim (1993).
8459:10.1525/jps.2015.44.2.28
8451:10.1525/jps.2015.44.2.28
8391:Kabahā, Muṣṭafá (2014).
8366:Hughes, Matthew (2019).
8350:10.1177/0022009415572401
7945:. Greenwood Publishing.
7919:; Morris, Benny (1991).
7098:, pp. 225, 228–230.
7000:, pp. 224–226, 239.
6453:Kimmerling, 1989, p. 38.
4065:
3411:British Mandatory police
3409:following his arrest by
3326:Mohammad Amin al-Husayni
3084:Jewish Settlement Police
2907:Jewish Settlement Police
2446:". Tegart also imported
2186:administrative detention
2176:British soldiers of the
1755:Mosul–Haifa oil pipeline
1563:Syrian national movement
1080:Great Palestinian Revolt
877:1936–1939 Arab revolt in
708:Mohammad Mahmoud Rana'an
492:Mohammed Amin al-Husayni
311:Arthur Grenfell Wauchope
160:Jewish Settlement Police
13098:Palestinian nationalism
13017:Flag of the Arab Revolt
12510:1966 Syrian coup d'état
12490:1963 Syrian coup d'état
12470:1961 Syrian coup d'état
12163:Second Mohmand campaign
11898:Third Anglo-Burmese War
11862:Second Anglo-Afghan War
11664:First Anglo-Burmese War
11640:Third Anglo-Maratha War
11471:Fourth Anglo-Mysore War
11381:Second Anglo-Mysore War
11375:First Anglo-Maratha War
10977:War in Iraq (2013–2017)
10825:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War
10820:Yemeni Civil War (1994)
10630:1966 Syrian coup d'état
10557:First Iraqi–Kurdish War
10398:Allied invasion of Iraq
10345:Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)
10268:Mahmud Barzanji revolts
9243:Tripp, Charles (2002).
9199:Thomas, Martin (2007).
9180:Thomas, Martin (2008).
9101:. Henry Holt & Co.
9019:One Palestine, Complete
8772:Nashif, Esmail (2008).
8699:Millman, Brock (1998).
8466:Kelly, Matthew (2017).
8265:Hoffman, Bruce (2015).
8127:Friling, Tuvia (2005).
7633:, pp. xxii, 13–15.
7125:, 1937, Volume 3, p. 8.
6939:Kedourie, Elie (2015),
6260:Black & Morris 1991
4045:Palestinian nationalism
3628:and/or rebels from the
2580:QF 2 pounder naval guns
2537:RAF armoured car flight
1773:, fled to safer areas.
1548:Inspiration from abroad
1448:Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni
1367:Palestinian nationalism
1157:using a combination of
808:British Security Forces
779:15,000 Haganah fighters
657:Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni
621:Mohammed Saleh al-Hamad
184:Jewish National Council
12525:1969 Libyan revolution
12403:1941 Iraqi coup d'état
12103:Third Anglo-Afghan War
11988:First Mohmand campaign
11712:First Anglo-Afghan War
11411:Third Anglo-Mysore War
10922:2011 Bahraini uprising
10906:South Yemen insurgency
10787:Abu Nidal's executions
10772:1986 Damascus bombings
10551:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
10403:Syria–Lebanon campaign
10173:Middle Eastern theatre
9923:insurgency (1930–1935)
9771:The Modern Middle East
9595:Cite journal requires
9505:Middle Eastern Studies
9440:Middle Eastern Studies
9333:Middle Eastern Studies
9142:. Taylor and Francis.
9072:Sanagan, Mark (2020).
8848:Norris, Jacob (2008).
8727:John Murray Publishers
8274:Horne, Edward (2003).
8244:Herf, Jeffrey (2009).
7847:Bajohr, Frank (2002).
7781:Anglim, Simon (2005).
6575:Johnson, 2010, p. 807.
4035:1941 Iraqi coup d'état
4030:1938 Tiberias massacre
3993:
3868:
3817:and was, according to
3746:
3738:
3598:
3588:Aref had a little mare
3414:
3399:
3385:
3162:
2965:Revisionist Maximalist
2887:
2866:
2751:
2663:Palestine Police Force
2567:
2559:used naval mines from
2547:Role of the Royal Navy
2503:Air Officer Commanding
2427:
2361:
2329:
2300:
2282:
2181:
2169:
2157:
2149:
2078:In November 1937, the
2075:was opened near Acre.
2051:
2042:1938 Tiberias massacre
2006:, and sections of the
1978:
1955:
1950:Fields on fire at the
1937:Supreme Muslim Council
1838:
1821:
1809:
1801:
1789:
1750:
1727:
1640:
1586:
1517:, based mainly around
1504:Palestinian Arab Party
1497:National Defence Party
1480:
1358:
1270:
1187:Palestine Police Force
1084:Palestinian Revolution
680:Hamid Suleiman Mardawi
528:Local rebel commanders
296:Commanders and leaders
256:Local rebel factions (
155:Palestine Police Force
48:decolonisation of Asia
13083:Jordanian nationalism
12817:Arab Islamic Republic
12812:Arab Higher Committee
12689:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani
12669:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
12480:North Yemen civil war
12413:Arab–Israeli conflict
11760:Second Anglo-Sikh War
11417:Cotiote (Wayanad) War
11303:French and Indian War
10762:South Yemen civil war
10661:Shatt al-Arab clashes
10586:Mar. 1963 Syrian coup
10575:North Yemen civil war
10524:1958 Iraqi revolution
10451:1948 Arab–Israeli War
10445:Arab–Israeli conflict
10314:Sheikh Said rebellion
10178:Battle of Robat Karim
10006:Arab Higher Committee
9806:at Wikimedia Commons
9627:Kaplan, Eric (2005).
8843:. Harvard University.
8606:. London: Routledge.
8509:The War for Palestine
7392:, pp. 28–29, 30.
5741:, pp. 11, 48–49.
4486:A Survey of Palestine
3976:
3954:that resulted in the
3835:
3758:Further information:
3744:
3735:Palestine White Paper
3732:
3671:collective punishment
3600:Aref Abdul Razzik of
3596:– British Army verse.
3585:
3405:
3391:
3382:Palestinian Arab flag
3379:
3372:Role of rebel leaders
3308:(a stronghold of the
3220:List of Irgun attacks
3218:Further information:
3044:
2872:
2852:
2843:Further information:
2742:
2554:
2414:
2404:construction company
2386:collective punishment
2343:
2325:
2295:
2260:
2209:Emergency Regulations
2175:
2166:Old City of Jerusalem
2163:
2155:
2147:
2134:Further information:
2065:Arab Higher Committee
2049:
2040:Further information:
1973:
1949:
1833:
1815:
1807:
1799:
1779:
1748:
1737:Arab Higher Committee
1722:
1665:district commissioner
1638:
1581:Funeral of Jews from
1580:
1490:Indian Congress Party
1478:Arab Higher Committee
1468:
1352:
1254:
1245:Further information:
1201:, led by the radical
1199:Arab Higher Committee
1159:political concessions
1123:Arab Higher Committee
802:Casualties and losses
786:2,000 Irgun militants
271:(October 1937 – 1939)
248:Arab Higher Committee
13257:Wars of independence
13202:Insurgencies in Asia
13118:Tunisian nationalism
13088:Lebanese nationalism
13048:Egyptian nationalism
13043:Algerian nationalism
12947:United Arab Republic
12822:Arab Liberation Army
12802:Arab Ba'ath Movement
12659:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
11922:Hunza–Nagar Campaign
11730:First Anglo-Sikh War
11706:Egyptian–Ottoman War
10901:Fatah–Hamas conflict
10837:Operation Desert Fox
10810:1991 Iraqi uprisings
10804:Gulf War (1990–1991)
10715:Grand Mosque seizure
10693:Yemenite War of 1979
10651:Yemenite War of 1972
10591:Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup
10581:Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup
10335:Ahmed Barzani revolt
10246:Turkish–Armenian War
10051:Herbert Louis Samuel
9994:British commissioner
9927:1933 Palestine riots
9900:1920 Nebi Musa riots
9777:. pp. 467–503.
9475:(3&4): 528–550.
9293:Wasserstein, Bernard
9271:Israel and Palestine
9267:Wasserstein, Bernard
8324:on 21 February 2016.
7923:. Grove Weidenfeld.
7495:, pp. 439, 459.
7272:, pp. 103, 106.
7178:, pp. 107, 110.
6913:, pp. 224, 238.
5656:, pp. 210, 218.
5224:, pp. 107, 109.
4539:Taylor & Francis
4025:1929 Palestine riots
3487:Abu Ibrahim al-Kabir
3468:from the same area.
3330:Raghib al-Nashashibi
3135:(defence tax)
3123:Special Night Squads
3052:Joint British-Yishuv
3007:improve this section
2915:Special Night Squads
2859:Special Night Squads
2831:, the forerunner of
2719:, in December 1939.
2645:released men of the
2061:Haj Amin al-Husseini
1715:1936 Anabta shooting
1561:in October 1932.The
1530:Youth Congress Party
1488:which called for an
1444:al-Jihād al-Muqaddas
1411:Izz ad-Din al-Qassam
1326:Izz ad-Din al-Qassam
1280:Jewish National Fund
1177:) and the threat of
1155:civil administration
1022:1933 Palestine riots
1010:1929 Palestine riots
993:1920 Nebi Musa riots
580:(Regional Commander)
573:(Regional Commander)
570:Abu Ibrahim al-Kabir
506:Raghib al-Nashashibi
480:Political leadership
471:Raghib al-Nashashibi
170:Special Night Squads
13108:Sahrawi nationalism
12465:1959 Mosul uprising
12398:Great Syrian Revolt
12175:Waziristan campaign
12109:Waziristan campaign
11802:Revolt of Rajab Ali
11279:War of Jenkins' Ear
11049:This list includes
11017:2021 Beirut clashes
10877:2004 Qamishli riots
10754:Turkey–PKK conflict
10710:1979 Qatif Uprising
10529:1959 Mosul uprising
10519:1958 Lebanon crisis
10466:1973 Yom Kippur War
10437:Iran crisis of 1946
10425:Al-Wathbah uprising
10415:1943 Barzani revolt
10309:Great Syrian Revolt
10289:Iraqi Revolt (1920)
10212:Simko Shikak revolt
10013:Jewish Palestinians
9942:During World War II
9446:(4 July): 135–152.
9099:The Seventh Million
9097:Segev, Tom (1991).
9044:Die Welt des Islams
8250:. Yale University.
7708:, pp. 313–354.
7555:, pp. 159–160.
7507:, pp. 450–451.
7344:, pp. 109–110.
7308:, pp. 187–204.
7229:, pp. 105–106.
6859:Horne, 2003 p. 228.
6742:, pp. 153–154.
6680:, pp. 386–387.
6377:, pp. 244–246.
6032:, pp. 235–236.
5904:Golan, Zev (2003).
5717:, pp. 138–144.
5681:, pp. 106–114.
5588:Black, Ian (2015).
5236:, p. xiii,115.
5034:, pp. 345–346.
4998:, pp. 265–266.
4986:, pp. 256–259.
4952:, pp. 239–240.
4940:, pp. 262–263.
4050:Woodhead Commission
3915:Neville Chamberlain
3890:White Paper of 1939
3886:Balfour Declaration
3882:White Paper of 1939
3874:White Paper of 1939
3863:, and to his left,
3857:Neville Chamberlain
3789:and Haganah leader
3630:Great Syrian Revolt
3435:quwwa'id al-fasa'il
3425:). The leader of a
3295:The "peace bands" (
3199:Mossad LeAliyah Bet
3048:
2609:Mediterranean Fleet
2479:Middle East Command
2469:Battle of Nur Shams
2438:, electric shocks,
2344:A surviving police
2321:Manchester Regiment
2256:Royal Ulster Rifles
2242:to destroy houses.
2029:Woodhead Commission
1878:Battle of Nur Shams
1661:Salonican community
1452:al-Shabāb al-Thā'ir
1241:Economic background
1121:, president of the
1072:Mandatory Palestine
879:Mandatory Palestine
645:Ahmad Mohamad Hasan
590:Fakhri 'Abd al-Hadi
564:Regional Commander
543:(General Commander)
447:Mediterranean Fleet
336:, High Commissioner
251:(1936–October 1937)
109:White Paper of 1939
92:Mandatory Palestine
13212:Rebellions in Asia
13113:Syrian nationalism
13093:Libyan nationalism
13053:Greater Mauritania
12969:The Arab Awakening
12952:United Arab States
12927:Rejectionist Front
12734:Gamal Abdel Nasser
12545:Yemeni unification
12535:Lebanese Civil War
12515:17 July Revolution
12485:Ramadan Revolution
12460:14 July Revolution
12049:Bambatha Rebellion
11964:Anglo-Zanzibar War
11952:Chitral Expedition
11886:Anglo-Egyptian War
11658:Anglo-Ashanti wars
11363:Lord Dunmore's War
11321:Anglo-Cherokee War
11230:King William's War
10698:Iranian Revolution
10667:Lebanese Civil War
10613:1948 Palestine war
10360:1935 Yazidi revolt
10251:Franco-Turkish War
10058:Jewish Palestinian
9971:After World War II
9725:Kimmerling, Baruch
9303:Simon and Schuster
9024:Metropolitan Books
8945:on 27 January 2012
8531:Kimmerling, Baruch
8515:. pp. 12–36.
8315:10.1093/ehr/cep002
7986:. Westview Press.
7851:. Berghahn Books.
7416:, p. 108–109.
6644:, pp. 22, 29.
6596:on 7 November 2020
5800:on 3 November 2013
5272:, p. 316-317.
4769:, pp. 21, 35.
4718:, pp. 25, 33.
4590:, pp. 93–113.
4110:ثورة فلسطين الكبرى
4094:al-Thawra al-Kubrā
3970:British historian
3952:self-determination
3926:St. James's Palace
3892:. His biographer,
3869:
3823:1948 Palestine war
3760:Tower and stockade
3747:
3739:
3638:Muhammad al-Ashmar
3550:Silat al-Harithiya
3548:area, was born in
3415:
3400:
3386:
3155:Tower and stockade
3055:Independent Yishuv
3046:
2888:
2867:
2752:
2647:West Kent Regiment
2568:
2508:aerial bombardment
2448:Doberman Pinschers
2430:Tegart introduced
2428:
2362:
2323:private recalled:
2182:
2170:
2164:Jews evacuate the
2158:
2150:
2073:concentration camp
2052:
2019:had convinced the
2000:religious Zionists
1979:
1956:
1822:
1810:
1802:
1790:
1751:
1728:
1724:Khalil al-Sakakini
1641:
1587:
1486:Independence Party
1481:
1476:and leader of the
1474:Mufti of Jerusalem
1359:
1353:Feminist activist
1271:
1231:1948 Palestine war
1143:Jewish immigration
1127:Mufti of Jerusalem
1111:murder of two Jews
764:Muhammad al-Ashmar
389:Bernard Montgomery
319:Commander-in-chief
278:(late 1938 – 1939)
232:Arab "peace bands"
103:Revolt suppressed
13192:Conflicts in 1939
13187:Conflicts in 1938
13182:Conflicts in 1937
13177:Conflicts in 1936
13144:
13143:
13073:Iraqi nationalism
12764:Constantin Zureiq
12614:Abdul Rahman Arif
12594:Butrus al-Bustani
12280:
12279:
12211:Malayan Emergency
12121:Malabar rebellion
11982:Siege of Malakand
11928:Anglo-Manipur War
11784:Anglo-Persian War
11333:Anglo-Spanish War
11285:King George's War
11206:King Philip's War
11182:Anglo-Spanish War
11061:
11060:
10284:Franco-Syrian War
10241:Greco-Turkish War
10229:Anglo-Turkish War
10195:Assyrian genocide
10190:Armenian genocide
10161:Italo-Turkish War
10113:
10112:
10041:Prominent figures
10001:Arab Palestinians
9895:Battle of Tel Hai
9874:Franco-Syrian War
9821:Charles Townshend
9802:Media related to
9784:978-1-86064-963-9
9757:978-0-7146-4943-6
9738:978-0-88706-849-2
9716:978-0-88728-155-6
9690:978-1-851-68532-5
9664:978-1-538-14880-8
9638:978-0-299-20380-1
9619:978-0-19-537588-6
9430:978-1-611-68811-5
9382:978-0-7914-1166-7
9312:978-1-416-59427-7
9284:978-1-861-97558-4
9258:978-0-521-52900-6
9245:A History of Iraq
9214:978-0-719-07755-5
9191:978-0-520-25117-5
9172:978-1-55728-763-2
9149:978-0-7146-8254-9
9130:978-0-8047-3776-0
9108:978-0-8050-6660-9
9089:978-1-477-32056-3
9033:978-0-8050-4848-3
9005:978-965-229-298-8
8983:978-0-19-280437-2
8964:978-1-136-31495-7
8947:404 pages + maps.
8916:978-1-138-90639-6
8894:978-0-7190-2960-8
8831:978-0-521-88392-4
8783:978-0-415-44498-9
8764:978-0-521-00967-6
8736:978-0-719-56222-8
8710:978-0-7735-1603-8
8691:978-1-845-11173-1
8668:978-1-84511-347-6
8643:978-2-213-61251-5
8613:978-0-7146-3439-5
8594:978-0-304-30399-1
8572:978-0-691-15007-9
8544:978-0-674-01129-8
8522:978-0-521-79476-3
8481:978-0-520-29149-2
8423:978-0-85664-635-5
8404:978-1-58826-882-2
8383:978-1-107-10320-7
8285:978-1-85776-758-2
8257:978-0-300-15583-9
8236:978-1-85367-314-6
8217:978-0-7146-4950-4
8198:978-0-552-99545-0
8189:Israel: A History
8176:978-0-8021-3936-8
8157:978-965-224-004-0
8138:978-0-299-17550-4
8088:978-0-754-66964-7
8065:978-0-521-25950-7
8046:978-0-810-84934-1
8021:978-0-520-25989-8
7993:978-0-8133-3489-9
7974:978-1-56000-870-5
7961:Bowyer Bell, John
7952:978-0-275-99039-8
7930:978-0-8021-3286-4
7908:978-0-297-84883-7
7884:978-0-275-98158-7
7867:Bar-On, Mordechai
7858:978-1-57181-485-2
7792:978-1-874-34639-5
7773:978-0-415-77510-6
7754:978-1-781-25781-4
7404:, pp. 80–81.
7380:, pp. 29–30.
7368:, pp. 81–82.
7356:, pp. 74–78.
7137:, pp. 83–87.
6980:978-1-134-00962-6
6954:978-1-317-44272-1
6396:, pp. 32–34.
6174:, pp. 74–76.
5915:978-1-930143-54-8
5605:978-1-317-44269-1
5538:The Baltimore Sun
5140:, pp. 71–75.
5104:, pp. 16–32.
4851:, pp. 96–99.
4839:, pp. 95–96.
4547:978-1-317-54464-7
4474:, pp. 74–76.
4145:
4137:الثورة الفلسطينية
4118:
4091:
3922:Malcolm MacDonald
3865:Malcolm MacDonald
3845:Jamal Al-Husseini
3837:London Conference
3581:Gilbert Mackereth
3572:Fakhri Abdul Hadi
3509:Jabal Nablus area
3495:Abdallah al-Asbah
3482:Nazareth District
3354:Coldstream Guards
3252:Haavara Agreement
3234:organisation (or
3161:
3160:
3091:(field companies)
3043:
3042:
3035:
2804:in Iraq. Colonel
2761:popular rebellion
2717:Royal Dutch Shell
2713:British Petroleum
2464:close air support
2390:Gilbert Mackereth
2232:Michael McDonnell
2205:Orders in Council
2178:Coldstream Guards
1998:. Initially, the
1916:Hebrew University
1905:Spanish Civil War
1826:Air Vice-Marshall
1788:", 13. Juni 1936)
1622:Joseph Trumpeldor
1559:League of Nations
1454:), active in the
1428:al-Kaff al-Khaḍrā
1301:1929 disturbances
1107:Battle of Tel Hai
1068:Palestinian Arabs
1057:
1056:
1037:Jewish insurgency
1032:Spillover of WWII
998:Battle of Tel Hai
944:
943:
843:
842:
833:c. 15,000 wounded
797:
792:
784:
742:
661:
597:Abdallah al-Asbah
594:
581:
574:
567:
562:Arif Abd al-Raziq
544:
524:
510:
496:
475:
432:
417:
397:
393:8th Infantry Div.
380:
366:, GOC (1937–1938)
355:
334:Harold MacMichael
323:
315:High Commissioner
279:
272:
252:
229:
116:
115:
16:(Redirected from
13264:
13134:
13133:
13007:Eagle of Saladin
12714:Amin al-Husseini
12679:Faisal I of Iraq
12649:Sultan al-Atrash
12644:Mansur al-Atrash
12619:Abdul Salam Arif
12428:War of Attrition
12314:Arab nationalism
12307:
12300:
12293:
12284:
12283:
12229:Cyprus Emergency
12055:Maritz rebellion
12043:Tibet expedition
11976:Benin Expedition
11796:Indian Rebellion
11790:Second Opium War
11772:Eureka Rebellion
11748:British Honduras
11724:New Zealand Wars
11309:Seven Years' War
11255:Queen Anne's War
11088:
11081:
11074:
11065:
11064:
11023:Israel–Hamas war
10950:Syrian civil war
10933:Sinai insurgency
10894:2006 Lebanon War
10569:Dhofar Rebellion
10504:Cyprus Emergency
10499:Jebel Akhdar War
10471:1982 Lebanon War
10461:1967 Six-Day War
10370:Dersim rebellion
10330:Ararat rebellion
10234:Al-Jazeera Front
10140:
10133:
10126:
10117:
10116:
10104:
10103:
10075:Amin al-Husseini
10070:Arab Palestinian
10063:David Ben-Gurion
9851:
9844:
9837:
9828:
9827:
9801:
9788:
9761:
9742:
9720:
9694:
9668:
9642:
9623:
9604:
9598:
9593:
9591:
9583:
9573:
9563:
9553:
9528:
9502:
9492:
9463:
9434:
9406:
9399:Antonius, George
9386:
9365:
9326:
9316:
9288:
9262:
9239:
9218:
9195:
9176:
9153:
9134:
9112:
9093:
9068:
9051:(3–4): 315–352.
9037:
9009:
8992:Sacharov, Eliahu
8987:
8968:
8946:
8932:
8920:
8903:Porath, Yehoshua
8898:
8879:
8844:
8835:
8816:
8787:
8768:
8740:
8714:
8695:
8672:
8647:
8617:
8598:
8585:The Israeli Mind
8576:
8548:
8526:
8498:
8485:
8462:
8427:
8408:
8387:
8362:
8352:
8325:
8323:
8317:. Archived from
8309:(507): 314–354.
8300:
8289:
8270:
8261:
8240:
8227:Bomber Offensive
8221:
8202:
8180:
8161:
8142:
8123:
8092:
8069:
8050:
8025:
7997:
7978:
7956:
7934:
7912:
7888:
7862:
7843:
7796:
7777:
7758:
7721:
7715:
7709:
7703:
7697:
7691:
7685:
7679:
7673:
7667:
7661:
7655:
7649:
7643:
7634:
7628:
7619:
7613:
7607:
7601:
7595:
7589:
7580:
7577:
7568:
7562:
7556:
7550:
7544:
7538:
7532:
7526:
7520:
7514:
7508:
7502:
7496:
7490:
7484:
7478:
7472:
7466:
7460:
7454:
7448:
7442:
7429:
7423:
7417:
7411:
7405:
7399:
7393:
7387:
7381:
7375:
7369:
7363:
7357:
7351:
7345:
7339:
7333:
7327:
7321:
7315:
7309:
7303:
7297:
7291:
7285:
7279:
7273:
7267:
7261:
7255:
7242:
7236:
7230:
7224:
7218:
7212:
7206:
7200:
7191:
7185:
7179:
7173:
7167:
7161:
7155:
7149:
7138:
7132:
7126:
7123:Jewish Spectator
7120:
7114:
7108:
7099:
7093:
7080:
7074:
7068:
7062:
7056:
7050:
7037:
7031:
7025:
7019:
7013:
7007:
7001:
6995:
6984:
6983:
6964:
6958:
6957:
6936:
6930:
6920:
6914:
6908:
6895:
6894:
6883:
6877:
6871:
6860:
6857:
6848:
6842:
6836:
6830:
6821:
6818:
6812:
6806:
6800:
6794:
6788:
6785:
6779:
6773:
6758:
6752:
6743:
6737:
6731:
6725:
6719:
6713:
6704:
6698:
6681:
6675:
6669:
6663:
6657:
6651:
6645:
6639:
6633:
6627:
6621:
6615:
6606:
6605:
6603:
6601:
6592:. Archived from
6590:www.etzel.org.il
6582:
6576:
6573:
6560:
6554:
6545:
6539:
6533:
6527:
6514:
6508:
6502:
6496:
6490:
6484:
6478:
6472:
6466:
6460:
6454:
6451:
6445:
6439:
6433:
6427:
6421:
6415:
6409:
6403:
6397:
6391:
6378:
6372:
6349:
6343:
6337:
6331:
6318:
6317:, pp. 7–10.
6312:
6275:
6269:
6263:
6257:
6251:
6245:
6236:
6230:
6224:
6218:
6212:
6206:
6200:
6193:
6187:
6181:
6175:
6169:
6152:
6146:
6140:
6134:
6125:
6119:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6099:
6093:
6087:. Archived from
6086:
6078:
6072:
6066:
6060:
6051:
6045:
6039:
6033:
6027:
6018:
6012:
6003:
5997:
5986:
5979:
5968:
5962:
5956:
5953:
5947:
5941:
5935:
5929:
5920:
5919:
5901:
5895:
5889:
5883:
5877:
5871:
5865:
5856:
5850:
5837:
5831:
5825:
5819:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5805:
5796:. Archived from
5789:
5783:
5782:
5775:
5766:
5763:Wasserstein 2012
5760:
5754:
5748:
5742:
5736:
5730:
5724:
5718:
5712:
5703:
5697:
5691:
5688:
5682:
5679:Wasserstein 2004
5676:
5657:
5651:
5645:
5644:
5642:
5640:
5635:. 23 August 1936
5623:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5612:
5585:
5579:
5573:
5567:
5561:
5555:
5549:
5543:
5542:
5532:
5526:
5520:
5511:
5505:
5496:
5490:
5477:
5471:
5460:
5454:
5448:
5442:
5436:
5433:
5420:
5414:
5408:
5405:
5399:
5393:
5387:
5384:
5378:
5372:
5366:
5363:
5350:
5344:
5338:
5332:
5326:
5320:
5309:
5303:
5297:
5291:
5285:
5279:
5273:
5267:
5261:
5255:
5249:
5243:
5237:
5231:
5225:
5219:
5213:
5207:
5201:
5195:
5189:
5183:
5177:
5171:
5165:
5159:
5153:
5147:
5141:
5135:
5129:
5123:
5117:
5111:
5105:
5102:Fleischmann 2000
5099:
5093:
5087:
5081:
5075:
5069:
5063:
5052:
5046:
5035:
5029:
5023:
5017:
5011:
5005:
4999:
4993:
4987:
4981:
4970:
4964:
4953:
4947:
4941:
4935:
4929:
4923:
4917:
4911:
4905:
4899:
4893:
4887:
4881:
4875:
4864:
4858:
4852:
4846:
4840:
4834:
4828:
4822:
4816:
4810:
4799:
4793:
4770:
4764:
4758:
4752:
4746:
4740:
4731:
4725:
4719:
4713:
4707:
4701:
4695:
4689:
4683:
4677:
4671:
4665:
4654:
4648:
4642:
4636:
4630:
4624:
4615:
4609:
4603:
4597:
4591:
4585:
4568:
4562:
4551:
4527:
4521:
4515:
4509:
4503:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4481:
4475:
4469:
4454:
4448:
4442:
4439:Bowyer Bell 1996
4436:
4430:
4424:
4415:
4409:
4403:
4397:
4388:
4382:
4376:
4370:
4296:
4289:
4283:
4280:
4274:
4270:
4264:
4253:Hans Piekenbrock
4249:
4243:
4236:
4230:
4227:
4221:
4218:
4212:
4209:
4203:
4200:
4194:
4187:
4181:
4178:
4172:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4140:
4138:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4113:
4111:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4086:
4084:
4076:
3964:David Ben-Gurion
3878:binational state
3853:George Antonious
3656:, commanded the
3642:al-Midan Quarter
3478:Fawzi al-Qawuqji
3346:Richard O'Connor
3320:power struggle.
3297:fasa'il al-salam
3240:Ze'ev Jabotinsky
3133:Community ransom
3049:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3018:
2987:
2979:
2810:RAF Intelligence
2655:Suffolk Regiment
2592:Haifa Town Force
2530:Patrick Domville
2526:RAF Intelligence
2483:Kingdom of Egypt
2021:Zionist Congress
2004:General Zionists
1941:Royal Commission
1889:Fawzi al-Qawukji
1784:in April 1936 ("
1611:Palestine police
1607:Jamal al-Husayni
1593:, comprising 25
1538:Tarab Abdul Hadi
1484:period were the
1384:Battle of Hattin
1355:Tarab Abdul Hadi
1293:Great Depression
1224:Palestinian Jews
1220:Palestinian Arab
1137:, leader of the
1135:David Ben-Gurion
1119:Amin al-Husseini
1064:popular uprising
983:
981:
971:
964:
957:
948:
947:
881:
869:
862:
855:
846:
845:
795:
790:
782:
762:
761:
760:
753:
740:
738:Fawzi al-Qawuqji
736:
735:
734:
719:
704:
688:
676:
659:
653:
641:
629:
617:
605:
592:
587:
579:
572:
565:
560:
559:
558:
551:
542:
538:
537:
536:
522:
518:
517:
516:
508:
504:
503:
502:
494:
490:
489:
488:
473:
459:
438:
430:
423:
415:
403:
395:
386:
378:
372:
364:Archibald Wavell
361:
353:
344:
331:
330:
321:
308:
307:
288:
287:
286:
277:
270:
250:
246:
245:
244:
227:
215:
205:Peulot Meyuhadot
193:
182:
181:
180:
148:
146:
145:
134:
132:
131:
107:Issuance of the
74:
73:
62:
34:
33:
21:
13272:
13271:
13267:
13266:
13265:
13263:
13262:
13261:
13147:
13146:
13145:
13140:
13122:
13058:Greater Morocco
13031:
13027:Pan-Arab colors
13022:Hawk of Quraish
12988:
12956:
12807:Arab Federation
12768:
12754:Abdullah Rimawi
12729:Mostéfa Merarda
12684:Muammar Gaddafi
12664:Ahmed Ben Bella
12639:Jamal al-Atassi
12629:Bashar al-Assad
12580:
12549:
12530:Black September
12408:Anglo-Iraqi War
12352:
12316:
12311:
12281:
12276:
12217:Kenya Emergency
12023:
12017:
12012:Second Boer War
12006:Boxer Rebellion
11934:Pahang Uprising
11814:Ambela campaign
11736:Río de la Plata
11718:First Opium War
11700:Aden Expedition
11532:Río de la Plata
11494:
11488:
11459:Irish Rebellion
11351:First Carib War
11247:
11241:
11164:Confederate War
11158:Irish Rebellion
11108:
11102:
11092:
11062:
11057:
11055:
11042:
11005:
10927:Egyptian Crisis
10910:
10851:
10791:
10724:
10634:
10623:Second Intifada
10533:
10477:
10374:
10340:Simele massacre
10318:
10299:Adwan Rebellion
10272:
10149:
10144:
10114:
10109:
10093:
10087:Gotthilf Wagner
10036:
9982:
9966:
9936:
9909:
9883:
9860:
9855:
9795:
9785:
9767:Hourani, Albert
9758:
9739:
9717:
9691:
9673:Khalidi, Rashid
9665:
9639:
9620:
9596:
9594:
9585:
9584:
9571:
9500:
9431:
9394:
9392:Further reading
9389:
9383:
9319:
9313:
9285:
9259:
9215:
9192:
9173:
9150:
9131:
9109:
9090:
9034:
9006:
8984:
8965:
8935:
8917:
8895:
8832:
8784:
8765:
8737:
8711:
8692:
8669:
8644:
8614:
8595:
8573:
8545:
8523:
8496:
8490:Khalidi, Rashid
8482:
8424:
8405:
8384:
8321:
8298:
8286:
8258:
8237:
8218:
8199:
8185:Gilbert, Martin
8177:
8169:. Grove Press.
8158:
8139:
8112:10.2307/2676453
8089:
8066:
8047:
8037:Scarecrow Press
8022:
7994:
7975:
7953:
7931:
7909:
7893:Ben-Ami, Shlomo
7885:
7859:
7793:
7774:
7755:
7729:
7724:
7716:
7712:
7704:
7700:
7692:
7688:
7680:
7676:
7668:
7664:
7656:
7652:
7646:Swedenburg 2003
7644:
7637:
7631:Swedenburg 2003
7629:
7622:
7614:
7610:
7602:
7598:
7590:
7583:
7578:
7571:
7563:
7559:
7551:
7547:
7539:
7535:
7527:
7523:
7515:
7511:
7503:
7499:
7491:
7487:
7479:
7475:
7467:
7463:
7455:
7451:
7443:
7432:
7424:
7420:
7412:
7408:
7400:
7396:
7388:
7384:
7376:
7372:
7364:
7360:
7352:
7348:
7340:
7336:
7328:
7324:
7316:
7312:
7304:
7300:
7292:
7288:
7280:
7276:
7268:
7264:
7256:
7245:
7237:
7233:
7225:
7221:
7213:
7209:
7201:
7194:
7186:
7182:
7174:
7170:
7162:
7158:
7150:
7141:
7133:
7129:
7121:
7117:
7109:
7102:
7094:
7083:
7075:
7071:
7065:Swedenburg 2003
7063:
7059:
7051:
7040:
7034:Swedenburg 2003
7032:
7028:
7022:Swedenburg 2003
7020:
7016:
7010:Swedenburg 2003
7008:
7004:
6996:
6987:
6981:
6965:
6961:
6955:
6937:
6933:
6921:
6917:
6909:
6898:
6885:
6884:
6880:
6872:
6863:
6858:
6851:
6845:Swedenburg 2003
6843:
6839:
6833:Swedenburg 2003
6831:
6824:
6820:Sayigh, p. 669.
6819:
6815:
6807:
6803:
6795:
6791:
6786:
6782:
6774:
6761:
6753:
6746:
6738:
6734:
6726:
6722:
6714:
6707:
6699:
6684:
6676:
6672:
6664:
6660:
6652:
6648:
6640:
6636:
6628:
6624:
6616:
6609:
6599:
6597:
6584:
6583:
6579:
6574:
6563:
6555:
6548:
6540:
6536:
6528:
6517:
6509:
6505:
6497:
6493:
6485:
6481:
6473:
6469:
6461:
6457:
6452:
6448:
6440:
6436:
6428:
6424:
6416:
6412:
6404:
6400:
6392:
6381:
6373:
6352:
6344:
6340:
6332:
6321:
6313:
6278:
6270:
6266:
6258:
6254:
6246:
6239:
6231:
6227:
6219:
6215:
6207:
6203:
6194:
6190:
6182:
6178:
6170:
6155:
6147:
6143:
6135:
6128:
6120:
6107:
6097:
6095:
6094:on 4 March 2012
6091:
6084:
6080:
6079:
6075:
6067:
6063:
6052:
6048:
6040:
6036:
6028:
6021:
6013:
6006:
5998:
5989:
5980:
5971:
5963:
5959:
5954:
5950:
5942:
5938:
5930:
5923:
5916:
5902:
5898:
5892:Ben-Yehuda 1993
5890:
5886:
5878:
5874:
5866:
5859:
5851:
5840:
5832:
5828:
5820:
5813:
5803:
5801:
5792:
5790:
5786:
5777:
5776:
5769:
5761:
5757:
5749:
5745:
5737:
5733:
5725:
5721:
5713:
5706:
5698:
5694:
5689:
5685:
5677:
5660:
5652:
5648:
5638:
5636:
5625:
5624:
5620:
5610:
5608:
5606:
5586:
5582:
5574:
5570:
5562:
5558:
5550:
5546:
5541:. 22 June 1936.
5534:
5533:
5529:
5521:
5514:
5506:
5499:
5491:
5480:
5472:
5463:
5455:
5451:
5443:
5439:
5434:
5423:
5415:
5411:
5406:
5402:
5394:
5390:
5385:
5381:
5373:
5369:
5364:
5353:
5345:
5341:
5333:
5329:
5321:
5312:
5304:
5300:
5292:
5288:
5280:
5276:
5268:
5264:
5256:
5252:
5244:
5240:
5232:
5228:
5220:
5216:
5208:
5204:
5196:
5192:
5184:
5180:
5172:
5168:
5160:
5156:
5148:
5144:
5136:
5132:
5124:
5120:
5112:
5108:
5100:
5096:
5088:
5084:
5076:
5072:
5064:
5055:
5047:
5038:
5030:
5026:
5018:
5014:
5006:
5002:
4994:
4990:
4982:
4973:
4965:
4956:
4948:
4944:
4936:
4932:
4924:
4920:
4912:
4908:
4900:
4896:
4888:
4884:
4876:
4867:
4859:
4855:
4847:
4843:
4835:
4831:
4823:
4819:
4811:
4802:
4794:
4773:
4765:
4761:
4753:
4749:
4741:
4734:
4726:
4722:
4714:
4710:
4702:
4698:
4690:
4686:
4678:
4674:
4666:
4657:
4649:
4645:
4637:
4633:
4625:
4618:
4614:, pp. 1–3.
4610:
4606:
4598:
4594:
4586:
4571:
4563:
4554:
4528:
4524:
4516:
4512:
4504:
4497:
4489:
4483:
4482:
4478:
4470:
4457:
4449:
4445:
4437:
4433:
4425:
4418:
4410:
4406:
4400:Swedenburg 2003
4398:
4391:
4383:
4379:
4371:
4314:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4299:
4290:
4286:
4281:
4277:
4273:to the British.
4271:
4267:
4261:Admiral Canaris
4250:
4246:
4237:
4233:
4228:
4224:
4219:
4215:
4210:
4206:
4201:
4197:
4191:Yehoshua Porath
4188:
4184:
4179:
4175:
4158:
4154:
4131:
4127:
4104:
4100:
4077:
4073:
4068:
4021:
3939:
3902:
3849:Awni Abdul Hadi
3843:, Amin Tamimi,
3811:
3762:
3756:
3727:
3722:
3702:Heinrich Doehle
3666:
3622:
3620:Arab volunteers
3611:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3542:Yusuf Abu Durra
3511:
3505:in early 1937.
3474:
3429:was known as a
3407:Farhan al-Sa'di
3374:
3293:
3248:Haim Arlosoroff
3222:
3216:
3173:
3039:
3028:
3022:
3019:
3004:
2988:
2977:
2961:Joseph Klausner
2853:Men of Captain
2847:
2841:
2806:Frederick Kisch
2737:
2701:
2549:
2528:, commanded by
2460:Royal Air Force
2456:
2376:(later head of
2352:devised by Sir
2338:
2286:Royal Engineers
2142:
2132:
2127:
2106:
2097:
2044:
2038:
1928:Peel Commission
1924:
1717:
1707:
1701:
1696:
1645:Anabta shooting
1630:Balad al-Shaykh
1624:in 1920 at the
1575:
1550:
1470:Amin al-Husayni
1409:In 1930 Sheikh
1347:
1297:Shaw Commission
1249:
1243:
1191:Nashashibi clan
1060:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1015:Hebron massacre
984:
979:
977:
975:
945:
940:
882:
878:
875:
873:
838:
837:12,622 detained
836:
834:
832:
831:c. 5,000 killed
830:
822:
820:
815:
814:c. 550 wounded
813:
811:
793:
785:
780:
778:
776:
758:
756:
755:
749:
743:
732:
730:
729:
720:
712:Farhan al-Sa'di
710:
706:
700:
694:
690:
684:
678:
672:
666:
662:
655:
649:
643:
637:
631:
625:
619:
613:
607:
601:
595:
588:
577:Yusuf Abu Durra
575:
568:
556:
554:
553:
547:
534:
532:
531:
514:
512:
511:
500:
498:
497:
486:
484:
483:
469:
452:
449:
433:
429:
418:
398:
381:
367:
356:
339:
337:
325:
324:
313:
302:
284:
282:
242:
240:
221:
178:
176:
174:
143:
141:
129:
127:
94:
81:
63:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
13270:
13260:
13259:
13254:
13249:
13244:
13239:
13234:
13229:
13224:
13219:
13214:
13209:
13204:
13199:
13194:
13189:
13184:
13179:
13174:
13169:
13164:
13159:
13142:
13141:
13139:
13138:
13127:
13124:
13123:
13121:
13120:
13115:
13110:
13105:
13100:
13095:
13090:
13085:
13080:
13075:
13070:
13065:
13060:
13055:
13050:
13045:
13039:
13037:
13036:Related topics
13033:
13032:
13030:
13029:
13024:
13019:
13014:
13009:
13004:
12998:
12996:
12990:
12989:
12987:
12986:
12979:
12972:
12964:
12962:
12958:
12957:
12955:
12954:
12949:
12944:
12939:
12934:
12929:
12924:
12919:
12914:
12909:
12904:
12902:Islamic Legion
12899:
12894:
12889:
12884:
12879:
12874:
12869:
12864:
12859:
12854:
12849:
12844:
12839:
12834:
12829:
12824:
12819:
12814:
12809:
12804:
12799:
12794:
12792:Al-Mourabitoun
12789:
12784:
12778:
12776:
12770:
12769:
12767:
12766:
12761:
12759:Hamdeen Sabahi
12756:
12751:
12749:Fuad al-Rikabi
12746:
12741:
12739:Adnan Pachachi
12736:
12731:
12726:
12721:
12716:
12711:
12709:Saddam Hussein
12706:
12701:
12699:Sati' al-Husri
12696:
12691:
12686:
12681:
12676:
12671:
12666:
12661:
12656:
12651:
12646:
12641:
12636:
12634:Hafez al-Assad
12631:
12626:
12624:Zaki al-Arsuzi
12621:
12616:
12611:
12606:
12601:
12596:
12590:
12588:
12582:
12581:
12579:
12578:
12573:
12568:
12563:
12557:
12555:
12551:
12550:
12548:
12547:
12542:
12537:
12532:
12527:
12522:
12517:
12512:
12507:
12505:Aden Emergency
12502:
12497:
12492:
12487:
12482:
12477:
12472:
12467:
12462:
12457:
12452:
12450:Iraqi Intifada
12447:
12442:
12441:
12440:
12435:
12433:Yom Kippur War
12430:
12425:
12420:
12410:
12405:
12400:
12395:
12394:
12393:
12383:
12378:
12377:
12376:
12366:
12360:
12358:
12354:
12353:
12351:
12350:
12345:
12340:
12335:
12330:
12328:Arab socialism
12324:
12322:
12318:
12317:
12310:
12309:
12302:
12295:
12287:
12278:
12277:
12275:
12274:
12268:
12262:
12256:
12250:
12244:
12238:
12232:
12226:
12220:
12214:
12208:
12202:
12196:
12190:
12184:
12178:
12172:
12166:
12160:
12157:Barzani revolt
12154:
12148:
12142:
12136:
12130:
12124:
12118:
12112:
12106:
12100:
12094:
12088:
12082:
12076:
12070:
12064:
12058:
12052:
12046:
12040:
12034:
12027:
12025:
12019:
12018:
12016:
12015:
12009:
12003:
11997:
11994:Tirah campaign
11991:
11985:
11979:
11973:
11967:
11961:
11955:
11949:
11943:
11937:
11931:
11925:
11919:
11913:
11907:
11904:Central Africa
11901:
11895:
11889:
11883:
11877:
11874:First Boer War
11871:
11865:
11859:
11856:Anglo-Zulu War
11853:
11847:
11841:
11835:
11829:
11823:
11817:
11811:
11805:
11799:
11793:
11787:
11781:
11775:
11769:
11763:
11757:
11751:
11745:
11739:
11733:
11727:
11721:
11715:
11709:
11703:
11697:
11691:
11685:
11679:
11673:
11667:
11661:
11655:
11649:
11643:
11637:
11631:
11625:
11619:
11613:
11607:
11601:
11595:
11589:
11583:
11577:
11571:
11565:
11559:
11553:
11547:
11544:Froberg mutiny
11541:
11535:
11529:
11523:
11517:
11511:
11505:
11498:
11496:
11490:
11489:
11487:
11486:
11480:
11474:
11468:
11462:
11456:
11450:
11444:
11438:
11432:
11426:
11420:
11414:
11408:
11402:
11396:
11390:
11384:
11378:
11372:
11366:
11360:
11354:
11348:
11342:
11336:
11330:
11324:
11318:
11312:
11306:
11300:
11294:
11288:
11282:
11276:
11270:
11264:
11258:
11251:
11249:
11243:
11242:
11240:
11239:
11233:
11227:
11224:Williamite War
11221:
11215:
11209:
11203:
11197:
11191:
11185:
11179:
11173:
11167:
11161:
11155:
11149:
11143:
11137:
11131:
11125:
11119:
11112:
11110:
11104:
11103:
11100:British Empire
11091:
11090:
11083:
11076:
11068:
11059:
11058:
11047:
11044:
11043:
11041:
11040:
11037:Red Sea crisis
11033:
11026:
11019:
11013:
11011:
11007:
11006:
11004:
11003:
11002:
11001:
10987:
10980:
10973:
10968:
10963:
10962:
10961:
10945:
10944:
10943:
10936:
10924:
10918:
10916:
10912:
10911:
10909:
10908:
10903:
10898:
10897:
10896:
10884:
10879:
10874:
10867:
10859:
10857:
10853:
10852:
10850:
10849:
10844:
10839:
10834:
10827:
10822:
10817:
10812:
10807:
10799:
10797:
10793:
10792:
10790:
10789:
10784:
10782:Mecca massacre
10779:
10774:
10769:
10764:
10759:
10758:
10757:
10745:
10740:
10732:
10730:
10726:
10725:
10723:
10722:
10717:
10712:
10707:
10706:
10705:
10695:
10690:
10685:
10680:
10675:
10670:
10663:
10658:
10653:
10648:
10642:
10640:
10636:
10635:
10633:
10632:
10627:
10626:
10625:
10620:
10618:First Intifada
10615:
10603:
10601:1964 Hama riot
10598:
10596:Aden Emergency
10593:
10588:
10583:
10578:
10571:
10566:
10565:
10564:
10559:
10547:
10541:
10539:
10535:
10534:
10532:
10531:
10526:
10521:
10516:
10511:
10506:
10501:
10496:
10491:
10485:
10483:
10479:
10478:
10476:
10475:
10474:
10473:
10468:
10463:
10458:
10453:
10441:
10440:
10439:
10427:
10422:
10420:Al-Waziri coup
10417:
10412:
10411:
10410:
10405:
10400:
10395:
10382:
10380:
10376:
10375:
10373:
10372:
10367:
10362:
10357:
10352:
10347:
10342:
10337:
10332:
10326:
10324:
10320:
10319:
10317:
10316:
10311:
10306:
10301:
10296:
10291:
10286:
10280:
10278:
10274:
10273:
10271:
10270:
10265:
10264:
10263:
10258:
10253:
10248:
10243:
10238:
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9794:
9793:External links
9791:
9790:
9789:
9783:
9762:
9756:
9743:
9737:
9731:. SUNY Press.
9721:
9715:
9699:Khalidi, Walid
9695:
9689:
9669:
9663:
9643:
9637:
9624:
9618:
9605:
9597:|journal=
9564:
9544:(4): 590–610.
9529:
9511:(5): 696–711.
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9117:Shapira, Anita
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8931:. Herzl Press.
8925:Patai, Raphael
8921:
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8817:
8799:(3): 351–372.
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8648:
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8622:Laurens, Henry
8618:
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8577:
8571:
8553:Krämer, Gudrun
8549:
8543:
8527:
8521:
8486:
8480:
8463:
8428:
8422:
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8388:
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8363:
8343:(2): 291–315.
8326:
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8278:. Book Guild.
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7810:(2): 187–204.
7797:
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7759:
7753:
7730:
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7725:
7723:
7722:
7720:, pp. 15.
7710:
7698:
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7686:
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7650:
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7608:
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7596:
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7581:
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7521:
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7509:
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7473:
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7418:
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7298:
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7286:
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7243:
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7207:
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7156:
7154:, p. 106.
7139:
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7081:
7079:, p. 172.
7069:
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7057:
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7014:
7002:
6985:
6979:
6959:
6953:
6931:
6927:Palestine Post
6915:
6896:
6878:
6861:
6849:
6847:, p. 139.
6837:
6835:, p. 125.
6822:
6813:
6811:, p. 167.
6801:
6799:, p. 198.
6789:
6780:
6778:, p. 154.
6759:
6757:, p. 146.
6744:
6732:
6730:, p. 153.
6720:
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6705:
6703:, p. 147.
6682:
6670:
6658:
6646:
6634:
6632:, p. 122.
6622:
6620:, p. 242.
6607:
6577:
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6559:, p. 149.
6546:
6544:, p. 426.
6534:
6532:, p. 427.
6515:
6513:, p. 292.
6503:
6501:, p. 156.
6491:
6479:
6477:, p. 255.
6475:Cleveland 2000
6467:
6465:, p. 132.
6455:
6446:
6434:
6422:
6420:, p. 154.
6410:
6408:, p. 279.
6398:
6379:
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6348:, p. 165.
6338:
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6319:
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6252:
6250:, p. 246.
6237:
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6201:
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6141:
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6126:
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6044:, p. 254.
6034:
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6004:
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5987:
5969:
5967:, p. 399.
5957:
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5934:, p. 417.
5921:
5914:
5906:Free Jerusalem
5896:
5884:
5882:, p. 239.
5872:
5870:, p. 222.
5857:
5838:
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5824:, p. 125.
5811:
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5755:
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5743:
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5719:
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5692:
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5568:
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5556:
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5512:
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5478:
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5461:
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5327:
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5286:
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5238:
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5202:
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5190:
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5166:
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5118:
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5106:
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5070:
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5053:
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5036:
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5012:
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5000:
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4954:
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4906:
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4865:
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4853:
4841:
4829:
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4800:
4798:, p. 160.
4771:
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4747:
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4732:
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4708:
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4672:
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4655:
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4616:
4604:
4602:, p. 338.
4592:
4569:
4567:, p. 333.
4552:
4522:
4510:
4495:
4476:
4472:Levenberg 1993
4455:
4453:, p. 145.
4443:
4431:
4416:
4414:, p. 103.
4404:
4402:, p. 220.
4389:
4387:, p. 128.
4377:
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4295:, p. 159)
4284:
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4165:patrimonialism
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4013:Mau Mau revolt
3938:
3937:Historiography
3935:
3911:British Empire
3901:
3898:
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3807:
3791:Eliyahu Golomb
3755:
3752:
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3609:Jerusalem area
3607:
3510:
3507:
3473:
3470:
3464:or a group of
3431:qa'id al-fasil
3373:
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3292:
3289:
3244:Labour Zionist
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2949:British Empire
2861:, possibly in
2840:
2837:
2802:British Consul
2793:Reuven Zaslany
2778:Istiqlal Party
2770:general strike
2766:colonial state
2744:Reuven Zaslany
2736:
2733:
2700:
2697:
2611:, Admiral Sir
2548:
2545:
2510:as "Air-Pin".
2455:
2452:
2366:Charles Tegart
2354:Charles Tegart
2337:
2334:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2105:
2102:
2096:
2093:
2037:
2034:
2013:Chaim Weizmann
2008:Labour Zionist
2002:, some of the
1933:Herbert Samuel
1923:
1920:
1829:Richard Peirse
1703:Main article:
1700:
1697:
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1692:
1574:
1571:
1549:
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1361:The advent of
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1131:general strike
1115:Qassamite band
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771:
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692:Ibrahim Nassar
476:
468:
467:
461:Eliyahu Golomb
424:Air Commodore
387:Major-General
375:Robert Haining
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13068:Greater Yemen
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12774:Organizations
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12694:George Habash
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12674:Izzat Darwaza
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12609:Yasser Arafat
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12586:Personalities
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12475:Arab Cold War
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12145:Ikhwan revolt
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11701:
11698:
11695:
11692:
11689:
11686:
11683:
11680:
11677:
11674:
11671:
11668:
11665:
11662:
11659:
11656:
11653:
11650:
11647:
11644:
11641:
11638:
11635:
11632:
11629:
11626:
11623:
11620:
11617:
11614:
11611:
11608:
11605:
11602:
11599:
11596:
11593:
11592:Spice Islands
11590:
11587:
11584:
11581:
11578:
11575:
11572:
11569:
11566:
11563:
11560:
11557:
11554:
11551:
11550:Santo Domingo
11548:
11545:
11542:
11539:
11536:
11533:
11530:
11527:
11524:
11521:
11518:
11515:
11512:
11509:
11506:
11503:
11500:
11499:
11497:
11491:
11484:
11481:
11478:
11475:
11472:
11469:
11466:
11463:
11460:
11457:
11454:
11451:
11448:
11445:
11442:
11439:
11436:
11433:
11430:
11427:
11424:
11421:
11418:
11415:
11412:
11409:
11406:
11403:
11400:
11397:
11394:
11391:
11388:
11385:
11382:
11379:
11376:
11373:
11370:
11367:
11364:
11361:
11358:
11355:
11352:
11349:
11346:
11343:
11340:
11339:Pontiac's War
11337:
11334:
11331:
11328:
11325:
11322:
11319:
11316:
11313:
11310:
11307:
11304:
11301:
11298:
11295:
11292:
11291:Carnatic Wars
11289:
11286:
11283:
11280:
11277:
11274:
11271:
11268:
11265:
11262:
11261:Tuscarora War
11259:
11256:
11253:
11252:
11250:
11244:
11237:
11234:
11231:
11228:
11225:
11222:
11219:
11216:
11213:
11210:
11207:
11204:
11201:
11198:
11195:
11192:
11189:
11186:
11183:
11180:
11177:
11174:
11171:
11168:
11165:
11162:
11159:
11156:
11153:
11150:
11147:
11144:
11141:
11138:
11135:
11132:
11129:
11126:
11123:
11120:
11117:
11114:
11113:
11111:
11105:
11101:
11097:
11089:
11084:
11082:
11077:
11075:
11070:
11069:
11066:
11054:
11052:
11045:
11039:
11038:
11034:
11032:
11031:
11027:
11025:
11024:
11020:
11018:
11015:
11014:
11012:
11008:
11000:
10999:
10998:
10993:
10992:
10991:
10990:Yemeni crisis
10988:
10986:
10985:
10981:
10979:
10978:
10974:
10972:
10969:
10967:
10964:
10960:
10959:
10955:
10954:
10953:
10952:
10951:
10946:
10942:
10941:
10937:
10935:
10934:
10930:
10929:
10928:
10925:
10923:
10920:
10919:
10917:
10913:
10907:
10904:
10902:
10899:
10895:
10892:
10891:
10890:
10889:
10885:
10883:
10880:
10878:
10875:
10873:
10872:
10868:
10866:
10865:
10861:
10860:
10858:
10854:
10848:
10845:
10843:
10840:
10838:
10835:
10833:
10832:
10828:
10826:
10823:
10821:
10818:
10816:
10813:
10811:
10808:
10806:
10805:
10801:
10800:
10798:
10794:
10788:
10785:
10783:
10780:
10778:
10775:
10773:
10770:
10768:
10765:
10763:
10760:
10756:
10755:
10751:
10750:
10749:
10746:
10744:
10741:
10739:
10738:
10737:Iran–Iraq War
10734:
10733:
10731:
10727:
10721:
10718:
10716:
10713:
10711:
10708:
10704:
10701:
10700:
10699:
10696:
10694:
10691:
10689:
10688:NDF Rebellion
10686:
10684:
10681:
10679:
10676:
10674:
10671:
10669:
10668:
10664:
10662:
10659:
10657:
10654:
10652:
10649:
10647:
10644:
10643:
10641:
10637:
10631:
10628:
10624:
10621:
10619:
10616:
10614:
10611:
10610:
10609:
10608:
10604:
10602:
10599:
10597:
10594:
10592:
10589:
10587:
10584:
10582:
10579:
10577:
10576:
10572:
10570:
10567:
10563:
10560:
10558:
10555:
10554:
10553:
10552:
10548:
10546:
10543:
10542:
10540:
10536:
10530:
10527:
10525:
10522:
10520:
10517:
10515:
10512:
10510:
10507:
10505:
10502:
10500:
10497:
10495:
10492:
10490:
10487:
10486:
10484:
10480:
10472:
10469:
10467:
10464:
10462:
10459:
10457:
10454:
10452:
10449:
10448:
10447:
10446:
10442:
10438:
10435:
10434:
10433:
10432:
10428:
10426:
10423:
10421:
10418:
10416:
10413:
10409:
10406:
10404:
10401:
10399:
10396:
10394:
10391:
10390:
10389:
10388:
10384:
10383:
10381:
10377:
10371:
10368:
10366:
10363:
10361:
10358:
10356:
10353:
10351:
10348:
10346:
10343:
10341:
10338:
10336:
10333:
10331:
10328:
10327:
10325:
10321:
10315:
10312:
10310:
10307:
10305:
10302:
10300:
10297:
10295:
10292:
10290:
10287:
10285:
10282:
10281:
10279:
10275:
10269:
10266:
10262:
10261:United States
10259:
10257:
10254:
10252:
10249:
10247:
10244:
10242:
10239:
10235:
10232:
10231:
10230:
10227:
10226:
10225:
10224:
10220:
10218:
10215:
10213:
10210:
10208:
10205:
10201:
10198:
10196:
10193:
10191:
10188:
10186:
10183:
10179:
10176:
10175:
10174:
10171:
10170:
10169:
10168:
10164:
10162:
10159:
10158:
10156:
10152:
10148:
10141:
10136:
10134:
10129:
10127:
10122:
10121:
10118:
10108:
10107:
10096:
10088:
10085:
10084:
10083:
10080:
10076:
10073:
10072:
10071:
10068:
10064:
10061:
10060:
10059:
10056:
10052:
10049:
10048:
10046:
10045:
10043:
10039:
10031:
10028:
10027:
10026:
10023:
10019:
10016:
10015:
10014:
10011:
10007:
10004:
10003:
10002:
9999:
9998:
9995:
9992:
9991:
9989:
9985:
9979:
9976:
9975:
9973:
9969:
9961:
9958:
9957:
9956:
9953:
9951:
9948:
9947:
9945:
9943:
9939:
9933:
9930:
9928:
9925:
9922:
9919:
9918:
9916:
9912:
9906:
9903:
9901:
9898:
9896:
9893:
9892:
9890:
9886:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9871:
9869:
9867:
9863:
9859:
9852:
9847:
9845:
9840:
9838:
9833:
9832:
9829:
9822:
9818:
9815:
9812:
9809:
9808:
9807:
9805:
9800:
9786:
9780:
9776:
9772:
9768:
9763:
9759:
9753:
9750:. Routledge.
9749:
9744:
9740:
9734:
9730:
9726:
9722:
9718:
9712:
9708:
9704:
9700:
9696:
9692:
9686:
9682:
9678:
9674:
9670:
9666:
9660:
9656:
9652:
9648:
9647:Kessler, Oren
9644:
9640:
9634:
9630:
9625:
9621:
9615:
9611:
9606:
9602:
9589:
9581:
9577:
9570:
9565:
9561:
9557:
9552:
9547:
9543:
9539:
9535:
9530:
9526:
9522:
9518:
9514:
9510:
9506:
9499:
9494:
9490:
9486:
9482:
9478:
9474:
9470:
9465:
9461:
9457:
9453:
9449:
9445:
9441:
9436:
9432:
9426:
9422:
9418:
9417:
9412:
9411:Cohen, Hillel
9408:
9404:
9400:
9396:
9395:
9384:
9378:
9374:
9373:
9367:
9363:
9359:
9355:
9351:
9347:
9343:
9340:(3): 93–113.
9339:
9335:
9334:
9328:
9324:
9323:
9318:
9314:
9308:
9304:
9300:
9299:
9294:
9290:
9286:
9280:
9276:
9275:Profile Books
9272:
9268:
9264:
9260:
9254:
9250:
9246:
9241:
9237:
9233:
9229:
9225:
9220:
9216:
9210:
9206:
9202:
9197:
9193:
9187:
9183:
9178:
9174:
9168:
9164:
9160:
9155:
9151:
9145:
9141:
9136:
9132:
9126:
9122:
9118:
9114:
9110:
9104:
9100:
9095:
9091:
9085:
9081:
9077:
9076:
9070:
9066:
9062:
9058:
9054:
9050:
9046:
9045:
9039:
9035:
9029:
9025:
9021:
9020:
9015:
9011:
9007:
9001:
8997:
8993:
8989:
8985:
8979:
8975:
8970:
8966:
8960:
8957:. Routledge.
8956:
8955:
8949:
8944:
8940:
8939:
8934:
8930:
8926:
8922:
8918:
8912:
8908:
8904:
8900:
8896:
8890:
8886:
8881:
8877:
8873:
8869:
8865:
8861:
8857:
8856:
8851:
8846:
8842:
8837:
8833:
8827:
8823:
8818:
8814:
8810:
8806:
8802:
8798:
8794:
8789:
8785:
8779:
8775:
8770:
8766:
8760:
8756:
8752:
8751:
8746:
8745:Morris, Benny
8742:
8738:
8732:
8728:
8724:
8720:
8719:Morris, Benny
8716:
8712:
8706:
8702:
8697:
8693:
8687:
8683:
8679:
8674:
8670:
8664:
8660:
8656:
8655:
8649:
8645:
8639:
8635:
8631:
8627:
8623:
8619:
8615:
8609:
8605:
8600:
8596:
8590:
8586:
8582:
8578:
8574:
8568:
8564:
8560:
8559:
8554:
8550:
8546:
8540:
8536:
8532:
8528:
8524:
8518:
8514:
8510:
8506:
8502:
8501:Rogan, Eugene
8495:
8491:
8487:
8483:
8477:
8473:
8469:
8464:
8460:
8456:
8452:
8448:
8444:
8440:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8425:
8419:
8416:. Routledge.
8415:
8410:
8406:
8400:
8396:
8395:
8389:
8385:
8379:
8375:
8371:
8370:
8364:
8360:
8356:
8351:
8346:
8342:
8338:
8337:
8332:
8327:
8320:
8316:
8312:
8308:
8304:
8297:
8292:
8287:
8281:
8277:
8272:
8268:
8263:
8259:
8253:
8249:
8248:
8242:
8238:
8232:
8228:
8223:
8219:
8213:
8210:. Routledge.
8209:
8204:
8200:
8194:
8190:
8186:
8182:
8178:
8172:
8168:
8163:
8159:
8153:
8149:
8144:
8140:
8134:
8130:
8125:
8121:
8117:
8113:
8109:
8105:
8101:
8100:
8094:
8090:
8084:
8080:
8076:
8071:
8067:
8061:
8057:
8052:
8048:
8042:
8038:
8034:
8033:
8027:
8023:
8017:
8013:
8009:
8008:
8003:
8002:Cohen, Hillel
7999:
7995:
7989:
7985:
7980:
7976:
7970:
7966:
7962:
7958:
7954:
7948:
7944:
7940:
7939:Black, Jeremy
7936:
7932:
7926:
7922:
7918:
7914:
7910:
7904:
7900:
7899:
7894:
7890:
7886:
7880:
7876:
7872:
7868:
7864:
7860:
7854:
7850:
7845:
7841:
7837:
7833:
7829:
7825:
7821:
7817:
7813:
7809:
7805:
7804:
7798:
7794:
7788:
7784:
7779:
7775:
7769:
7766:. Routledge.
7765:
7760:
7756:
7750:
7746:
7745:Profile Books
7742:
7741:
7736:
7735:Allport, Alan
7732:
7731:
7719:
7714:
7707:
7702:
7695:
7690:
7684:, p. 66.
7683:
7678:
7672:, p. 51.
7671:
7666:
7659:
7654:
7647:
7642:
7640:
7632:
7627:
7625:
7617:
7612:
7605:
7600:
7593:
7588:
7586:
7576:
7574:
7567:, p. 24.
7566:
7561:
7554:
7549:
7542:
7537:
7530:
7525:
7518:
7513:
7506:
7501:
7494:
7489:
7482:
7477:
7470:
7465:
7458:
7453:
7446:
7441:
7439:
7437:
7435:
7427:
7422:
7415:
7410:
7403:
7398:
7391:
7386:
7379:
7374:
7367:
7362:
7355:
7350:
7343:
7338:
7332:, p. 89.
7331:
7326:
7320:, p. 86.
7319:
7314:
7307:
7302:
7295:
7290:
7284:, p. 87.
7283:
7278:
7271:
7266:
7259:
7254:
7252:
7250:
7248:
7241:, p. 32.
7240:
7235:
7228:
7223:
7216:
7211:
7204:
7199:
7197:
7190:, p. 80.
7189:
7184:
7177:
7172:
7166:, p. 83.
7165:
7160:
7153:
7148:
7146:
7144:
7136:
7131:
7124:
7119:
7112:
7107:
7105:
7097:
7092:
7090:
7088:
7086:
7078:
7073:
7066:
7061:
7054:
7049:
7047:
7045:
7043:
7036:, p. 30.
7035:
7030:
7024:, p. 87.
7023:
7018:
7012:, p. 88.
7011:
7006:
6999:
6994:
6992:
6990:
6982:
6976:
6973:, Routledge,
6972:
6971:
6963:
6956:
6950:
6947:, Routledge,
6946:
6942:
6935:
6928:
6924:
6919:
6912:
6907:
6905:
6903:
6901:
6892:
6888:
6882:
6875:
6870:
6868:
6866:
6856:
6854:
6846:
6841:
6834:
6829:
6827:
6817:
6810:
6805:
6798:
6793:
6784:
6777:
6772:
6770:
6768:
6766:
6764:
6756:
6751:
6749:
6741:
6736:
6729:
6724:
6717:
6712:
6710:
6702:
6697:
6695:
6693:
6691:
6689:
6687:
6679:
6674:
6668:, p. 14.
6667:
6662:
6656:, p. 99.
6655:
6650:
6643:
6638:
6631:
6626:
6619:
6614:
6612:
6595:
6591:
6587:
6581:
6572:
6570:
6568:
6566:
6558:
6553:
6551:
6543:
6538:
6531:
6526:
6524:
6522:
6520:
6512:
6507:
6500:
6495:
6489:, p. 23.
6488:
6487:Sacharov 2004
6483:
6476:
6471:
6464:
6459:
6450:
6444:, p. 80.
6443:
6438:
6432:, p. 28.
6431:
6426:
6419:
6414:
6407:
6402:
6395:
6390:
6388:
6386:
6384:
6376:
6371:
6369:
6367:
6365:
6363:
6361:
6359:
6357:
6355:
6347:
6342:
6335:
6330:
6328:
6326:
6324:
6316:
6311:
6309:
6307:
6305:
6303:
6301:
6299:
6297:
6295:
6293:
6291:
6289:
6287:
6285:
6283:
6281:
6274:, p. 33.
6273:
6268:
6262:, p. 16.
6261:
6256:
6249:
6244:
6242:
6235:, p. 30.
6234:
6229:
6223:, p. 11.
6222:
6217:
6210:
6205:
6198:
6192:
6186:, p. 51.
6185:
6180:
6173:
6168:
6166:
6164:
6162:
6160:
6158:
6150:
6145:
6138:
6133:
6131:
6123:
6118:
6116:
6114:
6112:
6110:
6090:
6083:
6077:
6071:, p. 73.
6070:
6065:
6058:
6057:
6050:
6043:
6038:
6031:
6026:
6024:
6016:
6011:
6009:
6001:
5996:
5994:
5992:
5984:
5978:
5976:
5974:
5966:
5961:
5952:
5945:
5940:
5933:
5928:
5926:
5917:
5911:
5907:
5900:
5893:
5888:
5881:
5876:
5869:
5864:
5862:
5854:
5849:
5847:
5845:
5843:
5835:
5830:
5823:
5818:
5816:
5799:
5795:
5788:
5780:
5774:
5772:
5764:
5759:
5752:
5747:
5740:
5735:
5728:
5723:
5716:
5711:
5709:
5701:
5696:
5687:
5680:
5675:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5667:
5665:
5663:
5655:
5650:
5634:
5633:
5628:
5622:
5607:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5592:
5584:
5577:
5572:
5565:
5560:
5553:
5548:
5540:
5539:
5531:
5524:
5519:
5517:
5509:
5504:
5502:
5494:
5489:
5487:
5485:
5483:
5475:
5470:
5468:
5466:
5458:
5453:
5447:, p. 80.
5446:
5441:
5432:
5430:
5428:
5426:
5418:
5417:Townsend 1988
5413:
5404:
5397:
5392:
5383:
5376:
5371:
5362:
5360:
5358:
5356:
5348:
5343:
5336:
5331:
5324:
5319:
5317:
5315:
5307:
5302:
5295:
5290:
5284:, p. 23.
5283:
5278:
5271:
5266:
5259:
5254:
5247:
5242:
5235:
5230:
5223:
5218:
5211:
5206:
5199:
5194:
5187:
5186:Matthews 2006
5182:
5175:
5170:
5163:
5158:
5151:
5146:
5139:
5134:
5127:
5122:
5115:
5110:
5103:
5098:
5092:, p. 25.
5091:
5086:
5079:
5074:
5067:
5062:
5060:
5058:
5050:
5045:
5043:
5041:
5033:
5028:
5021:
5016:
5009:
5004:
4997:
4992:
4985:
4980:
4978:
4976:
4968:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4951:
4946:
4939:
4934:
4927:
4922:
4915:
4910:
4903:
4898:
4891:
4886:
4879:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4862:
4857:
4850:
4845:
4838:
4833:
4827:, p. 94.
4826:
4821:
4814:
4809:
4807:
4805:
4797:
4792:
4790:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4768:
4763:
4756:
4751:
4744:
4739:
4737:
4730:, p. 39.
4729:
4724:
4717:
4712:
4705:
4700:
4694:, p. 27.
4693:
4688:
4681:
4676:
4669:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4652:
4647:
4641:, p. 28.
4640:
4635:
4628:
4623:
4621:
4613:
4608:
4601:
4596:
4589:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4566:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4519:
4514:
4507:
4502:
4500:
4488:
4487:
4480:
4473:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4452:
4447:
4441:, p. 44.
4440:
4435:
4429:, p. 22.
4428:
4423:
4421:
4413:
4408:
4401:
4396:
4394:
4386:
4381:
4374:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4319:
4317:
4312:
4294:
4288:
4279:
4269:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4248:
4242:, p. 82)
4241:
4235:
4226:
4217:
4208:
4199:
4192:
4186:
4177:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4156:
4149:
4143:
4134:
4129:
4122:
4116:
4107:
4102:
4095:
4089:
4083:الثورة الكبرى
4080:
4075:
4071:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3996:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3981:
3975:
3973:
3968:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3948:
3947:anti-colonial
3944:
3934:
3930:
3927:
3923:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3907:
3897:
3895:
3894:Philip Mattar
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3806:
3802:
3801:(restraint).
3800:
3797:'s policy of
3796:
3792:
3788:
3787:Moshe Shertok
3783:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3766:
3761:
3751:
3743:
3737:, 18 May 1939
3736:
3731:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3689:Fascist Italy
3684:
3681:
3675:
3672:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3617:
3615:
3606:
3603:
3597:
3595:
3584:
3582:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3527:
3524:
3519:
3515:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3491:Upper Galilee
3488:
3483:
3479:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3383:
3378:
3369:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3302:
3298:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3221:
3211:
3209:
3208:Moshe Shertok
3205:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3178:Sherut Yediot
3168:
3166:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3145:Tegart's wall
3142:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3111:(field corps)
3110:
3107:
3104:
3103:Mobile Guards
3101:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3037:
3034:
3026:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2992:This section
2990:
2986:
2981:
2980:
2972:
2970:
2969:riots of 1929
2966:
2962:
2958:
2957:Moshe Shertok
2952:
2950:
2944:
2940:
2938:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2922:
2920:
2919:Sir Hugh Foot
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2894:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2787:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2724:Mediterranean
2720:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2671:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2637:
2636:Royal Marines
2633:
2630:relieved HMS
2629:
2625:
2624:
2619:and diverted
2618:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2565:
2564:
2558:
2553:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2491:Air Commodore
2488:
2487:Arthur Harris
2484:
2481:based in the
2480:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2444:waterboarding
2441:
2437:
2436:foot whipping
2433:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2417:Tegart's wall
2413:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2370:British India
2367:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2317:
2316:human shields
2312:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2233:
2229:
2228:Chief Justice
2225:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2179:
2174:
2167:
2162:
2154:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2101:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2056:Lewis Andrews
2048:
2043:
2033:
2030:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1906:
1900:
1898:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1867:Auja al-Hafir
1863:
1858:
1856:
1855:Jewish Agency
1852:
1851:Moshe Shertok
1848:
1844:
1837:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1819:
1814:
1806:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1763:Lake Tiberias
1760:
1756:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1732:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1706:
1691:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1637:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1584:
1579:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1515:National Bloc
1512:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1396:Jewish Agency
1393:
1389:
1388:civil society
1385:
1380:
1376:
1374:
1368:
1364:
1356:
1351:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1253:
1248:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1215:Walid Khalidi
1212:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1088:colonial rule
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
999:
996:
995:
994:
991:
990:
987:
982:
972:
967:
965:
960:
958:
953:
952:
949:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
888:
885:
880:
870:
865:
863:
858:
856:
851:
850:
847:
828:
825:
821:c. 500 killed
818:
809:
806:
805:
800:
788:
774:
773:
768:
765:
754:
752:
746:
739:
727:
724:
723:
718:
713:
709:
705:
703:
697:
693:
689:
687:
681:
677:
675:
669:
668:Abdul Khallik
665:
658:
654:
652:
646:
642:
640:
634:
630:
628:
622:
618:
616:
610:
606:
604:
598:
591:
586:
578:
571:
563:
552:
550:
541:
529:
525:
521:
520:Izzat Darwaza
507:
493:
481:
477:
472:
465:
462:
458:
454:
453:
451:
448:
444:
441:
437:
427:
426:Arthur Harris
422:
413:
409:
406:
405:Air Commodore
402:
394:
391:; Commander,
390:
385:
376:
371:
365:
360:
352:
348:
343:
335:
329:
320:
316:
312:
306:
300:
299:
294:
291:
275:
274:
273:
269:
262:
259:
255:
254:
253:
249:
238:
231:
230:
226:
223:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
203:
201:
198:
197:
196:
192:
188:
187:
186:
185:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
140:
139:
138:
137:
125:
124:
119:
110:
106:
105:
104:
101:
98:
97:
93:
89:
86:
85:
79:
76:
75:
71:
67:
66:human shields
61:
56:
53:
49:
45:
40:
35:
30:
19:
13103:Pan-Islamism
12981:
12974:
12967:
12867:Ba'ath Party
12744:Ameen Rihani
12604:Jassem Alwan
12599:Michel Aflaq
12455:Algerian War
12381:Iraqi Revolt
12373:
12168:
12115:Iraqi Revolt
11970:Matabeleland
11946:North Borneo
11940:Matabeleland
11892:Saskatchewan
11694:Upper Canada
11688:Lower Canada
11646:Persian Gulf
11562:Persian Gulf
11502:Newfoundland
11483:Polygar Wars
11453:Kandyan Wars
11405:Nootka Sound
11048:
11035:
11028:
11021:
10995:
10994:
10982:
10975:
10956:
10948:
10947:
10938:
10931:
10886:
10869:
10862:
10830:
10802:
10752:
10735:
10665:
10605:
10573:
10549:
10443:
10429:
10387:World War II
10385:
10364:
10221:
10165:
10099:
9931:
9796:
9770:
9747:
9728:
9702:
9681:Beacon Press
9676:
9650:
9628:
9609:
9588:cite journal
9575:
9541:
9537:
9508:
9504:
9472:
9468:
9443:
9439:
9415:
9402:
9371:
9337:
9331:
9321:
9297:
9270:
9244:
9227:
9223:
9200:
9181:
9158:
9139:
9120:
9098:
9074:
9048:
9042:
9018:
8995:
8973:
8953:
8943:the original
8937:
8928:
8906:
8884:
8862:(1): 25–45.
8859:
8853:
8840:
8821:
8796:
8792:
8773:
8749:
8722:
8700:
8677:
8653:
8629:
8625:
8603:
8584:
8581:Laffin, John
8557:
8534:
8508:
8467:
8445:(2): 28–42.
8442:
8436:
8413:
8393:
8368:
8340:
8334:
8319:the original
8306:
8302:
8275:
8266:
8246:
8226:
8207:
8188:
8166:
8147:
8128:
8106:(3): 16–32.
8103:
8097:
8074:
8055:
8031:
8006:
7983:
7964:
7942:
7920:
7896:
7870:
7848:
7807:
7801:
7782:
7763:
7739:
7713:
7706:Hughes 2009a
7701:
7694:Hughes 2009a
7689:
7682:Allport 2020
7677:
7670:Allport 2020
7665:
7653:
7648:, p. ?.
7611:
7599:
7560:
7548:
7536:
7524:
7512:
7500:
7488:
7476:
7469:Shapira 1999
7464:
7452:
7426:Nicosia 2014
7421:
7414:Nicosia 2014
7409:
7402:Nicosia 2014
7397:
7385:
7373:
7366:Nicosia 2014
7361:
7354:Nicosia 2014
7349:
7337:
7325:
7318:Nicosia 2014
7313:
7306:Arielli 2008
7301:
7289:
7277:
7265:
7258:Nicosia 1980
7234:
7222:
7210:
7183:
7171:
7159:
7130:
7122:
7118:
7072:
7060:
7029:
7017:
7005:
6969:
6962:
6944:
6934:
6926:
6918:
6891:the original
6881:
6876:, p. 9.
6840:
6816:
6804:
6792:
6783:
6735:
6723:
6673:
6666:Ben-Ami 2005
6661:
6654:Nicosia 2008
6649:
6637:
6625:
6598:. Retrieved
6594:the original
6589:
6580:
6537:
6506:
6499:Adelman 2008
6494:
6482:
6470:
6458:
6449:
6437:
6430:Friling 2005
6425:
6418:Adelman 2008
6413:
6406:Friling 2005
6401:
6394:Harouvi 1999
6341:
6315:Stewart 2002
6272:Harouvi 1999
6267:
6255:
6228:
6221:Ben-Ami 2005
6216:
6204:
6196:
6191:
6179:
6144:
6096:. Retrieved
6089:the original
6076:
6069:Hoffman 2015
6064:
6055:
6049:
6037:
5960:
5951:
5939:
5905:
5899:
5887:
5875:
5836:, p. 4.
5829:
5802:. Retrieved
5798:the original
5787:
5758:
5746:
5734:
5722:
5695:
5686:
5649:
5637:. Retrieved
5630:
5621:
5609:. Retrieved
5590:
5583:
5571:
5559:
5552:Kayyālī 1978
5547:
5536:
5530:
5493:Kayyālī 1978
5452:
5445:Gilbert 1998
5440:
5412:
5403:
5396:Kayyālī 1978
5391:
5382:
5370:
5342:
5330:
5325:, p. 3.
5308:, p. 2.
5301:
5289:
5277:
5270:Sanagan 2013
5265:
5258:Sanagan 2020
5253:
5246:Sanagan 2020
5241:
5234:Sanagan 2020
5229:
5222:Sanagan 2020
5217:
5210:Sanagan 2013
5205:
5193:
5181:
5169:
5157:
5150:Commins 2004
5145:
5133:
5121:
5114:Hughes 2016b
5109:
5097:
5090:Khalidi 2001
5085:
5078:Sanagan 2013
5073:
5049:Sanagan 2013
5032:Sanagan 2013
5027:
5015:
5008:Sanagan 2020
5003:
4991:
4945:
4933:
4921:
4909:
4897:
4885:
4856:
4844:
4832:
4820:
4767:Khalidi 2001
4762:
4750:
4723:
4711:
4706:, p. 5.
4699:
4687:
4680:Hughes 2009a
4675:
4668:Laurens 2002
4646:
4634:
4607:
4600:Sanagan 2013
4595:
4565:Sanagan 2013
4534:
4525:
4520:, p. 9.
4513:
4508:, p. 1.
4485:
4479:
4446:
4434:
4427:Millman 1998
4407:
4380:
4373:Hughes 2009a
4287:
4278:
4268:
4257:Abteilung 1,
4256:
4247:
4234:
4225:
4216:
4207:
4198:
4185:
4176:
4168:
4160:
4155:
4128:
4101:
4074:
3997:
3994:
3980:gendarmeries
3979:
3977:
3972:Alan Allport
3969:
3940:
3931:
3919:
3903:
3870:
3861:Lord Halifax
3827:
3819:Benny Morris
3812:
3803:
3784:
3767:
3763:
3748:
3714:Saudi Arabia
3698:
3685:
3676:
3667:
3626:Ottoman Army
3623:
3612:
3599:
3587:
3586:
3570:
3554:Yusuf Hamdan
3540:
3528:
3522:
3512:
3475:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3447:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3416:
3366:
3338:Hebron hills
3335:
3322:
3306:Mount Carmel
3296:
3294:
3282:
3279:Jaffa Street
3275:
3260:
3256:Nazi Germany
3235:
3229:
3223:
3204:Shaul Avigur
3197:
3193:
3186:Arab Platoon
3185:
3177:
3174:
3164:
3163:
3141:Tegart forts
3070:Mobile units
3029:
3020:
3005:Please help
2993:
2953:
2945:
2941:
2933:
2926:
2923:
2902:
2891:
2889:
2873:
2855:Orde Wingate
2825:Yehuda Arazi
2818:
2815:
2790:
2782:
2753:
2721:
2702:
2692:emplacements
2682:
2675:
2669:
2667:
2658:
2650:
2642:
2640:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2616:
2613:Dudley Pound
2606:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2569:
2562:
2534:
2523:
2516:
2512:
2499:Trans-Jordan
2476:
2473:
2457:
2429:
2374:David Petrie
2363:
2336:Tegart forts
2330:
2326:
2313:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2283:
2269:11th Hussars
2261:
2244:
2238:
2213:
2198:
2194:
2183:
2115:Ralph Cairns
2107:
2098:
2077:
2053:
2025:
1996:Revisionists
1993:
1980:
1957:
1925:
1909:
1901:
1893:
1882:
1875:
1859:
1849:." However,
1839:
1834:
1823:
1791:
1759:Jordan River
1752:
1741:
1733:
1729:
1685:
1657:Thessaloniki
1642:
1619:
1588:
1555:Nuri as-Said
1551:
1541:
1523:
1482:
1451:
1443:
1427:
1419:anti-Zionist
1408:
1372:
1371:clan-based (
1360:
1339:
1330:
1314:shanty towns
1289:immiseration
1272:
1256:
1228:
1208:
1183:British Army
1167:Saudi Arabia
1151:
1100:
1096:Jewish state
1083:
1079:
1076:Great Revolt
1075:
1061:
1026:
876:
835:108 executed
826:
816:
807:
789:1,000–3,000
750:
745:Sa'id al-'As
725:
722:Hasan Salama
701:
696:Mustafa Osta
685:
673:
650:
638:
633:Yusuf Hamdan
626:
614:
602:
548:
527:
526:
479:
478:
450:(1936–1939)
443:Dudley Pound
408:Roderic Hill
373:Lt.-General
362:Lt.-General
345:Lt.-General
301:
266:
257:
239:
175:
150:British Army
126:
121:Belligerents
102:
42:Part of the
29:
12797:Arab Ba'ath
12719:Salah Jadid
12576:Arabization
12423:Six-Day War
12418:Suez Crisis
12364:Arab Revolt
12343:Pan-Arabism
12235:Suez Crisis
12133:Transjordan
12037:West Africa
12014:(1899–1902)
12008:(1898–1901)
12000:Six-Day War
11948:(1894–1905)
11936:(1891–1895)
11916:Mashonaland
11880:Mahdist War
11820:Shimonoseki
11750:(1847–1901)
11660:(1824–1901)
11628:Cape Colony
11526:Cape Colony
11485:(1799–1805)
11479:(1799–1803)
11467:(1798–1800)
11455:(1796–1818)
11429:Cape Colony
11419:(1793–1806)
11401:(1788–1934)
11297:Nova Scotia
11267:Yamasee War
11238:(1694–1700)
11212:Child's War
11200:2nd Tangier
11194:1st Tangier
11190:(1655–1739)
11140:Saint Kitts
11118:(1593–1603)
11051:World War I
10509:Suez Crisis
10456:Suez Crisis
10185:Arab Revolt
10167:World War I
9905:Jaffa riots
9775:I.B. Tauris
9230:: 917–949.
8587:. Cassell.
8505:Shlaim, Avi
7718:Hughes 2019
7565:Nashif 2008
7553:Morris 1999
7517:Morris 1999
7445:Krämer 2008
7294:Morris 1999
7282:Hughes 2019
7270:Hughes 2019
7227:Hughes 2019
7215:Hughes 2019
7203:Hughes 2019
7188:Hughes 2019
7176:Hughes 2019
7164:Hughes 2019
7152:Hughes 2019
7135:Hughes 2019
6874:Anglim 2005
6776:Morris 1999
6740:Morris 1999
6728:Morris 1999
6701:Morris 1999
6630:Bajohr 2002
6618:Krämer 2008
6557:Morris 1999
6511:Krämer 2008
6463:Morris 1999
6442:Laffin 1979
6375:Thomas 2008
6334:Krämer 2008
6248:Thomas 2008
6233:Harris 1998
6209:Omissi 1990
6184:Rotter 2008
6172:Omissi 1990
6137:Morris 1999
6042:Thomas 2008
5834:Hughes 2019
5804:11 November
5739:Morris 2004
5715:Morris 1999
5576:Krämer 2008
5564:Krämer 2008
5474:Krämer 2008
5457:Krämer 2008
5375:Krämer 2008
5335:Morris 1999
5323:Hughes 2019
5306:Hughes 2019
5294:Porath 2015
5282:Bar-On 2004
5198:Krämer 2008
5174:Morris 1999
5162:Thomas 2007
5126:Krämer 2008
5066:Krämer 2008
4996:Krämer 2008
4984:Krämer 2008
4967:Krämer 2008
4950:Krämer 2008
4938:Krämer 2008
4926:Yazbak 2000
4914:Krämer 2008
4902:Yazbak 2000
4890:Yazbak 2000
4878:Yazbak 2000
4861:Yazbak 2000
4849:Yazbak 2000
4837:Yazbak 2000
4825:Yazbak 2000
4813:Morris 1999
4796:Morris 1999
4755:Hughes 2019
4743:Hughes 2019
4728:Norris 2008
4716:Norris 2008
4692:Norris 2008
4651:Norris 2008
4627:Morris 1999
4612:Hughes 2019
4588:Yazbak 2000
4550:Palestine.'
4530:Nur Masalha
4518:Kabahā 2014
4506:Hughes 2019
4451:Morris 1999
4293:Morris 1999
4240:Hughes 2019
3660:battalion.
3654:Hamad Sa'ab
3614:Issa Battat
3566:Transjordan
3562:Arab Legion
3362:Black Watch
3226:Revisionist
3224:In 1931, a
3157:settlement
2937:Acre Prison
2823:(headed by
2588:gun running
2519:road blocks
2406:Solel Boneh
2346:Tegart fort
2201:martial law
1984:Transjordan
1912:Levi Billig
1885:Transjordan
1782:Jaffa riots
1681:Haganah-Bet
1673:Petah Tikva
1179:martial law
1171:Transjordan
1027:Arab Revolt
1005:Jaffa riots
664:Wasif Kamal
609:Issa Battat
474:(from 1937)
431:(1938–1939)
416:(1936–1938)
396:(1938–1939)
379:(1938–1939)
354:(1936–1937)
338:(1938–1944)
322:(1932–1938)
228:(from 1937)
13151:Categories
12961:Literature
12654:Tariq Aziz
12571:Arab world
12566:Arab Union
12495:Dhofar War
12139:Pink's War
12031:Somaliland
11868:Basutoland
11622:Guadeloupe
11604:Xhosa Wars
11586:Seychelles
11568:Guadeloupe
11556:Martinique
11423:Rohilkhand
11387:Gold Coast
11357:Rohilkhand
11315:Bengal War
11152:Pequot War
9960:The Saison
9921:Black Hand
9866:Background
9582:: 487–507.
9014:Segev, Tom
8682:I B Tauris
8659:I.B.Tauris
7917:Black, Ian
7658:Segev 1999
7616:Segev 1999
7604:Segev 1999
7592:Segev 1999
7541:Cohen 2009
7529:Cohen 2009
7505:Segev 1999
7493:Segev 1999
7481:Segev 1999
7457:Segev 1999
7342:Fiore 2010
7330:Fiore 2010
7111:Horne 2003
7096:Horne 2003
7053:Horne 2003
6998:Horne 2003
6911:Horne 2003
6809:Cohen 2009
6797:Cohen 2009
6755:Cohen 2009
6678:Segev 1999
6642:Segev 1991
6542:Segev 1999
6530:Segev 1999
6149:Segev 1999
6122:Segev 1999
6030:Horne 2003
6015:Segev 1999
6000:Segev 1999
5983:CAB 24/282
5965:Segev 1999
5932:Segev 1999
5880:Horne 2003
5868:Horne 2003
5822:Cohen 2009
5727:Louis 2006
5700:Segev 1999
5654:Horne 2003
5523:Horne 2003
5508:Segev 1999
5347:Horne 2003
5138:Tripp 2002
5020:Segev 1999
4704:Kelly 2017
4639:Kelly 2015
4385:Black 2006
4303:References
3841:Musa Alami
3725:Casualties
3634:Said al-As
3458:mujahideen
3450:mujahadeen
3301:Nashashibi
3023:April 2012
2863:Kfar Tavor
2584:destroyers
2557:Royal Navy
2462:developed
2190:sanitation
2069:Seychelles
2017:Ben Gurion
1952:Gan-Shmuel
1709:See also:
1595:Lewis guns
1513:, and the
1499:, the pro-
1494:Nashashibi
1446:), led by
1417:, a small
1415:Black Hand
1042:the Saison
916:Beit Imrin
823:2 executed
812:262 killed
741:(expelled)
593:(defected)
509:(defected)
12994:Symbolism
12338:Nasserism
12333:Ba'athism
12271:Falklands
12267:(1963–67)
12261:(1962–66)
12255:(1962–90)
12243:(1962–76)
12231:(1955–59)
12225:(1954–59)
12219:(1952–60)
12213:(1948–60)
12207:(1946–50)
12199:Indonesia
12195:(1945–46)
12193:Indochina
12189:(1944–48)
12177:(1936–39)
12171:(1936–39)
12159:(1931–32)
12153:(1930–31)
12147:(1927–30)
12129:(1922–24)
12127:Kurdistan
12111:(1919–20)
12087:(1916–17)
12067:Nyasaland
12063:(1914–15)
12057:(1914–15)
12045:(1903–04)
12039:(1901–02)
12033:(1900–20)
11996:(1897–98)
11990:(1897–98)
11972:(1896–97)
11942:(1893–94)
11906:(1886–89)
11882:(1881–99)
11876:(1880–81)
11870:(1880–81)
11864:(1879–80)
11852:(1875–76)
11838:Abyssinia
11834:(1866–71)
11828:(1864–65)
11816:(1863–64)
11808:Kagoshima
11804:(1857–58)
11798:(1857–59)
11792:(1856–60)
11786:(1856–57)
11780:(1854–56)
11778:Åland War
11762:(1848–49)
11738:(1845–50)
11732:(1845–46)
11726:(1845–72)
11720:(1839–42)
11714:(1839–42)
11708:(1839–41)
11696:(1837–38)
11690:(1837–38)
11684:(1831–33)
11678:(1831–32)
11672:(1828–32)
11666:(1824–26)
11642:(1817–18)
11618:(1814–16)
11612:(1812–15)
11606:(1811–79)
11600:(1810–11)
11580:Mauritius
11552:(1808–09)
11534:(1806–07)
11510:(1803–05)
11473:(1798–99)
11443:(1795–96)
11437:(1795–96)
11413:(1789–92)
11389:(1781–82)
11383:(1779–84)
11377:(1775–82)
11371:(1775–83)
11359:(1773–74)
11353:(1769–73)
11347:(1765–71)
11341:(1763–66)
11335:(1762–63)
11323:(1758–61)
11317:(1756–65)
11311:(1756–63)
11305:(1754–63)
11299:(1749–55)
11293:(1746–63)
11287:(1744–48)
11281:(1740–42)
11275:(1722–25)
11269:(1715–17)
11263:(1711–15)
11257:(1702–13)
11232:(1688–97)
11226:(1688–91)
11214:(1686–90)
11208:(1675–78)
11184:(1654–60)
11178:(1654–67)
11172:(1649–53)
11166:(1641–53)
11154:(1634–38)
11124:(1609–46)
9560:159806598
9525:144152921
9489:144764155
9460:144109522
9362:143687219
8905:(2015) .
8876:159800348
8813:161300717
8359:159743031
8079:Routledge
7840:145144088
7824:1353-0194
7390:Herf 2009
7378:Herf 2009
7239:Herf 2009
5639:5 January
5611:5 January
5596:Routledge
4308:Citations
4142:romanized
4115:romanized
4088:romanized
3693:Abyssinia
3558:al-Lajjun
3516:from the
3443:Oozlebart
3263:Iron Wall
2994:does not
2705:oilfields
2674:HMS
2576:howitzers
2495:Palestine
2440:denailing
2402:Histadrut
2224:gelignite
2111:Jerusalem
1975:Lord Peel
1897:John Dill
1887:, led by
1761:south of
1583:Givat Ada
1460:Qalqilyah
1424:mujāhīdūn
1379:Nebi Musa
1195:NDP party
1082:, or the
931:Beersheba
921:al-Khader
791:(1936–37)
466:Commander
347:John Dill
13136:Category
13078:Islamism
12787:Al-Fatat
12554:Concepts
12321:Ideology
12259:Malaysia
12181:Ethiopia
12079:Peshawar
11844:Manitoba
11826:Duar War
11122:Virginia
10864:Iraq War
10047:British
9727:(1989).
9701:(1987).
9675:(2007).
9649:(2023).
9413:(2015).
9401:(1938).
9295:(2012).
9269:(2004).
9119:(1999).
9065:24268904
9016:(1999).
8994:(2004).
8927:(1971).
8747:(2004).
8721:(1999).
8624:(2002).
8583:(1979).
8555:(2008).
8507:(eds.).
8492:(2001).
8269:. Knopf.
8187:(1998).
8004:(2009).
7963:(1996).
7941:(2006).
7895:(2005).
7869:(2004).
7832:20455584
7737:(2020).
4161:fallāḥīn
4019:See also
3799:havlagah
3771:Tel Aviv
3658:Lebanese
3466:quwwa'id
3454:fedayeen
3350:Old City
3314:Nazareth
3284:Havlagah
2875:Ghaffirs
2798:Damascus
2774:pan-Arab
2757:imperial
2683:Warspite
2572:cruisers
2274:mukhtars
2248:al-Bassa
2136:al-Bassa
2125:Response
2084:Havlagah
1873:desert.
1847:fellahin
1694:Timeline
1528:and the
1506:the pro-
1440:Nazareth
1310:fellahin
1263:Wauchope
1258:Falastin
1193:, whose
1185:and the
1103:fellahin
936:Tiberias
926:Kafr Sur
839:5 exiled
770:Strength
660:(exiled)
566:(exiled)
523:(exiled)
495:(exiled)
309:General
87:Location
12782:Al-Awda
12357:History
12253:Sarawak
12205:Sarawak
12097:Nigeria
12085:Mohmand
12073:Nigeria
12024:century
11682:Malacca
11676:Jamaica
11634:Algiers
11574:Reunion
11520:Surinam
11495:century
11441:Grenada
11435:Jamaica
11327:Jamaica
11248:century
11188:Jamaica
11116:Ireland
11109:century
11096:English
10256:Revolts
9769:(ed.).
9354:4284093
8120:2676453
7727:Sources
5985:, p. 4.
5781:. 1938.
4144::
4117::
4090::
3985:Rif War
3943:Israeli
3906:Germany
3795:Haganah
3720:Outcome
3664:Funding
3576:Arrabah
3532:metonym
3523:fasa'il
3518:Tulkarm
3503:Lebanon
3472:Galilee
3439:Ursabat
3421:(sing:
3419:fasa'il
3318:Husayni
3194:Rekhesh
3190:Palmach
3188:of the
3184:); the
3095:Rekhesh
3015:removed
3000:sources
2903:Haganah
2893:Haganah
2688:Lebanon
2670:Repulse
2659:Repulse
2651:Repulse
2643:Repulse
2632:Emerald
2628:Repulse
2623:Emerald
2617:Repulse
2601:Repulse
2394:Lebanon
2267:of the
1869:in the
1853:of the
1820:, 1936.
1677:Yarkona
1653:Tulkarm
1626:Tel Hai
1599:Haganah
1573:Prelude
1508:Khalidi
1501:Husayni
1456:Tulkarm
1400:Haganah
1363:Zionism
1275:Ottoman
1269:in 1917
1267:Allenby
1235:Haganah
1203:faction
1147:Zionism
1092:Zionism
891:Tulkarm
751:†
702:†
686:†
674:†
651:†
639:†
627:†
615:†
603:†
549:†
464:Haganah
440:Admiral
258:fasa'il
195:Haganah
12273:(1982)
12249:(1962)
12247:Brunei
12237:(1956)
12201:(1945)
12183:(1943)
12165:(1935)
12141:(1925)
12135:(1923)
12123:(1921)
12117:(1920)
12105:(1919)
12099:(1918)
12093:(1917)
12091:Quebec
12081:(1915)
12075:(1915)
12069:(1915)
12051:(1906)
12002:(1899)
11984:(1897)
11978:(1897)
11966:(1896)
11960:(1896)
11954:(1895)
11930:(1891)
11924:(1891)
11918:(1890)
11912:(1888)
11910:Hazara
11900:(1885)
11894:(1885)
11888:(1882)
11858:(1879)
11846:(1870)
11840:(1868)
11822:(1864)
11810:(1863)
11774:(1854)
11768:(1852)
11756:(1848)
11754:Ceylon
11744:(1847)
11742:Canton
11702:(1839)
11654:(1823)
11652:Guiana
11648:(1819)
11636:(1816)
11630:(1815)
11624:(1815)
11594:(1810)
11588:(1810)
11582:(1810)
11576:(1810)
11570:(1810)
11564:(1809)
11558:(1809)
11546:(1807)
11540:(1807)
11528:(1806)
11522:(1804)
11516:(1804)
11504:(1800)
11461:(1798)
11449:(1795)
11447:Ceylon
11431:(1795)
11425:(1794)
11407:(1789)
11395:(1786)
11365:(1774)
11329:(1762)
11220:(1687)
11202:(1664)
11196:(1662)
11176:Acadia
11160:(1641)
11148:(1628)
11146:Quebec
11142:(1626)
11136:(1622)
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