823:
the assembly on April 22, 1982, and Mario Andrew Valdez, a surgeon from San
Salvador randomly chosen to act as a vice president & civilian's opinion on the president's actions, elected in December 10, 1982, were the most likely candidates. D'Aubuisson's reputed ties with the violent right wing, however, militated against him. It was reported that the United States and the Salvadoran High Command lobbied persuasively against D'Aubuisson's appointment, mainly on the grounds that his negative image outside El Salvador would complicate (if not preclude) the provision of substantial aid from Washington. Apparently swayed by this argument, the members of the Constituent Assembly appointed Alvaro Magana Borja (a political moderate with ties to the military) to the post on April 26. In an effort to maintain political equilibrium, Magana's cabinet included members of all three major parties: Arena, the PDC and the PCN.
811:) recognized this reality, and lent its considerable influence to the cause of continued PDC participation in government. The Christian Democrats had been brought into the juntas at the urging of reformist officers; by 1982 the PDC and the military had come to a practical understanding based on their shared interest in maintaining good relations with the United States, expanding political participation, improving economic conditions for the average Salvadoran and fending off the challenge from the Marxist left. Realistically, the last objective was preeminent and encompassed the other three. Lesser influence was exerted on the deputies by popular opinion and demonstrations of support for specific reforms. For example,
717:
declaration of the requisite circumstances may be issued by either the legislative or the executive branch of government. The suspension of constitutional guarantees lasts for a maximum of 30 days, at which point it may be extended for an additional 30 days by legislative decree. The declaration of suspension of guarantees grants jurisdiction over cases involving "crimes against the existence and organization of the state" to special military courts. The military courts which functioned from
February 1984 until early 1987 under a suspension of guarantees (or state of siege) were commonly known as "Decree 50 courts", after the legislative decree which established them.
897:
altogether was ruled out. The conservatives retained enough clout, however, to limit the provisions of the original decrees. Their major victory in this regard was the raising of the maximum allowable landholding under Phase II of the reform from 100 to 245 hectares, an action that addressed the concerns of some well-to-do landowners but that put a crimp in redistribution efforts by reducing the amount of land subject to expropriation. After the 1982–1983 suspension, the
Constituent Assembly twice extended Phase III of the reform; the government accepted applications for title under this phase until July 1984.
901:
covered by military law when the country was in a state of declared war. These restrictions effectively eliminated the death penalty from the
Salvadoran criminal justice system. Consideration of the draft document by the full Constituent Assembly began in August 1983; the final version was approved by that body in December. The effective date of the constitution was December 20, 1983. The Constituent Assembly (having completed its mandate) was dismissed at that point, only to be reconvened on December 22 as the Legislative Assembly. The membership of the body remained the same.
1841:
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active-duty military personnel are prohibited from membership in political parties, and cannot run for public office; moreover, the clergy and the military are enjoined from "carry out political propaganda in any form". Although military personnel are not denied suffrage by the constitution, the armed forces' leadership routinely instructed its personnel to refrain from voting in order to concentrate on providing security for polling places.
873:) for refusing to comply with the president's directives. Arena party leadership advised the minister to reject the president's action and to retain his post. This proved to be a miscalculation on the part of Arena, as Magana went on to have the dismissal approved by a majority of the Constituent Assembly. Again in this instance, the behind-the-scenes support of the military worked in favor of the provisional president (and against Arena).
43:
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881:(particularly Constituent Assembly president D'Aubuisson) saw this (not without justification) as an effort to diminish their influence in the government and sought to defeat the appointment through parliamentary maneuvering. They succeeded only in delaying approval, however. Furthermore, after the vote the assembly amended its procedures to limit the power of the assembly president.
857:
government". In what became known as the Pact of
Apaneca, the parties agreed on certain broad principles in the areas of democratization, the protection of human rights, the promotion of economic development, the preservation of economic and social reforms, and the protection of the country's security in the face of the violent conflict with leftist insurgent forces.
700:
apolitical nature of the
Salvadoran armed forces; the support of the state for the protection and promotion of private enterprise; the recognition of the right to private property; the right of laborers to a minimum wage and a six-day work week; the right of workers to strike and of owners to a lockout, and the traditional commitment to the reestablishment of the
836:(adherents of Arena) vented their frustration with the political process primarily in the area of agrarian reform. In May 1982, Magana proposed a partial suspension of Phase III of the reform (the "Land to the Tiller" program) for the 1982–1983 harvest season in order to avoid agricultural losses occasioned by the transfer of land titles.
819:
same time, the deputies voted to affirm the validity of the decrees issued by the junta governments (including those that enacted agrarian, banking, and foreign-commerce reforms). Having reestablished a working legal framework, the assembly voted itself the power to act as a legislature through the passage of constituent decrees.
796:). At stake was the continuation of United States aid (both economic and military), without which El Salvador would have been hard-pressed to sustain its democratic transition in the face of growing military and political pressure from the Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front-Revolutionary Democratic Front (
818:
The drafting of the constitution was delegated by the
Constituent Assembly to a special commission composed of representatives of all the major political parties. The assembly agreed to reinstate the 1962 constitution (with only a few exclusions) until a constitution was produced and approved. At the
791:
The original, exclusionary aims of the rightist coalition were not fulfilled. During its existence (from April 1982 through
December 1983), the Constituent Assembly came under pressure from a number of sources (most significantly, the United States government and the Salvadoran military). U.S. envoys
843:
Although Arena's most important domestic constituency—the economic elite—continued to advocate the limitation (if not the elimination) of agrarian reform, it was clear that such efforts in the
Constituent Assembly would have negative repercussions. The failure of Arena's leadership to take this fact
839:
The Arena-led coalition in the assembly seized on this proposal and expanded it to include some 95 percent of Phase III landholdings. This action was interpreted by interested parties (in El
Salvador and abroad) as a bid by the right to eliminate agrarian reform and to encourage the eviction of land
720:
According to the constitution, all Salvadorans over 18 years of age are considered citizens. As such, they have political rights and political obligations. Rights of the citizen include the exercise of suffrage and the formation of political parties "in accordance with the law", or the right to join
712:
Title One enumerates the rights of the individual, among them: the right to free expression that "does not subvert the public order"; the right of free association and peaceful assembly for any legal purpose; the legal presumption of innocence; the legal inadmissibility of forced confession, and the
860:
Organizationally, the pact established three commissions: a Political Commission to work out a timetable and guidelines for future elections, a Human Rights Commission to oversee and promote improvements in that area, and a Peace Commission to explore possible resolutions of the civil conflict. The
822:
Since it could not serve as both the legislative and the executive branch, the Constituent Assembly was required to approve the appointment of a provisional president and provisional vice president. Many observers believed that Arena leader Roberto D'Aubuisson Arrieta, who was elected president of
892:
The special commission charged with drafting the constitution finished its work in June 1983. At that time, it reported that it had reached agreement in almost all respects. Two major exceptions, however, were agrarian reform and the schedule and procedure for presidential elections. These issues
699:
Some provisions shared by the two charters include: the establishment of a five-year presidential term with no successive reelection; the right of the people to resort to "insurrection" to redress a transgression of the constitutional order; the affirmation (however neglected in practice) of the
900:
Aside from the sections dealing with agrarian reform, the draft constitution was approved by the Constituent Assembly without an excess of debate. One exception was the article dealing with the death penalty. The version finally approved by the assembly endorsed capital punishment only in cases
896:
Of all the constitutional provisions debated in the Constituent Assembly, those dealing with agrarian reform were the most contentious. In light of the decline in the Arena coalition's standing and influence and the corresponding gains of the PDC and its moderate allies, eliminating the reforms
884:
Arena was not the only party to see its standing diminish after the signing of the Pact of Apaneca. The PCN delegation in the Constituent Assembly suffered a rupture immediately after the signing of the pact, as nine conservative deputies split from the party to establish a bloc they dubbed the
724:
Voters are required to have their names entered in the electoral register. Political campaigns are limited to four months preceding presidential balloting, two months before balloting for legislative representatives (deputies), and one month before municipal elections. Members of the clergy and
868:
The pact did not put an end to infighting among the political parties. Magana, lacking a political power base or constituency beyond the good will of the military, found it frustrating to try to exert authority over his cabinet ministers (particularly those drawn from the ranks of Arena). This
716:
Title One also specifies the conditions under which constitutional guarantees may be suspended, and the procedures for such suspension. Grounds for such action include war, invasion, rebellion, sedition, catastrophe (natural disasters), epidemic or "grave disturbances of the public order". The
782:
Representatives of these five parties issued a manifesto in March 1982, decrying both communism and Christian democratic socialism and declaring that both ideologies had been rejected by the people via the ballot box. The coalition leaders suggested that they were preparing to limit Christian
732:
Amending the constitution is a complex process. Initial approval of an amendment (or "reform") requires only a majority vote in the Legislative Assembly. Before the amendment can be incorporated, however, it must be ratified by a two-thirds vote in the next elected assembly. Since legislative
728:
Title Five defines the outlines of the country's economic order. As noted, private enterprise and private property are guaranteed. The latter is recognized as a "social function", a phrase which may function as a loophole for the potential expropriation of unproductive land or other holdings.
856:
under control and to prevent them from sabotaging not only the reforms but the fledgling democratic system, Magana (apparently at the strong urging of the military chiefs and the United States) brought together representatives of Arena, the PDC and the PCN to negotiate a "basic platform of
729:
Individual landowners are limited to holdings of no more than 245 hectares, but may dispose of their holdings as they see fit. The expropriation of land may be undertaken for the public benefit in the "social interest", through legal channels and with fair compensation.
746:
after 1979; it would also serve as the master plan for a system of representative democratic government. In addition to crafting the structure of that government, the Constituent Assembly was responsible for issuing a schedule for presidential elections.
840:
recipients (an ongoing process at the time), although its extent was difficult to quantify; it led directly to a limitation by the Senate Foreign Relations Committee of the U.S. Congress on military and Economic Support Funds (ESF) aid to El Salvador.
1962:
861:
guidelines established by the pact eased the chaotic governmental situation to some degree; they were also significant in bringing Arena into a formal governmental association with more moderate actors (such as the PDC) and committing the
750:
A majority of the members (or deputies) of the Constituent Assembly represented conservative political parties. Conservative parties had drawn approximately 52 percent of the total popular vote. The moderate Christian Democratic Party
741:
The 60-member Constituent Assembly elected in March 1982 was charged with producing a new constitution. This new document was expected to institutionalize (although perhaps in modified form) the reform measures taken by the various
844:
into account and its seeming inability—or unwillingness—to seek compromise and accommodation on this and other issues contributed to its eventual loss of influence among center-right assembly delegates and the military leadership.
876:
The damage done to Arena's prestige by the dismissal of the health minister was compounded by the party's efforts to influence the appointment of his successor. Magana proposed a member of the small, moderate AD for the post. The
721:
an existing party. The exercise of suffrage is listed as an obligation as well as a right, making voting mandatory. Failure to vote has technically been subject to a small fine (a penalty rarely invoked in practice).
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Despite its defeat on the issue of the provisional presidency, Arena continued to hold the balance of power in El Salvador through its leadership of the conservative majority in the Constituent Assembly. The
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democratic influence on the drafting of the constitution, and to exclude the PDC from participation in the interim government that was to be named by the Constituent Assembly.
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or PDC) garnered 35.5 percent. These results equated to 24 seats for the PDC and 36 seats for a loose right-wing coalition made up of the Nationalist Republican Alliance (
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from the White House and Congress pressed Salvadoran political leaders to incorporate the PDC into the interim government and to preserve reform measures (particularly
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is similar to that of 1962, often incorporating verbatim passages from the earlier document. The constitution consists of 11 titles, subdivided into 274 articles.
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groups staged rallies outside the Constituent Assembly's chambers to press their demand for continuation of the agrarian-reform decrees.
30:
This article is about the current constitution of El Salvador. For previous constitutions and an overview of constitutional history, see
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right to the free exercise of religion with the stipulation that such exercise remain within the bounds of "morality and public order".
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or PAISA). This move left the assembly more-or-less evenly split between conservative and centrist deputies.
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Haggerty, Richard A. (November 1988). "The Political Setting". In Haggarty, Richard A. (ed.).
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conflict came to a head in December 1982, when Magana dismissed his health minister (an
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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Haggerty, Richard A. (November 1988). "The Document". In Haggarty, Richard A. (ed.).
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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ConstituciĂłn de la RepĂşblica del El Salvador (1983)
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54:single source
50:This article
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1958:Sint Maarten
1943:Saint Martin
1850:Dependencies
1735:
1528:Coat of arms
1485:Prostitution
1465:Demographics
1379:Central bank
1313:Human rights
1298:Court system
1293:Constitution
1292:
1200:World War II
1180:Mexican rule
1164:(Guatemalan)
1086:(in Spanish)
1078:(in English)
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685:constitution
680:
679:The current
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416:Nayib Bukele
388:Abortion law
376:Constitution
375:
322:San Salvador
312:31 July 1984
190:Jurisdiction
154:
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118:
108:
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94:
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51:
1928:Puerto Rico
1855:territories
1801:Saint Lucia
1736:El Salvador
1317:LGBT rights
1237:Earthquakes
1127:El Salvador
689:El Salvador
616:Visa policy
479:Departments
442:Legislature
428:FĂ©lix Ulloa
393:LGBT rights
339:Signatories
309:First court
304:1 June 1984
157:August 2009
2024:Categories
1923:Montserrat
1918:Martinique
1913:Guadeloupe
1711:Costa Rica
1563:Television
1543:Literature
1455:Corruption
1348:Presidents
1170:Intendancy
928:References
809:alto mardo
296:1 May 1985
282:Federalism
254:Unicameral
91:newspapers
1996:Caribbean
1908:Greenland
1831:Venezuela
1776:Nicaragua
1746:Guatemala
1666:Argentina
1651:Sovereign
1480:Languages
1470:Education
1424:Transport
1303:Elections
1257:Volcanism
1215:Geography
1157:New Spain
813:campesino
802:guerrilla
779:or POP).
497:Elections
453:President
411:President
405:Executive
328:Author(s)
270:Judiciary
260:Executive
206:Presented
121:June 2017
61:talk page
1863:Anguilla
1811:Suriname
1786:Paraguay
1761:Honduras
1721:Dominica
1706:Colombia
1676:Barbados
1598:Category
1500:Religion
1450:Abortion
1389:Currency
1338:Military
1276:Politics
1131:articles
1058:89048948
982:89048948
905:See also
879:areneros
863:areneros
854:areneros
834:areneros
606:Passport
580:Minister
317:Location
250:Chambers
240:Branches
185:Overview
1893:Curaçao
1878:Bonaire
1873:Bermuda
1826:Uruguay
1766:Jamaica
1741:Grenada
1731:Ecuador
1686:Bolivia
1671:Bahamas
1582:Outline
1533:Cuisine
1515:Culture
1438:Society
1419:Tourism
1362:Economy
1242:Islands
1139:History
871:arenero
286:Unitary
198:Created
147:updated
105:scholar
1781:Panama
1771:Mexico
1751:Guyana
1696:Canada
1691:Brazil
1681:Belize
1653:states
1603:Portal
1523:Anthem
1404:Mining
1399:Energy
1252:Rivers
1232:Cities
1129:
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1038:.
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962:.
225:System
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78:
1868:Aruba
1756:Haiti
1701:Chile
1589:Index
1558:Sport
1548:Music
1460:Crime
1227:Biota
761:Arena
112:JSTOR
98:books
1933:Saba
1853:and
1791:Peru
1716:Cuba
1538:Flag
1054:LCCN
978:LCCN
546:2024
540:2021
535:2018
522:2024
516:2019
511:2014
84:news
759:or
687:of
67:by
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119:(
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