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1991 Croatian independence referendum

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961: 3253: 1100: 151: 1128:, but the countries agreed to pursue a common approach and avoid unilateral actions. On 10 October, two days after the Croatian Parliament confirmed the declaration of independence, the EEC decided to postpone any decision to recognize Croatia for two months, deciding to recognize Croatian independence in two months if the war had not ended by then. As the deadline expired, Germany presented its decision to recognize Croatia as its policy and duty—a position supported by 1065: 852: 2857: 1247: 731: 994:, presented on the blue ballot, passed with 93.24% in favor, 4.15% against, and 1.18% of invalid or blank votes. The second referendum question, proposing that Croatia should remain in Yugoslavia, was declined with 5.38% votes in favor, 92.18% against and 2.07% of invalid votes. The turnout was 83.56%. 1160:
that the deficit would be remedied. The RSK formally declared its separation from Croatia on 19 December, but its statehood and independence were not recognized internationally. On 26 December, Yugoslav authorities announced plans for a smaller state, which could include the territory captured from
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debate on 14 December, when Germany appeared determined to defy the UN resolution. On 17 December, the EEC formally agreed to grant Croatia diplomatic recognition on 15 January 1992, relying on opinion of the Badinter Arbitration Committee. The Committee ruled that Croatia's independence should not
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and independent state, guaranteeing cultural autonomy and civil rights to Serbs and other minorities in Croatia, free to form an association of sovereign states with other former Yugoslav republics. In the second, Croatia would remain in Yugoslavia as a unified federal state. Serb local authorities
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to former Yugoslav republics. In late 1991, the Commission stated, among other things, that Yugoslavia was in the process of dissolution, and that the internal boundaries of Yugoslav republics could not be altered unless freely agreed upon. Factors in the preservation of Croatia's pre-war borders,
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defined by demarcation commissions in 1947, were the Yugoslav federal constitutional amendments of 1971 and 1974, granting that sovereign rights were exercised by the federal units, and that the federation had only the authority specifically transferred to it by the constitution.
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of the vote. Alternative counter-referendum was held a week earlier in Serb controlled areas where voters were asked if they want to remain a part of Yugoslavia and with this referendum being delayed in
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Although it is not a public holiday, 15 January is marked as the day Croatia won international recognition by Croatian media and politicians. On the day's 10th anniversary in 2002, the
2216:[Contribution to the history of public administration: commission for the boundary demarcation at the government's presidency of the People's Republic of Croatia, 1945–1946] 3062: 3241: 2480: 1849: 1040:. On 8 October 1991, the moratorium expired, and the Croatian Parliament severed all remaining ties with Yugoslavia. That particular session of the parliament was held in the 2772: 901:
gave increased autonomy to federal units, essentially fulfilling a goal of the Croatian Spring and providing a legal basis for independence of the federative constituents.
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led to stabilization and a significant reduction of violence. The war effectively ended in August 1995 with a decisive victory for Croatia as a result of
3234: 3169: 677: 601: 2262:[Yugoslavia: a unitary state or federation of historic efforts of Serbian and Croatian nations—one of the causes of breakup of Yugoslavia]. 1559: 1192:, and Germany in December 1991. The EEC countries granted Croatia recognition on 15 January 1992, and the United Nations admitted them in May 1992. 1228: 1010: 983: 816: 2736: 2700: 1287: 1962: 3227: 771: 1758: 3340: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3007: 2845: 575: 570: 565: 364: 3346: 3046: 3041: 2982: 2977: 2972: 1363: 510: 505: 2260:"Jugoslavija: unitarna drĹľava ili federacija povijesne teĹľnje srpskoga i hrvatskog naroda â€“ jedan od uzroka raspada Jugoslavije" 1841: 404: 1989: 1324:[Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Standard Language – Declaration History Articles, Zagreb, 1997, p. 225] 986:
where it took place on the same day as the Croatian independence referendum. The Croatian independence referendum was held at 7,691
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advocated quick recognition of Croatia, stating that it wanted to stop ongoing violence in Serb-inhabited areas. It was opposed by
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On 25 April 1991, the Croatian Parliament decided to hold an independence referendum on 19 May. The decision was published in the
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and enjoyed a degree of autonomy within the Yugoslav federation. In 1967, a group of Croatian authors and linguists published the
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In the 1980s, the political situation in Yugoslavia deteriorated, with national tension fanned by the 1986 Serbian
799:. With 83 percent turnout, voters approved the referendum, with 93 percent in favor of independence. Subsequently, 412: 2476: 1488:[Last Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia: Causes, Consequences and Course of Dissolution] 3394: 1162: 1141: 878: 301: 1056:
for a while. Nowadays, October 8 is the Memorial Day of the Croatian Parliament and no longer a public holiday.
960: 1797:(1). Department for the History of Slavonia, Srijem and Baranja of the Croatian Institute of History: 291–319. 714: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 1084: 870: 553: 548: 388: 195: 3334: 3208: 3198: 2173:"The Opinions of the Badinter Arbitration Committee: A Second Breath for the Self-Determination of Peoples" 1265: 1022: 909: 824: 757: 670: 372: 356: 972:
and made official on 2 May 1991. The referendum offered two options. In the first, Croatia would become a
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resolution requesting no unilateral actions which could worsen the situation, but backed down during the
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to freeze its independence declaration for three months, initially easing tensions. Nonetheless, the
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Europe and the breakup of Yugoslavia: a political failure in search of a scholarly explanation
683: 796: 184: 1399: 1373: 256: 2944: 2861: 2142: 1150: 1045: 493: 468: 289: 268: 191: 2100:[Law of Holidays, Memorial Days and Non-Working Days in the Republic of Croatia]. 1698: 8: 3032: 2999: 2869: 2271: 1033: 855: 828: 635: 242: 141: 2191: 1874:[Declaration on proclamation of sovereign and independent Republic of Croatia]. 1415: 222: 2799: 2767: 2705: 2674: 2646: 2550: 2542: 2515: 2421: 1994: 1967: 1936: 1905: 1808: 1763: 1564: 1453: 1220: 1216: 1211:. In the period following the declaration of independence, the war escalated, with the 1208: 812: 2129:[European Politics at the Time of the Dissolution of the Yugoslav Federation] 201: 2810: 2389: 2311: 2275: 2233: 2195: 2146: 2023: 1812: 1731: 1668: 1597: 1501: 1486:"Posljednji kongres Saveza komunista Jugoslavije: uzroci, tijek i posljedice raspada" 1337: 1212: 998: 917: 886: 697: 476: 2187: 1798: 1411: 1018: 1014: 820: 808: 2259: 1153: 1099: 925: 172:
Constitutional Act on the Rights of National Minorities in the Republic of Croatia
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did not provide protection of minorities required by the EEC. In response, the
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escalated further. On 7 October, the eve of expiration of the moratorium, the
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in Zagreb due to security concerns provoked by the aforementioned Yugoslav
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severed all remaining ties with Yugoslavia. In 1992, the countries of the
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Croatia was first recognized as an independent state on 26 June 1991 by
2484: 1803: 1136:. France and the UK attempted to prevent the recognition by drafting a 1786: 1664: 1227:. Present day borders of Croatia were established when the remaining 1177: 1049: 889:. The declaration contributed to a national movement seeking greater 851: 1872:"Deklaracija o proglašenju suverene i samostalne Republike Hrvatske" 1294:(in Croatian). State Election Committee. 22 May 1991. Archived from 883:
Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Literary Language
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Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture
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and decentralization of the Yugoslav economy, culminating in the
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Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration (Croatia)
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of November 1995, with the process concluded in January 1998.
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would soon unite to become the internationally unrecognized
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escalated during the moratorium, and on 8 October 1991, the
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Croatia subsequently declared independence and dissolved (
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of 1971, which was suppressed by Yugoslav leadership. The
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Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States
1560:"Armed Serbs Guard Highways in Croatia During Referendum" 2701:"Yugoslav Factions Agree to U.N. Plan to Halt Civil War" 2580:[Recognition Anniversary Marked] (in Croatian). 1617: 1282: 1280: 2499: 1787:"Srpska pobuna u selima vukovarske općine 1990. - 1991" 1688: 1477: 1005:) its association with Yugoslavia on 25 June 1991. The 2751: 2720: 2689: 2075:[Twenty years of free Croatia] (in Croatian). 1842:"2 Yugoslav States Vote Independence To Press Demands" 1108:
Arbitration Commission of the Conference on Yugoslavia
952:(RSK), intent on achieving independence from Croatia. 932:
tensions. The Croatian Serb politicians boycotted the
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demanding a looser federation. In the same year, the
2630: 1552: 1429: 1242: 1963:"Shells Still Fall on Croatian Towns Despite Truce" 916:fragmented along national lines, with the Croatian 2798: 2541: 1719: 1013:urged Croatian authorities to place a three-month 2535: 2450:. United Nations. 9 February 1995. Archived from 2251: 1759:"Croatia Votes for Sovereignty and Confederation" 807:on 25 June 1991, but it introduced a three-month 3366: 2547:"3 Ex-Yugoslav Republics Are Accepted into U.N." 1500:(1). Centar za politološka istraĹľivanja: 21–33. 1011:Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe 817:Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe 795:and the rise of ethnic tensions that led to the 2124: 1313: 2726: 2505: 1483: 910:1989 coups in Vojvodina, Kosovo and Montenegro 3235: 2839: 2257: 1839: 1623: 1361: 765: 2757: 2608:"Commemorative 25 Kuna Coins in Circulation" 2070: 1586: 1525: 1449:"Leaders of a Republic in Yugoslavia Resign" 803:and the dissolution of its association with 365:Croatian People's Party – Liberal Democrats 2469: 2381:Statehood and the law of self-determination 2337: 2090: 1651: 1145:be recognized immediately, because the new 970:official gazette of the Republic of Croatia 811:on the decision when urged to do so by the 3242: 3228: 2846: 2832: 2331: 2145:, Faculty of Political Sciences: 109–131. 1596:. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft. p. 401. 1366:[Heroine of the Croatian Spring]. 1161:Croatia, but the plan was rejected by the 956:Referendum and declaration of independence 772: 758: 405:Democratic Union of Hungarians of Croatia 2763:"An Ethnic Morass Is Returned to Croatia" 2299: 2264:Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta u Splitu 2211: 1802: 1784: 1701:[Decision to hold a referendum]. 1290:[Report on performed referendum] 1231:were restored to Croatia pursuant to the 2016: 1629:"Croatia's Serbs Declare Their Autonomy" 1098: 1063: 959: 875:Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 850: 793:Croatian parliamentary elections of 1990 678:Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs 2695: 2636: 2258:ÄŚobanov, Saša; Rudolf, Davorin (2009). 1957: 1926: 1753: 1727:"Croatia Calls for EC-Style Yugoslavia" 1355: 3367: 3257:Independence referendums in Yugoslavia 2796: 2667: 2170: 2164: 1898: 1435: 1393: 1391: 25:1991 Croatian independence referendum 3223: 2827: 2558:from the original on 11 November 2012 2511:"Slovenia and Croatia Get Bonn's Nod" 2347:European Journal of International Law 2180:European Journal of International Law 2017:Williams, Carol J. (8 October 1991). 1852:from the original on 10 November 2012 1639:from the original on 12 November 2012 1540:from the original on 10 November 2012 1404:European Journal of International Law 940:and voting for those areas to become 885:, demanding greater autonomy for the 2862:Elections and referendums in Croatia 2739:from the original on 12 October 2012 2670:"Old City Totters in Yugoslav Siege" 1593:Elections in Europe: A Data Handbook 1465:from the original on 6 November 2012 1397: 1319: 1288:"Izviješće o provedenom referendumu" 2729:"Croats Declare Victory, End Blitz" 2642:"Croats Concede Danube Town's Loss" 2192:10.1093/oxfordjournals.ejil.a035802 2073:"Dvadeset godina slobodne Hrvatske" 1416:10.1093/oxfordjournals.ejil.a035834 1388: 1229:Serb-held areas of Eastern Slavonia 13: 2019:"Croatia Leader's Palace Attacked" 1901:"Europeans Warn on Yugoslav Split" 1330:Radovi Zavoda Za Hrvatsku Povijest 1219:, and fighting elsewhere, until a 437:Independent Platform of the North 429:Independent Democratic Serb Party 14: 3431: 2668:Binder, David (9 November 1991). 2584:. 15 January 2011. Archived from 2578:"ObiljeĹľena obljetnica priznanja" 2523:from the original on 20 June 2012 2212:Kraljević, Egon (November 2007). 2125:Sandro Knezović (February 2007). 1526:Branka Magas (13 December 1999). 3251: 2855: 2775:from the original on 18 May 2013 2727:Dean E. Murphy (8 August 1995). 1245: 839:and Croatia was admitted to the 729: 149: 129:Source: State Election Committee 3380:1991 in international relations 2600: 2570: 2437: 2409: 2372: 2293: 2118: 2106:(in Croatian). 15 November 2019 2071:DraĹľen Boroš (8 October 2011). 2064: 2038: 1580: 1362:Vlado Vurušić (6 August 2009). 1840:Chuck Sudetic (26 June 1991). 1699:"Odluka o raspisu referenduma" 1484:Davor Pauković (1 June 2008). 1441: 1081:Badinter Arbitration Committee 1059: 791:on 19 May 1991, following the 715:Politics of the European Union 389:Croatian Social Liberal Party 1: 3420:May 1991 events in Yugoslavia 2614:. 19 May 2010. Archived from 1899:Riding, Alan (26 June 1991). 1494:ÄŚasopis Za Suvremenu Povijest 1372:(in Croatian). Archived from 1271: 1174:declared its own independence 846: 801:Croatia declared independence 373:Croatian Party of Pensioners 357:Croatian Demochristian Party 3410:Croatian War of Independence 1785:Filipović, Vladimir (2022). 1364:"Heroina Hrvatskog proljeća" 1320:Ĺ ute, Ivica (1 April 1999). 1266:Foreign relations of Croatia 1195: 1176:on the same day as Croatia. 1023:Croatian War of Independence 928:'s win resulting in further 445:Istrian Democratic Assembly 88:Supporting Croatia remaining 7: 2797:Frucht, Richard C. (2005). 2386:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2308:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1880:(in Croatian). 25 June 1991 1238: 1221:ceasefire of 3 January 1992 1156:gave written assurances to 1089:European Economic Community 1007:European Economic Community 950:Republic of Serbian Krajina 924:were held in Croatia, with 922:first multi-party elections 877:. Croatia was ruled by the 833:European Economic Community 10: 3436: 2790: 2353:(1): 48–49. Archived from 1667:. 1998. pp. 272–278. 1528:"Obituary: Franjo Tudjman" 1054:Croatia's Independence Day 899:1974 Yugoslav Constitution 349:Croatian Democratic Union 325:Political parties in Sabor 116: 105: 76: 65: 46:Supporting sovereignty and 37: 29: 3415:Referendums in Yugoslavia 3400:Modern history of Croatia 3315: 3262: 3183: 3152: 3111: 3055: 3031: 2998: 2943: 2868: 2300:Lucarelli, Sonia (2000). 1707:(in Croatian). 2 May 1991 1590:; Stöver, Philip (2010). 1180:followed on 30 July, and 1017:on the decision. Croatia 946:Serb "autonomous oblasts" 494:Elections and referendums 312:National Judicial Council 127: 87: 45: 40: 32: 24: 3390:Independence referendums 2582:Croatian Radiotelevision 2388:. 2002. pp. 79–81. 629:Administrative divisions 461:Social Democratic Party 3263:Republics and provinces 3187:See also: Elections in 2870:Parliamentary elections 2230:Croatian State Archives 2171:Pellet, Allain (1992). 1261:Independence of Croatia 992:independence of Croatia 912:. In January 1990, the 789:independence referendum 397:Croatian Sovereignists 381:Croatian Peasant Party 341:Civic Liberal Alliance 307:State's Attorney Office 49:independence of Croatia 3395:Referendums in Croatia 3294:Bosnia and Herzegovina 2945:Presidential elections 2612:Croatian National Bank 1202:Croatian National Bank 1110: 1093:diplomatic recognition 1076: 1002: 965: 964:1991 referendum poster 938:setting up road blocks 871:socialist federal unit 859: 837:diplomatic recognition 689:Diplomatic missions of 90:in federal Yugoslavia 1398:Rich, Roland (1993). 1147:Croatian Constitution 1102: 1067: 1030:attacked Banski dvori 963: 854: 797:breakup of Yugoslavia 3112:Minorities elections 2640:(18 November 1991). 2509:(24 December 1991). 2338:Roland Rich (1993). 2310:. pp. 125–129. 2143:University of Zagreb 1085:Council of Ministers 984:SAO Eastern Slavonia 879:League of Communists 302:Constitutional Court 16:1991 vote in Croatia 3033:Chamber of Counties 2761:(16 January 1998). 2618:on 16 December 2011 2588:on 5 September 2012 2272:University of Split 1461:. 12 January 1989. 1301:on 27 February 2012 1163:UN General Assembly 866:, Croatia became a 856:Croatian Parliament 829:Croatian Parliament 684:Gordan Grlić-Radman 586:Recent referendums 142:Politics of Croatia 41:(83.56%) 3,051,881 3000:European elections 2768:The New York Times 2706:The New York Times 2699:(3 January 1992). 2675:The New York Times 2647:The New York Times 2551:The New York Times 2543:Paul L. Montgomery 2516:The New York Times 2425:. 27 December 1991 2422:The New York Times 1995:The New York Times 1968:The New York Times 1961:(6 October 1991). 1937:The New York Times 1906:The New York Times 1846:The New York Times 1804:10.22586/ss.22.1.9 1764:The New York Times 1633:The New York Times 1627:(2 October 1990). 1565:The New York Times 1454:The New York Times 1209:commemorative coin 1111: 1106:presided over the 1083:was set up by the 1077: 1027:Yugoslav Air Force 966: 860: 813:European Community 736:Croatia portal 421:Homeland Movement 257:Gordan Jandroković 3362: 3361: 3217: 3216: 2733:Los Angeles Times 2487:on 13 August 2010 2395:978-90-411-1890-5 2317:978-90-411-1439-6 2024:Los Angeles Times 1791:Scrinia Slavonica 1732:Los Angeles Times 1674:978-1-85743-058-5 1603:978-3-8329-5609-7 1213:sieges of Vukovar 887:Croatian language 782: 781: 703:Visa requirements 671:Foreign relations 498:Recent elections 134: 133: 130: 3427: 3405:Yugoslav Croatia 3385:1991 referendums 3347:Eastern Slavonia 3256: 3255: 3244: 3237: 3230: 3221: 3220: 2860: 2859: 2848: 2841: 2834: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2804: 2785: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2755: 2749: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2724: 2718: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2693: 2687: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2604: 2598: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2574: 2568: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2539: 2533: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2503: 2497: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2483:. 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Index

independence of Croatia
Politics of Croatia
Coat of arms
Constitution
Constitutional Act on the Rights of National Minorities in the Republic of Croatia
Executive
President
list
Zoran Milanović
Cabinet
list
Prime Minister
Andrej Plenković
Sabor (parliament)
Speaker
Gordan Jandroković
Current members
Opposition
Peđa Grbin
Judiciary
Supreme Court
Constitutional Court
State's Attorney Office
National Judicial Council
Political parties in Sabor
Centre (CENTAR)
Civic Liberal Alliance (GLAS)
Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ)
Croatian Demochristian Party (HDS)
Croatian People's Party – Liberal Democrats (HNS-LD)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

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