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1273:, Grady, Lincoln, Logan, Noble and Oklahoma) eligibility for federal financial assistance. Roughly $ 1.6 million in disaster funds had been approved for housing and business loans by May 13, increasing to more than $ 5.9 million over the following five days. Applications for federal aid continued through June, with state aid approvals reaching $ 54 million on June 3. According to FEMA, more than 9,500 Oklahoma residents applied for federal aid during the allocated period in the wake of the tornadoes, including 3,800 in Oklahoma County and 3,757 in Cleveland County. Disaster recovery aid for the tornadoes totaled to roughly $ 67.8 million by July 2.
1045:, and the Stroud Municipal Hospital suffered significant roof damage, which resulted in significant water damage within the building. The most severe damage, consistent with an F3 tornado, occurred at the Tanger Outlet Mall at 10:39 p.m. CDT with almost all of the stores suffering roof damage at minimum, though sections of seven storefronts were destroyed and the exterior walls of the Levi's store were collapsed inward. The mall was evacuated in advance of the tornado, resulting in no injuries or loss of life in the building. The tornado finally dissipated 1 mile (1.6 km) south of Stroud Lake at 10:50 p.m. CDT.
493:
1486:, which was struck by an F2 tornado. According to a study by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, seeking shelter in an overpass "is to become a stationary target for flying debris"; the wind channeling effect that occurs within these structures along with an increase in wind speeds above ground level, changing of wind direction when the tornado vortex passes, and the fact most overpasses do not have girders for people to take shelter between also provide little to no protection.
1482:) created public misunderstanding and complacency that overpasses provided adequate shelter from tornadoes. Although meteorologists had questioned the safety of these structures for nearly 20 years, there had been no evidence supporting incidents involving loss of life. Three overpasses were directly struck by tornadoes during the May 3 outbreak, resulting in fatalities at each location. Two occurred as a result of the Bridge Creek–Moore F5, while the third occurred in rural
27:
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1056:, although the town has since recovered as a result of higher oil and gas prices. Local leading industries include Service King, an oilfield manufacturing facility, and Mint Turbines, a helicopter engine reconditioning facility. Stroud is also now a downloading facility location for oil produced in the northern United States into the
1052:, and a major regional hospital for the Stroud region as compared to Oklahoma City at that time. Approximately 800 jobs were lost in a community of approximately 3,400 people due to the damage of the Sygma distribution warehouse and Tanger Outlet Mall, neither of which were rebuilt. Stroud's recovery was later complicated by the
1703:
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1262:. By May 6, donation centers and phone banks were being established to create funds for victims of the tornadoes. Within the first few days of the disaster declaration, relief funds were sent to families requesting aid. Roughly $ 180,000 had been approved by FEMA for disaster housing assistance by May 9.
899:
A Doppler On Wheels (DOW) mobile radar observed this tornado as it crossed
Mulhall. The DOW documented the largest-ever-observed core flow circulation with a distance of 1,600 m (5,200 ft) between peak velocities on either side of the tornado, and a roughly 7 km (4.3 mi) width of
706:
of 302 mph (486 km/h) – later revised to 321 mph (517 km/h) – inside the tornado at an elevation of 105 ft (32 m). These winds, however, occurred above the ground, and winds at the surface may not have been quite this intense. The tornado continued on into Moore, then
727:
near Sooner Road as an F4. The storm damaged and/or destroyed several businesses, homes and churches in
Midwest City. Some damage in this area was rated as high-end F4, although F5 was considered. The tornado diminished over Midwest City and finally lifted near the intersection of Reno Avenue and
224:
which devastated
Oklahoma City and suburban communities. The tornado killed 36 people and injured 583 others; losses amounted to $ 1 billion, making it the first billion-dollar tornado in history. Overall, 50 people lost their lives during the outbreak and damage amounted to $
380:
corridor. By 3:00 p.m. CDT, it had become evident that a widespread severe weather event was imminent; the Storm
Prediction Center upgraded locations within the moderate risk area to a high risk of severe weather around 4:00 p.m. CDT as wind shear profiles, combined with volatile
375:
As observations and forecasts began to indicate an increasing likelihood of widespread severe weather conditions even more favorable for strong tornadoes, the SPC issued a moderate risk of severe weather at 11:15 a.m. CDT for portions of Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas along and near the
1473:
From a meteorological and safety standpoint, the tornado called into question the use of highway overpasses as shelters from tornadoes. Prior to the events on May 3, 1999, videos of people taking shelter in overpasses during tornadoes in the past (such as an infamous video from the
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Thirty-six people died in this tornado, and over 8,000 homes were badly damaged or destroyed. The tornado caused $ 1 billion in damage, making it the second-costliest tornado in U.S. history, and the most costly in history from 1999 to 2011, at which point it was surpassed by the
1028:. Scattered damage of high-end F0 to low-end F1 intensity occurred to some homes and businesses on the southeast side of Davenport, though a house located just south of town lost more than half of its roof. As the tornado continued to track northeast, parallel with
933:
at 10:56 p.m. CDT. Damage caused by this tornado was indistinguishable from damage caused by the earlier F4 tornado. 25 homes were destroyed and 30 others were damaged near
Crescent, with much of the damage believed to have been caused by both tornadoes.
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opened ten shelters overnight, housing 1,600 people immediately following the disaster, decreasing to 500 people by May 5. On May 5, several emergency response and damage assessment teams from FEMA were deployed to the region. The
213:. During this week-long event, 152 tornadoes touched down in these areas. The most dramatic events unfolded during the afternoon of May 3 through the early morning hours of May 4 when more than half of these storms occurred.
385:
by mid-afternoon as conditions gathered together for what would be a historic tornado outbreak. By the time thunderstorms began developing in the late-afternoon hours, CAPE values over the region had reached to near 6,000 J/kg. Large
1040:
took a direct hit as the storm intensified to F2 strength; the trucking terminal of the Sygma food distribution warehouse on the west side of town was destroyed with some girders and siding from the warehouse thrown northwest across
381:
atmospheric conditions, had made conditions highly conducive for a significant tornadic event across most of
Oklahoma, southern Kansas and north Texas, including the likelihood of violent, damaging tornadoes. The SPC issued a
1545:"Flexible Array of Radars and Mesonets (FARM) statement concerning preliminary peak wind speed determinations based on Doppler On Wheels (DOW) data obtained in the Greenfield, Iowa tornado of 21 May 2024 section more detail"
336:, initially issued a slight risk of severe thunderstorms early that morning stretching from the Kansas-Nebraska border to parts of southern Texas, with an intended threat of large hail, damaging winds and tornadoes.
355:
By late morning, the low cloud cover began to dissipate in advance of the dry line, but during the afternoon hours high cirrus clouds overspread the region, resulting in filtered sunshine in some areas that caused
929:, many of the same areas of Logan County struck by the Mulhall tornado were hit again by an F3 tornado. However, this one was produced by a separate supercell that touched down 2.5 miles (4.0 km) south of
256:. The following day, atmospheric conditions across Oklahoma became significantly more favorable for an outbreak of severe weather. Wind profiles across the region strongly favored tornadic activity, with the
2715:
1265:
Debris removal began on May 12 as seven cleanup teams were sent to the region with more teams expected to join over the following days. That day, FEMA also granted seven
Oklahoma counties (
904:
structure, with several vortices containing winds of up to 257 mph (414 km/h) rotating around the tornado. The 3D structure of the tornado has been analyzed in a 2005 article in the
1092:
during the late evening of May 3. Other fatalities during the event included one person killed in Texas on May 4 by an F3 tornado that tracked 71.5 miles (115.1 km) from near
624:
at 4:15 p.m. CDT. The storm quickly developed supercell characteristics and began exhibiting potentially tornadic rotation, resulting in the
National Weather Service issuing the first
360:. The sunshine and heating, combined with abundant low-level moisture, combined to produce a very unstable air mass. Upper air balloon soundings observed strong directional
3057:
276:. Following the extensive outbreak, activity became increasingly scattered from May 5 to 8, with 26 tornadoes touching down across the Eastern United States and
914:. The tornado severely damaged or destroyed approximately 60–70% of the 130 homes in Mulhall, destroying the Mulhall/Orlando Elementary School and toppling the city's
292:
A map of the meteorological setup of the 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak. The map displays surface and upper level atmospheric features associated with the outbreak.
399:
64:
2716:
Google Maps' location of Stroud, Oklahoma, with the bulldozed lot of the former Tanger Outlet Mall in the upper left of the screen, just north of
Interstate 44
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peak wind gusts exceeding 43 m/s (96 mph), making the
Mulhall tornado the largest tornado ever measured quantitatively. The DOW measured a complex
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3092:
347:) taken by the National Weather Service NEXRAD radar, KTLX, in Central Oklahoma during the May 1999 tornado outbreak. This imagery is from May 3. (
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thunderstorms developed, and in the late afternoon through the mid-evening hours of that Monday, tornadoes began to break out across the state.
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While there were no fatalities overall in Stroud, the economic impact of the tornado has been compared to the loss of Tinker Air Force Base,
1806:"Comparison of Tornado Damage Characteristics to Low-Altitude WSR-88D Radar Observations and Implications for Tornado Intensity Estimation"
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3047:
2977:
2834:
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1955:
However, adjustment for growth in wealth shows the May 27, 1896 Saint Louis–East Saint Louis tornado to be the costliest on record. See
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states on the morning of May 3. That morning, low stratus clouds overspread much of Oklahoma, with clear skies along and west of a
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stated that "The President is deeply concerned about the tragic loss of life and destruction caused by these devastating storms." The
3132:
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The storm produced the most significant tornado of the outbreak, which touched down just southwest of the Grady County community of
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888:, which tracked a 39-mile (63 km) path, was very wide and at times exceeded one mile (1.6 km) in width. According to
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Late in the evening on May 3 at 9:25 p.m. CDT, a destructive tornado touched down 3 miles (4.8 km) southwest of
733:
3077:
3072:
2962:
1053:
365:
2736:
Anastassia M., Makarieva; Gorshkov, Victor G.; Nefiodov, Andrei V. (2012). "Condensational theory of stationary tornadoes".
2797:
1805:
896:, it may have been as violent or more than the F5 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado (however, it was officially rated as an F4).
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1247:
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906:
480:
221:
122:
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2583:"Almost 9,500 Oklahomans Register For Disaster Recovery Aid More Than $ 67.8 Million In Grants And Loans Approved"
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1983:
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experienced its largest tornado outbreak on record, with 70 confirmed. The most notable of these was the
1900:
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893:
288:
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1255:
1084:. A deadly F4 tornado that tracked 24 miles (39 km) across south-central Kansas killed six people in
3218:
3152:
2883:
1353:
617:
245:
3233:
3228:
3203:
2987:
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2634:
2607:
1333:
2662:
Daniel J. Miller; Charles A. Doswell III; Harold E. Brooks; Gregory J. Stumpf; Erik Rasmussen (1999).
2635:
Daniel J. Miller; Charles A. Doswell III; Harold E. Brooks; Gregory J. Stumpf; Erik Rasmussen (1999).
2608:
Daniel J. Miller; Charles A. Doswell III; Harold E. Brooks; Gregory J. Stumpf; Erik Rasmussen (1999).
2349:
2957:
2863:
1403:
1266:
1097:
1042:
1033:
716:
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272:. Over the following 48 hours, May 3–4, 116 tornadoes touched down across the Central
2664:"Highway Overpasses as Tornado Shelters: Highway Overpasses Are Inadequate Tornado Sheltering Areas"
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613:
333:
174:
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At 10:10 p.m. CDT, a damaging tornado touched down 3 miles (4.8 km) north-northeast of
901:
869:
712:
644:
357:
325:
261:
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signed a federal disaster declaration for eleven Oklahoma counties. In a press statement by the
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651:, the strongest of which (rated as an F3) touched down 2 miles (3.2 km) west-southwest of
648:
637:
633:
498:
470:: The above amount refers to the rest of the outbreak, not just the ones confirmed in Oklahoma.
260:
stating, "it became more obvious something major was looming" by the afternoon hours. Numerous
178:
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3198:
823:
724:
567:
206:
202:
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2174:
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2019:
1970:
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The May 3 tornado event was part of a three-day event that included tornadoes in the
647:
at 4:51 p.m. CDT; it produced four additional tornadoes as it tracked northeast into
643:
The first tornado from this supercell touched down 7 miles (11 km) east-northeast of
344:
320:
ranged in the mid to upper 60s °F (upper 10s to near 20 °C) across the region, while
8:
2479:"Debris Removal Underway in Oklahoma City, Mulhall, and Choctaw; Stroud Set for Thursday"
2212:"Diagnosed Three-Dimensional Axisymmetric Structure of the Mulhall Tornado on 3 May 1999"
1790:
1773:
1736:
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1025:
737:
683:
675:
656:
2759:
2227:
2178:
2134:
2113:"Low-Level Winds in Tornadoes and Potential Catastrophic Tornado Impacts in Urban Areas"
2023:
1974:
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930:
720:
32:
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From May 2 to 8, 1999, a large tornado outbreak took place across much of the
2049:
921:
After the tornado dissipated at approximately 10:45 p.m. CDT in southeastern
364:, cooling temperatures at high atmospheric levels, and the increased potential of
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1093:
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926:
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values potentially exceeding 4000 J/kg, levels that are considered favorable for
339:
241:
1024:, with only sporadic tree damage occurring as it tracked north-northeast toward
2732:
Aerial Photos of Moore Oklahoma taken three days after the May 3, 1999, tornado
1238:
1049:
687:
309:
249:
2905:
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2069:
2008:"Deaths in the 3 May 1999 Oklahoma City Tornado from a Historical Perspective"
1737:"Meteorological Summary of the Great Plains Tornado Outbreak of May 3–4, 1999"
225:
1.4 billion. For these reasons, the outbreak is known in Oklahoma as the
3192:
2196:
2158:
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1992:
1885:
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911:
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740:. It was also the deadliest tornado to hit the U.S. since the April 10, 1979
699:
521:
382:
377:
273:
104:
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1835:
1804:
Lyza, Anthony W.; Flournoy, Matthew D.; Alford, A. Addison (19 March 2024).
1762:
Meteorological Summary of the Great Plains Tornado Outbreak of May 3-4, 1999
1258:
on standby for assistance. Medical and mortuary teams were also sent by the
719:
near Bryant Avenue. The storm then turned more northerly, striking parts of
612:
At approximately 3:30 p.m. CDT, a severe thunderstorm began forming in
2093:
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994:
808:
552:
406:
301:
218:
182:
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2110:
1928:"The Great Plains Tornado Outbreak of May 3-4, 1999 - Storm A Information"
2639:. National Weather Service in Norman, Oklahoma. p. 5. Archived from
2143:
2112:
2111:
Wurman, Joshua; C. Alexander; P. Robinson; Y. Richardson (January 2007).
915:
1959:"Normalized Damage from Major Tornadoes in the United States: 1890–1999"
2705:
1710:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2013. Archived from
1654:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2013. Archived from
1624:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2013. Archived from
703:
361:
2236:
1413:
1101:
1081:
387:
369:
321:
2211:
2007:
1958:
1861:"Finescale Radar Observations of Tornado and Mesocyclone Structures"
678:. The storm continued moving northeast, destroying the community of
2585:. Federal Emergency Management Agency. July 7, 1999. Archived from
2559:. Federal Emergency Management Agency. May 18, 1999. Archived from
2533:. Federal Emergency Management Agency. May 13, 1999. Archived from
2507:. Federal Emergency Management Agency. May 12, 1999. Archived from
2481:. Federal Emergency Management Agency. May 12, 1999. Archived from
1323:
1276:
305:
253:
214:
2750:
2455:. Federal Emergency Management Agency. May 9, 1999. Archived from
2429:. Federal Emergency Management Agency. May 6, 1999. Archived from
2403:. Federal Emergency Management Agency. May 5, 1999. Archived from
2377:. Federal Emergency Management Agency. May 4, 1999. Archived from
2252:"History of Tanger Factory Outlet Centers, Inc. – FundingUniverse"
655:
and dissipated 2.5 miles (4.0 km) west-northwest of downtown
324:
values ranged in the low to mid 60s °F (mid to upper 10s °C). The
2724:
2729:
2094:"Central Oklahoma Tornado Intercept: 3 May 1999 (Roger Edwards)"
1684:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. June 22, 2011
2637:"Highway Overpasses as Tornado Shelters: Events on May 3, 1999"
1303:
1073:
277:
265:
210:
1904:
1743:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. May 3, 2010
1618:"Storm Events Database: May 2–8, 1999 Hail 4.00 in and Larger"
1569:
2735:
2709:
1433:
1104:
on May 5 and 6 by an F4 tornado that struck the town of
1077:
690:, passing into far southern Oklahoma City. As it passed over
269:
674:, just after another tornado had passed over the airport in
2689:
May 3, 1999 Oklahoma Tornado Special Report - The Oklahoman
2612:. National Weather Service in Norman, Oklahoma. p. 1.
2343:"The 1999 Oklahoma Tornado Outbreak: 10-Year Retrospective"
2188:
10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0473:TMVSOA>2.0.CO;2
2033:
10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0354:DITMOC>2.0.CO;2
2005:
1984:
10.1175/1520-0434(2001)016<0168:NDFMTI>2.0.CO;2
1956:
1926:
US Department of Commerce, NOAA, National Weather Service.
1479:
1226:
On May 3–4, the day after the initial outbreak event,
1120:, on May 4. On May 6, lightning struck and killed a man in
26:
2505:"Seven Oklahoma Counties Get Expanded Disaster Assistance"
1903:. Center for Severe Weather Research. 2010. Archived from
622:
National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Norman
2688:
2666:. National Weather Service in Norman, Oklahoma. p. 6
1791:"Severe Weather Outlook at 11:15 a.m. CDT on May 3, 1999"
264:
developed across the state as well as bordering areas in
1774:"Severe Weather Outlook at 6:30 a.m. CDT on May 3, 1999"
751:
670:
at 6:23 p.m. CDT and headed northeast, parallel to
2323:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2013
2297:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2013
1598:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2013
400:
List of tornadoes in the 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak
2203:
1501:
List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
707:
passed over the intersection of Shields Boulevard and
640:
approximately 35 minutes later at 4:50 p.m. CDT.
2067:
2070:"The Great Plains Tornado Outbreak of May 3-4, 1999"
1678:"The Great Plains Tornado Outbreak of May 3–4, 1999"
2006:Brooks, Harold E.; Doswell III; Charles A. (2002).
1957:Brooks, Harold E.; Doswell III; Charles A. (2001).
1741:
National Weather Service Office in Norman, Oklahoma
1682:
National Weather Service Office in Norman, Oklahoma
2700:The Great Plains Tornado Outbreak of May 3-4, 1999
2453:"First Checks Approved for Oklahoma Storm Victims"
1803:
296:The outbreak was caused by a vigorous upper-level
2348:. Risk Management Solutions. 2009. Archived from
3190:
2375:"President Declares Major Disaster for Oklahoma"
1704:"Storm Events Database: May 2–7, 1999 Tornadoes"
1648:"Storm Events Database: May 2–7, 1999 Tornadoes"
1558:
1478:taken by a news crew from Wichita NBC affiliate
1277:Concerns with using overpasses as storm shelters
2935:
2118:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
1855:
1820:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1785:
1783:
1521:– Crossed some of the same areas as the 1999 F5
659:. This large tornado had exhibited a companion
497:View of the tornado near its peak intensity in
474:
1797:
2921:
2812:
2798:
1731:
1729:
2702:(National Weather Service, Norman, Oklahoma)
2209:
2163:"The Multiple-Vortex Structure of a Tornado"
1780:
1260:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
974:May 3, 1999, 10:50 p.m. CDT (UTC−05:00)
788:May 3, 1999, 10:45 p.m. CDT (UTC−05:00)
3244:1999 natural disasters in the United States
2151:
1592:"Tennessee Event Report: Thunderstorm Wind"
2928:
2914:
2805:
2791:
1726:
532:May 3, 1999, 7:48 pm. CDT (UTC−05:00)
491:
283:
25:
2749:
2557:"Oklahoma Disaster Recovery News Summary"
2401:"Oklahoma/Kansas Tornado Disaster Update"
2235:
2186:
2142:
2031:
1982:
1884:
2730:Moore, Oklahoma Tornado Photos, May 1999
2610:"Highway Overpasses as Tornado Shelters"
338:
287:
3191:
2210:Lee, Wen-Chau; J. Wurman (July 2005).
2157:
1132:
1111:
393:
2909:
2786:
2616:from the original on 13 November 2010
2104:
2063:
2061:
2059:
1506:Tornado outbreak of April 28–30, 1960
1054:September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks
925:, 3 miles (4.8 km) northeast of
757:Cimarron City–Mulhall–Perry, Oklahoma
752:Cimarron City–Mulhall–Perry, Oklahoma
316:. Air temperatures at 7:00 a.m.
134:4.5 in (11 cm) in diameter
3249:May 1999 events in the United States
2291:"Missouri Event Report: Flash Flood"
1539:
1537:
1535:
1116:Flash flooding killed one person in
1248:United States Department of Defense
1235:Federal Emergency Management Agency
937:
907:Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences
13:
2531:"Oklahoma Tornado Disaster Update"
2270:"Linden F4 Tornado of May 5, 1999"
2056:
1063:
734:2011 Tuscaloosa–Birmingham tornado
136:(multiple locations on May 3)
14:
3260:
2706:The 3 May 1999 Oklahoma Tornadoes
2682:
2317:"Georgia Event Report: Lightning"
2068:US Department of Commerce, NOAA.
1532:
876:, eventually hitting the town of
620:was issued for this storm by the
231:Oklahoma tornado outbreak of 1999
682:and crossing I-44 just north of
87:
2655:
2628:
2601:
2575:
2549:
2523:
2497:
2471:
2445:
2419:
2393:
2367:
2335:
2309:
2283:
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2127:American Meteorological Society
2086:
1999:
1949:
1919:
1893:
1849:
1828:American Meteorological Society
1766:
1476:April 26, 1991 tornado outbreak
1466:All deaths were tornado-related
686:. The tornado then crossed the
481:1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado
150:50 fatalities (+7 non-tornadic)
119:– 115 mph (185 km/h)
2768:10.1016/j.physleta.2011.04.023
2427:"Plains States Tornado Update"
1755:
1696:
1670:
1640:
1610:
1584:
1140:Structural damage in Oklahoma
100:– 321 mph (517 km/h)
20:1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak
1:
2694:Great Plains Outbreak of 1999
2321:National Climatic Data Center
2295:National Climatic Data Center
1708:National Climatic Data Center
1652:National Climatic Data Center
1622:National Climatic Data Center
1596:National Climatic Data Center
1525:
1100:, and three people killed in
958:May 3, 1999, 10:10 p.m.
84:6 days, 1 hour and 35 minutes
1568:. 3 May 1999. Archived from
1256:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
1127:
819:257 mph (414 km/h)
772:May 3, 1999, 9:25 p.m.
616:in southwestern Oklahoma; a
563:321 mph (517 km/h)
516:May 3, 1999, 6:23 p.m.
486:Bridge Creek–Moore, Oklahoma
475:Bridge Creek–Moore, Oklahoma
16:Tornado outbreak in May 1999
7:
2937:Tornado events in Wisconsin
2723:Special video section from
1489:
1252:249th Engineering Battalion
1203:Public buildings destroyed
694:, around 6:54 p.m., a
618:severe thunderstorm warning
358:atmospheric destabilization
302:Central and Southern Plains
125:non-tornadic on May 7)
105:Southwest Oklahoma City, OK
88:
10:
3265:
862:$ 182.9 million (2024 USD)
748:, which killed 42 people.
478:
397:
222:Bridge Creek–Moore tornado
2943:
2820:
2814:Tornado outbreaks of 1999
1464:
1460:
1327:
1322:
1283:
1139:
1098:Mineral Springs, Arkansas
1006:
1001:
991:
986:
978:
970:
954:
947:
856:$ 100 million (1999
852:
844:
836:
831:
815:
805:
800:
792:
784:
768:
761:
596:
588:
580:
575:
559:
549:
544:
536:
528:
512:
505:
490:
433:
430:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
193:Tornado outbreaks of 1999
188:
170:
162:
154:
146:
141:
130:
112:
107:F5 tornado on May 3)
93:
80:
70:
60:
55:
47:
40:
24:
1886:10.1175/WAF-D-12-00127.1
1496:Climate of Oklahoma City
1022:Lincoln County, Oklahoma
606:$ 1.8 billion (2024 USD)
405:Confirmed tornadoes by
334:National Weather Service
236:On May 2, a strong
166:$ 1.5 billion (1999 USD)
2696:Tornado History Project
2256:www.fundinguniverse.com
2012:Weather and Forecasting
1963:Weather and Forecasting
1836:10.1175/MWR-D-23-0242.1
1118:Camden County, Missouri
822:(as measured by mobile
600:$ 1 billion (1999
566:(as measured by mobile
349:Click for high-quality.
343:Depicts radar imagery (
326:Storm Prediction Center
284:Meteorological synopsis
262:supercell thunderstorms
258:Storm Prediction Center
3224:Tornadoes in Tennessee
3128:June 19 & 21, 2011
2721:May 3 Oklahoma Tornado
1824:University of Oklahoma
1811:Monthly Weather Review
1237:(FEMA), then-director
949:Meteorological history
874:Logan County, Oklahoma
763:Meteorological history
507:Meteorological history
352:
293:
248:, producing scattered
209:, as well as southern
179:Southern United States
42:Meteorological history
3214:Tornadoes in Oklahoma
3178:May 21 & 26, 2024
3013:May 5 & 7–8, 1965
1214:Apartments destroyed
1181:Businesses destroyed
725:Tinker Air Force Base
342:
318:Central Daylight Time
291:
252:and ten tornadoes in
207:Eastern United States
2643:on February 11, 2017
2144:10.1175/BAMS-88-1-31
1859:; K. Kosiba (2013).
1284:Outbreak death toll
910:by Wen-Chau Lee and
746:Wichita Falls, Texas
332:, a division of the
300:that moved into the
238:area of low pressure
3209:Tornadoes in Kansas
2760:2011PhLA..375.2259M
2228:2005JAtS...62.2373L
2179:2002WtFor..17..473W
2135:2007BAMS...88...31W
2024:2002WtFor..17..354B
1975:2001WtFor..16..168B
1907:on February 5, 2007
1901:"Doppler On Wheels"
1877:2013WtFor..28.1157W
1566:"Doppler On Wheels"
1192:Businesses damaged
1149:Cleveland counties
1133:Disaster assistance
1112:Non-tornadic events
944:
880:, located north of
758:
738:2011 Joplin tornado
663:for a few minutes.
487:
409:
394:Confirmed tornadoes
21:
3219:Tornadoes in Texas
3148:September 20, 2018
2978:September 26, 1951
2854:Bridge Creek–Moore
1572:on 5 February 2007
1519:2013 Moore tornado
1243:American Red Cross
1096:, to southwest of
1060:pipeline network.
1030:Interstate 44
942:
824:Doppler radar
816:Highest winds
796:1 hour, 20 minutes
756:
709:Interstate 35
672:Interstate 44
568:Doppler radar
560:Highest winds
540:1 hour, 25 minutes
485:
404:
353:
294:
113:Highest gusts
94:Highest winds
33:Anadarko, Oklahoma
19:
3234:1999 in Tennessee
3229:Tornado outbreaks
3204:Tornadoes of 1999
3186:
3185:
2963:November 11, 1911
2903:
2902:
2744:(24): 2259–2261.
2738:Physics Letters A
2237:10.1175/JAS3489.1
2098:www.stormeyes.org
1471:
1470:
1467:
1224:
1223:
1122:Cobbtown, Georgia
1014:
1013:
866:
865:
736:and again by the
728:Woodcrest Drive.
696:Doppler On Wheels
661:satellite tornado
628:of the event for
610:
609:
464:
463:
240:moved out of the
205:and parts of the
199:
198:
137:
131:Largest hail
126:
108:
3256:
3158:July 28–29, 2021
3138:June 16–18, 2014
3113:October 26, 2010
3023:January 24, 1967
3008:Palm Sunday 1965
2968:Palm Sunday 1920
2930:
2923:
2916:
2907:
2906:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2753:
2708:(David Schultz,
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2354:
2347:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2190:
2167:Weather Forecast
2155:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2065:
2054:
2053:
2035:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1986:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1934:. Archived from
1923:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1865:Weather Forecast
1853:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1787:
1778:
1777:
1770:
1764:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1733:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1714:on March 4, 2016
1700:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1628:on March 4, 2016
1614:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1549:
1541:
1512:Ultimate Tornado
1465:
1281:
1280:
1159:Homes destroyed
1137:
1136:
1043:State Highway 66
1034:State Highway 66
950:
945:
943:Stroud, Oklahoma
941:
938:Stroud, Oklahoma
827:
764:
759:
755:
584:36 (+5 indirect)
571:
508:
495:
488:
484:
410:
403:
330:Norman, Oklahoma
314:Childress, Texas
227:May 3rd outbreak
135:
120:
102:
56:Tornado outbreak
43:
35:, on May 3, 1999
29:
22:
18:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3153:August 10, 2020
3133:October 5, 2013
3093:January 8, 2008
3083:August 18, 2005
3058:August 23, 1998
2939:
2934:
2904:
2899:
2894:Hurricane Floyd
2816:
2811:
2685:
2680:
2679:
2669:
2667:
2660:
2656:
2646:
2644:
2633:
2629:
2619:
2617:
2606:
2602:
2592:
2590:
2589:on June 8, 2010
2581:
2580:
2576:
2566:
2564:
2563:on June 7, 2010
2555:
2554:
2550:
2540:
2538:
2537:on June 7, 2010
2529:
2528:
2524:
2514:
2512:
2511:on June 7, 2010
2503:
2502:
2498:
2488:
2486:
2485:on June 7, 2010
2477:
2476:
2472:
2462:
2460:
2459:on June 7, 2010
2451:
2450:
2446:
2436:
2434:
2433:on June 7, 2010
2425:
2424:
2420:
2410:
2408:
2407:on June 7, 2010
2399:
2398:
2394:
2384:
2382:
2381:on June 7, 2010
2373:
2372:
2368:
2358:
2356:
2355:on June 1, 2011
2352:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2326:
2324:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2300:
2298:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2275:
2273:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2208:
2204:
2156:
2152:
2109:
2105:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2078:
2076:
2074:www.weather.gov
2066:
2057:
2004:
2000:
1954:
1950:
1941:
1939:
1932:www.weather.gov
1924:
1920:
1910:
1908:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1854:
1850:
1840:
1838:
1802:
1798:
1789:
1788:
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1772:
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1760:
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1735:
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1727:
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1715:
1702:
1701:
1697:
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1646:
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1616:
1615:
1611:
1601:
1599:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1575:
1573:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1554:. 23 June 2024.
1547:
1543:
1542:
1533:
1528:
1492:
1279:
1254:and placed the
1153:
1148:
1135:
1130:
1114:
1094:Winfield, Texas
1066:
1064:Other tornadoes
1002:Overall effects
948:
940:
861:
832:Overall effects
821:
820:
762:
754:
698:mobile Doppler
626:tornado warning
605:
576:Overall effects
565:
564:
506:
501:
483:
477:
402:
396:
372:and tornadoes.
286:
242:Rocky Mountains
189:
142:Overall effects
101:
41:
36:
31:A tornado near
17:
12:
11:
5:
3262:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3168:March 31, 2023
3165:
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3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3088:March 31, 2007
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3048:March 29, 1998
3045:
3040:
3038:August 9, 1993
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2953:April 18, 1880
2950:
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2898:
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2847:
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2827:
2821:
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2810:
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2802:
2795:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2733:
2727:
2718:
2713:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2684:
2683:External links
2681:
2678:
2677:
2654:
2627:
2600:
2574:
2548:
2522:
2496:
2470:
2444:
2418:
2392:
2366:
2334:
2308:
2282:
2272:. Srh.noaa.gov
2261:
2243:
2222:(7): 2373–93.
2202:
2173:(3): 473–505.
2159:Wurman, Joshua
2150:
2103:
2085:
2055:
2018:(3): 354–361.
1998:
1969:(1): 168–176.
1948:
1918:
1892:
1871:(5): 1157–74.
1857:Wurman, Joshua
1848:
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1239:James Lee Witt
1222:
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1199:
1196:
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1170:Homes damaged
1167:
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1050:General Motors
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892:meteorologist
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770:
766:
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753:
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717:Interstate 240
711:and back into
688:Canadian River
638:Grady counties
614:Tillman County
608:
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398:Main article:
395:
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250:severe weather
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171:Areas affected
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71:Maximum rating
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3239:1999 in Texas
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3163:March 5, 2022
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3118:April 9, 2011
3116:
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3108:June 17, 2010
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3068:June 18, 2001
3066:
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3056:
3054:
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3049:
3046:
3044:
3043:July 18, 1996
3041:
3039:
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3034:
3031:
3029:
3028:April 4, 1981
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2993:April 3, 1956
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2983:June 23, 1952
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2973:June 19, 1951
2971:
2969:
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2959:
2958:June 12, 1899
2956:
2954:
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2949:
2948:June 28, 1865
2946:
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2912:
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2876:
2875:May 30–June 1
2873:
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2848:
2846:
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2835:January 21–23
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2216:J. Atmos. Sci
2213:
2206:
2198:
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2180:
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2172:
2168:
2164:
2161:(June 2002).
2160:
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2039:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1952:
1938:on 2017-02-11
1937:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1800:
1792:
1786:
1784:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1758:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1730:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1699:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1658:on 2016-03-04
1657:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1553:
1546:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1531:
1520:
1517:
1515:(documentary)
1514:
1513:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1463:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1365:
1362:
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1357:
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1341:
1337:
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1332:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1317:
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1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1298:County total
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1250:deployed the
1249:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1197:
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1190:
1186:
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1179:
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1169:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1009:
1005:
1000:
997:
996:
990:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
946:
935:
932:
928:
924:
919:
917:
913:
912:Joshua Wurman
909:
908:
903:
897:
895:
894:Roger Edwards
891:
890:storm chasing
887:
886:wedge tornado
883:
879:
875:
871:
870:Cimarron City
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
830:
825:
818:
814:
811:
810:
804:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
760:
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
729:
726:
722:
718:
714:
713:Oklahoma City
710:
705:
701:
700:weather radar
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
645:Medicine Park
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
574:
569:
562:
558:
555:
554:
548:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
504:
500:
494:
489:
482:
469:
466:
465:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
437:
411:
408:
407:Fujita rating
401:
391:
389:
384:
383:tornado watch
379:
378:Interstate 40
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
350:
346:
341:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
308:located from
307:
303:
299:
290:
281:
279:
275:
274:United States
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
244:and into the
243:
239:
234:
232:
228:
223:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
195:
194:
187:
184:
180:
176:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
140:
133:
129:
124:
118:
115:
111:
106:
99:
96:
92:
83:
79:
76:
73:
69:
66:
63:
59:
54:
51:May 2–8, 1999
50:
46:
39:
34:
28:
23:
3199:F5 tornadoes
3143:May 16, 2017
3123:May 22, 2011
3103:June 7, 2008
3098:May 25, 2008
3078:May 23, 2004
3073:May 10, 2003
3062:
3053:May 30, 1998
3033:June 7, 1984
3018:June 4, 1966
3003:June 4, 1958
2998:May 25, 1957
2988:May 10, 1953
2890:September 15
2880:August 11–13
2864:Loyal Valley
2849:
2741:
2737:
2668:. Retrieved
2657:
2645:. Retrieved
2641:the original
2630:
2618:. Retrieved
2603:
2591:. Retrieved
2587:the original
2577:
2565:. Retrieved
2561:the original
2551:
2539:. Retrieved
2535:the original
2525:
2513:. Retrieved
2509:the original
2499:
2487:. Retrieved
2483:the original
2473:
2461:. Retrieved
2457:the original
2447:
2435:. Retrieved
2431:the original
2421:
2409:. Retrieved
2405:the original
2395:
2383:. Retrieved
2379:the original
2369:
2357:. Retrieved
2350:the original
2337:
2325:. Retrieved
2320:
2311:
2299:. Retrieved
2294:
2285:
2274:. Retrieved
2264:
2255:
2246:
2219:
2215:
2205:
2170:
2166:
2153:
2122:
2116:
2106:
2097:
2088:
2077:. Retrieved
2073:
2015:
2011:
2001:
1966:
1962:
1951:
1940:. Retrieved
1936:the original
1931:
1921:
1909:. Retrieved
1905:the original
1895:
1868:
1864:
1851:
1839:. Retrieved
1815:
1809:
1799:
1768:
1757:
1745:. Retrieved
1740:
1716:. Retrieved
1712:the original
1707:
1698:
1686:. Retrieved
1681:
1672:
1660:. Retrieved
1656:the original
1651:
1642:
1630:. Retrieved
1626:the original
1621:
1612:
1600:. Retrieved
1595:
1586:
1574:. Retrieved
1570:the original
1560:
1552:Illinois edu
1551:
1510:
1484:Payne County
1472:
1456:
1438:
1418:
1394:Pottawatomie
1328:
1308:
1264:
1231:Bill Clinton
1225:
1147:Oklahoma and
1115:
1067:
1047:
1015:
995:Fujita scale
992:
923:Noble County
920:
905:
902:multi-vortex
898:
867:
809:Fujita scale
806:
730:
692:Bridge Creek
680:Bridge Creek
665:
649:Caddo County
642:
611:
553:Fujita scale
550:
499:Bridge Creek
467:
374:
354:
345:reflectivity
295:
235:
230:
226:
200:
191:
190:Part of the
183:Great Plains
117:Non-tornadic
116:
97:
3173:May 7, 2024
3063:May 5, 1999
2825:January 1–3
1292:Fatalities
916:water tower
715:, crossing
704:wind speeds
246:High Plains
123:Claxton, TN
3193:Categories
2670:October 3,
2647:October 3,
2620:October 3,
2593:October 3,
2567:October 2,
2541:October 2,
2515:October 2,
2489:October 2,
2463:October 2,
2437:October 2,
2411:October 2,
2385:October 2,
2359:October 2,
2276:2012-08-15
2079:2023-04-15
1942:2017-02-28
1911:October 1,
1526:References
1354:Kingfisher
987:F3 tornado
982:40 minutes
971:Dissipated
837:Fatalities
801:F4 tornado
785:Dissipated
742:F4 tornado
581:Fatalities
545:F5 tornado
529:Dissipated
370:supercells
362:wind shear
175:Midwestern
147:Fatalities
75:F5 tornado
2884:Salt Lake
2870:May 15–17
2845:April 8–9
2840:April 2–3
2776:100544331
2751:1208.2580
2197:1520-0434
2129:: 31–46.
2042:1520-0434
1993:1520-0434
1414:Tennessee
1334:Cleveland
1228:President
1154:counties
1128:Aftermath
1102:Tennessee
1086:Haysville
1082:Tennessee
1026:Davenport
964:UTC−05:00
778:UTC−05:00
744:that hit
702:detected
684:Newcastle
676:Chickasha
657:Chickasha
522:UTC−05:00
388:supercell
328:(SPC) in
322:dew point
61:Tornadoes
2860:May 9–12
2614:Archived
1841:19 March
1826:via the
1490:See also
1404:Oklahoma
1324:Oklahoma
1314:Sedgwick
1267:Canadian
1007:Injuries
979:Duration
931:Crescent
845:Injuries
793:Duration
721:Del City
630:Comanche
589:Injuries
537:Duration
306:dry line
254:Nebraska
215:Oklahoma
155:Injuries
98:Tornadic
81:Duration
48:Duration
2850:May 2–8
2756:Bibcode
2725:KOCO-TV
2327:June 9,
2301:June 9,
2224:Bibcode
2175:Bibcode
2131:Bibcode
2020:Bibcode
1971:Bibcode
1873:Bibcode
1818:(aop).
1747:June 4,
1718:June 6,
1688:June 4,
1662:June 9,
1632:June 9,
1602:June 9,
1576:13 June
1374:McClain
1295:County
1090:Wichita
1058:Cushing
993:on the
884:. This
882:Guthrie
878:Mulhall
807:on the
653:Laverty
551:on the
229:or the
203:Central
2774:
2195:
2050:173001
2048:
2040:
1991:
1453:Total
1304:Kansas
1289:State
1173:6,550
1162:1,780
1106:Linden
1074:Kansas
1070:states
1038:Stroud
1018:Sparks
955:Formed
853:Damage
769:Formed
636:, and
597:Damage
513:Formed
434:Total
298:trough
278:Quebec
266:Kansas
211:Canada
163:Damage
2772:S2CID
2746:arXiv
2710:CIMMS
2353:(PDF)
2346:(PDF)
2125:(1).
2046:S2CID
1548:(PDF)
1444:Titus
1434:Texas
1424:Perry
1384:Payne
1364:Logan
1344:Grady
1271:Craig
1152:Other
1078:Texas
927:Perry
668:Amber
634:Caddo
270:Texas
2672:2010
2649:2010
2622:2010
2595:2010
2569:2010
2543:2010
2517:2010
2491:2010
2465:2010
2439:2010
2413:2010
2387:2010
2361:2010
2329:2013
2303:2013
2193:ISSN
2038:ISSN
1989:ISSN
1913:2010
1843:2024
1822:and
1749:2013
1720:2013
1690:2013
1664:2013
1634:2013
1604:2013
1578:2013
1480:KSNW
1220:568
1217:473
1176:878
1165:534
1088:and
1080:and
1032:and
723:and
468:Note
460:152
366:CAPE
310:Gage
268:and
2764:doi
2742:375
2232:doi
2183:doi
2139:doi
2028:doi
1979:doi
1881:doi
1832:doi
1408:12
1348:12
1338:11
1198:54
1195:42
1187:79
1184:85
1072:of
1020:in
960:CDT
872:in
858:USD
774:CDT
602:USD
592:583
518:CDT
451:10
448:20
445:44
442:73
431:F5
428:F4
425:F3
422:F2
419:F1
416:F0
413:FU
312:to
158:895
65:152
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2123:88
2121:.
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2096:.
2072:.
2058:^
2044:.
2036:.
2026:.
2016:17
2014:.
2010:.
1987:.
1977:.
1967:16
1965:.
1961:.
1930:.
1879:.
1869:28
1867:.
1863:.
1830:.
1816:-1
1814:.
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1739:.
1728:^
1706:.
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1620:.
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1534:^
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1398:1
1388:1
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1318:6
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1209:7
1206:4
1124:.
1108:.
1076:,
1036:,
918:.
848:26
632:,
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233:.
219:F5
181:,
177:,
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604:)
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121:(
103:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
