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significantly altered more than 60 kilometres (37 mi) of the coastline in Vargas. Over 70% of the total population of Vargas State was affected by the disaster. Public services, like water, electricity, phone lines, and land transportation (roads and bridges) completely disappeared in some places. There were no supplies of food and water for months, so most of the population had to be evacuated. Looting and sacking occurred everywhere, forcing the military to implement
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landslide, or flood events, on average, have occurred each century within the modern boundaries of Vargas. Recorded events occurred in
February 1798, August 1912, January 1914, November 1938, May 1944, November 1944, August 1948, and February 1951. In the February 1798 event, flash floods and debris flows severely damaged 219 homes. Spanish soldiers barricaded an upstream-facing entrance to a fort with cannons in order to prevent debris from filling it.
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ultimately halting. Survivors eventually left their refugee areas and returned to their homes in an attempt to rebuild. By 2006, the state was back to its pre-disaster population level, and projects were slowly being carried out to rebuild damaged infrastructure. Over a decade after the tragedy, thousands remained homeless and the value of real estate in zones untouched by the floods declined by as much as 70%, due to the destruction of infrastructure.
371:
476:) on 15 December, runoff entered channels and rushed towards the sea, picking up and depositing sediments on its way. Generally after this first wave of flooding, from the coast to just past the crest of the Sierra de Avila, these rains triggered thousands of shallow landslides that stripped soil and rock off the landscape and sent them slipping down the mountainside. Additional water liquefied these landslides into
56:
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event, fewer landslides were triggered, and less fresh debris was observed on the fans. The unusually strong storm in
December 1999 dumped 911 millimetres (35.9 in) of rain over just a few days, triggering widespread soil instability and flow of debris. Adding to the devastation, Vargas State had experienced high population growth and development since the 1951 disaster, thus increasing the toll of casualties.
485:
and tree trunks onto the alluvial fan deltas. Starting between 7 and 9 AM on the 16th and continuing until late that afternoon, a new wave of floods occurred. These floodwaters were less concentrated in sediment and were therefore able to entrain new material and incise new channels into the flood and debris flow deposits from the previous days.
530:
times as large. Subaqueous deposition extended the shoreline an additional 40–60 meters into the sea. The deposit thicknesses range from 4–5 meters (maximum of 5.3 meters) near the center of the fan to around 0.5 meters near the pre-flood shoreline. Maximum boulder sizes decreased towards the shoreline due to the decreasing slope of the fan.
594:, a native Venezuelan, who helped raise over $ 500,000 in relief funds. After the initial emergency response, focus shifted to analyzing the causes of the disaster, and working to create a sustainable infrastructure for dealing with future torrential rains. A disaster relief team from the United States headed up by
529:
geologists estimate the deposit volume to be at least 1.8 million cubic meters (from comparing topographic scans) or 1.9 million cubic meters (from field measurements). This is among the largest rainfall-induced debris flow deposits in recorded history, though volcanic-induced debris flows can be ten
522:
across the fan and spread debris throughout the community. These overbank flows demolished 2-story houses and destroyed the first two stories of apartment buildings. Farther down the fan, the debris flows routed themselves down streets. As the flows progressed, they left thinner and thinner deposits,
204:
Prior to the 1999 disaster, the most recent major flood had occurred in 1951, but that event did not cause as much damage. Based on aerial photos and records of measurements, geologists were able to directly compare the 1951 event to the 1999 event. The 1951 event involved less rainfall than the 1999
488:
The debris flows moved rapidly, and many of them were highly destructive. Based on the maximum sizes of boulders measured in the flood deposits and the amount by which the flow on the outside of a bend was higher than that on the inside, geologists estimate the flow velocities to range from 3.3–14.5
484:
in which water mixes with high concentrations of rock and mud. The first eyewitness accounts of debris flows were from 8:30 PM on the 15th, and the final debris flows were reported between 8 and 9 AM on 16 December. Many catchments released multiple debris flows, some of which carried large boulders
183:
that killed tens of thousands of people, destroyed thousands of homes, and led to the complete collapse of the state's infrastructure. According to relief workers, the neighborhood of Los
Corales was buried under 3 metres (9.8 ft) of mud and a high percentage of homes were simply swept into the
654:
forced Orion and his owner
Mauricio Pérez to leave their home and go to a safer place. They came across a young girl trapped by turbulent water. Orion guided the girl to shore by swimming at her side, then jumped back in to pull a second girl out of the water. He then helped eight children climb to
606:
The disaster clean-up soon became politicized. Chávez initially accepted assistance from anyone who offered, with the United States sending helicopters and dozens of soldiers that arrived two days after the disaster. When defense minister Raúl
Salazar accepted the United States offer of further aid
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Of the many communities that were affected by the disaster, the
Caraballeda fan was one of the most hard-hit. The intensity of the disaster here is a combination of two factors. First, the Caraballeda fan was heavily urbanized, with many high-rise buildings and multistory houses. Second, it lies at
492:
In addition to these debris flows, flash floods carrying extremely high sediment loads were very dangerous. Together the flash floods and debris flows destroyed hundreds of houses, bridges, and other structures. They incised new channels to depths of several meters into every alluvial fan delta on
439:
containing previous debris flow deposits are now perched 10–20 meters (33–66 ft) above the modern stream channels. Erosion from the 1999 flood exposed bedrock benches 50 centimeters (20 in) to 2 meters (6 ft 7 in) above the present channel. These abandoned high surfaces suggest
517:
The floods and debris flows of 1999 did not follow the eastern channel on
Caraballeda. This channel, formed during the 1952 floods, had been lined with concrete and designed to safely transport the flows into the sea. Instead, the debris flows overwhelmed the channel and the flows overtopped the
256:
This sudden and intense storm was especially unusual because it occurred in
December, while the typical rainy season in coastal Venezuela lasts from May to October. These out-of-season rains formed when a cold front interacted with a moist southwesterly flow in the Pacific Ocean. This interaction
200:
The coastal area of Vargas State has long been subject to mudslides and flooding. Deposits preserved on the alluvial fan deltas here show that geologically similar catastrophes have occurred with regularity since prehistoric times. Since the 17th century, at least two large-magnitude debris flow,
224:
The alluvial fans built as sediments from floods and debris flows exit their channels and meet the oceans provide the only extensive flat surfaces along the mountainous coastline of north-central
Venezuela. As such, many of them have been extensively developed and urbanized. This high population
632:
Despite initial dispersals of emergency funds, receiving tens of millions of dollars from international organizations and the announcement of reconstruction plans, little came of the process and Chávez grew distracted with political squabbles, abandoning attention on the tragedy with recovery
551:
and small communities that were completely wiped out. Moreover, only some 1,000 bodies were recovered, with the rest swept to sea by the mud or buried in the landslides. More than 8,000 homes and 700 apartment buildings were destroyed in Vargas, displacing up to 75,000 people. The mudslides
253:. These heavy rains included 72 millimeters (2.8 in) of accumulation in just one hour, between 6 and 7 AM on the 16th; precipitation on both the 15th and 16th exceeded the 1,000-year probability rainfall event. Even so, the coast received much less rain than some regions upstream.
546:
The disaster caused estimated damages between $ 1.79 and $ 3.5 billion US dollars. The death toll was considered to be between 10,000 and 30,000—the exact number of casualties is difficult to determine as there is no reliable census data from the region at that time, especially about
366:
On the
Caraballeda fan, the extent of the 1951 event paled in comparison to the 1999 event. Much of the deposits that constitute the Caraballeda fan are of a thickness similar to those produced in the 1999 event and contain boulders of a size similar to those observed in 1999.
602:
arrived with a medical team and supplies to assess the damage and help those who were displaced. Contact was made with Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico to determine if any radioactivity was included in the debris field. Water purification and sleeping units were provided.
398:
10 meters (33 ft) in 550 years, for an average rate of about 1.8 cm (0.71 in) per year (though the aggradation occurs only during short-lived events). The scientists were not able to tell whether the deposits were from a single debris flow or multiple events.
421:
for noncohesive materials. This oversteepening is more than could be provided for by the frictional resistance of the sandy soils. Internal soil cohesion, negative pore pressure ("soil suction"), soil structure, and/or tree root reinforcement may be responsible for this.
514:
the mouth of the Quebrada San Julián (Saint Julian Ravine), and this watershed produced very large boulders and a massive inundated area. Approximately 1/3 of the Caraballeda fan was inundated by debris flows, and the entire fan is built of past debris flow deposits.
357:
The alluvial fans that spread out into the sea from valley mouths were built by previous flood and debris flow events. The modern channel systems of these alluvial fan deltas are incised into previously deposited debris flow and flood material. Scientists at the
625:, Cuba provided medical support after the landslides. Cuba sent a 450-member medical brigade, which remained in Venezuela after the conclusion of the emergency. This experience contributed to Chávez's view that Cuba would be an important partner in the
362:
measured these old deposits. They found that they are thicker than the December 1999 ones and contain larger boulders. This means that previous debris flows were even larger than those in December 1999 and reached higher velocities.
244:
Two weeks later, in a 52-hour span during 14, 15 and 16 December 1999, 911 millimeters (35.9 in) of rain (approximately one year's average total rainfall for the region) was measured on the north-central coast of Venezuela at
1166:
670:
Three films were made about the tragedy by Venezuelan filmmakers, all released in 2011; this is said to show the lasting impact of the tragedy that people were still sharing these narratives, especially in a nation with a
413:
in this region have shallow slopes. They are poorly channelized because sediment is being added to them from upstream (infilling the channels) at a rate equal to or greater than the rate at which it can be removed.
240:
December 1999 was unusually wet along the north-central Venezuelan coast. The first, and less powerful, storm that month occurred 2–3 December and dropped 200 millimetres (7.9 in) of rain on the coast.
614:, which was setting sail to Venezuela, Chávez told Salazar to decline the offer since "t was a matter of sovereignty". Salazar became angry and assumed that Chávez's opinion was influenced by talks with
655:
high places. He spent Wednesday night and part of Thursday morning saving 37 people from drowning, ranging from a girl of 8 years old to an elderly man of 80 years old. He was awarded the Medal "
504:
to a new course that led it through the houses to the right. These avulsion deposits are up to 6 meters (20 ft) thick and total about 1.8 million cubic meters of boulders and other material.
334:
extend to the crest of the Sierra de Avila. These units have thin soils over less-weathered bedrock; this is believed to be because of rapid erosion due to the steep slopes in this area.
42:
568:
initially presumed more than 50,000 dead. The first priority was to evacuate survivors; more than 100,000 people were ultimately evacuated. After the disaster, Venezuelan President
472:
Heavy rains fell in December 1999 along the north-central coast of Venezuela, culminating in a period of extreme intensity from 14 to 16 December. Starting around 8 PM local time (
659:" and a certificate for the role he played. He also received plaques and medals from private institutions and governments, international tributes and recognition by the
331:
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of the soil is often less than 30 centimeters (12 in) thick, the bedrock is often weathered down to greater than 2 meters (6 ft 7 in). Further inland,
324:
246:
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at bottom) and supplying sediment to flash floods and debris flows. The transmission tower on the right side of the image is 30 meters (98 ft) tall.
305:
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produced moderate to heavy rainfall starting in the first week of December and culminating in the 14–16 December event that caused the deadly floods and
626:
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ocean. Entire towns including Cerro Grande and Carmen de Uria completely disappeared. As much as 10% of the population of Vargas died during the event.
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though they often still exceeded 1 meter (3 feet) in thickness. After several avulsions, the channel roughly followed the pre-1951 flood path.
106:
1623:
851:
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is exposed. Soils forming on them are fine-grained (clayey), thin (0.5–3.0 meters (1 ft 8 in – 9 ft 10 in)), and often
2141:
2121:
1608:
1189:
Perez, Francisco L (3 September 2001). "Matrix granulometry of catastrophic debris flows (December 1999) in central coastal Venezuela".
660:
1718:
1518:
1415:
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A 2.9-meter (9 ft 6 in) thick debris flow deposit from December 1999 is exposed by river incision during late-stage floods.
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As of 1999, several hundred thousand people lived in this narrow coastal strip in Vargas State. Many of these people lived atop
220:(contour of equal precipitation) map of the 14–16 December 1999 storm draped over a shaded relief map of north-central Venezuela
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1674:
1060:"ORION perro rescatista salvo a 37 personas en la riada del 15 y 16 de diciembre de 1999 en Cerro Grande, Naiguata, Venezuela"
1571:
1471:
1425:
1031:
1002:
822:"Debris-flow and flooding hazards associated with the December 1999 storm in coastal Venezuela and strategies for mitigation"
17:
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The heaviest rains were centered around the mid-upper part of the San Julián basin, which feeds water and sediment onto the
2131:
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with organic material above and below a 10-meter (33 ft) thick layer of debris flow deposits. The bottom paleosol was
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http://www.ultimasnoticias.com.ve/noticias/ciudad/parroquias/audio-y-fotos---orion-el-perro-rescatista-en-la-tr.aspx
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Oversteepened hillslopes failed during the rainstorm, sending landslides of soil into the channels (such as the
1837:
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meters per second (11–48 ft/s). These rapid, bouldery flows resulted in much of the observed destruction.
2033:
1903:
1753:
1618:
1365:
852:"Lluvias torrenciales en Vargas, Venezuela, en diciembre de 1999. Protección ambiental y recuperación urbana"
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A section of Los Corales, one of the neighborhoods in the Vargas state that suffered the heaviest destruction
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1145:
1960:
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1603:
1513:
99:
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Partially collapsed building; the collapsed area was undercut when debris flows destroyed the bottom floor
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of the Venezuelan coast and corresponding river channel incision. In spite of the fact that most onshore
1859:
1310:
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1965:
1920:
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394:(BP), and the top one was dated to 3720±50 years BP. This means that, at least in this area, the bed
1109:
912:
1940:
1935:
1827:
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1345:
991:
The Low-Carbon Contradiction: Energy Transition, Geopolitics, and the Infrastructural State in Cuba
2116:
2008:
1544:
2038:
1970:
1950:
1930:
1889:
1874:
1630:
1593:
1454:
1146:"An integrated approach for debris-flow risk mitigatin in the north coastal range of Venezuela"
473:
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fan. Heavy rains persisted within 8 kilometers (5.0 mi) of the coast, and subsided on the
37:
703:– a similarly catastrophic debris flow event caused by a volcanic eruption in Colombia in 1985
572:
advocated for other Venezuelans to open up their homes, and "adopt a family". Then-First Lady
2023:
2003:
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1435:
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1023:
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1832:
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banks wherever the channel changed direction. Once free of the culvert, the channel rapidly
431:
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formed by debris flows sourced out of the 2,000-meter (6,600 ft) peaks to their south.
2126:
2069:
1985:
1884:
1815:
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1713:
1708:
1684:
1645:
1576:
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1483:
1466:
1298:
608:
359:
250:
1074:
8:
1993:
1955:
1925:
1778:
1613:
1581:
1566:
1420:
1102:
672:
298:
225:
density increases the risk to life and property from flash flood and debris flow events.
2085:
2028:
2018:
1998:
1975:
1915:
1503:
1498:
934:
496:
387:
297:. From the coast and extending approximately 1 kilometer (0.62 mi) inland, deeply
147:
1202:
892:"Natural Hazards on Alluvial Fans: The Venezuela Debris Flow and Flash Flood Disaster"
2048:
1175:
1027:
998:
735:
273:
2090:
1370:
1198:
1167:
Things Are Never So Bad That They Can't Get Worse: Inside the Collapse of Venezuela
890:
Larsen, M.C.; Wieczorek, G.F.; Eaton, L.S.; Morgan, B.A.; Torres-Silva, H. (2001).
692:
641:
519:
501:
459:
338:
294:
650:, was officially recognized for his role in rescuing people during the tragedy. A
1210:
1128:
664:
456:, it is possible that there is a vertical component of offset in offshore faults.
445:
441:
436:
418:
1390:
856:
Instituto de Materiales y Modelos Estructurales Universidad Central de Venezuela
2013:
1758:
1380:
700:
599:
500:
Damage from the debris flow on the Caraballeda fan. The main channel (at left)
391:
346:
175:
on 15 December 1999 (over the course of 10 days), when torrential rains caused
569:
370:
2105:
1738:
1385:
1325:
993:. Critical environments: nature, science, and politics. Oakland, California:
821:
481:
375:
229:
121:
108:
33:
1227:
Análisis del Fenómeno Ocurrido en el Litoral Venezolano en diciembre de 1999
1020:
We Are Cuba! How a Revolutionary People Have Survived in a Post-Soviet World
889:
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615:
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arranged the temporary sheltering of children that were feared orphaned in
477:
407:
258:
168:
88:
820:
Wieczorek GF, Larsen MC, Eaton LS, Morgan BA, Blair JL (2 December 2002).
1340:
1247:
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548:
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the Vargas state coastline, and they blanketed these fans with sediment.
453:
410:
395:
328:
265:
180:
176:
1239:
1110:"Complaints and Ruins 10 Years after Vargas, Venezuela Flooding Tragedy"
1226:
891:
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595:
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towards a free surface, failure is likely to occur along these planes.
213:
55:
1748:
1286:
1255:
588:
342:
321:
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92:
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1151:. Institute of Fluids Mechanics, Universidad Central de Venezuela
849:
581:
290:
269:
217:
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1842:
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The disaster was of such magnitude that the president of the
352:
276:. Rainfall rates also decreased westward toward Maiquetía.
819:
1049:
Orion, the rescuer dog in the tragedy of Vargas (SPANISH)
607:
that included 450 Marines and naval engineers aboard the
345:
and debris flow hazards. Where the foliation planes are
337:
Because foliation planes are planes of weakness, these
402:
850:
Genatios Carlos; Lafuente Marienela (November 2003).
845:
843:
841:
839:
957:"Los niños venezolanos ya habían escrito su 'carta'"
682:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
1188:
836:
1075:"The films inspired by Venezuela's 1999 disaster"
815:
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663:. On 1 December 2008, Orion died of intestinal
60:A part of Vargas state after the 1999 mudslides
1107:
924:
922:
1271:
928:
748:
931:"Venezuela's Vargas Disaster Hard to Forget"
293:in the region surrounding Caracas is mainly
919:
734:. Penguin Books: New York. pp. 44–46.
1278:
1264:
618:; though he complied with Chávez's order.
353:Alluvial fan sedimentology and past floods
1144:Lopez, Jose L; Courtel, Francois (2008).
725:
723:
721:
719:
717:
988:
537:
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458:
369:
212:
191:
167:was a natural disaster that occurred in
984:
982:
14:
2104:
1673:
1285:
1163:
714:
627:Chávez administration's foreign policy
2142:December 1999 events in South America
1259:
1017:
967:from the original on 23 February 2012
208:
2122:20th-century floods in South America
979:
729:
341:within the rocks strongly influence
1665:Guayana Esequiba (Reclamation area)
1073:Grainger, Sarah (9 February 2011).
732:Comandante: Hugo Chavez's Venezuela
661:Grand Lodge of Masonry in Venezuela
403:Surficial geology and geomorphology
247:Simón Bolívar International Airport
24:
508:
417:Hillslopes are steepened past the
146:
27:1999 natural disaster in Venezuela
25:
2153:
1233:
1225:Antonio Luis Cárdenas Colménter.
1211:"Victims tell of flood nightmare"
1011:
584:. Others offered help, including
448:active in this region during the
1794:Ecological Movement of Venezuela
685:
580:, the Presidential residence in
54:
1096:
1066:
1052:
425:
155:Location of Vargas in Venezuela
1356:Restorative Liberal Revolution
1040:
995:University of California Press
949:
933:. Tierramérica. Archived from
13:
1:
1203:10.1016/S0341-8162(01)00149-7
1129:"Flood toll climbing rapidly"
1114:Latin American Herald Tribune
894:. USGS Fact Sheet. FS 103 01.
707:
574:Marisabel Rodríguez de Chávez
187:
623:its medical internationalism
452:are mapped as right-lateral
69:5–21 December 1999
7:
2132:1999 disasters in Venezuela
1730:Democratic Unity Roundtable
1719:People's Electoral Movement
1653:Supreme Tribunal of Justice
1022:(hardcover ed.). USA:
678:
559:
235:
10:
2158:
1426:2017 constitutional crisis
429:
382:The USGS geologists found
284:
279:
2063:
1984:
1911:
1902:
1823:
1814:
1767:
1727:
1699:Movement We Are Venezuela
1682:
1555:Human rights in Venezuela
1540:
1531:
1462:
1453:
1401:1992 coup d'état attempts
1336:Revolution of the Reforms
1306:
1297:
1251:: Vargas in December 2000
989:Cederlöf, Gustav (2023).
533:
145:
137:
122:10.6051861°N 66.8495028°W
98:
84:
65:
53:
1572:Administrative divisions
1431:2019 presidential crisis
1411:2002 coup d'état attempt
1346:Revindicating Revolution
1243:: Vargas in January 2000
1164:Neuman, William (2022).
824:. U.S. Geological Survey
467:
2112:Landslides in Venezuela
1545:Corruption in Venezuela
1213:. BBC. 20 December 1999
1131:. BBC. 20 December 1999
127:10.6051861; -66.8495028
31:
1870:Science and technology
1784:Movement for Socialism
1694:United Socialist Party
1416:2002–03 general strike
929:Rivero, Yensi (2007).
907:Cite journal requires
730:Rory, Carroll (2014).
556:for more than a year.
543:
505:
464:
440:recent and continuing
379:
332:Peña de Mora Formation
221:
197:
151:
43:considered for merging
1024:Yale University Press
1018:Yaffe, Helen (2020).
586:Major League Baseball
541:
499:
462:
430:Further information:
373:
216:
195:
150:
18:1999 Vargas mudslides
1770:Agreement for Change
1709:For Social Democracy
1685:Great Patriotic Pole
1550:Torture in Venezuela
1519:World Heritage Sites
1494:Environmental issues
1108:Fernandez, Alfonso.
963:. 20 December 1999.
673:poor cinema industry
360:US Geological Survey
325:San Julián Formation
251:Maiquetia, Venezuela
1956:List of Venezuelans
1779:Progressive Advance
1567:Crisis in Venezuela
1321:War of Independence
118: /
50:
2137:Landslides in 1999
1946:Indigenous peoples
1880:Telecommunications
1477:metropolitan areas
1172:St. Martin's Press
544:
506:
465:
432:Morón Fault System
390:to 4267 ±38 years
380:
222:
209:Population density
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48:
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1754:Democratic Action
1619:National Assembly
1599:Foreign relations
1527:
1526:
1449:
1448:
1316:Captaincy General
1249:Wikimedia commons
1241:Wikimedia commons
1033:978-0-300-23003-1
1004:978-0-520-39313-4
388:radiocarbon dated
306:Tacagua Formation
161:
160:
156:
16:(Redirected from
2149:
2079:
2072:
1909:
1908:
1821:
1820:
1772:
1732:
1687:
1680:
1679:
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1376:1958 coup d'état
1371:El Trienio Adeco
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1303:
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1185:
1170:(1st ed.).
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1103:Geologic sources
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110:10°36′18.67″N
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38:Infobox event
35:
30:
19:
2044:coat of arms
1921:Demographics
1865:Oil industry
1855:Cooperatives
1744:Popular Will
1589:Constitution
1441:Coups d'état
1405:
1391:El Porteñazo
1366:World War II
1248:
1240:
1215:. Retrieved
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1165:
1153:. Retrieved
1133:. Retrieved
1117:. Retrieved
1113:
1097:Bibliography
1082:. Retrieved
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969:. Retrieved
961:Terra México
951:
939:. Retrieved
935:the original
900:cite journal
864:. Retrieved
862:(2–3): 49–62
859:
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826:. Retrieved
731:
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620:
616:Fidel Castro
610:
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592:Omar Vizquel
577:
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549:shanty towns
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491:
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480:, which are
478:debris flows
471:
435:
426:Neotectonics
416:
408:Alluvial fan
406:
381:
365:
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288:
272:side of the
263:
259:debris flows
255:
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203:
199:
181:debris flows
177:flash floods
169:Vargas State
164:
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89:Vargas State
36:
29:
2127:1999 floods
1941:Immigration
1828:Agriculture
1489:Earthquakes
1351:1895 crisis
1341:Federal War
1311:New Granada
971:1 September
640: [
621:As part of
570:Hugo Chávez
554:martial law
454:strike-slip
329:Precambrian
295:metamorphic
266:Caraballeda
125: /
100:Coordinates
32:‹ The
2106:Categories
2004:Literature
1936:Healthcare
1436:Civil wars
708:References
648:Rottweiler
596:New Mexico
450:Quaternary
188:Background
77:1999-12-21
73:1999-12-05
1971:Squatting
1951:Languages
1931:Education
1890:Transport
1838:Companies
1749:A New Era
1631:President
1624:President
1594:Elections
1455:Geography
1287:Venezuela
589:shortstop
578:La Casona
566:Red Cross
384:paleosols
343:landslide
322:Paleozoic
314:A horizon
310:colluvial
173:Venezuela
93:Venezuela
41:is being
2086:Category
2024:Religion
1966:Refugees
1926:Diaspora
1833:Currency
1714:Tupamaro
1658:In exile
1614:Missions
1609:Military
1533:Politics
1396:Caracazo
1291:articles
1217:31 March
1155:31 March
1135:31 March
1119:31 March
965:Archived
941:31 March
866:31 March
828:31 March
679:See also
652:mudslide
560:Response
437:Terraces
396:aggraded
318:gneisses
303:Mesozoic
299:foliated
236:Rainfall
85:Location
75: –
45:. ›
34:template
2070:Outline
2034:Symbols
1999:Cuisine
1986:Culture
1904:Society
1885:Tourism
1816:Economy
1675:Parties
1646:Cabinet
1577:Regions
1484:Climate
1467:Borders
1299:History
1084:16 June
611:Tortuga
582:Caracas
520:avulsed
502:avulsed
347:dipping
339:fabrics
320:of the
291:bedrock
285:Bedrock
280:Geology
270:Caracas
218:Isohyet
71: (
2091:Portal
2039:anthem
1994:Cinema
1860:Energy
1582:States
1472:Cities
1421:Crisis
1289:
1191:CATENA
1178:
1030:
1001:
738:
534:Damage
446:faults
411:deltas
138:Deaths
2077:Index
2029:Sport
2019:Music
2009:Media
1976:Women
1916:Crime
1843:PDVSA
1789:COPEI
1504:Flora
1499:Fauna
1149:(PDF)
644:]
637:Orion
468:Event
2049:flag
1636:List
1560:LGBT
1219:2010
1176:ISBN
1157:2010
1137:2010
1121:2010
1086:2019
1028:ISBN
999:ISBN
973:2009
943:2010
913:help
868:2010
830:2010
736:ISBN
646:, a
609:USS
527:USGS
327:and
289:The
179:and
163:The
66:Date
1848:CVG
1199:doi
1079:BBC
474:AST
249:in
2108::
1195:45
1193:.
1174:.
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1077:.
1026:.
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79:)
20:)
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