635:
534:
775:
272:
192:
258:
583:
63:
81:
3894:
210:
817:, which allowed spouses and adopted children of United States military personnel to enter the U.S. For these newly married couples, a "tent city" was established by Colonel William Hamby, who had succeeded Offley as the Regiment Commander. Many younger soldiers connected to a culture to which they had previously only had a distant relationship, learning language and customs that were not used or practiced in the United States.
2563:, p. 5 (U.S. District Court for D.C. 2008) (""rom the time the United States obtained dominion over the Philippines in 1899 until it granted independence to the islands in 1946, Congress classified natives of the Philippines as Philippine citizens, as non-citizen United States nationals, and as aliens, but never as United States citizens."").
687:, a future Vice Chief of Staff in the Philippines, who led a team in the Alamo Scouts. Due to the reassignment of these soldiers, both Filipino Infantry Regiments became smaller than authorized. In response, the 2nd Filipino Infantry Regiment was disbanded and used to bring the 1st Filipino Infantry Regiment to 125% of its
31:
1496:
The War
Department already had several long-serving segregated units for African Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Filipinos and established several more during 1942. The Office of War information saw propaganda value in having combat units of different nationalities. Thus during 1942 the War Department
2520:
Thus, although all children born in the United States to
Filipino immigrants were U.S. citizens, before World War II, no matter how many years Philippine-born Filipinos had lived in the United States, they were ineligible for naturalization, and, therefore, could not vote, or be absolutely sure of
3185:
In the X Corps phase, the island of Samar was cleared of
Japanese troops. The Americal Division, advance elements of which arrived on 24 January, extensively patrolled both the islands of Leyte and Samar. During the Eighth Army Area Command phase, the constant searching out of isolated groups of
3290:
Additional
American units were called into the battle of Leyte: the 32nd Infantry Division, the 77th and 37th Infantry Divisions, the Americal Division, the 11th Airborne Division, the 112th Cavalry Regiment Combat Team, the 503rd Parachute Infantry Regiment, the 20th Armored Group, and the 1st
3153:
Reinforced by elements of the 1st
Filipino Infantry, U.S. Army, the 182ds battalion overran organized resistance on northwest Samar by 1 March, and on the 4th of the month relinquished responsibility for patrolling in the region to the 1st Filipino Infantry and attached
2315:
An Untold
Triumph captures the never-been-told story of how the U.S. Army's World War II 1st and 2nd Filipino Infantry Regiments, made up of more than 7,000 immigrants and sons of immigrants, played a vital role in General Douglas MacArthur's covert plan to retake the
494:
personnel who were in the United States and
Filipino military personnel who had escaped the fall of the Philippines and were recuperating in the United States were also instructed to report to the unit. On July 13, 1942, the battalion was elevated to a regiment at the
3427:
Shortly after the mission, the 5217th, now the 1st
Reconnaissance Battalion, was sent to Manila, where Walter and his cadre were returned to the 503d PRCT. Shortly thereafter, in August 1945, the 1st Reconnaissance Battalion was disbanded and the men
2723:
1515:
3061:
So as we were group up, I got to know that my father, Rafael Ileto, had gone to West Point in 1940 and that he had been an officer in the first
Filipino infantry regiment that was sent to liberate the Philippines from Japanese
691:. The remaining soldiers of the 2nd Filipino Infantry Regiment who did not join the Regiment formed the 2nd Filipino Infantry Battalion (Separate). During its time at Oro Bay, the Regiment was reinforced with Filipinos from
427:, for military service; in California, almost half of the male Filipino American population enlisted. Some who volunteered to serve were refused due to their age; other older volunteers were refused due to the need for
2155:
Another unit of interest, the 1st
Filipino Infantry Regiment, was activated in April and eventually included a few veterans of fighting on Bataan that had been wounded, evacuated, and returned to duty in the United
3222:
Assigned to the 1st Filipino Infantry Regiment, Domingo came ashore on Leyte Island in the Philippines. His unit had been assigned the dangerous task of "mopping up" enemy soldiers who refused to surrender at all
1981:
In San Joaquin County many Filipinos who volunteered for military service were rejected because of their age and/or the need for them to continue to work in the fields harvesting the crops to feed the armed
3004:
From Filipino regiments stationed in the United States Whitney selected about 400 men, who received training in communications, intelligence, and sabotage and formed parties to penetrate the Philippines.
3591:
The previous summer, the Nisei veterans of the 442nd Regiment Combat Team had gathered at the White House for special review by President Harry Truman in recognition of their battlefield achievements.
614:
that they were failing to cooperate with the Army, at which point they changed their business practices. Further instances of discrimination against soldiers of the Regiment were also reported in
2294:
3949:
434:. Filipinos were strongly encouraged to volunteer for the Regiment, and only those who did so were assigned to it. Those who did not volunteer to serve in the Regiment served in regular (
2456:
As members of the armed forces, Filipinos are allowed to become U.S. citizens. 1,200 Filipino soldiers stand proudly in "V" formation at Camp Beale as citizenship is conferred on them.
801:, 5217th Reconnaissance Battalion, and other units were reassigned back to it. During the period between the close of operations and their return to the United States, and without the
3959:
3939:
3608:
2576:
1200:
Soldiers of the 1st and 2nd Infantry Regiments also participated in bloody combat and mop-up operations in New Guinea, Leyte, Samar, Luzon and the southern Philippines.
3954:
3469:
The 1945 War Brides Act enabled these veterans to bring back war brides from the Philippines, and the 1946 Luce-Cullar Act gave all Filipinos the right to naturalize.
610:
while visiting from neighboring Camp Beale, as the local businesses refused to serve Filipinos. This was later remedied by the Regiment's commander, who informed the
412:. Filipino Americans, like other Americans, attempted to volunteer for military service, but were not allowed to enlist since they were neither citizens nor resident
3920:
3186:
enemy soldiers continued. In addition to the Americal Division, the Regiment patrolled Leyte. On 8 May, the control of the Eighth Army over the area came to an end.
352:, where it first saw combat as a unit. After major combat operations, it remained in the Philippines until it returned to California and was deactivated in 1946 at
3964:
3199:
2831:
1649:
1047:
901:, continued to apply until the end of 1953, allowing veterans of the Regiment, and other Filipino American veterans, to return to the Philippines to bring back
3304:
875:
portraying their endeavors. By contrast, the activities of the Filipino Infantry Regiment and her sister units were largely unpublicized; it was not until the
2402:
1347:
3340:
2231:
2205:
561:
ceremony of 1,200 soldiers of the Regiment. As members of the armed forces they were able to become citizens; in 1924 naturalization of Filipino Americans
3129:
409:
3266:
2895:
1024:
824:
or their being otherwise ineligible, and those who chose to remain in the Philippines, were transferred to 2nd Filipino Infantry Battalion (Separate) in
3445:
598:
in California meant that the soldiers were banned from marrying non-Filipino women; those soldiers who wished to marry in this way were transported to
3392:
1216:
634:
2864:
1549:
2302:
821:
1916:
2648:
2789:
542:
3068:
1583:
3441:
2682:
2607:
565:, as it was determined that only aliens could be naturalized and Filipinos at the time were nationals. In November 1943, it paraded through
1950:
595:
533:
3944:
2036:
1882:
898:
2334:
1426:
3635:
1130:
2528:
1810:
794:
3729:
886:
that any significant visual media covered the history of the Regiment. In 1984 an association of veterans of the Regiment erected a
3669:
2963:
862:
557:. Eventually, more than 7,000 soldiers would be assigned to the Filipino Infantry Regiments. While at Camp Beale, there was a mass
3858:
1845:
1298:
Members of the first and second regiments also served in the parachute-naval assault to recapture the island of Corregidor in 1944
1616:
866:
696:
288:
665:
512:
345:
3820:
3598:
2002:
3868:
3830:
3796:
3679:
3577:
3548:
3455:
3314:
3276:
3078:
2946:
2909:
2733:
2658:
2584:
2538:
2506:
2412:
2367:
2344:
2278:
2111:
2012:
1926:
1892:
1855:
1784:
1737:
1698:
1593:
1559:
1525:
1444:
1396:
1324:
1284:
1230:
1147:
504:
196:
774:
313:
3917:
2469:
3786:
3629:
2435:
2079:
987:
852:
688:
3439:
2336:
Teaching About Asian Pacific Americans: Effective activities, Strategies, and Assignments for Classrooms and Communities
3969:
3567:
146:
3206:
2839:
2134:
2097:
1656:
1055:
3643:
3139:
2977:
1482:
1091:
833:
424:
3102:
905:, wives, and children. In the years following the war, some sixteen thousand Filipinas entered the United States as
714:. It would later be reassigned back to the 8th Army, in May 1945, along with the Americal Division. Finally, in the
982:
2187:
639:
391:
96:
3358:
2242:
1497:
organized the 1st Filipino infantry in California and battalion-size units of Norwegians, Austrians, and Greeks.
3773:
Personnel won more than 50,000 decorations, awards, medals, ribbons, certificates, commendations and citations.
2693:
2618:
1092:""Pineapples," "Hawayanos," and "Loyal Americans": Local Boys in the First Filipino Infantry Regiment, US Army"
910:
726:
group. In addition, some of the companies of the Regiment provided security for 8th Army General Headquarters,
650:
1032:
820:
Soldiers of the Regiment who did either not qualify to return to the U.S., either due to having insufficient
550:
365:
443:
3380:
806:
527:
2938:
US Special Warfare Units in the Pacific Theater 1941–45: Scouts, Raiders, Rangers and Reconnaissance Units
2923:
Many were paratroopers or from the 1st Filipino Infantry Regiment, a US Army unit organized in the States.
2872:
1314:
759:
743:
490:
in his youth. During the following months, Filipino Americans continued to volunteer, and the unit grew.
395:
169:
3236:
3170:
3017:
3345:
2797:
1689:
1432:
677:
587:
1182:
2767:
2560:
1222:
871:
669:
379:
329:
305:
265:
2806:
191:
2201:
891:
681:
496:
251:
3907:
3414:
3482:
2697:
2622:
2375:
1436:
810:
751:
711:
664:, the Regiment spent part of June in Australia. Upon arriving at Oro Bay, it was assigned to the
575:
562:
508:
375:
236:
164:
1965:
2901:
1818:
1776:
1772:
1474:
1468:
1388:
1384:
1276:
1272:
1248:, after which they distinguished themselves in the Battle of Leyte and on the Bataan Peninsula.
840:
829:
802:
607:
405:
402:
371:
2268:
2047:
1729:
3350:
2936:
2498:
558:
523:
176:
1470:
Nisei Linguists: Japanese Americans in the Military Intelligence Service During World War II
582:
3354:
2991:
2103:
766:; the Regiment was not awarded formal campaign participation for these individual actions.
475:
321:
3737:
2967:
2295:"An Untold Triumph: The Story of the 1st & 2nd Filipino Infantry Regiments, U.S. Army"
1822:
554:
382:
and the United States, Filipinos were allowed to immigrate freely to the United States as
8:
3253:
In addition to the Americal Division, the 1st Filipino Infantry Regiment patrolled Leyte.
1187:
692:
657:
611:
500:
387:
141:
3788:
Student Almanac of Asian American History: From the Exclusion Era to Today, 1925–Present
3730:"An Untold Triumph: The Story of the 1st and 2nd Filipino Infantry Regiments, U.S. Army"
2075:(España-Maram, 2006) used the word "Formed". By Army terminology this is incorrect. Per
672:
to provide area security and continue training. Some soldiers were then assigned to the
3510:
3388:
3045:
2802:
2332:
1765:
1694:
1377:
1265:
790:
623:
603:
599:
479:
301:
291:
86:
1623:
416:. Following a change in legislation it was announced on 3 January 1942, the day after
3899:
3864:
3826:
3792:
3675:
3639:
3573:
3544:
3537:
3514:
3502:
3451:
3341:"History of the US Army's 1st Filipino Regiment and 2D Filipino Battalion (Separate)"
3310:
3272:
3135:
3074:
3049:
3037:
2983:
2973:
2942:
2905:
2729:
2654:
2534:
2502:
2491:
2408:
2340:
2333:
Chen, Edith Wen-Chu; Glenn Omatsu; Emily Porcincula Lawsin; Joseph A. Galura (2006).
2274:
2107:
2008:
1922:
1888:
1851:
1780:
1733:
1722:
1589:
1555:
1521:
1478:
1440:
1392:
1320:
1280:
1226:
1143:
887:
869:. After the war, the efforts of the 442nd continued to be lauded, with the 1951 film
707:
446:
439:
271:
203:
30:
3483:""Out of an Obscure Place": Japanese War Brides and Cultural Pluralism in the 1950s"
3328:"On Samar, elements of Americal Division and 1st Filipino Infantry clear Mauro area.
3494:
3029:
858:
786:
755:
483:
2379:
1684:
643:
3924:
2195:
2083:
2007:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 257–258 (1890 total).
2000:
1137:
813:
over differences in pay, culture and local women. Others married women under the
727:
723:
676:, the 5217th Reconnaissance Battalion, and to the Philippine Regional Section of
491:
478:, to liberate the Philippines. Colonel Robert Offley was selected as the unit's
159:
151:
3911:
913:
of Filipino Americans, significantly expanding the Filipino American community.
3822:
The Third Asiatic Invasion: Migration and Empire in Filipino America, 1898–1946
3702:
3603:
2725:
The Third Asiatic Invasion: Migration and Empire in Filipino America, 1898–1946
2473:
2086:
the correct term is "Constituted". The article has been edited to reflect that.
1517:
The Third Asiatic Invasion: Migration and Empire in Filipino America, 1898–1946
814:
747:
735:
570:
530:. Members of this regiment were notably issued bolo knives in place of rifles.
435:
383:
341:
3760:
3033:
2443:
2170:
2076:
976:
257:
3933:
3506:
3498:
3070:
Shadows in the Jungle: The Alamo Scouts Behind Japanese Lines in World War II
3041:
2987:
2608:"My Funny Valentine: A Battle In The Filipino American Civil Rights Movement"
876:
619:
353:
68:
2142:
798:
699:
had successfully argued that their labor was needed in the sugar industry.
684:
673:
541:
The Regiment continued to train and grow, leading to the activation of the
428:
317:
136:
2756:
2339:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 29–30 (316 total).
1319:. El Cerrito, California: Downey Place Publishing House, Inc. p. 54.
839:
on 8 April 1946, the rest of the Regiment was sent to Camp Stoneman, near
3106:
2650:
What Comes Naturally: Miscegenation Law and the Making of Race in America
857:
During the war the efforts of Filipino and American defenders during the
825:
778:
715:
566:
450:
413:
349:
2533:. St. Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society Press. p. 547.
1348:"1st Filipino Infantry and 2nd Filipino Infantry in Bataan, Philippines"
3442:
Filipino American National Historical Society, Little Manila Foundation
2001:
Sisson, Richard; Christian K. Zacher; Andrew Robert Lee Cayton (2007).
906:
763:
661:
615:
431:
337:
325:
1360:
First Commander of the 1st Filipino Infantry, Colonel Robert H Offley.
902:
695:. These men had not been able to enlist in the Army until 1943 as the
1724:
A Nation of Peoples: A Sourcebook on America's Multicultural Heritage
1316:
Filipinos in California: from the days of the galleons to the present
1131:"CHAPTER 10: THE WATERSHED OF WORLD WAR II : DEMOCRACY AND RACE"
731:
594:
Members of the Regiment faced discrimination during this period. The
516:
503:. The Regiment was made up of three battalions, each consisting of a
420:
333:
1964:(4). The San Joaquin County Historical Society: 3–18. Archived from
336:, it was declared a regiment on 13 July 1942. Deployed initially to
3205:. National Center for the Preservation of Democracy. Archived from
1951:"The Long Struggle for Acceptance: Filipinos in San Joaquin County"
1655:. National Center for the Preservation of Democracy. Archived from
1245:
739:
546:
309:
297:
294:
106:
1921:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 137.
602:, as New Mexico had repealed its anti-miscegenation law after the
3309:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 74.
511:. The Regiment had a separate regimental headquarters company, a
487:
454:
3791:. Westport Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 18.
1850:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press US. p. 132.
1214:
805:
to fight, the men of the Regiment clashed with soldiers of the
423:, that Filipinos would be permitted to volunteer, and could be
417:
209:
125:
3758:
2653:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press US. p. 40.
2168:
1139:
Strangers From a Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans
394:. In 1934, U.S. policy changed, and their status as nationals
3134:. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. p. 437.
2787:
2497:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p.
2436:"Selected Dates and Events of Asian Pacific American History"
1728:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p.
1622:. Angel Island Immigration Station Foundation. Archived from
861:
were widely covered by the press, as were the actions of the
719:
703:
520:
3950:
Infantry regiments of the United States Army in World War II
3761:"The First and Second Filipino Infantry Regiments U.S. Army"
3450:. San Francisco, California: Arcadia Publishing. p. 8.
2972:. Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army. pp. 64–96.
2171:"The First and Second Filipino Infantry Regiments U.S. Army"
3784:
3620:
3175:. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. p. 365
2404:
Golden Dreams: California in an Age of Abundance, 1950–1963
1811:"Key Events in the Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt"
746:
Headquarters. Other soldiers would also participate in the
649:
In April 1944, the Regiment departed California aboard the
2530:
They Chose Minnesota: A Survey of the States Ethnic Groups
2301:. Smithsonian Institution. 30 January 2003. Archived from
537:
Naturalization ceremony at Camp Beale on February 20, 1943
3785:
Media Projects Incorporated (2004). Smith, Carter (ed.).
3100:
1054:. Center of Military History. 10 May 2011. Archived from
3105:. Americal Division Veterans Association. Archived from
2577:""The Day of Infamy" SD's Unsung Heroes of World War II"
797:. Soldiers of the Regiment who had been detached to the
3572:. New York, New York: Infobase Publishing. p. 74.
2935:
Rottman, Gordon L.; Anderson, Duncan (20 August 2013).
2683:"Letters from Readers: The Filipinos Do Not Understand"
1588:. New York, New York: Infobase Publishing. p. 97.
1244:
The 1st and 2nd Filipino Infantry Regiments trained at
2407:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 452.
2141:. California State Military Department. Archived from
1554:. Malden, Massachusetts: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 15.
1215:
McKibben, Carol Lynn; Seaside History Project (2009).
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
785:
By August 1945, operations came to a close due to the
3671:
America's Geisha Ally: Reimagining the Japanese Enemy
2099:
Beyond Courage: One Regiment Against Japan, 1941–1945
1949:
Perez, Frank Ramos; Perez, Leatrice Bantillo (1994).
1914:
1672:
However, in 1934, they were reclassified as "aliens".
3960:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1946
3889:
3759:
Andrew Ruppenstien; Manny Santos (21 January 2010).
3357:: United States Army. 31 August 2011. Archived from
2871:. Sirzib Publishing Inc. 2 July 2010. Archived from
2206:
United States Army Command and General Staff College
2169:
Andrew Ruppenstien; Manny Santos (21 January 2010).
1887:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 152.
1473:. Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army. p.
3200:"Fight for Democracy: An Educator's Resource Guide"
2073:
Creating Masculinity in Los Angeles's Little Manila
1884:
Creating Masculinity in Los Angeles's Little Manila
1650:"Fight for Democracy: An Educator's Resource Guide"
1002:
606:. Soldiers of the Regiment faced discrimination in
549:in November 1942. The 2nd Regiment was assigned to
3940:History of racial segregation in the United States
3536:
3271:. Bennington, Vermont: Merriam Press. p. 27.
3197:
2605:
2490:
2004:The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia
1764:
1721:
1647:
1376:
1264:
3955:Military units and formations established in 1942
3234:
2838:. United States Army. 10 May 2011. Archived from
718:, it conducted "mopping up" operations on Leyte,
3931:
3417:. The Corregidor Historic Society. 29 March 2011
2897:The Cabanatuan Prison Raid: The Philippines 1945
1031:. United States Army. 1 May 2011. Archived from
909:. These new Filipino American families formed a
3965:American military personnel of Filipino descent
3599:"An Awe-Inspiring Chapter of America's History"
2934:
2788:Adjutant General's Office (20 September 1948).
1183:"New Film Depicts Filipino Regiments' Exploits"
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
3908:Filipino Infantry Regiment in the US Army 1943
3480:
2964:"Chapter 4: Special Operations in the Pacific"
1751:filipino Americans World War II enlist reject.
638:Formation of the Regiment during the visit of
3863:. New York, New York: Presidio. p. 198.
3727:
3627:
2472:. History World International. Archived from
2328:
2326:
2324:
2034:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1719:
1509:
1507:
1505:
843:, where it was deactivated on 10 April 1946.
3534:
3381:"Japan Capitulates, August – September 1945"
3018:"Philippine Wars and the Politics of Memory"
2969:U.S. Army Special Operations in World War II
2440:Commission on Asian Pacific American Affairs
2185:
2037:"Remembering Ramon Subejano, A One Man Army"
1880:
1258:
1256:
1163:
1070:
340:in 1944, it became a source of manpower for
3709:. University of Hawaii at Manoa. 4 May 2011
3703:"Philippine Studies Audio-Visual Resources"
2680:
2574:
897:The War Brides Act of 1945, and subsequent
702:In February 1945, the Regiment was sent to
374:by Spain to the United States and, after a
16:Former United States Army infantry regiment
2859:
2857:
2372:Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Program
2321:
2299:Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Program
2241:. United States Army. 1943. Archived from
1987:
1948:
1876:
1874:
1585:Encyclopedia of North American Immigration
1502:
1466:
1420:
1418:
1210:
1208:
29:
3674:. Harvard University Press. p. 256.
3667:
3596:
3164:
3162:
3073:. London, England: Penguin. p. 235.
3066:
2961:
2941:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 78–85.
2526:
1370:
1368:
1312:
1308:
1306:
1253:
1124:
1122:
1120:
386:. Most immigrants chose to settle in the
3860:Order of Battle, U.S. Army, World War II
3707:Wong Audio-Visual Room, Sinclair Library
3565:
3539:Asian Americans: an interpretive history
1843:
1424:
1180:
986:. California State Military Department.
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
773:
633:
581:
532:
3856:
3333:
3306:Philippines in World War Two, 1941–1945
3264:
2893:
2854:
2488:
2266:
2188:"American Infantry Regiments 1941–1945"
1871:
1415:
1205:
1105:. University of Hawai`i at Manoa: 57–73
1089:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
586:Soldiers of the Regiment training on a
3932:
3818:
3168:
3159:
3022:Positions: East Asia Cultures Critique
2721:
2715:
2646:
2226:
2224:
1581:
1513:
1365:
1303:
1128:
1117:
899:Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act of 1946
3127:
3028:(1). Duke University Press: 215–235.
3015:
2442:. State of Washington. Archived from
2428:
2400:
2368:"World War Two 1st Filipino Infantry"
1915:Goggans, Jan; Aaron DiFranco (2004).
1762:
1374:
1262:
573:, the influential Filipino author of
197:Philippine Presidential Unit Citation
3825:. New York: NYU Press. p. 228.
3611:from the original on 25 January 2017
3385:Naval History & Heritage Command
3346:U.S. Army Center of Military History
3302:
3241:Leyte: The Return to the Philippines
3172:Leyte: The Return to the Philippines
2728:. New York: NYU Press. p. 214.
2095:
2028:
1547:
1520:. New York: NYU Press. p. 212.
1181:Ishikawa, Scott (30 November 2001).
923:
697:Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association
3103:"Americal Division Order of Battle"
2273:. Arcadia Publishing. p. 123.
2221:
1551:A Companion to American Immigration
1313:Crouchett, Lorraine Jacobs (1983).
853:Military history of Asian Americans
13:
3945:United States Army in World War II
3918:Philippine Scouts Heritage Society
3850:
3237:"Chapter XXII: Leyte is Liberated"
3101:Captain Francis D. Cronin (1951).
2865:"The Philippine Army World War II"
2489:Posadas, Barbara Mercedes (1999).
1847:Atlas of American Military History
1225:: Arcadia Publishing. p. 39.
974:
795:bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
14:
3981:
3885:
3566:Slavicek, Louise Chipley (2007).
3395:from the original on 11 July 2011
2904:: Osprey Publishing. p. 15.
2900:. Mariusz Kozik, Howard Gerrard.
2521:their future status and security.
990:from the original on 13 June 2011
320:. It was formed and activated at
3892:
3481:Caroline Chung, Simpson (1998).
3016:Ileto, Reynaldo Clemena (2005).
2757:"USS General John Pope (AP-110)"
1701:from the original on 23 May 2011
983:California State Military Museum
977:"California's Filipino Infantry"
832:to the United States aboard the
270:
256:
208:
190:
79:
61:
3812:
3778:
3752:
3728:Dennis Harvey (26 March 2003).
3721:
3695:
3661:
3557:
3528:
3474:
3433:
3407:
3373:
3296:
3258:
3228:
3191:
3121:
3094:
3009:
2955:
2928:
2887:
2824:
2781:
2749:
2674:
2640:
2599:
2568:
2461:
2394:
2360:
2287:
2260:
2161:
2127:
2089:
2065:
2035:Al Livingston (December 2008).
1942:
1908:
1837:
1815:Miller Center of Public Affairs
1803:
1775:: Lerner Publications. p.
1756:
1713:
1677:
1641:
1609:
1575:
1541:
1460:
1387:: Lerner Publications. p.
1275:: Lerner Publications. p.
894:in honor of their former unit.
622:, where they were mistaken for
472:1st Filipino Infantry Battalion
470:Constituted in March 1942, the
3493:(3). Brown University: 47–81.
3440:Mabalon, Dawn B.; Rico Reyes;
2694:San Francisco State University
2619:San Francisco State University
2106:: Sunstone Press. p. 91.
2046:. taxi-usa.com. Archived from
1720:Robert Barkan, Elliot (1999).
1340:
769:
543:2nd Filipino Infantry Regiment
442:of operation. One example was
408:, while other Japanese forces
380:Philippine independence forces
348:. In 1945, it deployed to the
344:and units that would serve in
285:1st Filipino Infantry Regiment
147:Philippines Campaign (1944–45)
24:1st Filipino Infantry Regiment
1:
3303:Bell, Walter F. Bell (1999).
1467:McNaughton, James C. (2006).
916:
629:
370:In 1898, the Philippines was
366:History of Filipino Americans
359:
3597:Jason Lee (5 October 2010).
2962:Hogan Jr., David W. (1992).
1881:España-Maram, Linda (2006).
807:Philippine Commonwealth Army
465:
328:, under the auspices of the
241:Colonel William Robert Hamby
44:4 March 1942 – 10 April 1946
7:
3857:Stanton, Shelby L. (1984).
3128:Smith, Robert Ross (1963).
2606:Alex S. Fabros Jr. (1995).
2527:Holmquist, June D. (2003).
1844:Bradford, James C. (2003).
722:, and other islands in the
116:"Laging Una" (Always First)
10:
3986:
3763:. Historic Marker Database
3636:Government Printing Office
3235:M. Hamilin Cannon (1993).
3198:Eftihia Danellis; Ann Du.
3169:Cannon, M. Hamlin (1993).
3131:Triumph in the Philippines
2836:Center of Military History
2798:Center of Military History
2270:World War II Arroyo Grande
2173:. Historic Marker Database
2139:California Military Museum
1690:Center of Military History
1648:Eftihia Danellis; Ann Du.
1433:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1410:Robert H. Offley Filipino.
1129:Takaki, Ronald T. (1998).
1090:Revilla, Linda A. (1996).
1029:Center of Military History
850:
678:Allied Intelligence Bureau
474:was activated in April at
460:
363:
332:. Originally created as a
3970:Filipino-American history
3668:Shibusawa, Naoko (2006).
3415:"The Philippine Airborne"
3067:Alexander, Larry (2010).
3034:10.1215/10679847-13-1-215
2768:Chief of Naval Operations
2082:29 September 2011 at the
1958:The San Joaquin Historian
1425:Espiritu, Yen Le (1995).
1223:San Francisco, California
1099:Social Process in Hawai'i
846:
330:California National Guard
314:Battle of the Philippines
306:continental United States
266:Distinctive Unit Insignia
264:
250:
245:
232:
227:
202:
186:
132:
120:
112:
102:
92:
74:
56:
48:
40:
28:
23:
3499:10.1215/10407391-10-3-47
2894:Rottman, Gordon (2009).
2556:M. Licudine v. D. Winter
2202:Fort Leavenworth, Kansas
1350:. CriticalPast.com. 1943
706:and was assigned to the
497:California Rodeo Grounds
410:attacked the Philippines
252:Shoulder Sleeve Insignia
2832:"1st Filipino Regiment"
2376:Smithsonian Institution
2232:"1st Filipino Infantry"
1798:Filipinos world war II.
1437:Temple University Press
1428:Filipino American lives
811:Philippine Constabulary
689:standard allocated size
596:anti-miscegenation laws
579:, there to witness it.
576:America Is in the Heart
316:that saw combat during
3628:U.S. Congress (1966).
2902:Oxford, United Kingdom
2764:Naval History Division
2647:Pascoe, Peggy (2009).
2493:The Filipino Americans
2378:. 2008. Archived from
2096:Cave, Dorothy (2006).
1819:University of Virginia
1773:Minneapolis, Minnesota
1617:"Filipino Immigration"
1385:Minneapolis, Minnesota
1273:Minneapolis, Minnesota
1048:"Statement of Service"
1025:"Statement of Service"
841:Pittsburgh, California
803:Imperial Japanese Army
782:
666:31st Infantry Division
646:
591:
538:
486:and had spent time on
449:, who was awarded the
403:Imperial Japanese Navy
3819:Baldoz, Rick (2011).
3535:Sucheng Chan (1991).
3447:Filipinos in Stockton
3351:Fort Lesley J. McNair
3265:Merriam, Ray (1999).
2722:Baldoz, Rick (2011).
2401:Starr, Kevin (2009).
2267:Gregory, Jim (2016).
2186:S.L. Stanton (1992).
2077:Army Regulation 220-5
1763:Frank, Sarah (2005).
1582:Powell, John (2005).
1514:Baldoz, Rick (2011).
1375:Frank, Sarah (2005).
1263:Frank, Sarah (2005).
777:
637:
585:
536:
406:attacked Pearl Harbor
177:Battle of the Visayas
35:Regiment Coat of Arms
3923:2 April 2015 at the
3631:Congressional Record
3355:District of Columbia
3268:World War II Journal
2842:on 24 September 2015
2239:Camp Roberts Trainer
2104:Santa Fe, New Mexico
1971:on 24 September 2015
1767:Filipinos in America
1685:"Philippine Islands"
1379:Filipinos in America
1267:Filipinos in America
1058:on 24 September 2015
1035:on 24 September 2015
505:headquarters company
476:Camp San Luis Obispo
346:occupied territories
322:Camp San Luis Obispo
221:Southern Philippines
170:Battle of Corregidor
1629:on 3 September 2011
1548:Ueda, Reed (2006).
1188:Honolulu Advertiser
658:Oro Bay, New Guinea
612:Chamber of Commerce
501:Salinas, California
438:) units in various
388:Territory of Hawaii
142:New Guinea campaign
3740:on 8 November 2012
3389:United States Navy
3291:Filipino Infantry.
3109:on 6 December 2006
2812:on 19 October 2012
2803:United States Army
2790:"Disposition Form"
2248:on 19 October 2012
1918:The Pacific region
1697:. 3 October 2003.
1695:United States Army
1052:United States Army
783:
728:Far East Air Force
680:. One example was
647:
624:Japanese Americans
600:Gallup, New Mexico
592:
539:
507:and four infantry
480:commanding officer
302:Filipino Americans
292:United States Army
233:Regiment Commander
204:Campaign streamers
87:United States Army
3900:California portal
3870:978-0-89141-195-6
3832:978-0-8147-9109-7
3798:978-0-313-32604-2
3681:978-0-674-02348-2
3621:National Archives
3579:978-0-7910-9271-2
3550:978-0-8057-8437-4
3457:978-0-7385-5624-6
3316:978-0-313-30614-3
3278:978-1-57638-164-9
3080:978-0-451-22913-7
2994:on 23 August 2020
2948:978-1-4728-0524-9
2911:978-1-84603-399-5
2735:978-0-8147-9109-7
2681:A Filipino Wife.
2660:978-0-19-509463-3
2587:on 11 August 2011
2575:Dr. Riz A. Oade.
2540:978-0-87351-231-2
2508:978-0-313-29742-7
2470:"Asian Americans"
2414:978-0-19-515377-4
2382:on 16 August 2011
2346:978-0-7425-5338-5
2305:on 11 August 2011
2280:978-1-4671-1958-0
2113:978-0-86534-559-1
2014:978-0-253-34886-9
1928:978-0-313-33043-8
1894:978-0-231-11593-3
1857:978-0-19-521661-5
1786:978-0-8225-4873-7
1739:978-0-313-29961-2
1595:978-0-8160-4658-4
1561:978-0-631-22843-1
1527:978-0-8147-9109-7
1446:978-1-56639-317-1
1398:978-0-8225-4873-7
1326:978-0-910823-00-5
1286:978-0-8225-4873-7
1232:978-0-7385-6981-9
1149:978-0-316-83130-7
1142:. Little, Brown.
911:second generation
884:An UnTold Triumph
708:Americal Division
682:Second Lieutenant
653:General John Pope
447:Ramon S. Subejano
278:
277:
239:Robert H. Offley
3977:
3912:Ghostarchive.org
3902:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3770:
3768:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3736:. Archived from
3725:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3665:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3638:. p. 6266.
3624:
3618:
3616:
3593:
3588:
3586:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3542:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3464:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3424:
3422:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3323:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3287:
3285:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3248:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3219:
3217:
3211:
3204:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3182:
3180:
3166:
3157:
3156:
3150:
3148:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2999:
2990:. Archived from
2959:
2953:
2952:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2918:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2875:on 25 March 2012
2869:Waiting Room USA
2861:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2811:
2805:. Archived from
2794:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2766:. Office of the
2761:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2702:
2696:. Archived from
2687:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2627:
2621:. Archived from
2612:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2583:. Archived from
2572:
2566:
2561: JR 1086
2558:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2523:
2517:
2515:
2496:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2451:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2330:
2319:
2318:
2312:
2310:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2247:
2236:
2228:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2192:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2152:
2150:
2145:on 19 March 2014
2131:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2093:
2087:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2052:
2041:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
1998:
1985:
1984:
1978:
1976:
1970:
1955:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1878:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1821:. Archived from
1807:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1793:
1770:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1746:
1727:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1667:
1661:
1654:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1628:
1621:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1511:
1500:
1499:
1493:
1491:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1422:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1382:
1372:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1310:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1270:
1260:
1251:
1250:
1241:
1239:
1212:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1178:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1135:
1126:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1096:
1087:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1021:
1000:
999:
997:
995:
975:Fabros, Alex S.
972:
859:Battle of Bataan
787:Japanese Emperor
756:Bataan Peninsula
660:. On the way to
274:
260:
212:
194:
165:Battle of Bataan
85:
83:
82:
67:
65:
64:
33:
21:
20:
3985:
3984:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3930:
3929:
3925:Wayback Machine
3898:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3853:
3851:Further reading
3848:
3847:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3817:
3813:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3783:
3779:
3766:
3764:
3757:
3753:
3743:
3741:
3726:
3722:
3712:
3710:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3666:
3662:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3614:
3612:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3562:
3558:
3551:
3533:
3529:
3519:
3517:
3479:
3475:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3438:
3434:
3420:
3418:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3398:
3396:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3364:
3362:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3301:
3297:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3263:
3259:
3246:
3244:
3233:
3229:
3215:
3213:
3212:on 4 March 2016
3209:
3202:
3196:
3192:
3178:
3176:
3167:
3160:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3126:
3122:
3112:
3110:
3099:
3095:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3065:
3054:
3052:
3014:
3010:
2997:
2995:
2980:
2960:
2956:
2949:
2933:
2929:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2892:
2888:
2878:
2876:
2863:
2862:
2855:
2845:
2843:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2792:
2786:
2782:
2772:
2770:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2720:
2716:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2685:
2679:
2675:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2645:
2641:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2610:
2604:
2600:
2590:
2588:
2573:
2569:
2554:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2479:
2477:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2449:
2447:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2399:
2395:
2385:
2383:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2331:
2322:
2308:
2306:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2265:
2261:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2222:
2210:
2208:
2190:
2176:
2174:
2166:
2162:
2148:
2146:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2094:
2090:
2084:Wayback Machine
2070:
2066:
2056:
2054:
2053:on 16 July 2011
2050:
2039:
2033:
2029:
2019:
2017:
2015:
1999:
1988:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1953:
1947:
1943:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1913:
1909:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1879:
1872:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1842:
1838:
1828:
1826:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1761:
1757:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1702:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1665:
1663:
1662:on 4 March 2016
1659:
1652:
1646:
1642:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1580:
1576:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1546:
1542:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1512:
1503:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1465:
1461:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1423:
1416:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1373:
1366:
1353:
1351:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1311:
1304:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1261:
1254:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1213:
1206:
1193:
1191:
1179:
1164:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1133:
1127:
1118:
1108:
1106:
1094:
1088:
1071:
1061:
1059:
1046:
1045:
1038:
1036:
1023:
1022:
1003:
993:
991:
973:
924:
919:
855:
849:
789:'s decision to
781:of the Regiment
772:
724:Visayan islands
642:Vice President
632:
563:had been barred
553:and the 1st to
492:Philippine Army
468:
463:
453:for actions in
368:
362:
281:
240:
195:
160:Battle of Luzon
156:Battle of Samar
152:Battle of Leyte
80:
78:
62:
60:
36:
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3910:archived at
3874:. Retrieved
3859:
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3821:
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3802:. Retrieved
3787:
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3754:
3742:. Retrieved
3738:the original
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3630:
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3490:
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3359:the original
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3207:the original
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3107:the original
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2998:27 September
2996:. Retrieved
2992:the original
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2623:the original
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2474:the original
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2444:the original
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2403:
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2380:the original
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2335:
2316:Philippines.
2314:
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2303:the original
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2243:the original
2238:
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2143:the original
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2048:the original
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2018:. Retrieved
2003:
1980:
1973:. Retrieved
1966:the original
1961:
1957:
1944:
1932:. Retrieved
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1883:
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1823:the original
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1723:
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1186:
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1138:
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1098:
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1056:the original
1051:
1037:. Retrieved
1033:the original
1028:
992:. Retrieved
980:
896:
883:
879:
870:
856:
835:
819:
799:Alamo Scouts
784:
701:
685:Rafael Ileto
674:Alamo Scouts
652:
648:
640:Commonwealth
593:
574:
540:
515:company, an
471:
469:
429:agricultural
400:
369:
318:World War II
284:
282:
137:World War II
18:
3487:Differences
3428:reassigned.
3154:guerrillas.
1934:2 September
1332:6 September
826:Quezon City
791:end the war
779:Color guard
770:Post-combat
716:Philippines
588:machine gun
567:Los Angeles
519:company, a
451:Silver Star
396:was revoked
350:Philippines
300:made up of
187:Decorations
133:Engagements
3934:Categories
3543:. Twayne.
2211:7 February
2198:Collection
2135:"Fort Ord"
1062:17 October
917:References
907:war brides
851:See also:
764:Fort Mills
762:of former
758:, and the
712:10th Corps
662:New Guinea
630:Deployment
616:Sacramento
608:Marysville
555:Camp Beale
551:Camp Cooke
524:detachment
392:West coast
364:See also:
360:Background
338:New Guinea
326:California
308:and a few
289:segregated
228:Commanders
215:New Guinea
57:Allegiance
3515:248684907
3507:1040-7391
3050:143843851
3042:1067-9847
2988:316829618
2846:31 August
830:Returning
760:recapture
732:airstrips
604:Civil War
517:anti-tank
509:companies
466:Stateside
334:battalion
304:from the
49:Disbanded
3921:Archived
3609:Archived
3444:(2008).
3399:3 August
3393:Archived
2816:5 August
2252:2 August
2196:Nafziger
2080:Archived
2057:3 August
1699:Archived
1246:Fort Ord
988:Archived
903:fiancées
752:fighting
740:Tacloban
670:8th Army
590:in 1943.
547:Fort Ord
526:, and a
440:theaters
390:and the
378:between
376:conflict
310:veterans
298:regiment
295:infantry
246:Insignia
113:Motto(s)
107:Regiment
97:Infantry
3838:11 June
3804:11 June
3734:Variety
2879:10 June
2690:AAS 456
2615:AAS 456
2352:11 June
2156:States.
2020:10 June
1982:forces.
1863:19 July
1218:Seaside
1155:2 March
892:Salinas
754:on the
736:Tanauan
569:, with
521:medical
513:service
488:Mindoro
484:Tagalog
461:History
455:Germany
425:drafted
312:of the
237:Colonel
124:"On to
3876:30 May
3867:
3829:
3795:
3767:8 June
3744:21 May
3713:21 May
3687:21 May
3678:
3651:21 May
3642:
3615:21 May
3585:21 May
3576:
3547:
3520:7 June
3513:
3505:
3463:25 May
3454:
3421:25 May
3365:24 May
3322:24 May
3313:
3284:24 May
3275:
3247:24 May
3223:costs.
3216:24 May
3179:25 May
3147:24 May
3138:
3113:24 May
3086:8 June
3077:
3055:8 June
3048:
3040:
2986:
2976:
2945:
2917:18 May
2908:
2773:18 May
2741:7 June
2732:
2707:18 May
2666:7 June
2657:
2632:18 May
2591:21 May
2559:,
2546:8 June
2537:
2514:21 May
2505:
2480:16 May
2450:16 May
2420:16 May
2411:
2386:16 May
2343:
2309:7 June
2277:
2177:12 May
2149:25 May
2119:12 May
2110:
2011:
1975:10 May
1925:
1900:12 May
1891:
1854:
1829:10 May
1792:10 May
1783:
1745:10 May
1736:
1705:10 May
1666:18 May
1633:10 May
1601:10 May
1592:
1567:10 May
1558:
1533:7 June
1524:
1490:26 May
1481:
1452:12 May
1443:
1404:8 June
1395:
1354:8 June
1323:
1292:8 June
1283:
1238:24 May
1229:
1194:10 May
1146:
1109:10 May
1039:24 May
994:10 May
888:marker
847:Legacy
742:, and
730:, two
693:Hawaii
644:Osmeña
418:Manila
414:aliens
287:was a
126:Bataan
84:
75:Branch
66:
41:Active
3511:S2CID
3210:(PDF)
3203:(PDF)
3062:rule.
3046:S2CID
2810:(PDF)
2793:(PDF)
2760:(PDF)
2701:(PDF)
2686:(PDF)
2626:(PDF)
2611:(PDF)
2246:(PDF)
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