1323:, an herbicide containing the less volatile 2,4-D choline salt, glyphosate, and an antidrift agent, for use in six states: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. In November 2015, the EPA attempted to withdraw its own approval of Enlist Duo, as a result of legal actions against both the agency and Dow by two U.S. groups. However, while it was implied that the approval was "gone" because of the action, in fact, Enlist Duo was still approved pending a decision by the courts. On January 25, 2016, the US Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals denied EPA's motion to vacate its Enlist Duo registration. Dow stated the product would be available in 15 US states and Canada for the 2016 crop season.
40:
49:
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rice, and wheat. Cereals, in particular, have excellent tolerance to 2,4-D when it is applied before planting. 2,4-D is the cheapest way for farmers to control winter annual weeds by spraying in the fall, often at the lowest recommended rate. This is particularly effective before planting beans, peas, lentils, and chickpeas. The estimated use of 2,4-D in US agriculture is mapped by the US Geological Survey. In 2019, the latest date for which figures are available, this reached 45,000,000 pounds (20,000,000 kg) annually.
1308:, which concluded that the codex maximum residue limits were "not expected to be of concern for European consumers". The total chronic exposure represented less than 10% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI). 2,4-D is currently not approved for use on lawns and gardens in Denmark, Norway, Kuwait, and the Canadian provinces of Québec and Ontario. 2,4-D use is severely restricted in the country of Belize. In 2008, Dow AgroScience, LLC, sued the Canadian government for allowing Quebec to ban 2,4-D, but settled in 2011.
1027:
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and damage equipment. Along waterways, it is used to control aquatic weeds that might interfere with boating, fishing, and swimming or clog irrigation and hydroelectric equipment. It is often used by government agencies to control the spread of invasive, noxious, and non-native weed species and prevent them from crowding out native species, and also to control many poisonous weeds such as poison ivy and poison oak.
1128:, "The toxicity of 2,4-D depends on its chemical forms, including salts, esters, and an acid form. 2,4-D generally has low toxicity for humans, except certain acid and salt forms can cause eye irritation. Swimming is restricted for 24 hours after application of certain 2,4-D products applied to control aquatic weeds to avoid eye irritation." As of 2005 the
1330:(APVMA) banned selected 2,4-D high volatile ester (HVE) products due to their environmental hazards. HVE 2,4-D products had already been banned in Europe and North America for 20 years; low volatile ester products continue to be available in Australia and worldwide. In July 2013 APVMA published their report findings.
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cause cancer in humans, although not all of the panelists believed the possibility was equally likely: one thought the possibility was strong, leaning toward probable, and five thought the possibility was remote, leaning toward unlikely. Two panelists believed it unlikely that 2,4-D can cause cancer in humans.
1262:, and ring opening. The ethyl hexyl form of the compound is rapidly hydrolyzed in soil and water to form the 2,4-D acid. 2,4-D has a low binding affinity in mineral soils and sediment, and in those conditions is considered intermediately to highly mobile, and therefore likely to leach if not degraded.
1187:
A 1995 panel of 13 scientists reviewing studies on the carcinogenicity of 2,4-D had divided opinions. None of the scientists thought the weight of the evidence indicated that 2,4-D was a "known" or "probable" cause of human cancer. The predominant opinion indicated that it is possible that 2,4-D can
1079:
In domestic lawn and garden maintenance, 2,4-D is commonly used. In forestry, it is used for stump treatment, trunk injection, and selective control of brush in conifer forests. Along roadways, railways, and power lines, it is used to control weeds and brush which might interfere with safe operation
1315:
to revoke all tolerances and to cancel all registrations of 2,4-D. EPA stated that new study and EPA's comprehensive review confirmed EPA's previous finding that the 2,4-D tolerances are safe at anticipated exposure. The estimated annual use of 2,4-D in US agriculture is mapped by the US Geological
1265:
In aerobic aquatic environments, the half life is 15 days. In anaerobic aquatic environments 2,4-D is more persistent, with a half life of 41 to 333 days. 2,4-D has been detected in streams and shallow groundwater at low concentrations, in both rural and urban areas. Breakdown is pH dependent. Some
771:
in the world, having been commercially available since 1945, and is now produced by many chemical companies since the patent on it has long since expired. It can be found in numerous commercial lawn herbicide mixtures, and is widely used as a weedkiller on cereal crops, pastures, and orchards. Over
871:
were looking for a chemical to starve Nazi
Germany and Japan into submission by killing their potato and rice crops, but 2,4-D was found to be ineffective for that purpose, because both crops tolerate it. Within a year after the war ended, 2,4-D was commercially released as an herbicide to control
1075:
A variety of sectors use products containing 2,4-D to kill weeds and unwanted vegetation. In agriculture, it was the first herbicide for selective killing of weeds but not crops. It has been used since 1945 to control broad-leafed weeds in pastures, orchards, and cereal crops such as corn, oats,
875:
The first publication of 2,4-D's use as a selective herbicide came in 1944. The ability of 2,4-D to control broadleaf weeds in turf was documented soon thereafter, in 1944. Starting in 1945, the
American Chemical Paint Company brought 2,4-D to market as an herbicide called "Weedone". It
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degradation were demonstrated. This was accomplished using the technique of DNA-based stable isotope probing, which enables a microbial function (activity), such as degrading a chemical, to be linked with the organism's identity without the need to culture the organism involved.
1269:"The ester forms of 2,4-D can be highly toxic to fish and other aquatic life. 2,4-D generally has moderate toxicity to birds and mammals, is slightly toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates, and is practically nontoxic to honeybees" per EPA.
1253:
2,4-D amine salts and esters are not persistent under most environmental conditions. The degradation of 2,4-D is rapid (half life of 6.2 days) in aerobic mineral soils. 2,4-D is broken down by microbes in soil, in processes that involve
1277:
A number of 2,4-D-degrading bacteria have been isolated and characterized from a variety of environmental habitats. Metabolic pathways for the compound's degradation have been available for many years, and genes encoding 2,4-D
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in a generic version of 2,4-D, one of
Australia's most widely used herbicides. Samples imported from China had "one of the highest dioxin readings for 2,4-D in the last 10 to 20 years, and could pose potential health risks."
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When radioactively labeled 2,4-D was fed to livestock, 90% or more of the total radioactive residue (TRR) was shed in urine unchanged or as conjugated forms of 2,4-D. A relatively small portion of 2,4-D was metabolized into
2195:
841:, was used at high concentrations, it could stop plant growth. In 1940, he published his finding that IAA killed broadleaf plants within a cereal field. MCPA was discovered at about that time by his ICI group.
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Cavalca, L., A. Hartmann, N. Rouard, and G. Soulas. 1999. Diversity of tfdC genes: distribution and polymorphism among 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid degrading soil bacteria. FEMS Microbiology
Ecology 29:
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Petitions to Revoke
Tolerances; Denials: Natural Resources Defense Council, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2-4D) Document ID: EPA-HQ-OPP-2008-0877-0446 Document Type: Rule Docket ID: EPA-HQ-OPP-2008-0877
1909:
460:
2610:
Loomis D, Guyton K, Grosse Y, El
Ghissasi F, Bouvard V, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Guha N, Mattock H, Straif K (August 2015). "Carcinogenicity of lindane, DDT, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid".
3335:
Wright TR, Shan G, Walsh TA, Lira JM, Cui C, Song P, Zhuang M, Arnold NL, Lin G, Yau K, Russell SM, Cicchillo RM, Peterson MA, Simpson DM, Zhou N, Ponsamuel J, Zhang Z (23 November 2010).
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broadleaf weeds in grain crops such as rice and wheat, and in the 1950s it was registered in the United States to control size and enhance skin color in potatoes without affecting yields.
2357:"Physiological Comparisons of Pith Callus With Crown-Gall and Genetic Tumors of Nicotiana glauca, N. langsdorffii, and N. glauca-langsdorffii Grown in Vitro. II. Nutritional Physiology"
2648:
1593:
Templeman WG, Marmoy CJ (November 1940). "The effect upon the growth of plants of watering with solutions of plant-growth substances and of seed dressings containing these materials".
826:
to join the ICI effort. The first scientific publication describing the 2,4-D structure and plant growth regulating activity was by Percy W. Zimmerman and Albert E. Hitchcock at the
2783:
Islam F, Wang J, Farooq MA, Khan MS, Xu L, Zhu J, Zhao M, Muños S, Li QX, Zhou W (2018). "Potential impact of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on human and ecosystems".
2307:"Biomonitoring data for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in the United States and Canada: interpretation in a public health risk assessment context using Biomonitoring Equivalents"
818:. All four groups were subject to wartime secrecy laws and did not follow the usual procedures of publication and patent disclosure. In December 1942, following a meeting at the
1904:
EPA Announces Final
Decision to Register Enlist Duo, Herbicide Containing 2, 4-D and Glyphosate/Risk assessment ensures protection of human health, including infants, children
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1958:
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2,4-D was first reported in 1944 by
Franklin D-Jones at the C. B. Dolge Company in Connecticut. The biological activity of 2,4-D as well as the similar hormone herbicides
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since at least 1962. 2,4-D is used in plant cell cultures as a dedifferentiation (callus induction) hormone. It is classified as an auxin plant hormone derivative.
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969:. Alternatively, it is produced by the chlorination of phenoxyacetic acid. The production processes may create several contaminants including di-, tri-, and
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of the plant. Uncontrolled, unsustainable growth ensues, causing stem curl-over, leaf withering, and eventual plant death. 2,4-D is typically applied as an
3001:
Cupples A.M., Sims G.K. (2007). "Identification of In Situ 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid-Degrading Soil
Microorganisms using DNA-Stable Isotope Probing".
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in IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: An updating of IARC Monographs volumes 1 to 42. Supplement 7, WHO, Lyon, France 1987.
1903:
3752:
1539:
Zimmerman PW, Hitchcock AE (1942). "Substituted phenoxy and benzoic acid growth substances and the relation of structure to physiological activity".
4071:
3148:"Petition to Revoke All Tolerances and Cancel All Registrations for the Pesticide 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D); Notice of Availability"
2353:
Murashige, T. and F. Skoog. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobaccotissue cultures. Physiol. Plantarum 1962. 15:473-97. in:
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by four groups working independently under wartime secrecy in the United
Kingdom and the United States: William G. Templeman and associates at
731:
2946:"Characterization of a chromosomally encoded 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid alpha-ketoglutafate dioxygenase from Burkholderia sp. strain RASC"
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A 2010 monitoring study conducted in the US and Canada found that "current exposures to 2,4-D are below applicable exposure guidance values."
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in the UK; Franklin D. Jones and associates at the American Chemical Paint Company; and Ezra Kraus, John W. Mitchell, and associates at the
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that induces uncontrolled growth and eventually death in susceptible plants. It is absorbed through the leaves and is translocated to the
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also approved Dow's maize and soybeans, and in October, the EPA registered the "Enlist Duo" herbicide containing 2,4-D and glyphosate.
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grass crops. At a time when labor was scarce and the need for increased food production was large, it literally "replaced the hoe".
2483:
1765:
Hamner CL, Tukey HB (1944). "The Herbicidal Action of 2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic and 2,4,5 Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid on Bindweed".
1678:
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on environmental behavior, physiology, and genetics, 2,4-D was the first herbicide for which the bacteria actively responsible for
3147:
2887:"Combined Toxicity of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid and Its Metabolites 2,4-Dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) on Two Nontarget Organisms"
1955:
830:, who were not the original inventors. The precise sequence of early 2,4-D discovery events and publications has been discussed.
815:
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1242:(5% of the TRR in milk; 7.3% of the TRR in eggs and 4% of the TRR in chicken liver). Residue levels in kidney were the highest.
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2413:
2220:
1749:
1184:
On August 8, 2007, the EPA issued a ruling that existing data do not support a link between human cancer and 2,4-D exposure.
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Quote: "The E.P.A. has reviewed the safety of 2,4-D several times, particularly with regard to an increased risk of cancer."
1378:
3532:
1211:
2820:"Systematic Review of Carcinogenic Outcomes and Potential Mechanisms from Exposure to 2,4-D and MCPA in the Environment"
4476:
3304:"Annex to the APVMA's Preliminary Review Findings (Environment) Part 1 2,4-D Esters Volume 1 Review Summary April 2006"
2500:
Roberts DM, Buckley NA (2007). Roberts DM (ed.). "Urinary alkalinisation for acute chlorophenoxy herbicide poisoning".
2249:"Review of the existing maximum residue levels (MRLs) for 2,4-D according to Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005"
1635:
2280:
1250:
Owing to the longevity and extent of use, 2,4-D has been evaluated several times by regulators and review committees.
4430:
3892:
3028:
Radajewski S., Ineson P., Parekh N.R., Murrell J.C. (2000). "Stable-isotope probing as a tool in microbial ecology".
1312:
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849:
787:
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1056:. 2,4-D can be found in commercial lawn herbicide mixtures, which often contain other active ingredients including
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121:
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684:
3400:. International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA), n.d. accessed February 27, 2015
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1571:
3411:
Utility of Aryloxyalkanoate Dioxygenase Transgenes for Development of New Herbicide Resistant Crop Technologies
2762:
1523:
1305:
3337:"Robust crop resistance to broadleaf and grass herbicides provided by aryloxyalkanoate dioxygenase transgenes"
848:, a metabolically and environmentally more stable compound, led to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and
857:
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1103:
803:
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523:
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1996:
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revolutionized weed control, as it was the first compound that, at low doses, could selectively control
537:
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479:
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and soybeans resistant to 2,4-D and glyphosate have been approved in Canada. In September 2014, the
4385:
3729:
3525:
1930:"Enlist weed control system in Canada. A new tool for managing hard to control and resistant weeds"
827:
294:
2550:
Loomis D (June 22, 2015). "Carcinogenicity of lindane, DDT, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid".
2152:
2944:
Suwa Y., Wright A.D., Fukimori F., Nummy K.A., Hausinger R.P., Holben W.E., Forney L.J. (1996).
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868:
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Aylward LL, Morgan MK, Arbuckle TE, Barr DB, Burns CJ, Alexander BH, Hays SM (February 2010).
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Mitchell JW, Davis FF and Marth PC (1944) Turf and weed control with plant growth regulators.
1511:
484:
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ISB News Report,3 pages, May 2011, Research & Development, Dow AgroSciences, Indianapolis
3310:
2063:
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Troyer J (2001). "In the beginning: the multiple discovery of the first hormone herbicides".
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and an agent that reduces drift; the choline salt form of 2,4-D is less volatile than 2,4-D.
861:
811:
493:
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17:
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3080:"The Pesticides Management Code - Protecting the environment and health in our green spaces"
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version of 2,4-D (2,4-D choline) that Dow included in its "Enlist Duo" herbicide along with
48:
3348:
3037:
2957:
2665:"EPA: Federal Register: 2,4-D, 2,4-DP, and 2,4-DB; Decision Not to Initiate Special Review"
2093:"Insight into the mode of action of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) as an herbicide"
2024:"Insight into the mode of action of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) as an herbicide"
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8:
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1701:"Influence of growth regulators on skin colour and scab diseases of red-skinned potatoes"
1191:
In a prior 1987 report the IARC classified some chlorphenoxy herbicides including 2,4-D,
1170:), based on inadequate evidence in humans and limited evidence in experimental animals".
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Ibrahim MA, Bond, GG, Burke, TA, Cole, P, Dost, FN, Enterline, PE, et al. (1991).
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made resistant to 2,4-D by insertion of a bacterial aryloxyalkanoate dioxygenase gene,
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1113:
958:
799:
3498:
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2945:
2623:
2563:
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1732:
Quastel JH (1950). "2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) as a Selective Herbicide".
1116:; the risk depends on the amount and duration of exposure and other personal factors.
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2073:. University of Georgia Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health. April 2001
1975:
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2763:"Four Corners investigation finds dangerous dioxins in widely used herbicide 2,4-D"
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1016:
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3493:"Review of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) biomonitoring and epidemiology"
2796:
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2487:
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1962:
1913:
1875:. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2014-09-22. Archived from
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2,4-D has been used in laboratories for plant research as a supplement in plant
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2873:
E.P.A. Denies an Environmental Group’s Request to Ban a Widely Used Weed Killer
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1741:
1231:
919:(TCDD), a contaminant in the production of another ingredient in Agent Orange,
678:
529:
515:
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3123:"Deal confirms government's right to ban 'cosmetic' pesticides, minister says"
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923:, was the cause of the adverse health effects associated with Agent Orange.
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of IAA. Robert Pokorny, an industrial chemist for the C.B. Dolge Company in
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has been used in acute poisoning, but evidence to support its use is poor.
1087:
904:
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1973:
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2283:. The Industry Task Force II on 2,4-D Research Data. 2015. Archived from
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have been identified for several organisms. As a result of the extensive
1112:
Men who work with 2,4-D are at risk for abnormally shaped sperm and thus
978:
912:
877:
669:
548:
2702:
2322:
1660:
1647:
Pokorny R (June 1941). "New Compounds. Some Chlorophenoxyacetic Acids".
1493:
1431:. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 4 December 2014
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as a group as class 2B carcinogens - "possibly carcinogenic to humans".
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1166:(IARC), said 2,4-D was classified as "possibly carcinogenic to humans (
1155:
1064:. Over 1,500 herbicide products contain 2,4-D as an active ingredient.
938:
405:
322:
InChI=1S/C8H6Cl2O3/c9-5-1-2-7(6(10)3-5)13-4-8(11)12/h1-3H,4H2,(H,11,12)
172:
3409:
Mark A. Peterson, Guomin Shan, Terence A. Walsh, and Terry R. Wright.
1717:
1700:
1466:
1181:
confirmed its 1987 classification of 2,4-D as a possible carcinogen.
991:
332:
InChI=1/C8H6Cl2O3/c9-5-1-2-7(6(10)3-5)13-4-8(11)12/h1-3H,4H2,(H,11,12)
4405:
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Review of the literature by Dow scientists Crit Rev Toxicol. Oct 2012
3451:"New Generation of GM Crops Puts Agriculture in a 'Crisis Situation'"
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2,4-D was not used as a chemical warfare agents during the war. The
822:
the Rothamsted and ICI workers pooled resources and Nutman moved to
767:
2,4-D is one of the oldest and most widely available herbicides and
677:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
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Pokorny R (1941). "New Compounds. Some Chlorophenoxyacetic Acids".
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1057:
1009:
220:
3237:"Ninth Circuit Court denies move by EPA to vacate herbicide label"
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In the USA, a similar search for an acid with a longer half life,
120:
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4282:
4007:
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WHO unit finds 2,4-D herbicide 'possibly' causes cancer in humans
1304:
were first set in the EU in 2002 and re-evaluated in 2011 by the
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1350:. Dow intended it to be used as an alternative or complement to
1311:
In 2012, EPA denied the petition filed November 6, 2008, by the
772:
1,500 herbicide products contain 2,4-D as an active ingredient.
4150:
3862:
3575:
2684:
1956:
Dow AgroSciences Names Its Newest Herbicide Offering Enlist Duo
966:
897:
533:
152:
3157:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. April 7, 2012
2687:"Weight of the evidence on the human carcinogenicity of 2,4-D"
2246:
1516:
Jealott's Hill: Fifty years of Agricultural Research 1928-1978
1202:
2,4-D has been linked to lymphoma and bladder cancer in dogs.
511:
4145:
3192:(75 (Wednesday, April 18, 2012)): 23135–23158. April 18, 2012
2609:
1997:"Synthetic Auxins - MSU Extension | Montana State University"
1266:
ester forms are highly toxic to fish and other aquatic life.
1136:
determined in acute toxicity rat studies was 639 mg/kg.
1053:
1020:
1013:
1005:
889:
885:
838:
132:
110:
3140:
2760:
2430:
The Effects of Workplace Hazards on Male Reproductive Health
2133:
EPA Chemical Summary: 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D)
282:
4277:
4255:
3882:
3877:
3177:"2,4-D; Order Denying NRDC's Petition To Revoke Tolerances"
1572:
10.1614/0043-1745(2001)049[0290:ITBTMD]2.0.CO;2
1366:
1192:
1049:
893:
791:
757:
630:
211:
3425:"Dow Weed Killer, Nearing Approval, Runs Into Opposition"
2304:
4177:
1736:. Advances in Chemistry. Vol. 1. pp. 244–249.
1328:
Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority
4136:
3216:"Estimated Agricultural Use for 2,4-D in the USA, 2016"
507:
2201:. Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture. September 2008
3472:
3000:
2871:
Andrew Pollack for the New York Times. April 9, 2012
1415:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2817:
2218:
1518:. Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. pp. 35–41.
806:(ICI) in the UK; Philip S. Nutman and associates at
3334:
2782:
1974:International Programme on Chemical Safety (1984).
1898:
1896:
1894:
1677:. University of California at Davis. Archived from
2586:"IARC Monographs evaluate DDT, lindane, and 2,4-D"
1630:. Wiley-Blackwell; 2nd edition (October 25, 2010)
1538:
1048:that kills many terrestrial and aquatic broadleaf
499:
4443:
3213:
2477:US EPA 2,4-D Reregistration Eligibility Decision
2247:European Food Safety Authority (November 2011).
1954:Josh Flint for Prairie Farmer. August 31, 2011
1891:
438:160 °C (320 °F; 433 K) 0.4 mm Hg
244:
3101:"Ministry of the Environment | Ontario.ca"
1873:"Ingredients Used in Pesticide Products: 2,4-D"
1592:
1379:Genetically modified crops#Herbicide resistance
907:, an herbicide that was widely used during the
96:
3501:Pesticides Properties database entry for 2,4-D
2748:"Canine Cancers Linked to Lawn Care Chemicals"
2657:
2499:
2445:"Ingredients Used in Pesticide Products 2,4-D"
3526:
2761:Four Corners By Janine Cohen (22 July 2013).
2472:
2470:
2439:
2437:
2172:
1333:
1160:United States Environmental Protection Agency
3540:
3479:CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
3392:
3390:
3258:"U.S. court upholds Enlist Duo registration"
2354:
2221:"Estimated Agricultural Use for 2,4-D, 2019"
428:140.5 °C (284.9 °F; 413.6 K)
3398:GM Approval Database Genes List, Gene: aad1
3155:Docket ID: EPA-HQ-OPP-2008-0877 Agency: EPA
2678:
1764:
1179:International Agency for Research on Cancer
1164:International Agency for Research on Cancer
1152:International Agency for Research on Cancer
3533:
3519:
3416:
2867:
2865:
2467:
2434:
1354:crops due to the increasing prevalence of
297:
202:
180:
3387:
3370:
3360:
2977:
2910:
2884:
2845:
2835:
2745:
2710:
2380:
2330:
2264:
2108:
2039:
1923:
1921:
1907:EPA Documents: Registration of Enlist Duo
1716:
1245:
1071:Estimated use of 2,4-D in the USA to 2019
748:by causing uncontrolled growth, but most
264:
2644:Carey Gillam for Reuters. June 22, 2015
2056:
1976:"2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D)"
1822:
1820:
1649:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1482:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1409:NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards.
1066:
1025:
990:
3422:
3169:
3120:
2862:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1830:. National Pesticide Information Center
1731:
1698:
1646:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1479:
1319:In October 2014, the US EPA registered
1216:investigation found elevated levels of
1044:2,4-D is primarily used as a selective
995:Containers of 2-4 D herbicide, ca. 1947
816:United States Department of Agriculture
293:
14:
4444:
3484:Overview of the toxic effects of 2,4-D
2950:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
2549:
2543:
2408:. Germany: Springer. pp. 17, 18.
2403:
2177:. University of California at Berkeley
2153:"Herbicides – 2,4-D & Its Cousins"
2064:"Weed Control Methods Handbook: 2,4-D"
1927:
1918:
1859:National Pesticide Information Center
1557:
1505:
1503:
1467:"Compendium of Pesticide Common Names"
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1272:
1030:Effect of 2-4-D foliar application on
193:
3514:
3442:
2173:Harvey W, Robblns W (February 1947).
1817:
1509:
864:, published their synthesis in 1941.
325:Key: OVSKIKFHRZPJSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
160:
140:
3448:
3234:
2233:
2097:Journal of Integrative Plant Biology
2090:
2028:Journal of Integrative Plant Biology
2021:
2015:
2003:. Montana State University Extension
1967:
1902:EPA Press Release. October 15, 2014
1842:
1613:
1443:
2530:
2219:US Geological Survey (2021-10-12).
1500:
1395:
1258:, cleavage of the acid side-chain,
903:2,4-D is one of the ingredients in
884: — narrowleaf crops, such as
730:. It is usually referred to by its
335:Key: OVSKIKFHRZPJSS-UHFFFAOYAM
235:
219:
24:
3473:External links and further reading
3309:. APVMA. July 2013. Archived from
3114:
2885:Ju Z, Liu SS, Xu YQ, Li K (2019).
2734:Chlorphenoxy Herbicides (Group 2B)
2355:Sharp WR, Gunckel JE (July 1969).
2150:
1626:Andrew H. Cobb, John P. H. Reade.
1607:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1940.tb07517.x
833:William Templeman found that when
25:
4493:
2451:. EPA. 2014-09-22. Archived from
2311:Environmental Health Perspectives
1705:Canadian Journal of Plant Science
1541:Contrib. Boyce Thompson Institute
1512:"Chapter 5: Selective herbicides"
1313:Natural Resources Defense Council
1119:
1097:
999:
880:(broadleaf plants), but not most
850:2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid
3260:. AGCanada.com. January 29, 2016
2533:"2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid"
2131:EPA Last revised March 30, 2007
917:2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin
483:
478:
389:
383:
66:(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid
47:
38:
3403:
3328:
3296:
3271:
3250:
3228:
3207:
3093:
3072:
3021:
2994:
2970:10.1128/AEM.62.7.2464-2469.1996
2937:
2927:
2878:
2811:
2776:
2754:
2739:
2727:
2638:
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2524:
2493:
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2397:
2347:
2298:
2273:
2212:
2188:
2166:
2144:
2125:
2084:
1989:
1948:
1865:
1861:NPIC 2,4-D Technical Fact Sheet
1801:
1758:
1725:
1692:
1667:
1640:
1628:Herbicides and Plant Physiology
1238:(6.9% of the TRR in milk), and
1205:
1154:classifies 2,4-D as a possible
1126:Environmental Protection Agency
1039:
681:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
33:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
3082:. Mddep.gouv.qc.ca. 2005-04-03
2510:10.1002/14651858.CD005488.pub2
1734:Agricultural Control Chemicals
1699:Waterer D (1 September 2010).
1586:
1551:
1532:
1473:
1459:
1421:
1342:published that it had created
1306:European Food Safety Authority
1145:
961:, which is itself produced by
944:
697:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
395:
377:
13:
1:
3015:10.1016/j.soilbio.2006.07.011
3003:Soil Biology and Biochemistry
2818:von Stackelberg K. A (2013).
2746:Harveston K (13 March 2019).
2624:10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00081-9
2564:10.1016/s1470-2045(15)00081-9
2155:. Wessels Living History Farm
1510:Allen H, et al. (1978).
1389:
1344:genetically modified soybeans
1296:
1224:
837:(IAA), a naturally-occurring
598:(US health exposure limits):
3449:Keim B (25 September 2014).
3423:Pollack A (April 25, 2012).
3279:"APVMA 2,4-D Review webpage"
2797:10.1016/j.envint.2017.10.020
1787:10.1126/science.100.2590.154
1104:Health effects of pesticides
951:phenoxy family of herbicides
804:Imperial Chemical Industries
782:List of multiple discoveries
7:
3396:ISAAA GM Approval Database
3235:Vogt W (January 26, 2016).
2428:NIOSH. Updated June 2014.
2138:September 10, 2015, at the
1372:
764:are relatively unaffected.
561:or concentration (LD, LC):
10:
4498:
3121:McKenna B (May 27, 2011).
2502:Cochrane Database Syst Rev
2196:"Fall Weed Control - FAQs"
1932:. AG Annex. Archived from
1828:"2,4-D General Fact Sheet"
1742:10.1021/ba-1950-0001.ch045
1675:"The weed-crop connection"
1456:. Retrieved on 2022-03-17.
1363:genetically modified maize
1334:Genetically modified crops
1236:4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid
1101:
953:. It is manufactured from
779:
775:
410:221.04 g/mol
4477:IARC Group 2B carcinogens
4348:
4306:
4265:Photosystem II inhibitors
4263:
4254:
4179:Photosystem II inhibitors
4168:
4127:
4089:
4064:
4041:
3993:
3984:
3958:
3910:
3901:
3848:
3839:
3791:
3743:
3710:
3654:
3552:
2785:Environment International
2667:. Epa.gov. August 8, 2007
2481:Associated RED Fact sheet
1595:Annals of Applied Biology
1175:World Health Organization
1023:versions exist, as well.
949:2,4-D is a member of the
675:
654:
592:
579:500 mg/kg (oral, hamster)
557:
459:
454:
364:
344:
309:
80:
72:
60:
55:
46:
37:
4138:Photosystem I inhibitors
2903:10.1021/acsomega.8b02282
2537:pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
2406:Plant Cell Biotechnology
2266:10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2431
2175:"2,4-D as a Weed Killer"
2091:Song Y (February 2014).
828:Boyce Thompson Institute
524:Precautionary statements
4472:Plant growth regulators
3362:10.1073/pnas.1013154107
3281:. APVMA. Archived from
3151:(Docket Folder Summary)
2691:Environ Health Perspect
1928:Fleury D (April 2014).
1326:On 21 August 2013, the
820:Ministry of Agriculture
794:were discovered during
584:347 mg/kg (oral, mouse)
418:white to yellow powder
3214:US Geological Survey.
1514:. In Peacock F (ed.).
1302:Maximum residue limits
1246:Environmental behavior
1140:Urinary alkalinisation
1124:According to the U.S.
1072:
1036:
996:
869:Allies of World War II
356:Clc1cc(Cl)ccc1OCC(=O)O
1070:
1029:
1004:2,4-D is a synthetic
994:
862:Westport, Connecticut
812:University of Chicago
586:699 mg/kg (oral, rat)
582:100 mg/kg (oral, dog)
2373:10.1104/pp.44.7.1073
1158:to humans while the
835:indole-3-acetic acid
62:Preferred IUPAC name
4482:Systemic herbicides
4462:Phenoxyacetic acids
4366:aminocyclopyrachlor
4331:sulfometuron methyl
3353:2010PNAS..10720240W
3042:2000Natur.403..646R
2962:1996ApEnM..62.2464S
2837:10.1155/2013/371610
2703:10.1289/ehp.9196213
2612:The Lancet Oncology
2552:The Lancet Oncology
2323:10.1289/ehp.0900970
1779:1944Sci...100..154H
1661:10.1021/ja01851a601
1494:10.1021/ja01851a601
1273:Microbial breakdown
1234:, dichloroanisole,
1108:Pesticide poisoning
971:tetrachlorodibenzo-
808:Rothamsted Research
740:. It is a systemic
445:Solubility in water
34:
4457:Auxinic herbicides
4326:metsulfuron-methyl
3995:Nitrophenyl ethers
3487:Sierra Club Canada
3429:The New York Times
3127:The Globe and Mail
2651:2015-06-23 at the
2486:2008-05-17 at the
2110:10.1111/jipb.12131
2041:10.1111/jipb.12131
1961:2014-05-04 at the
1912:2017-08-04 at the
1361:As of April 2014,
1358:-resistant weeds.
1240:2,4-dichlorophenol
1130:median lethal dose
1114:fertility problems
1073:
1037:
1019:, but more potent
997:
959:2,4-dichlorophenol
854:phenoxy herbicides
800:multiple discovery
685:Infobox references
655:Related compounds
633:(Immediate danger)
32:
4439:
4438:
4344:
4343:
4250:
4249:
4164:
4163:
4085:
4084:
3986:Protox inhibitors
3980:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3903:ACCase inhibitors
3036:(6770): 646–649.
2415:978-0-387-56947-5
2404:Endreb R (1994).
1773:(2590): 154–155.
1751:978-0-8412-2442-1
1718:10.4141/CJPS10055
1450:Sigma-Aldrich Co.
1384:Genetic pollution
1173:In June 2015 the
955:chloroacetic acid
909:Malayan Emergency
693:Chemical compound
691:
690:
661:Related compounds
643:Safety data sheet
494:Hazard statements
278:CompTox Dashboard
122:Interactive image
16:(Redirected from
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4043:Pyrimidinediones
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3793:Organophosphorus
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3185:Federal Register
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2361:Plant Physiology
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2281:"2,4-D Benefits"
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986:monochlorophenol
930:developed a new
928:Dow AgroSciences
852:(2,4,5-T), both
744:that kills most
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705:chemical formula
701:organic compound
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3103:. Ene.gov.on.ca
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1434:
1432:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1407:
1396:
1392:
1375:
1336:
1299:
1275:
1260:decarboxylation
1248:
1227:
1208:
1148:
1135:
1122:
1110:
1100:
1042:
1002:
947:
784:
778:
746:broadleaf weeds
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
694:
687:
682:
662:
634:
621:
608:
587:
585:
583:
580:
576:
570:
526:
496:
475:
447:
400:
394:
388:
382:
374:
360:
357:
352:
351:
340:
337:
336:
333:
327:
326:
323:
317:
316:
305:
287:
280:
271:
251:
238:
226:
187:
167:
147:
127:
114:
103:
90:
76:
68:
67:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4495:
4485:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4312:
4310:
4308:ALS inhibitors
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4269:
4267:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4232:terbuthylazine
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4183:
4181:
4172:
4166:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4142:
4140:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4095:
4093:
4087:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4074:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4047:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
3999:
3997:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3964:
3962:
3960:DIM herbicides
3956:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3916:
3914:
3912:FOP herbicides
3905:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3854:
3852:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3797:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3749:
3747:
3745:HPPD inhbitors
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3720:cacodylic acid
3716:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3663:
3661:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3562:
3560:
3550:
3549:
3538:
3537:
3530:
3523:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3502:
3496:
3490:
3481:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3441:
3415:
3402:
3386:
3327:
3316:on 6 June 2014
3295:
3270:
3249:
3239:. Farm Futures
3227:
3206:
3168:
3139:
3113:
3092:
3071:
3020:
2993:
2936:
2926:
2877:
2861:
2810:
2775:
2753:
2738:
2726:
2677:
2656:
2637:
2618:(8): 891–892.
2602:
2591:. 23 June 2015
2577:
2558:(8): 891–892.
2542:
2523:
2492:
2466:
2433:
2421:
2414:
2396:
2346:
2297:
2272:
2232:
2211:
2187:
2165:
2143:
2124:
2083:
2055:
2034:(2): 106–113.
2014:
1988:
1966:
1947:
1936:on May 3, 2014
1917:
1890:
1864:
1841:
1816:
1800:
1757:
1750:
1724:
1711:(5): 745–753.
1691:
1666:
1639:
1636:978-1405129350
1612:
1601:(4): 453–471.
1585:
1566:(2): 290–297.
1550:
1531:
1524:
1499:
1472:
1458:
1442:
1420:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1374:
1371:
1335:
1332:
1298:
1295:
1274:
1271:
1247:
1244:
1232:dichlorophenol
1226:
1223:
1207:
1204:
1162:does not. The
1147:
1144:
1133:
1121:
1120:Acute toxicity
1118:
1099:
1098:Health effects
1096:
1090:media such as
1041:
1038:
1001:
1000:Mode of action
998:
946:
943:
926:In the 2000s,
896:, and similar
882:monocotyledons
824:Jealott's Hill
777:
774:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
692:
689:
688:
683:
679:standard state
676:
673:
672:
663:
660:
657:
656:
652:
651:
646:
639:
638:
635:
629:
626:
625:
622:
616:
613:
612:
609:
603:
600:
599:
590:
589:
577:
568:
566:
563:
562:
555:
554:
551:
545:
544:
542:P305+P351+P338
527:
522:
519:
518:
497:
492:
489:
488:
476:
471:
468:
467:
457:
456:
452:
451:
448:
443:
440:
439:
436:
430:
429:
426:
420:
419:
416:
412:
411:
408:
402:
401:
398:
392:
386:
380:
375:
370:
367:
366:
362:
361:
359:
358:
355:
347:
346:
345:
342:
341:
339:
338:
334:
331:
330:
328:
324:
321:
320:
312:
311:
310:
307:
306:
304:
303:
290:
288:
276:
273:
272:
270:
269:
261:
259:
253:
252:
250:
249:
241:
239:
231:
228:
227:
225:
224:
216:
214:
208:
207:
197:
189:
188:
186:
185:
177:
175:
169:
168:
166:
165:
157:
155:
149:
148:
146:
145:
137:
135:
129:
128:
126:
125:
117:
115:
108:
105:
104:
102:
101:
93:
91:
86:
83:
82:
78:
77:
74:
70:
69:
65:
64:
58:
57:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4494:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4347:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4321:flazasulfuron
4319:
4317:
4316:chlorsulfuron
4314:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4078:
4077:sulfentrazone
4075:
4073:
4072:carfentrazone
4070:
4069:
4067:
4065:Triazolinones
4063:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3763:leptospermone
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3653:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3626:pendimethalin
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3536:
3531:
3529:
3524:
3522:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3489:January, 2005
3488:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3456:
3452:
3445:
3430:
3426:
3419:
3412:
3406:
3399:
3393:
3391:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3331:
3312:
3305:
3299:
3285:on 2014-06-06
3284:
3280:
3274:
3259:
3253:
3238:
3231:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3196:September 12,
3191:
3187:
3186:
3178:
3172:
3161:September 12,
3156:
3149:
3143:
3128:
3124:
3117:
3102:
3096:
3081:
3075:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3024:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2997:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2940:
2930:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2868:
2866:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2814:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2764:
2757:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2730:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2681:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2641:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2587:
2581:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2471:
2455:on 2022-04-26
2454:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2438:
2431:
2425:
2417:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2367:(7): 1073–9.
2366:
2362:
2358:
2350:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2317:(2): 177–81.
2316:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2287:on 2015-11-02
2286:
2282:
2276:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2222:
2215:
2197:
2191:
2176:
2169:
2154:
2147:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2128:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2103:(2): 106–13.
2102:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2072:
2065:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1977:
1970:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1951:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1922:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1879:on 2022-04-26
1878:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1829:
1823:
1821:
1813:
1810:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1753:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1681:on 2011-12-07
1680:
1676:
1670:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1527:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1504:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1468:
1462:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1430:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1394:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1352:Roundup Ready
1349:
1345:
1341:
1331:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1256:hydroxylation
1251:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1127:
1117:
1115:
1109:
1105:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1035:
1034:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1007:
993:
989:
987:
984:, as well as
983:
982:-nitrosamines
981:
976:
974:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
942:
940:
936:
933:
929:
924:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
901:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
873:
870:
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
842:
840:
836:
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
783:
773:
770:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
736:
733:
706:
702:
698:
686:
680:
674:
671:
667:
664:
659:
658:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
640:
636:
632:
628:
627:
623:
620:(Recommended)
619:
615:
614:
610:
607:(Permissible)
606:
602:
601:
597:
596:
591:
588:
578:
574:
565:
564:
560:
556:
553:nonflammable
552:
550:
547:
546:
528:
525:
521:
520:
498:
495:
491:
490:
486:
481:
477:
474:
470:
469:
465:
463:
458:
453:
449:
446:
442:
441:
437:
435:
434:Boiling point
432:
431:
427:
425:
424:Melting point
422:
421:
417:
414:
413:
409:
407:
404:
403:
376:
373:
369:
368:
363:
354:
353:
350:
343:
329:
319:
318:
315:
308:
300:
296:
295:DTXSID0020442
292:
291:
289:
279:
275:
274:
267:
263:
262:
260:
258:
255:
254:
247:
243:
242:
240:
234:
230:
229:
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4467:Acetic acids
4452:Chloroarenes
4426:pyribenzoxim
4421:prosulfocarb
4411:metam sodium
4273:chlortoluron
4056:saflufenacil
3857:
3758:isoxaflutole
3667:aminopyralid
3631:pretilachlor
3601:dimethenamid
3596:diflufenican
3542:Pest control
3459:. Retrieved
3457:. Condé Nast
3454:
3444:
3432:. Retrieved
3428:
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3405:
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2765:. Abc.net.au
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2453:the original
2449:www2.epa.gov
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2285:the original
2275:
2259:(11): 2431.
2256:
2253:EFSA Journal
2252:
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2214:
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2071:invasive.org
2070:
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2005:. Retrieved
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1969:
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1679:the original
1669:
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1560:Weed Science
1559:
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1213:Four Corners
1212:
1210:A July 2013
1209:
1206:Contaminants
1201:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1172:
1149:
1138:
1123:
1111:
1088:cell culture
1085:
1082:
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1043:
1040:Applications
1031:
1003:
979:
977:isomers and
972:
963:chlorination
948:
925:
905:Agent Orange
902:
878:dicotyledons
874:
866:
845:
843:
832:
798:, a case of
796:World War II
785:
766:
737:
696:
695:
624:TWA 10 mg/m
611:TWA 10 mg/m
594:
581:
558:
461:
162:ChEMBL367623
81:Identifiers
73:Other names
29:
4298:tebuthiuron
4293:monolinuron
4051:butafenacil
4033:oxyfluorfen
4013:fluorodifen
4003:acifluorfen
3920:chlorazifop
3868:dichlorprop
3821:glufosinate
3783:sulcotrione
3692:pyrithiobac
3646:trifluralin
3616:metolachlor
3611:metazachlor
3581:benfluralin
3009:: 232–238.
2791:: 332–351.
2595:14 February
2459:November 6,
2007:29 December
1655:(6): 1768.
1488:(6): 1768.
1435:26 February
1146:Cancer risk
945:Manufacture
915:. However,
913:Vietnam War
735:common name
670:Dichlorprop
573:median dose
559:Lethal dose
549:Flash point
415:Appearance
365:Properties
200:100.002.147
142:CHEBI:28854
4446:Categories
4416:metribuzin
4396:indaziflam
4376:bromoxynil
4336:tribenuron
4242:metamitron
4202:hexazinone
4129:Quaternary
4104:fluroxypyr
3968:sethoxydim
3950:quizalofop
3935:fenoxaprop
3831:piperophos
3826:glyphosate
3778:sethoxydim
3773:nitisinone
3768:mesotrione
3712:Arsenicals
3697:quinclorac
3677:clopyralid
3672:chloramben
3636:propachlor
3566:acetochlor
3546:herbicides
3507:on Pubchem
3289:2014-06-06
3264:2016-02-05
3243:2016-02-05
3221:2020-02-15
3107:2014-05-03
3086:2014-05-03
2830:: 371610.
2769:2014-05-03
2697:: 213–22.
2671:2014-05-03
2291:2015-11-06
2226:2021-12-27
2205:2015-11-12
2181:2015-11-12
2159:2015-11-12
2151:Ganzel B.
2077:2015-11-01
1982:2020-02-02
1883:24 October
1685:2015-11-23
1547:: 321–343.
1525:0901747017
1390:References
1356:glyphosate
1321:Enlist Duo
1297:Regulation
1280:catabolism
1225:Metabolism
1156:carcinogen
1102:See also:
1052:, but not
939:glyphosate
780:See also:
769:defoliants
760:turf, and
473:Pictograms
406:Molar mass
266:2577AQ9262
173:ChemSpider
109:3D model (
88:CAS Number
4406:methazole
4381:clomazone
4361:aclonifen
4237:terbutryn
4217:propazine
4212:prometryn
4197:cyanazine
4170:Triazines
4146:cyperquat
4119:triclopyr
4114:thiazopyr
4099:dithiopyr
4091:Pyridines
4018:fomesafen
3945:haloxyfop
3940:fluazifop
3925:cyhalofop
3806:bialaphos
3801:bensulide
3702:quinmerac
3591:diethatyl
3586:butachlor
3434:April 25,
3320:25 August
2891:ACS Omega
2824:J Toxicol
2531:Pubchem.
2479:, 2005.
1834:7 October
1338:In 2010,
1316:Service.
1092:MS medium
1046:herbicide
1010:meristems
762:grassland
742:herbicide
703:with the
649:ICSC 0033
637:100 mg/m
464:labelling
450:900 mg/L
27:Herbicide
4371:Bentazon
4227:simetryn
4222:simazine
4207:prometon
4192:atrazine
4156:paraquat
4109:imazapyr
4028:nitrofen
4023:lactofen
3930:diclofop
3888:mecoprop
3873:fenoprop
3816:fosamine
3811:ethephon
3687:picloram
3656:Aromatic
3641:propanil
3621:oryzalin
3606:flamprop
3571:alachlor
3558:anilines
3554:Anilides
3461:13 April
3381:21059954
3058:10688198
2921:31459423
2856:23533401
2805:29203058
2649:Archived
2632:26111929
2572:26111929
2518:17253558
2484:Archived
2391:16657160
2341:20123603
2136:Archived
2119:24237670
2050:24237670
1959:Archived
1910:Archived
1795:17778584
1580:85637273
1417:(NIOSH).
1373:See also
1284:metadata
1168:Group 2B
1058:mecoprop
911:and the
892:(corn),
814:and the
752:such as
455:Hazards
4401:juglone
4391:dinoseb
4288:monuron
4283:linuron
4187:ametryn
4008:bifenox
3893:2,4,5-T
3841:Phenoxy
3682:dicamba
3372:2996712
3349:Bibcode
3180:(Order)
3132:26 June
3066:4395764
3038:Bibcode
2988:8779585
2958:Bibcode
2912:6648169
2847:3600329
2721:1820267
2712:1568222
2332:2831914
1814::34-38.
1809:Golfdom
1775:Bibcode
1767:Science
1429:"2,4-D"
1411:"#0173"
1289:in situ
1218:dioxins
1197:2,4,5-T
1062:dicamba
1054:grasses
1033:Lantana
975:-dioxin
932:choline
921:2,4,5-T
858:analogs
788:2,4,5-T
776:History
754:cereals
750:grasses
666:2,4,5-T
233:PubChem
98:94-75-7
4349:Others
4151:diquat
3863:2,4-DB
3850:Auxins
3576:asulam
3379:
3369:
3064:
3056:
3030:Nature
2986:
2979:168028
2976:
2934:45-58.
2919:
2909:
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2709:
2630:
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2379:
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2117:
2048:
1940:May 3,
1793:
1748:
1634:
1578:
1522:
967:phenol
898:cereal
790:, and
699:is an
645:(SDS)
349:SMILES
221:C03664
153:ChEMBL
56:Names
4431:Ziram
4256:Ureas
3858:2,4-D
3659:acids
3505:2,4-D
3455:Wired
3314:(PDF)
3307:(PDF)
3062:S2CID
2589:(PDF)
2199:(PDF)
2067:(PDF)
1576:S2CID
1454:2,4-D
1150:The
1132:or LD
1050:weeds
1021:ester
1014:amine
1006:auxin
890:maize
886:wheat
839:auxin
738:2,4-D
595:NIOSH
314:InChI
133:ChEBI
111:JSmol
75:2,4-D
18:2,4-D
4386:DCBN
4356:3-AT
4278:DCMU
3883:MCPB
3878:MCPA
3735:MSMA
3730:DSMA
3499:PPDB
3463:2015
3436:2012
3377:PMID
3322:2016
3198:2012
3163:2012
3134:2015
3054:PMID
2984:PMID
2917:PMID
2852:PMID
2828:2013
2801:PMID
2717:PMID
2628:PMID
2597:2016
2568:PMID
2514:PMID
2461:2014
2410:ISBN
2387:PMID
2337:PMID
2115:PMID
2046:PMID
2009:2023
1942:2014
1885:2015
1836:2015
1791:PMID
1746:ISBN
1632:ISBN
1520:ISBN
1437:2015
1367:USDA
1348:aad1
1195:and
1193:MCPA
1106:and
1060:and
1017:salt
957:and
935:salt
894:rice
856:and
846:i.e.
792:MCPA
758:lawn
631:IDLH
538:P280
534:P273
530:P261
516:H412
512:H335
508:H318
504:H317
500:H302
257:UNII
246:1486
212:KEGG
182:1441
3367:PMC
3357:doi
3345:107
3046:doi
3034:403
3011:doi
2974:PMC
2966:doi
2907:PMC
2899:doi
2842:PMC
2832:doi
2793:doi
2789:111
2707:PMC
2699:doi
2620:doi
2560:doi
2506:doi
2490:EPA
2377:PMC
2369:doi
2327:PMC
2319:doi
2315:118
2261:doi
2105:doi
2036:doi
1783:doi
1771:100
1738:doi
1713:doi
1657:doi
1603:doi
1568:doi
1490:doi
1340:Dow
1177:'s
965:of
732:ISO
720:OCH
618:REL
605:PEL
462:GHS
283:EPA
236:CID
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