1662:, representative of the Coordinadora Democrática, published a preliminary report entitled "Fraud to Democracy", the result of the work of 40 professionals diversified in 14 thematic areas, concluding that "qualitative, continued, selective, massive fraud" occurred in the manual and automated procedures, for which the coalition decided to challenge the process. The report explains that it was detected that in Venezuela the scheme of the electoral population averages was broken and in two months it went from 48 points to 53 points of proportion in the electoral population, meaning that close to 1.8 million people who never voted were accounted for, a mobilization of a non-existent population was made to commit fraud in the manual voting according to the report. The study states that mostnew registrants were oriented to rural centers or urban areas of manual voting, in an attempt to disguise the electronic fraud with a voting trend in favor of the "No" option. In the automated process, a collective manipulation of 28% of the vote was detected, which "compromises officials of the National Electoral Council and of the company in charge of the automation". Likewise, evidence of "bidirectionality of communication" was found, since according to the data obtained from
508:
1719:, added that the results of the referendum "speak for themselves", saying that the quest for Venezuelan democracy "does not end with a single electoral process or referendum" and urging the "democratically elected government of Venezuela to address and recognize the legitimate concerns, rights, and aspirations of all of its citizens". Regarding the recall effort, in testimony before the U.S. Senate, Maisto also pointed out that Carter had said that " 'expression of the citizen must be privileged over excessive technicalities' in resolving issues surrounding the tabulation of the signatures".
339:
4763:
4758:
407:
533:
1255:
5089:
3208:
982:
1804:; Isbelia Martin discovered anomalous patterns in telecommunications; Ricardo Hausmann and Roberto I. Rigobón analyzed patterns related to exit polls; Raúl Jiménez examined the distribution of valid votes, null votes, and abstentions in each precinct; while Gustavo Delfino and Guillermo Salas reported on the anomalous relation between signatures requesting the recall, and the yes-votes. The section is introduced by an article written by
1286:
1351:
66:
168:
423:
25:
270:
1789:
evidence to reject the official results given by the CNE. The irregularities detected were observed consistently in numerous voting centers and the magnitude of the irregularities imply that the official results do not reflect the intention of voters with statistical confidence." They estimated that 56.4% had voted yes to recall Chavez, as opposed to the official result of 41%.
2296:"Several polls in the run-up to the referendum showed Chavez to be the likely winner; the most recent ( 4–8 August) and comprehensive was the poll by Evans/McDonough Company, Inc., with Varianzas Opinion. With a nationwide sample of 2000 and a margin of error of 2.2 percent, it showed Chavez ahead by 50 to 38 percentage points among registered voters (up from 49–41 in July)."
1194:. The court reinstated over 800,000 of the disputed signatures, bringing the total to 2.7 million, above the 2.4 million needed to authorise the referendum. However, about a week later, the Constitutional chamber of the Supreme Court overturned the Electoral chamber's ruling alleging that the latter did not have jurisdiction for that ruling.
1480:
several hours before the closing of the polling booths, and since
Carrasquero declared the recording to be fake, this appeared to be a case of attempted sabotage of the referendum. The attorney-general was called on to conduct a full inquiry into the incident and to locate and arrest those responsible for the spurious audio recording.
1747:
had "refused to use the random number generating program offered by the Carter Center for the 18 August audit and instead used its own program installed in its own computer and initialed with their own seed." They also noted that opposition witnesses and international observers were not allowed near
1666:
there was traffic to and from the machines before printing the ballots, and it is indicated that there was "a pattern of communications intervention. At certain hours, traffic was concentrated to receive information, send and manipulate it", transmissions "outside the allowed hours, since 7:00 a.m.",
1527:
The preliminary result was announced on 16 August 2004 on national television and radio after 94% of the vote had been counted, with 58% having voted no and 42% voted yes.. According to these early-morning results, the first condition (a quorum of 25% of the electorate) had been satisfied. The second
1224:
as justifying petition related layoffs by saying "all those who have signed to activate the recall referendum against
President Chávez should be fired from the Health Ministry". He retracted these remarks several days later by saying that they were his own personal opinions and not a matter of public
1779:
that the opposition was "shocked not so much by the results as by the ease with which international observers condoned the
Electoral Council's flimsy audit of the results." The sample for the audit was selected by the government controlled National Electoral Council and, according to the opposition,
1655:
showed him to have won by 20%. A poll company representative, Schoen commented, "I think it was a massive fraud". Coordinadora Democrática also told the press that no opposition representation was present when the votes were counted and that the physical ballots had not yet been taken into account.
1455:
Polling stations opened at 6 am
Venezuelan time on 15 August 2004. Later in the day, faced with a 70% turnout, lengthy queues of waiting voters, and delays exacerbated by the use of novel electronic voting equipment and fingerprint scanners, the electoral authorities agreed to extend the close
1138:
When the
President of the Republic becomes permanently unavailable to serve during the first four years of his constitutional term of office, a new election by universal suffrage and direct ballot shall be held within 30 calendar days. Pending the election and inauguration of the new President, the
1094:
and sanctioned by the electorate in a referendum. Under its provisions, an elected official can be subjected to a recall referendum if a petition gathers signatures from 20% of the corresponding electorate. Thus, to order a presidential recall vote in 2004, 2.4 million signatures were needed -
1699:
gave a joint press conference in which they endorsed the preliminary results announced by the CNE. The monitors' findings "coincided with the partial returns announced today by the
National Elections Council" said Carter, while Gaviria added that the OAS electoral observation mission's members had
1511:
suggested that since the chance of sample error in the exit poll was so low and observers did not find any signs of fraud, it may have been the survey's methodology that led to the discrepancy in results. PSB was criticized in the press for how the poll was carried out considering the Súmate group
1483:
Journalist Fausto Malavé declared in an interview in RCR that the recording was an evident parody that had been circulating in city streets for at least two months, claiming that it was surprising that it was only brought to public attention then. He also expressed concern at the significance that
1305:
Although support for Chávez had been low in 2003 and early 2004, polling data showed a shift as the campaign got under way. Most polls, including those by firms linked to the opposition which had showed low support for Chávez in 2003 and early 2004, predicted a rejection of the recall in the weeks
1186:
In
November 2003, the opposition collected a new set of signatures, with 3.6 million names produced in four days. The CNE rejected the petition, saying that only 1.9 million were valid, while 1.1 million were dubious and 460,000 completely invalid. Reaction to the decision to reject
1771:
drew on the Carter Center analysis and elaborated on the issue, criticising
Hausmann and Rigobón's statistical model. Furthermore, the CEPR analysis noted that "although Hausmann and Rigobón's analysis does not require this data to be accurate, it does require that its errors be uncorrelated with
1479:
and CNE president
Francisco Carrasquero announced on national television that they had found an audio CD where a imitation voice of Carrasquero declared that the opposition had won the referendum with a total of 11,436,086 "yes" votes, and that Chávez's mandate was thereby revoked. Since this was
1654:
exit poll, which was performed by volunteers from Súmate, the NGO which had organized the referendum) put the "Yes" vote at 59% and the "No" vote at 40%. Their exit poll showed the opposite result to the official voting data, predicting that Chávez would lose by 20%, whereas the election results
1241:
would have taken over and served out the rest of Chávez's presidency (in accordance with
Article 233 of the Constitution, above). With the vote called for 15 August, Chávez was not yet into the last two years of his term in office; an unfavourable result would therefore have meant the calling of
1165:
announced that the signatures presented to request the recall referendum had to be examined a second time. Protests against the decision began on 27 February 2004 in Caracas and fifteen other cities of the country, lasting five consecutive days. Negotiations between the opposition and government
1122:
When a number of voters equal to or greater than the number of those who elected the official vote in favour of the recall, provided that a number of voters equal to or greater than 25% of the total number of registered voters vote in the recall referendum, the official's mandate shall be deemed
1788:
to review differences in vote patterns between voting certificates on the basis that voters were randomly assigned to certificates (each voting center had on average 2 or 3 certificates, typically for computerised and manual voting systems). It concluded: " Venezuelan opposition has statistical
1144:
In the cases described above, the new President shall complete the current constitutional term of office. If the President becomes permanently unavailable to serve during the last two years of his constitutional term of office, the Executive Vice President shall take over the Presidency of the
1758:
said, "The Hausmann/Rigobon study is more credible than many of the other allegations being thrown around." The Carter Center looked into the allegations and released a paper with a statistical analysis in response; this stated that the audit sample data, in particular the statistical
1503:, a NGO which was the primary organizer of the recall referendum, and involved around 200 polling places out of 8500. With over 20,000 responses the exit poll produced a much larger amount of data than most opinion polls (typically around 1000 responses), leading to an extremely low
1783:
Election observers insisted that no fraud had taken place, but scholarly analyses published over the years to come disagreed. A statistical study by Maria M. Febres Cordero and Bernardo Márquez was published in 2006 in a peer-reviewed academic statistics journal. The study used
1691:
The day before the polling, former U.S. President Jimmy Carter expressed confidence that the vote would proceed in a calm and orderly fashion. Carter commented that, "I might project results that will be much more satisfactory than they were in 2000 in Florida".
1742:
performed a statistical analysis at Súmate's request, analyzing how fraud could have occurred during the referendum. They concluded that the vote samples audited by the government were not a random representation of all precincts, noting that the Chávez-backed
1116:
Once one-half of the term of office to which an official has been elected has elapsed, a number of voters representing at least 20% of the registered voters in the affected constituency may petition for the calling of a referendum to revoke that official's
1416:¿Está usted de acuerdo con dejar sin efecto el mandato popular otorgado mediante elecciones democráticas legítimas al ciudadano Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías como presidente de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela para el actual período presidencial? ¿NO o SÍ?
1242:
fresh presidential elections within the following 30 days. Chávez had expressed his clear intention to stand in the election, had he been recalled; the opposition factions, however, maintained that he would have been disqualified from doing so.
1180:, a Venezuelan volunteer civil association, founded in 2002. These signatures were rejected by the National Electoral Council (CNE) on the grounds that they had been collected prematurely; i.e., before the midpoint of the presidential term.
1700:"found no element of fraud in the process". Directing his remarks at opposition figures who made claims of "widespread fraud" in the voting, Carter called on all Venezuelans to "accept the results and work together for the future". The
1463:, who was in Venezuela to observe the electoral process, said of the patiently waiting Venezuelan electors, "This is the largest turnout I have ever seen." In previous presidential elections, turnout figures were at an average 55%.
1682:
last week. Carter is untroubled by any of this, and declares that Chavez won 'fair and square.'" The Carter Center looked into the allegations and released a paper and statistical analysis reaffirming their original conclusions.
1678:, "Our internal sourcing tells us that there was fraud in the Venezuelan central commission. There are widespread reports of irregularities and evidence of fraud, many of them ably recorded by Mary Anastasia O'Grady in
1236:
The date chosen for the recall referendum was significant: had the recall vote been held on 19 August or later, Chávez would have been into the fifth year of his six-year term and had he been voted out, Vice President
1426:
Do you agree to revoke, for the current term, the popular mandate as President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela conferred on citizen Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías through democratic and legitimate elections? NO or
376:
Do you agree to annul the popular mandate granted through legitimate democratic elections to the citizen Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías as president of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela for the current presidential
1166:
agreeing on signatures led to the end of the protests. During the protests, 9 people were killed, of which at least 4 were due to the response of security officials, hundreds were injured and 300 were arrested.
3741:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3142:
Carter Center's Report on an Analysis of the Representativeness of the Second Audit Sample, and the Correlation between Petition Signers and the Yes Vote in the August 15, 2004, Presidential Recall
1071:, the electoral observers and other analysts denied fraud, saying the referendum was performed in a free and fair manner. The Carter Center released a paper and statistical analysis at the request of the NGO
1466:
All Venezuelans aged 18 and up whose names appear on the electoral roll were eligible to vote, including those residing abroad: polling stations were set up in Venezuelan embassies and consulates abroad.
2936:
2019:
Report on an Analysis of the Representativeness of the Second Audit Sample, and the Correlation between Petition Signers and the Yes Vote in the 15 August 2004 Presidential Recall Referendum in Venezuela
2721:
Report on an Analysis of the Representativeness of the Second Audit Sample, and the Correlation between Petition Signers and the Yes Vote in the Aug. 15, 2004 Presidential Recall Referendum in Venezuela
1763:
between the number of "Yes" voters and the number of petition signatories in each audited voting centre, were consistent with nationwide results, and reaffirmed the Carter Center's earlier conclusions.
2075:
1528:
condition (more votes against Chávez than he received in 2000) would probably be satisfied. However, the third condition (a simple majority: more people voting "yes" than "no") had clearly failed.
3431:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
1991:
2654:
1519:
said that Súmate "deliberately distributed this erroneous exit poll data in order to build up, not only the expectation of victory, but also to influence the people still standing in line".
1515:
Publication or broadcast of exit polls was banned by electoral authorities, but results of the PSB poll went out to media outlets and opposition offices several hours before polls closed.
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3426:
3421:
1183:
In September 2003, that the government used a "rapid reaction" squad to raid the offices of CNE, the government body overseeing the petition drive, where the petitions were stored.
1456:
of voting twice: a four-hour extension of the deadline that took it to 8 p.m., followed by an additional four hours announced later in the evening, which took it to midnight.
3807:
1297:
Between late May 2004, when the CNE set the referendum date, and 15 August, the date chosen, a contentious campaign took place, with both sides convinced of victory.
1133:: The President of the Republic shall become permanently unavailable to serve by reason of any of the following events: death; resignation; recall by popular vote.
3174:
2808:
de Cordoba, Jose and Luhnow, David. "Venezuelans Rush to Vote on Chavez: Polarized Nation Decides Whether to Recall President After Years of Political Rifts".
2933:
291:
1914:
1212:
as claiming that the Chávez government had begun dismissing petition signers from government ministries, the state oil company, the state water company, the
5447:
4916:
2072:
1650:
After the preliminary results were broadcast, the opposition Coordinadora Democrática declared that fraud had taken place, stating that its own data (the
2178:
2119:
5479:
2249:
1988:
3777:
1808:. One of the papers, by Hausmann and Rigobón, was a later version of a paper disputed by the Carter Center, and contains a response to that criticism.
1372:
189:
182:
83:
38:
1659:
5287:
4225:
3782:
2527:
922:
918:
4959:
2928:
Maria M. Febres Cordero and Bernardo Márquez (2006), "A Statistical Approach to Assess Referendum Results: the Venezuelan Recall Referendum 2004",
2661:
1722:
European Union observers did not oversee the elections, saying too many restrictions were put on their participation by the Chávez administration.
4191:
3772:
2854:"Black Swans, Conspiracy Theories, and the Quixotic Search for Fraud: A Look at Hausmann and Rigobón's 1 Analysis of Venezuela's Referendum Vote"
1019:
679:
4941:
2990:
2004 Venezuelan Presidential Recall Referendum (2004 PRR): A Statistical Analysis from the Point of View of Electronic Voting Data Transmissions
968:
232:
130:
3196:
5126:
2906:
2864:
204:
102:
5264:
4176:
3751:
3746:
3736:
3731:
3165:
Black Swans, Conspiracy Theories, and the Quixotic Search for Fraud: A Look at Hausmann and Rigobon's Analysis of Venezuela's Referendum Vote
1989:
Black Swans, Conspiracy Theories, and the Quixotic Search for Fraud: A Look at Hausmann and Rigobón's Analysis of Venezuela's Referendum Vote
836:
831:
3094:
2461:
2443:
1711:
accepted that the results of the subsequent audit were "consistent with the results announced by (Venezuela's) National Electoral Council."
5601:
1228:
The CNE later admitted that 15,863 signatures of those signatures that were verified in May 2004 belonged to people who had died in 2003.
2973:
Quick Anomaly Detection by the Newcomb–Benford Law, with Applications to Electoral Processes Data from the USA, Puerto Rico and Venezuela
2779:
2363:
2333:
211:
109:
5232:
1670:
Some individuals have disputed the center's endorsement of the electoral process in the Venezuelan recall referendum of 2004. Fox News'
5530:
4835:
4286:
4086:
3983:
3845:
3100:
2583:
1772:
those of the signatures, something that cannot be assumed without any verifiable knowledge or observation of where the data came from.
3968:
1476:
690:
278:
5319:
5314:
4809:
4804:
3797:
3792:
1832:
1827:
955:
882:
4830:
3978:
4993:
4232:
937:
933:
218:
116:
4691:
3204:
3063:
4220:
4044:
3168:
1768:
1508:
1318:
912:
711:
5013:
2615:
1632:
1492:
1064:
5324:
5304:
4865:
4845:
4432:
4242:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3481:
3115:
1744:
1191:
1162:
1053:
819:
814:
783:
44:
1792:
The presence of systemic election fraud was also supported by six analyses in a special section in the November 2011 issue of
992:
200:
98:
5329:
5309:
4814:
4794:
4742:
4737:
4139:
4039:
3993:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3273:
2884:
1440:
800:
795:
746:
724:
567:
5606:
507:
5452:
751:
4415:
1123:
revoked and immediate action shall be taken to fill the permanent vacancy as provided for by this Constitution and by law.
5556:
5190:
4858:
4799:
4644:
4437:
4261:
4076:
3858:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3592:
1012:
870:
865:
1266:
4351:
3928:
3615:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3189:
853:
848:
5119:
1309:
Pre-referendum polls, both by opposition and by pro-Chávez groups, during the previous months and weeks predicted the
5596:
5195:
4061:
3141:
3131:
3121:
1398:
763:
316:
251:
149:
52:
5000:
4732:
3943:
1380:
5282:
5180:
4789:
4361:
4056:
3486:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3278:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
1205:
1090:
The recall mechanism was introduced into Venezuelan law in 1999 under the new Constitution drafted by the National
1922:
4709:
4513:
4447:
4422:
4203:
2032:
1800:
and Bruno Sansó examined the exit polls; Luis Raul Pericchi and David A Torres examined the no-votes against the
1716:
630:
606:
4405:
4166:
3998:
3923:
3897:
3888:
3883:
3838:
2236:
1739:
1376:
1005:
905:
225:
123:
87:
5030:
2188:
2129:
1459:
A record number of voters turned out to defeat the recall attempt with a 59% "no" vote. Former U.S. president
5551:
5464:
5249:
4926:
4853:
4601:
4471:
4321:
4186:
3933:
3313:
3182:
2956:
The 2004 Venezuelan Presidential Recall Referendum: Discrepancies Between Two Exit Polls and Official Results
2283:
Hellinger, Daniel (2005), "When 'No' Means 'Yes to Revolution': Electoral Politics in Bolivarian Venezuela",
2260:
1187:
the petition (for the second time) resulted in riots that led to nine dead, 339 arrested, and 1,200 injured.
673:
5112:
4008:
2096:
5520:
5469:
5243:
5237:
5057:
5047:
5025:
4931:
4528:
4271:
4171:
4081:
2796:
5147:
5135:
4771:
4727:
4684:
2419:
4297:
4208:
3584:
3157:
756:
741:
643:
1512:
had been involved in organizing the recall and was considered anti-Chávez by the Venezuelan government.
5581:
4427:
3878:
3812:
3802:
3767:
2678:
1961:
1067:
declared that fraud had taken place and published a preliminary report supporting the conclusions. The
1056:(CNE) after the Venezuelan opposition succeeded in collecting the number of signatures required by the
945:
887:
601:
5591:
5586:
4784:
4611:
4533:
4488:
4266:
4156:
4122:
3918:
3903:
3831:
1651:
1496:
1220:
and municipal governments controlled by Chávez's party. The Associated Press also quoted Venezuela's
1057:
574:
560:
5155:
4779:
2702:
1667:
when it was established that "the machine would not be connected until the closing of the process".
5543:
5215:
4508:
4503:
4395:
4127:
3913:
3164:
2903:
2822:
2751:
2502:
2297:
1956:
1817:
1755:
1708:
1361:
1156:
960:
579:
5538:
5525:
5415:
4576:
4112:
3064:
In Search of the Black Swan: Analysis of the Statistical Evidence of Electoral Fraud in Venezuela
2641:
2469:
2447:
2206:
2147:
1822:
1776:
1750:
1365:
283:
178:
76:
5092:
5036:
4747:
4677:
3152:
2853:
2690:
2486:
5274:
5259:
4712:
4606:
4538:
4518:
4498:
4457:
4442:
4198:
4161:
4022:
3220:
3212:
2313:
1045:
776:
626:
3024:
Analysis of the 2004 Venezuela Referendum: The Official Results Versus the Petition Signatures
2776:
2360:
2337:
1238:
5442:
5432:
5420:
5227:
4987:
4911:
4901:
4591:
4571:
4100:
4003:
2321:
596:
591:
523:
4400:
2033:"A Statistical Approach to Assess Referendum Results: The Venezuelan Recall Referendum 2004"
5222:
4637:
4553:
4452:
4383:
4337:
4281:
4276:
4252:
4213:
4144:
4117:
4051:
4034:
3866:
3521:
3039:
1805:
1091:
731:
655:
5160:
4921:
2764:
8:
5370:
5360:
4896:
4561:
4523:
4493:
4346:
4181:
4149:
4134:
3988:
3044:
Election Forensics and the 2004 Venezuelan Presidential Recall Referendum as a Case Study
950:
736:
2587:
2384:
338:
5365:
5355:
5254:
4891:
4653:
4596:
4586:
4566:
4543:
4483:
4071:
4066:
3132:
Carter Center's Audit of the Results of the Presidential Recall Referendum in Venezuela
2584:"Radio Nacional de Venezuela -> Presidente Chávez gana con casi 5 millones de votos"
2052:
2048:
1735:
1082:
Statistical evaluations published in 2006 and 2011 concluded that fraud was committed.
4757:
1200:
The names of petition signers were posted publicly online in what became known as the
648:
5487:
5380:
4949:
4762:
4616:
2612:
2557:
5078:
4981:
3111:
2056:
1060:
to effect a recall. The result of the referendum was not to recall Chávez (59% no).
636:
5405:
5210:
5052:
5007:
4658:
3938:
3122:
Carter Center's Executive Summary of Comprehensive Report: 2004 Venezuela Elections
3059:
2553:
2044:
1801:
1785:
1731:
1330:
1209:
1076:
986:
586:
5345:
4881:
3088:
3082:
2881:
1696:
5390:
5375:
2940:
2910:
2888:
2783:
2720:
2619:
2424:
2415:
2367:
2183:
2124:
2079:
2018:
1995:
1939:
1221:
1217:
1049:
683:
3958:
1436:
A turnout of at least 25% of the country's 14.25 million registered voters.
1103:
The recall referendum is provided for in two articles of the 1999 Constitution:
5425:
5385:
5205:
5165:
5071:
4581:
4326:
3973:
3948:
1504:
1314:
5297:
5175:
5139:
4700:
1326:
1201:
1041:
5575:
5410:
5400:
5350:
5019:
4886:
4306:
3953:
3893:
3146:
3135:
3125:
1940:
Observing the Venezuela Presidential Recall Referendum: Comprehensive Report.
1701:
1213:
1139:
Executive Vice President shall take charge of the Presidency of the Republic.
1068:
5104:
532:
5395:
5200:
4311:
3043:
3023:
3006:
2989:
2972:
2955:
2951:
1797:
1516:
1460:
1333:
wrote that recent polls ranged from 8% to 31% for margins in favour of the
5514:
5497:
5170:
4964:
3908:
1883:
1854:
1760:
1712:
1671:
1499:, which showed Chávez losing by a 60–40 margin. PSB used volunteers from
1254:
5459:
2838:
Luhnow, David. Academics' Study Backs Fraud Claim in Chavez Election.
1052:
from office. The recall referendum was announced on 8 June 2004 by the
1037:
2752:
Venezuelan opposition seeks revenge as audits confirm Chavez’s victory
1197:
The list of signatories was subsequently collected by the government.
4316:
3854:
3823:
3207:
1695:
On the afternoon of 16 August 2004, Carter and OAS Secretary General
2691:
USNews.com: The National Interest: Exit polls in Venezuela (8/20/04)
1500:
1350:
1285:
1176:
1174:
In August 2003, about 3.2 million signatures were presented by
1079:
and Roberto Rigobon, reaffirming the center's original conclusions.
1072:
167:
65:
5437:
4906:
3963:
2672:
2389:
1915:"CNN.com - Observers endorse Venezuela vote results - Aug 16, 2004"
1888:
1439:
More votes against Chávez than the number who voted for him in the
2852:
Weisbrot, Mark; Rosnick, David; Tucker, Todd (20 September 2004).
1321:, both commissioned by the opposition, found margins in favour of
5185:
5042:
1329:
found a margin of 14% in favour of Chávez in June. On 11 August,
1290:
1111:: All offices filled by popular vote are subject to revocation.
269:
2202:
2143:
1855:"Tulio Álvarez: Resultados preliminares sobre fraude electoral"
4669:
1432:
For the recall to be successful, there were three conditions:
4410:
4356:
2642:
Coordinadora Democrática rechaza resultados oficiales del CNE
2250:"Official transcript 'Aló Presidente' N°180, 1 February 2004"
1663:
1411:
The following question was put to the Venezuelan electorate:
1313:
vote to win by a margin of between 5% and 31%. For example,
5492:
4954:
2812:. (Eastern edition). New York, NY: 16 August 2004. pg. A11.
2777:
U.S. Urges Venezuela to Choose "Peaceful Path" to Democracy
2733:
2361:"U.S. Supports Anti-democratic Forces In Venezuela Recall"
2073:
Special Section: Revisiting the 2004 Venezuelan Referendum
1950:
1948:
1289:
A rally in favor of the recall referendum in the capital,
2823:
Súmate: There is a 99% probability of fraud in referendum
2394:
1780:
was not of sufficient size to be statistically reliable.
1190:
The petitioners appealed to the Electoral Chamber of the
4960:
Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)
3106:
2010:
2008:
2904:
Preliminary Report: The Presidential Recall Referendum.
1945:
2815:
2508:. Center for Economic and Policy Research. August 2004
3007:
Forensic Analysis of the Venezuelan Recall Referendum
2851:
2799:
United States Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations.
2005:
1987:
Weisbrot M, Rosnick D, Tucker T (20 September 2004).
16:
Refendum in Venezuela to recall President Hugo Chávez
2241:
2031:
Cordero, Maria M. Febres; Márquez, Bernardo (2006).
1495:
commissioned an exit poll from the American firm of
2765:
Daily Press Briefing for August 17– Transcript
2613:
Chávez Ratificado Con el 58 Por Ciento de los votos
2503:"Polling and the Ballot: The Venezuelan Referendum"
2298:"Polling and the Ballot: The Venezuelan Referendum"
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1957:"Venezuela: Divisions harden after Chávez victory"
2924:
2922:
5573:
2552:
2322:Chávez ganará revocatorio según encuesta de EEUU
2068:
2066:
1748:the computer hub on election day. According to
2277:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1934:
1932:
1909:
1907:
1884:"Observer teams endorse Venezuela vote results"
2971:Luis Raul Pericchi and David A Torres (2011),
2919:
2468:. El Universal. 15 August 2004. Archived from
2334:"Are the Polls Credible in Venezuela? Vote NO"
2030:
1475:At 3:50pm local time on 15 August, CNE rector
5134:
5120:
4685:
3839:
3190:
2703:"Opinion & Reviews - Wall Street Journal"
2301:CEPR: Center for Economic and Policy Research
2063:
2000:CEPR: Center for Economic and Policy Research
1645:
1169:
1013:
3112:CNE's Official Results for Recall Referendum
3022:Gustavo Delfino and Guillermo Salas (2011),
2916:(7 September 2004). Retrieved 8 August 2006.
2630:
2628:
2382:
1976:
1929:
1904:
5493:Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)
4955:Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)
2336:. Narcosphere.narconews.com. Archived from
2247:
1878:
1876:
1531:The final results showed 59% had voted no.
1379:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
5191:United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV)
5127:
5113:
4692:
4678:
3846:
3832:
3197:
3183:
3103:announced on national radio and television
2821:Juan Francisco Alonso (6 September 2004).
2734:"Yahoo News - Latest News & Headlines"
2558:"U.S. poll firm in hot water in Venezuela"
1020:
1006:
5265:2010 Colombia–Venezuela diplomatic crisis
2625:
2481:
2479:
1833:2022 Venezuelan recall referendum project
1828:2016 Venezuelan recall referendum project
1399:Learn how and when to remove this message
1325:by 5% and 12% respectively in June 2004;
317:Learn how and when to remove this message
252:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
5233:2006 Chávez speech at the United Nations
4994:Chavismo: The Plague of the 21st Century
3089:Head-to-head: Should Chávez leave power?
2874:
2528:"Pollsters predicting recall under fire"
1873:
1284:
294:of all important aspects of the article.
3169:Center for Economic and Policy Research
2797:STATEMENT BY AMBASSADOR JOHN F. MAISTO.
2414:
2408:
2176:
2172:
2170:
2117:
2097:"Capturan "paramilitares" en Venezuela"
1769:Center for Economic and Policy Research
1715:, U.S. Permanent Representative to the
1704:"concluded the results were accurate."
1686:
1509:Center for Economic and Policy Research
1315:Greenberg Quinlan Rosner Research (GQR)
1098:
5574:
5325:2010 Venezuelan parliamentary election
4866:2010 Venezuelan parliamentary election
4846:2005 Venezuelan parliamentary election
4836:Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003
4241:
3853:
3213:Elections and referendums in Venezuela
3116:National Electoral Council (Venezuela)
2870:from the original on 27 February 2008.
2476:
2201:
2142:
1446:More "yes" votes cast than "no" votes.
290:Please consider expanding the lead to
188:Please improve this article by adding
5108:
4673:
3827:
3178:
2520:
1954:
1619:
1608:
1597:
1586:
1538:
1145:Republic until the term is completed.
5453:National Center for Foreign Commerce
2681:May 2005, accessed 19 December 2008.
2646:
2195:
2167:
1849:
1847:
1377:adding citations to reliable sources
1344:
1249:
263:
161:
88:adding citations to reliable sources
59:
18:
5602:August 2004 events in South America
4800:United Socialist Party of Venezuela
4233:Guayana Esequiba (Reclamation area)
2385:"Venezuelan audit confirms victory"
2177:Zeitlin, Janine (11 October 2007).
2136:
2118:Zeitlin, Janine (11 October 2007).
2111:
2089:
1470:
201:"2004 Venezuelan recall referendum"
99:"2004 Venezuelan recall referendum"
13:
2719:Carter Center, 17 September 2004,
2713:
2383:Staff writer (21 September 2004).
2049:10.1111/j.1751-5823.2006.tb00301.x
1754:, a computer-science professor at
14:
5618:
5196:Detention of Maria Lourdes Afiuni
5014:Hugo Chávez's cult of personality
4810:Constitutional referendum of 2009
4805:Constitutional referendum of 2007
3155:an analysis by Michael Barone of
3076:
1844:
1484:was attributed to it by the CNE.
1450:
332:2004 Venezuelan recall referendum
34:This article has multiple issues.
5181:Assassination of Danilo Anderson
5088:
5087:
4761:
4756:
4362:Ecological Movement of Venezuela
3206:
3097:claims of electoral fraud by CNE
3062:and Roberto I. Rigobón (2011), "
2930:International Statistical Review
2795:Maisto, John F. (24 June 2004).
2037:International Statistical Review
1955:Jones, Bart (3 September 2004).
1349:
1300:
1253:
1206:Venezuelan Workers Confederation
1095:20% of the national electorate.
980:
531:
506:
421:
405:
337:
268:
166:
64:
23:
4699:
3053:
3033:
3016:
2999:
2982:
2965:
2945:
2897:
2845:
2832:
2802:
2789:
2770:
2757:
2744:
2726:
2695:
2684:
2602:
2576:
2546:
2495:
2454:
2436:
2376:
2359:Robert Jensen, 11 August 2004,
2353:
2326:
2306:
2290:
2226:
2208:Contexto y Balance de Situación
2149:Contexto y Balance de Situación
1717:Organization of American States
1487:
282:may be too short to adequately
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
5320:2009 constitutional referendum
5315:2007 constitutional referendum
5001:El ocaso del socialismo mágico
3924:Restorative Liberal Revolution
2024:
1740:MIT Sloan School of Management
292:provide an accessible overview
1:
5465:Socialism of the 21st century
5250:2008 Andean diplomatic crisis
4927:Socialism of the 21st century
4815:Presidential election of 2012
4795:Presidential election of 2006
4743:Presidential election of 1998
2655:"What to Do about Venezuela?"
2490:U.S. News & World Report.
2446:. August 2004. Archived from
1775:Javier Corrales wrote in the
190:secondary or tertiary sources
5470:Venezuelan communal councils
5238:South American Energy Summit
5058:Venezuela Information Office
5048:The Silence and the Scorpion
4932:Venezuelan communal councils
3158:U.S. News & World Report
2608:Consejo Nacional Electoral.
2532:Inland Valley Daily Bulletin
2021:. Retrieved 20 February 2010
1676:U.S. News & World Report
1034:Venezuelan recall referendum
7:
5305:2005 parliamentary election
5288:2000 trade union referendum
5031:Public image of Hugo Chávez
4298:Democratic Unity Roundtable
4287:People's Electoral Movement
4221:Supreme Tribunal of Justice
2842:(7 September 2004) pg. A18.
2723:, accessed 20 February 2010
2420:"Nothingland—or Venezuela?"
2285:Latin American Perspectives
2257:Venezuelan State Television
1811:
1738:and Roberto Rigobón of the
1725:
1640:
1245:
1150:
1085:
913:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
712:Supreme Tribunal of Justice
10:
5623:
5330:2012 presidential election
5310:2006 presidential election
3994:2017 constitutional crisis
2829:. Retrieved 6 August 2006.
2679:Center for Security Policy
2487:"Exit polls in Venezuela".
2444:"Independent Media Center"
2418:(September–October 2004).
1962:National Catholic Reporter
1652:Penn, Schoen & Berland
1646:Electoral fraud complaints
1497:Penn, Schoen & Berland
1441:2000 presidential election
1170:Signature collection drive
1163:National Electoral Council
1154:
1054:National Electoral Council
5607:Opposition to Hugo Chávez
5515:Con mis hijos no te metas
5506:
5478:
5338:
5273:
5146:
5066:
4973:
4940:
4874:
4841:Recall referendum of 2004
4823:
4770:
4754:
4720:
4707:
4631:
4552:
4479:
4470:
4391:
4382:
4335:
4295:
4267:Movement We Are Venezuela
4250:
4123:Human rights in Venezuela
4108:
4099:
4030:
4021:
3969:1992 coup d'état attempts
3904:Revolution of the Reforms
3874:
3865:
3760:
3624:
3583:
3520:
3312:
3219:
3095:indymedia global newswire
3083:Recall Referendum Q&A
2763:U.S. Department of State
1942:Accessed 25 January 2006.
1630:
1620:Registered voters/turnout
1582:
1571:
1560:
1549:
1544:
1541:
1522:
1421:Translated into English:
1340:
1231:
505:
496:
481:Registered voters/turnout
399:
396:
387:
382:
374:
350:
336:
5597:Referendums in Venezuela
5531:2002–2003 general strike
5216:2013 Uribana prison riot
4790:General election of 2000
4140:Administrative divisions
3999:2019 presidential crisis
3979:2002 coup d'état attempt
3914:Revindicating Revolution
2954:and Bruno Sansó (2011),
2909:4 September 2006 at the
2887:22 November 2016 at the
2462:"Referéndum Revocatorio"
2366:16 November 2005 at the
2303:. Accessed 30 June 2006]
2002:. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
1838:
1818:2004 Venezuelan protests
1756:Johns Hopkins University
1709:U.S. Department of State
1493:Coordinadora Democrática
1192:Venezuelan Supreme Court
1157:2004 Venezuelan protests
1065:Coordinadora Democrática
1036:of 15 August 2004 was a
5526:Plaza Altamira military
5206:Death of Franklin Brito
4748:Death and state funeral
4113:Corruption in Venezuela
3314:Parliamentary elections
3153:Exit polls in Venezuela
2988:Isbelia Martin (2011),
2840:The Wall Street Journal
2786:Retrieved 6 August 2006
2767:Retrieved 5 August 2006
2754:Retrieved 5 August 2006
2350:View full user profile.
1938:Carter Center (2005).
1823:Plaza Altamira military
1777:Foreign Policy Magazine
1751:the Wall Street Journal
1680:The Wall Street Journal
1674:told Michael Barone at
1306:before the referendum.
1204:. The president of the
1075:to evaluate a study by
969:Chávez's foreign policy
568:Constitutions of States
452:Invalid or blank votes
5293:2004 recall referendum
5260:Los Maniceros massacre
5244:¿Por qué no te callas?
5156:Cabinet of Hugo Chávez
5026:¿Por qué no te callas?
4780:Cabinet of Hugo Chávez
4713:President of Venezuela
4438:Science and technology
4352:Movement for Socialism
4262:United Socialist Party
3984:2002–03 general strike
3625:Constituent Assemblies
3221:Presidential elections
2782:16 August 2006 at the
2237:Venezuela's referendum
2099:. BBC News. 9 May 2004
2086:, 26(4), November 2011
1658:Constitutional lawyer
1294:
1161:In February 2003, the
1046:President of Venezuela
934:Diplomatic missions of
177:relies excessively on
5433:Bolivarian Revolution
5283:2000 general election
5228:Rodrigo Granda affair
4988:Bolivarian propaganda
4902:Bolivarian Revolution
4721:Early life and career
3005:Raúl Jiménez (2011),
2235:, 11 September 2003,
2017:, 17 September 2004,
1288:
1040:to determine whether
524:Politics of Venezuela
5521:Coup attempt of 2002
5223:Daktari Ranch affair
4831:Coup attempt of 2002
4738:Coup attempt of 1992
4338:Agreement for Change
4277:For Social Democracy
4253:Great Patriotic Pole
4118:Torture in Venezuela
4087:World Heritage Sites
4062:Environmental issues
3040:Alicia L. Carriquiry
2677:Occasional Papers 6
2248:Hugo Chavez (2004),
2179:"War on Hugo Chávez"
2120:"War on Hugo Chávez"
2078:28 July 2012 at the
1994:24 July 2014 at the
1925:on 5 September 2004.
1806:Alicia L. Carriquiry
1687:Process endorsements
1443:(3.76 million).
1373:improve this section
1099:Constitutional basis
1092:Constituent Assembly
987:Venezuela portal
693:since 5 January 2021
84:improve this article
5361:Bolivarian missions
4897:Bolivarian missions
4524:List of Venezuelans
4347:Progressive Advance
4135:Crisis in Venezuela
3889:War of Independence
3585:Municipal elections
3107:Venezuela Analitica
3068:Statistical Science
3048:Statistical Science
3028:Statistical Science
3011:Statistical Science
2994:Statistical Science
2977:Statistical Science
2960:Statistical Science
2939:7 June 2011 at the
2880:Corrales, Javier.
2810:Wall Street Journal
2652:J. Michael Waller,
2618:27 May 2010 at the
2084:Statistical Science
1802:Newcomb-Benford law
1794:Statistical Science
1598:Invalid/blank votes
1535:
1239:José Vicente Rangel
333:
5356:Bolivarian Circles
5255:Operation Emmanuel
4892:Bolivarian Circles
4514:Indigenous peoples
4448:Telecommunications
4045:metropolitan areas
3522:Regional elections
2894:(19 October 2009).
2640:, 16 August 2004,
2205:(September 2004).
2146:(September 2004).
1736:Harvard University
1534:
1295:
1265:. You can help by
1208:was quoted by the
607:Capital punishment
331:
5582:2004 in Venezuela
5569:
5568:
5488:Bank of the South
5339:Domestic policies
5161:Plan Bolívar 2000
5102:
5101:
4950:Bank of the South
4922:Plan Bolívar 2000
4785:1999 Constitution
4667:
4666:
4627:
4626:
4466:
4465:
4378:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4322:Democratic Action
4187:National Assembly
4167:Foreign relations
4095:
4094:
4017:
4016:
3884:Captaincy General
3821:
3820:
3101:referendum result
2622:, 16 August 2004.
2590:on 24 August 2004
2450:on 13 March 2005.
2340:on 10 August 2004
2214:. pp. 11, 16
2155:. pp. 11, 16
1638:
1637:
1409:
1408:
1401:
1283:
1282:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1058:1999 Constitution
1030:
1029:
956:Visa requirements
906:Foreign relations
788:Recent elections
784:Political parties
725:Federal divisions
674:National Assembly
517:
516:
492:
491:
365:
364:
327:
326:
319:
309:
308:
262:
261:
254:
236:
160:
159:
152:
134:
57:
5614:
5592:2004 referendums
5587:Recall elections
5211:Yare prison riot
5129:
5122:
5115:
5106:
5105:
5091:
5090:
5079:Nicolás Maduro →
5072:← Rafael Caldera
5053:Venezuelanalysis
5008:El pueblo soy yo
4824:Political events
4765:
4760:
4694:
4687:
4680:
4671:
4670:
4647:
4640:
4477:
4476:
4389:
4388:
4340:
4300:
4255:
4248:
4247:
4239:
4238:
4106:
4105:
4028:
4027:
3944:1958 coup d'état
3939:El Trienio Adeco
3872:
3871:
3848:
3841:
3834:
3825:
3824:
3211:
3210:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3176:
3175:
3171:, September 2004
3071:
3060:Ricardo Hausmann
3057:
3051:
3037:
3031:
3020:
3014:
3003:
2997:
2986:
2980:
2969:
2963:
2949:
2943:
2926:
2917:
2901:
2895:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2858:
2849:
2843:
2836:
2830:
2819:
2813:
2806:
2800:
2793:
2787:
2774:
2768:
2761:
2755:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2730:
2724:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2699:
2693:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2668:
2667:on 30 June 2007.
2666:
2660:. Archived from
2659:
2650:
2644:
2636:
2632:
2623:
2611:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2586:. Archived from
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2562:indymedia.org.uk
2554:Associated Press
2550:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2534:. 20 August 2004
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2507:
2499:
2493:
2483:
2474:
2473:
2472:on 17 July 2012.
2458:
2452:
2451:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2416:Galeano, Eduardo
2412:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2380:
2374:
2357:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2330:
2324:
2320:
2310:
2304:
2294:
2288:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2265:
2259:, archived from
2254:
2245:
2239:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2213:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2191:on 20 July 2008.
2187:. Archived from
2174:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2154:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2132:on 20 July 2008.
2128:. Archived from
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2093:
2087:
2070:
2061:
2060:
2028:
2022:
2012:
2003:
1985:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1952:
1943:
1936:
1927:
1926:
1921:. Archived from
1911:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1892:. 16 August 2004
1880:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1851:
1786:cluster analysis
1732:Ricardo Hausmann
1536:
1533:
1471:Parody recording
1404:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1384:
1353:
1345:
1278:
1275:
1257:
1250:
1218:public hospitals
1210:Associated Press
1143:
1137:
1129:
1121:
1115:
1107:
1077:Ricardo Hausmann
1022:
1015:
1008:
985:
984:
983:
686:
535:
519:
518:
512:Results by state
510:
501:
500:
482:
425:
424:
409:
408:
389:
388:
370:
369:
352:
351:
346:
345:
341:
334:
330:
322:
315:
304:
301:
295:
272:
264:
257:
250:
246:
243:
237:
235:
194:
170:
162:
155:
148:
144:
141:
135:
133:
92:
68:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
5622:
5621:
5617:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5612:
5611:
5572:
5571:
5570:
5565:
5502:
5474:
5448:Economic policy
5416:Vuelta al Campo
5334:
5269:
5142:
5133:
5103:
5098:
5062:
4969:
4936:
4917:Economic policy
4875:Domestic policy
4870:
4819:
4766:
4752:
4733:Military career
4716:
4703:
4698:
4668:
4663:
4650:
4643:
4636:
4623:
4548:
4529:Public holidays
4462:
4366:
4336:
4331:
4296:
4291:
4272:Communist Party
4251:
4237:
4172:Law enforcement
4091:
4082:Natural Regions
4013:
3861:
3852:
3822:
3817:
3756:
3620:
3579:
3516:
3308:
3215:
3205:
3203:
3079:
3074:
3058:
3054:
3038:
3034:
3021:
3017:
3004:
3000:
2987:
2983:
2970:
2966:
2950:
2946:
2941:Wayback Machine
2927:
2920:
2911:Wayback Machine
2902:
2898:
2889:Wayback Machine
2879:
2875:
2867:
2856:
2850:
2846:
2837:
2833:
2820:
2816:
2807:
2803:
2794:
2790:
2784:Wayback Machine
2775:
2771:
2762:
2758:
2749:
2745:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2718:
2714:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2685:
2670:
2664:
2657:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2634:
2633:
2626:
2620:Wayback Machine
2609:
2607:
2603:
2593:
2591:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2567:
2565:
2564:. Indy Media UK
2556:(August 2004).
2551:
2547:
2537:
2535:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2492:20 August 2004.
2484:
2477:
2466:eluniversal.com
2460:
2459:
2455:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2425:New Left Review
2413:
2409:
2399:
2397:
2381:
2377:
2368:Wayback Machine
2358:
2354:
2343:
2341:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2318:
2317:, 2 July 2004,
2311:
2307:
2295:
2291:
2282:
2278:
2269:
2267:
2266:on 28 June 2007
2263:
2252:
2246:
2242:
2231:
2227:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2200:
2196:
2184:Miami New Times
2175:
2168:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2141:
2137:
2125:Miami New Times
2116:
2112:
2102:
2100:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2080:Wayback Machine
2071:
2064:
2029:
2025:
2013:
2006:
1996:Wayback Machine
1986:
1977:
1967:
1965:
1953:
1946:
1937:
1930:
1913:
1912:
1905:
1895:
1893:
1882:
1881:
1874:
1864:
1862:
1853:
1852:
1845:
1841:
1814:
1728:
1689:
1648:
1643:
1525:
1507:. However, the
1490:
1477:Jorge Rodríguez
1473:
1453:
1405:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1370:
1354:
1343:
1303:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1263:needs expansion
1248:
1234:
1222:Health Minister
1172:
1159:
1153:
1101:
1088:
1063:The opposition
1026:
997:
993:Other countries
981:
979:
974:
973:
965:
946:Nationality law
942:
930:
919:Felix Plasencia
908:
898:
897:
892:
875:
858:
841:
824:
813:Parliamentary:
807:
779:
769:
768:
727:
717:
716:
707:
699:
698:
691:Jorge Rodríguez
684:Dinorah Figuera
678:
669:
661:
660:
649:Delcy Rodríguez
622:
614:
613:
556:
555:
526:
513:
499:
498:
497:
480:
422:
406:
394:
378:
368:
367:
366:
344:
343:
342:
323:
312:
311:
310:
305:
299:
296:
289:
277:This article's
273:
258:
247:
241:
238:
195:
193:
187:
183:primary sources
171:
156:
145:
139:
136:
93:
91:
81:
69:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5620:
5610:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5563:
5562:
5561:
5560:
5559:
5554:
5546:
5541:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5510:
5508:
5504:
5503:
5501:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5484:
5482:
5480:Foreign policy
5476:
5475:
5473:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5456:
5455:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5429:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5342:
5340:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5301:
5300:
5290:
5285:
5279:
5277:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5219:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5166:Vargas tragedy
5163:
5158:
5152:
5150:
5144:
5143:
5132:
5131:
5124:
5117:
5109:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5096:
5083:
5082:
5075:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5037:¿¡Revolución!?
5033:
5028:
5023:
5016:
5011:
5004:
4997:
4990:
4985:
4982:Aló Presidente
4977:
4975:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4946:
4944:
4942:Foreign policy
4938:
4937:
4935:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4878:
4876:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4868:
4863:
4862:
4861:
4856:
4850:2007 protests
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4827:
4825:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4776:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4724:
4722:
4718:
4717:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4697:
4696:
4689:
4682:
4674:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4661:
4656:
4649:
4648:
4641:
4633:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4582:Miss Venezuela
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4558:
4556:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4480:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4443:Stock Exchange
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4413:
4403:
4398:
4392:
4386:
4380:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4343:
4341:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4327:Come Venezuela
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4303:
4301:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4258:
4256:
4245:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4211:
4209:Vice President
4206:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4137:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4120:
4115:
4109:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4077:National parks
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4037:
4031:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3974:Vargas tragedy
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3949:Puntofijo Pact
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3929:1902–03 crisis
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3875:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3851:
3850:
3843:
3836:
3828:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3595:
3589:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3526:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3318:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3225:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3202:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3162:
3150:
3139:
3129:
3119:
3109:
3104:
3098:
3092:
3086:
3078:
3077:External links
3075:
3073:
3072:
3052:
3032:
3015:
2998:
2981:
2964:
2944:
2918:
2896:
2892:Foreign Policy
2873:
2844:
2831:
2814:
2801:
2788:
2769:
2756:
2743:
2738:news.yahoo.com
2725:
2712:
2694:
2683:
2645:
2624:
2601:
2575:
2545:
2519:
2494:
2475:
2453:
2435:
2407:
2375:
2352:
2325:
2305:
2289:
2276:
2240:
2225:
2194:
2166:
2135:
2110:
2088:
2062:
2043:(3): 379–389.
2023:
2004:
1975:
1944:
1928:
1903:
1872:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1813:
1810:
1727:
1724:
1688:
1685:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1524:
1521:
1505:sampling error
1489:
1486:
1472:
1469:
1452:
1451:Referendum day
1449:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1437:
1430:
1429:
1419:
1418:
1407:
1406:
1357:
1355:
1348:
1342:
1339:
1302:
1299:
1281:
1280:
1260:
1258:
1247:
1244:
1233:
1230:
1171:
1168:
1155:Main article:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1126:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1100:
1097:
1087:
1084:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1017:
1010:
1002:
999:
998:
996:
995:
989:
976:
975:
972:
971:
964:
963:
958:
953:
948:
941:
940:
929:
928:
927:
926:
909:
904:
903:
900:
899:
896:
895:
894:
893:
891:
890:
885:
878:
876:
874:
873:
868:
861:
859:
857:
856:
851:
844:
842:
840:
839:
834:
827:
825:
823:
822:
817:
810:
808:
806:
805:
798:
794:Presidential:
791:
786:
780:
775:
774:
771:
770:
767:
766:
761:
760:
759:
757:Municipalities
754:
749:
744:
734:
728:
723:
722:
719:
718:
715:
714:
708:
705:
704:
701:
700:
697:
696:
695:
694:
689:Disputed with
687:
670:
667:
666:
663:
662:
659:
658:
653:
652:
651:
644:Vice President
641:
640:
639:
637:Nicolás Maduro
623:
620:
619:
616:
615:
612:
611:
610:
609:
604:
599:
594:
584:
583:
582:
577:
572:
571:
570:
557:
554:
553:
550:
546:
545:
544:
541:
540:
537:
536:
528:
527:
522:
515:
514:
511:
503:
502:
494:
493:
490:
489:
486:
483:
477:
476:
471:
466:
460:
459:
456:
453:
449:
448:
445:
442:
438:
437:
432:
427:
418:
417:
414:
411:
402:
401:
398:
395:
392:
385:
384:
380:
379:
375:
372:
371:
363:
362:
360:
358:15 August 2004
355:
348:
347:
325:
324:
307:
306:
286:the key points
276:
274:
267:
260:
259:
174:
172:
165:
158:
157:
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5619:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5516:
5512:
5511:
5509:
5505:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5481:
5477:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5421:Vuelvan Caras
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5351:Bolivarianism
5349:
5347:
5346:Boliburguesía
5344:
5343:
5341:
5337:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5299:
5296:
5295:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5276:
5272:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5245:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5130:
5125:
5123:
5118:
5116:
5111:
5110:
5107:
5095:
5094:
5085:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5069:
5068:
5065:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5038:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5021:
5020:Mi amigo Hugo
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5009:
5005:
5003:
5002:
4998:
4996:
4995:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4983:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4943:
4939:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4887:Bolivarianism
4885:
4883:
4882:Boliburguesía
4880:
4879:
4877:
4873:
4867:
4864:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4822:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4773:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4719:
4714:
4711:
4706:
4702:
4695:
4690:
4688:
4683:
4681:
4676:
4675:
4672:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4646:
4642:
4639:
4635:
4634:
4630:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4469:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4381:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4334:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4307:Justice First
4305:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4294:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4234:
4231:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4219:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3954:El Carupanazo
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3899:
3898:reunification
3895:
3894:Gran Colombia
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3849:
3844:
3842:
3837:
3835:
3830:
3829:
3826:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3200:
3195:
3193:
3188:
3186:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3147:Carter Center
3144:
3140:
3137:
3136:Carter Center
3133:
3130:
3127:
3126:Carter Center
3123:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3036:
3029:
3025:
3019:
3012:
3008:
3002:
2995:
2991:
2985:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2948:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2923:
2915:
2912:
2908:
2905:
2900:
2893:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2877:
2866:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2835:
2828:
2824:
2818:
2811:
2805:
2798:
2792:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2773:
2766:
2760:
2753:
2747:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2722:
2716:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2687:
2680:
2674:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2643:
2639:
2631:
2629:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2605:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2504:
2498:
2491:
2488:
2482:
2480:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2379:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2356:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2316:
2315:
2309:
2302:
2299:
2293:
2286:
2280:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2238:
2234:
2233:The Economist
2229:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2198:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2173:
2171:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2114:
2098:
2092:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2069:
2067:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2016:
2015:Carter Center
2011:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1951:
1949:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1908:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1879:
1877:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1848:
1843:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1703:
1702:Carter Center
1698:
1697:César Gaviria
1693:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1660:Tulio Álvarez
1656:
1653:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1537:
1532:
1529:
1520:
1518:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1468:
1464:
1462:
1457:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1403:
1400:
1392:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1358:This section
1356:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1331:Robert Jensen
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1301:Opinion polls
1298:
1292:
1287:
1277:
1268:
1264:
1261:This section
1259:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1243:
1240:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1214:Caracas Metro
1211:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1167:
1164:
1158:
1142:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1120:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1096:
1093:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1069:Carter Center
1066:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1004:
1003:
1001:
1000:
994:
991:
990:
988:
978:
977:
970:
967:
966:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
943:
939:
935:
932:
931:
924:
920:
916:
915:
914:
911:
910:
907:
902:
901:
889:
886:
884:
881:Referendums:
880:
879:
877:
872:
869:
867:
863:
862:
860:
855:
852:
850:
846:
845:
843:
838:
835:
833:
830:Constituent:
829:
828:
826:
821:
818:
816:
812:
811:
809:
804:
803:
799:
797:
793:
792:
790:
789:
787:
785:
782:
781:
778:
773:
772:
765:
762:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
747:Constitutions
745:
743:
740:
739:
738:
735:
733:
730:
729:
726:
721:
720:
713:
710:
709:
703:
702:
692:
688:
685:
681:
677:
676:
675:
672:
671:
665:
664:
657:
654:
650:
647:
646:
645:
642:
638:
635:
634:
632:
628:
625:
624:
618:
617:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
589:
588:
585:
581:
578:
576:
573:
569:
566:
565:
564:
563:
562:
559:
558:
551:
548:
547:
543:
542:
539:
538:
534:
530:
529:
525:
521:
520:
509:
504:
495:
487:
484:
479:
478:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
461:
457:
454:
451:
450:
446:
443:
440:
439:
436:
433:
431:
428:
420:
419:
415:
412:
404:
403:
391:
390:
386:
381:
373:
361:
359:
356:
354:
353:
349:
340:
335:
329:
321:
318:
303:
293:
287:
285:
280:
275:
271:
266:
265:
256:
253:
245:
242:November 2022
234:
231:
227:
224:
220:
217:
213:
210:
206:
203: –
202:
198:
197:Find sources:
191:
185:
184:
180:
175:This article
173:
169:
164:
163:
154:
151:
143:
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101: –
100:
96:
95:Find sources:
89:
85:
79:
78:
73:This article
71:
67:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
5513:
5292:
5242:
5201:PDVAL affair
5086:
5077:
5070:
5035:
5018:
5006:
4999:
4992:
4980:
4840:
4612:coat of arms
4489:Demographics
4433:Oil industry
4423:Cooperatives
4312:Popular Will
4157:Constitution
4009:Coups d'état
3959:El Porteñazo
3934:World War II
3787:
3511:
3156:
3067:
3055:
3047:
3035:
3027:
3018:
3010:
3001:
2993:
2984:
2976:
2967:
2959:
2952:Raquel Prado
2947:
2929:
2913:
2899:
2891:
2876:
2860:
2847:
2839:
2834:
2827:El Universal
2826:
2817:
2809:
2804:
2791:
2772:
2759:
2746:
2737:
2728:
2715:
2706:
2697:
2686:
2662:the original
2648:
2638:El Universal
2637:
2635:(in Spanish)
2610:(in Spanish)
2604:
2592:. Retrieved
2588:the original
2578:
2566:. Retrieved
2561:
2548:
2536:. Retrieved
2531:
2522:
2510:. Retrieved
2497:
2489:
2485:Barone, M.
2470:the original
2465:
2456:
2448:the original
2438:
2429:
2423:
2410:
2398:. Retrieved
2388:
2378:
2371:
2355:
2342:. Retrieved
2338:the original
2328:
2319:(in Spanish)
2314:El Universal
2312:
2308:
2300:
2292:
2284:
2279:
2268:, retrieved
2261:the original
2256:
2243:
2232:
2228:
2216:. Retrieved
2207:
2197:
2189:the original
2182:
2157:. Retrieved
2148:
2138:
2130:the original
2123:
2113:
2101:. Retrieved
2091:
2083:
2040:
2036:
2026:
2014:
1999:
1966:. Retrieved
1960:
1923:the original
1918:
1894:. Retrieved
1887:
1863:. Retrieved
1861:(in Spanish)
1858:
1798:Raquel Prado
1793:
1791:
1782:
1774:
1766:
1749:
1729:
1721:
1706:
1694:
1690:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1657:
1649:
1530:
1526:
1517:Jimmy Carter
1514:
1491:
1488:Exit polling
1482:
1474:
1465:
1461:Jimmy Carter
1458:
1454:
1431:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1395:
1386:
1371:Please help
1359:
1334:
1322:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1274:January 2009
1271:
1267:adding to it
1262:
1235:
1227:
1199:
1196:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1175:
1173:
1160:
1130:
1108:
1102:
1089:
1081:
1062:
1048:, should be
1033:
1031:
938:in Venezuela
801:
764:Dependencies
752:Legislatures
575:Human rights
561:Constitution
549:Constitution
473:
468:
463:
441:Valid votes
434:
429:
357:
328:
313:
300:January 2024
297:
281:
279:lead section
248:
239:
229:
222:
215:
208:
196:
176:
146:
137:
127:
120:
113:
106:
94:
82:Please help
77:verification
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
5498:Petrocaribe
5371:Guaicaipuro
5298:Tascón List
5176:Tascón List
5171:Decree 1011
5140:Hugo Chávez
4965:Petrocaribe
4715:(1999–2013)
4701:Hugo Chávez
4509:Immigration
4396:Agriculture
4057:Earthquakes
3919:1895 crisis
3909:Federal War
3879:New Granada
3761:Referendums
3167:, from the
2671:(75.0
2218:30 December
2159:30 December
1761:correlation
1730:Economists
1713:John Maisto
1672:Doug Schoen
1609:Total votes
1587:Valid votes
1327:Datanálisis
1202:Tascón List
1131:Article 233
1042:Hugo Chávez
961:Visa policy
864:Municipal:
668:Legislature
602:Nationality
580:LGBT rights
485:14,037,900
464:Total votes
5576:Categories
5557:Referendum
5507:Opposition
5460:Snitch Law
5443:Colectivos
5366:Florentino
5136:Presidency
4912:Colectivos
4859:Referendum
4772:Presidency
4728:Early life
4572:Literature
4504:Healthcare
4004:Civil wars
3778:1999 (Dec)
3773:1999 (Apr)
3143:Referendum
3042:. (2011),
2882:Hugo Boss.
2400:5 November
1623:14,037,900
1389:March 2010
1109:Article 72
1038:referendum
917:Minister:
847:Regional:
444:9,789,637
413:3,989,008
212:newspapers
179:references
140:March 2009
110:newspapers
39:improve it
5535:Protests
5381:Identidad
5275:Elections
4539:Squatting
4519:Languages
4499:Education
4458:Transport
4406:Companies
4317:A New Era
4199:President
4192:President
4162:Elections
4023:Geography
3855:Venezuela
2932:, 74(3);
2594:16 August
2344:17 August
1859:Venelogía
1612:9,815,631
1590:9,789,637
1575:9,789,637
1564:5,800,629
1553:3,989,008
1360:does not
1317:Inc. and
777:Elections
742:Governors
706:Judiciary
680:President
627:President
621:Executive
469:9,815,631
430:5,800,629
284:summarize
45:talk page
5438:Chavismo
5406:Robinson
5093:Category
4907:Chavismo
4654:Category
4592:Religion
4534:Refugees
4494:Diaspora
4401:Currency
4282:Tupamaro
4226:In exile
4182:Missions
4177:Military
4101:Politics
3964:Caracazo
3859:articles
2937:Archived
2934:abstract
2907:Archived
2885:Archived
2865:Archived
2861:cepr.net
2780:Archived
2750:Pravda.
2616:Archived
2390:BBC News
2364:Archived
2103:22 April
2076:Archived
2057:10856599
1992:Archived
1968:14 March
1889:NBC News
1812:See also
1726:Analyses
1641:Disputes
1631:Source:
1246:Campaign
1225:policy.
1151:Protests
1117:mandate.
1086:Petition
1050:recalled
951:Passport
592:Abortion
5391:Miranda
5376:Habitat
5186:teleSUR
5043:teleSUR
4638:Outline
4602:Symbols
4567:Cuisine
4554:Culture
4472:Society
4453:Tourism
4384:Economy
4243:Parties
4214:Cabinet
4145:Regions
4052:Climate
4035:Borders
3867:History
2538:11 June
2512:30 June
2287:, 32(8)
1865:11 July
1561:Against
1381:removed
1366:sources
1291:Caracas
1044:, then
732:Regions
656:Cabinet
488:69.92%
474:100.00%
455:25,994
447:99.74%
416:40.75%
383:Results
226:scholar
124:scholar
5426:Zamora
5386:Mercal
5148:Tenure
4659:Portal
4607:anthem
4562:Cinema
4428:Energy
4150:States
4040:Cities
3989:Crisis
3857:
2914:Súmate
2669:
2568:9 June
2270:9 June
2203:PROVEA
2144:PROVEA
2055:
1896:6 July
1615:100.00
1601:25,994
1578:100.00
1539:Choice
1523:Result
1501:Súmate
1341:Ballot
1337:vote.
1232:Timing
1216:, and
1177:Súmate
1073:Súmate
737:States
597:Labour
458:0.26%
435:59.25%
397:Votes
393:Choice
228:
221:
214:
207:
199:
126:
119:
112:
105:
97:
5548:2007
5411:Sucre
5401:Ribas
4974:Image
4645:Index
4597:Sport
4587:Music
4577:Media
4544:Women
4484:Crime
4411:PDVSA
4357:COPEI
4072:Flora
4067:Fauna
3091:(BBC)
3085:(BBC)
3070:26(4)
3050:26(4)
3030:26(4)
3013:26(4)
2996:26(4)
2979:26(4)
2962:26(4)
2868:(PDF)
2857:(PDF)
2665:(PDF)
2658:(PDF)
2506:(PDF)
2432:(29).
2264:(PDF)
2253:(PDF)
2212:(PDF)
2153:(PDF)
2053:S2CID
1839:Notes
1664:CANTV
1626:69.92
1593:99.74
1572:Total
1567:59.25
1556:40.75
1542:Votes
1319:DATOS
377:term?
233:JSTOR
219:books
131:JSTOR
117:books
5552:RCTV
5544:2004
5539:2002
5396:Piar
4854:RCTV
4710:45th
4617:flag
4204:List
4128:LGBT
3813:2023
3808:2020
3803:2017
3798:2009
3793:2007
3788:2004
3783:2000
3768:1957
3752:2017
3747:1999
3742:1961
3737:1952
3732:1946
3727:1936
3722:1931
3717:1928
3712:1925
3707:1922
3702:1914
3697:1909
3692:1904
3687:1901
3682:1893
3677:1891
3672:1881
3667:1874
3662:1864
3657:1858
3652:1857
3647:1830
3642:1821
3637:1819
3632:1811
3616:2021
3611:2018
3606:2017
3601:2013
3593:1948
3575:2021
3570:2017
3565:2012
3560:2008
3555:2004
3550:2000
3545:1998
3540:1995
3535:1992
3530:1989
3512:2025
3507:2020
3502:2015
3497:2010
3492:2005
3487:2000
3482:1998
3477:1993
3472:1988
3467:1983
3462:1978
3457:1973
3452:1968
3447:1963
3442:1958
3437:1947
3432:1941
3427:1936
3422:1931
3417:1929
3412:1922
3407:1898
3402:1894
3397:1890
3392:1888
3387:1882
3382:1877
3377:1873
3372:1863
3367:1859
3362:1856
3357:1853
3352:1850
3347:1847
3342:1844
3337:1841
3332:1838
3327:1835
3322:1832
3304:2024
3299:2018
3294:2013
3289:2012
3284:2006
3279:2000
3274:1998
3269:1993
3264:1988
3259:1983
3254:1978
3249:1973
3244:1968
3239:1963
3234:1958
3229:1947
2596:2004
2570:2006
2540:2012
2514:2006
2402:2005
2372:Zmag
2346:2004
2272:2006
2220:2023
2161:2023
2105:2010
1970:2009
1898:2013
1867:2018
1767:The
1707:The
1604:0.26
1427:YES?
1364:any
1362:cite
1032:The
923:list
888:2017
883:2009
871:2018
866:2017
854:2021
849:2017
837:2017
832:1999
820:2020
815:2015
802:2024
796:2018
631:list
410:Yes
205:news
103:news
5138:of
4416:CVG
3597:...
3066:",
2707:WSJ
2673:KiB
2395:BBC
2045:doi
1919:CNN
1745:CNE
1734:of
1633:CNE
1550:For
1375:by
1269:.
587:Law
552:Law
426:No
181:to
86:by
5578::
3046:,
3026:,
3009:,
2992:,
2975:,
2958:,
2921:^
2863:.
2859:.
2825:.
2736:.
2705:.
2627:^
2560:.
2530:.
2478:^
2464:.
2430:II
2428:.
2422:.
2393:.
2387:.
2370:,
2255:,
2181:.
2169:^
2122:.
2082:,
2065:^
2051:.
2041:74
2039:.
2035:.
2007:^
1998:.
1978:^
1959:.
1947:^
1931:^
1917:.
1906:^
1886:.
1875:^
1857:.
1846:^
1796:.
1335:No
1323:No
1311:No
936:/
682::
633:)
400:%
192:.
48:.
5128:e
5121:t
5114:v
4693:e
4686:t
4679:v
3900:)
3896:(
3847:e
3840:t
3833:v
3198:e
3191:t
3184:v
3161:.
3149:)
3145:(
3138:)
3134:(
3128:)
3124:(
3118:)
3114:(
2740:.
2709:.
2675:)
2598:.
2572:.
2542:.
2516:.
2404:.
2348:.
2222:.
2163:.
2107:.
2059:.
2047::
1972:.
1900:.
1869:.
1545:%
1402:)
1396:(
1391:)
1387:(
1383:.
1369:.
1293:.
1276:)
1272:(
1021:e
1014:t
1007:v
925:)
921:(
629:(
320:)
314:(
302:)
298:(
288:.
255:)
249:(
244:)
240:(
230:·
223:·
216:·
209:·
186:.
153:)
147:(
142:)
138:(
128:·
121:·
114:·
107:·
80:.
55:)
51:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.