20:
584:, the events are far less exceptional than they seem because cable cuts happen all the time. Beckert argues that "only the first two cuts had any serious impact on the Internet," and this drew public attention to other cable cuts that would not normally have been newsworthy. According to Beckert, cable cuts happen "on average once every three days." He further noted that there are 25 large ships that do nothing but fix cable cuts and bends, and that such cuts are usually the result of cables rubbing against rocks on the sea floor.
97:
83:
69:
55:
41:
27:
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was quoted, "We do not want to preempt the results of ongoing investigations, but we do not rule out that a deliberate act of sabotage caused the damage to the undersea cables over two weeks ago." This was subsequently shown false, as on April 18, two ships parked in a restricted area during a storm,
639:
to execute trades, thereby thwarting the establishment of an alternative to dollar-denominated oil sales. In fact, Iran suffered very little from the outages, which primarily affected
America's allies in the region (see 'Effects' above). Bloggers have also suggested that the cable disruptions were a
246:
near
Alexandria. The Egyptian Maritime Transport Ministry reviewed one day of complete video footage beginning 12 hours before and through 12 hours after the service disruption, concluding the cause of damage was not surface craft as no ships were traced sailing through the area of the alleged wire
632:". Given the potential economic damage of euro-denominated oil sales in the context of on-going dollar inflation, as well as the large number of cables which appear to have been disrupted or damaged, Marketwatch's John Dvorak has written that the U.S. can expect to be blamed for the disruptions.
619:
On 6 February, theories that the disruption in these cables was related to an economic confrontation between the United States and Iran appeared in an opinion piece on Dow Jones
Marketwatch. This article points out that the disruption or damage to these cables preceded the intended launch of the
595:
alone last year". While a cut in a cable crossing the
Atlantic has "no significant effect" due to the many alternate cables, only a handful of Internet cables serve the Middle East. These disruptions are only noticeable because of the small number of cables.
537:
director
Jonathan Wright stated that "You can reroute the data through other cables, but that increases traffic and can potentially create bottlenecks, so Internet connections may slow down and some phone calls could get disrupted." The
930:
417:
to the United Arab
Emirates had been damaged, causing disruptions in already damaged Middle Eastern communication networks. It became the fourth cable to be damaged in 5 days. The location of the break was between the
1752:
140:
The 2008 submarine cable disruption refers to three separate incidents of major damage to submarine optical communication cables around the world. The first incident caused damage involving up to five high-speed
707:
500:
capacity. France
Telecom expects SEA-ME-WE 4 will be repaired first, then SEA-ME-WE 3, then FLAG, and that repairs should be concluded by 31 December. The break disrupted 75% of communication between the
1506:
814:
566:
revealed no ships in the area. However, FLAG Telecom indicated that the cut to the Falcon cable between the United Arab
Emirates and Oman was caused by an abandoned anchor weighing five to six tons.
1527:
660:
cutting the cables with their anchors. One sailor from each vessel was detained, as were both vessels. The vessels were subsequently released after restitution for the damaged cables was secured.
1823:
242:
and again at 0800 UTC. The cause of the damage to SEA-ME-WE 4 or FLAG has not been declared by either cable operator. A number of sources speculated these were caused by a dragging ship
1846:
572:
The 19 December breaks were reported to be caused either by bad weather or a ship's anchor, though the bad weather was just a possibility and the anchor a much more likely occurrence.
334:
reported that "everything was fine." Additional reports and analysis showed that while Iran was affected, it "fared much better" than many other countries in the same geographic area.
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1368:
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In mid April two ships were impounded in connection with the FLAG Telecom outages near Dubai. They were charged with improperly dropping anchor in the area of the cuts.
395:
on 1 February 2008. Location of cut is at 56 km from Dubai, UAE on segment between UAE and Oman". This cut was caused by an abandoned anchor weighing 5-6 tonnes.
1697:
1498:
810:
628:") had been interpreted by some as an attempt by Iran to inflict additional damage to the value of the dollar by reducing the volume of oil which is traded in "
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affected at least 60 million users in India, 12 million in
Pakistan, six million in Egypt and 4.7 million in Saudi Arabia.” A router for a university in
1218:
896:
624:
on Kish Island between 1 and 11 February. The launch of this bourse, which was intended to broker sales of oil denominated in euros (sometimes called "
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656:
581:
1312:
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1819:
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According to this sabotage theory, the damaged cables and the resulting
Internet disruptions would destroy confidence in the ability of the
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1588:
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997:
1921:
962:
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damage. The Kuwaitis also do not directly charge seafaring vessels, instead referring to "weather conditions and maritime traffic."
19:
1956:
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and FLAG Telecom cables in the Mediterranean Sea. The damage to the two systems occurred separately several kilometers apart near
1239:
1372:
385:. This cut was between different landing points than the 23 January cut, FLAG Telecom issued a press release later, stating the "
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to experience disruption in their systems and forced them to reroute communications through different means. Others, such as
1951:
1931:
1879:
1142:
533:, also received reports of service disruption. The rerouting of these communications caused large slowdowns in some areas.
357:
cable breakdown. Services were largely restored within 24 hours of the cable cut by diverting traffic through the TIC and
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1926:
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1966:
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On 30 January 2008, news agencies reported Internet services were widely disrupted in the Middle East and in the
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from January 23 to February 4, 2008, causing internet disruptions and slowdowns for users in the Middle East and
110:
145:
864:
1936:
1222:
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1941:
758:
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789:
314:, said, “The submarine cable cuts in FLAG Europe-Asia cable 8.3 km away from Alexandria, Egypt and
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239:
1911:
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1316:
1290:
1916:
1667:
1424:
1060:
591:, "Undersea cable damage is hardly rare—indeed, more than 50 repair operations were mounted in the
160:. The incident called into doubt the safety of the undersea portion of the Internet cable system.
163:
In late February, there was another outage, this time affecting a fiber optic connection between
1618:
1580:
1901:
728:
514:
1906:
1801:
1417:"Three undersea cables cut: traffic greatly disturbed between Europe and Asia/Near East zone"
588:
387:
204:
989:
1478:
869:
838:
382:
307:
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8:
613:
220:
369:
Two days after the initial break, it was reported that the FALCON cable was cut between
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967:
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were affected by the Internet disruption. Mahesh Jaishanker, an executive director for
1502:
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235:
149:
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1117:
518:
1718:
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These disruptions are attributed by some officials to accidents involving ships'
1138:
592:
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465:
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440:
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was not responding, causing some reports of a total loss of connectivity for
248:
1888:
of the submarine cables in the world, highlighting the first two cables cut
1884:
1499:"GO submarine cable fault part of wider disruption between Italy and Egypt"
811:"GO submarine cable fault part of wider disruption between Italy and Egypt"
427:
423:
370:
296:
208:
1778:
1775:"Petrodollar Warfare: Dollars, Euros and the Upcoming Iranian Oil Bourse"
629:
502:
473:
469:
445:
358:
315:
224:
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on 23 January. The FALCON cable system connects several countries in the
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228:
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1851:
625:
534:
331:
164:
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1394:
492:, resulting in substantial slowdowns in communication traffic, with
234:
While the respective contributions of the two cable systems to this
1723:
1029:
510:
497:
453:
288:
284:
142:
1847:"Two Ships Impounded After Investigation into Undersea Cable Cuts"
790:"Severed Cables in Mediterranean Disrupt Communication (Update4)"
530:
509:
and the rest of the world. The breaks caused companies including
327:
272:
203:
Although it was not reported at the time, there was a cut off of
168:
251:
reported that an earthquake may have caused the cable to fault.
605:
556:
489:
481:
449:
419:
319:
280:
243:
1453:"UPDATE 3-Undersea cable breaks cut Internet in Mideast, Asia"
1664:"One Internet cut explained, but four others still a mystery"
1641:"One Internet cut explained, but four others still a mystery"
651:
said that the damage could have been an act of sabotage. The
560:
493:
485:
414:
378:
354:
342:
292:
264:
260:
157:
839:"Mediterranean submarine cables are cut, affecting internet"
488:, had been cut by either bad weather conditions or a ship's
1822:. Sydney Morning Herald. Agence France-Presse. 2008-02-19.
1472:
1110:"Broken Submarine Cable Affects Raajje Online And Wataniya"
609:
539:
506:
404:
374:
350:
323:
179:
1820:"Saboteurs may have cut Mideast telecom cables: UN agency"
430:. The problem was said to be related to the power system.
641:
392:
238:
is unclear, network outage graphs show anomalies at 0430
345:, confirmed that the company restored a majority of its
1475:"Severed Cables in Mediterranean Disrupt Communication"
729:"Ruptures call safety of Internet cables into question"
652:
1057:"Indian outsourcing sector hit by Internet disruption"
468:
issued a press release stating that the FLAG Telecom,
1690:"Fourth undersea cable cut near UAE, suspicions rise"
559:, but reviews of surveillance footage of the area by
1719:"The newest Internet whodunnit? Who cut the cables?"
1369:"Internet problems continue with fourth cable break"
1661:
1054:
787:
1423:. France Telecom. 19 December 2008. Archived from
612:were not affected by the communications blackout,
580:According to Stephen Beckert, a senior analyst at
126:1 Feb - FALCON cable between Muscat and Dubai, UAE
1473:Fried, Malcolm & Lars Klemming (2008-12-19).
1395:"4th Undersea Cable Break: Between Qatar and UAE"
1234:
1232:
341:, a leading communications solutions provider in
1893:
1743:
1741:
1213:
1211:
1164:Flag plays down net blackout conspiracy theories
925:
923:
921:
644:installing taps on the lines for eavesdropping.
542:cable connecting Malta and Sicily was also cut.
448:had also been damaged at another location, near
1749:"Middle East Internet interruption looks fishy"
1240:"Effects of Fibre Outage through Mediterranean"
833:
831:
694:
692:
690:
688:
686:
684:
1229:
1187:"Who cuts undersea cables in the Middle East?"
1139:"Details for Asia /// Internet Traffic Report"
700:"Cable damage hits one million Internet Users"
616:have begun to spread throughout the Internet.
1738:
1208:
918:
788:Fried, Malcolm; Klemming, Lars (2008-12-19).
117:23 Jan - FALCON cable near Bandar Abbas, Iran
828:
681:
1555:"Ships Impounded in Middle East Cable Cuts"
1552:
1450:
1181:
1179:
1019:
1017:
1015:
931:"Ships did not cause Internet cable damage"
1446:
1444:
1442:
1261:"VNSL restores services after cable break"
990:"Ships did not cut internet cables: Egypt"
1082:"Cable Break Causes Wide Internet Outage"
963:"Cable damage hits Internet connectivity"
894:
496:experiencing an overall 80% reduction in
456:. The date of this damage was not given.
132:4 Feb - SEA-ME-WE-4 near Penang, Malaysia
129:3 Feb - DOHA-HALOUL between Qatar and UAE
1176:
1012:
865:"Repairs begin on Middle East Web cable"
545:
1844:
1662:Agence France Press (8 February 2008).
1439:
1173:, ArabianBusiness.com, 4 February 2008.
1107:
1894:
1799:
1578:
1219:"ATTENTION: Iran is not disconnected!"
957:
955:
888:
599:
267:were reported, along with problems in
1826:from the original on 31 December 2008
1509:from the original on 25 December 2008
817:from the original on 25 December 2008
649:International Telecommunication Union
1755:from the original on 9 February 2008
1700:from the original on 9 February 2008
1591:from the original on 8 February 2008
1145:from the original on 8 February 2008
1037:from the original on 31 January 2008
1000:from the original on 6 February 2008
739:from the original on 6 February 2008
710:from the original on 9 February 2008
575:
120:30 Jan - SEA-ME-WE-4 near Alexandria
1048:
952:
123:30 Jan - FLAG cable near Alexandria
13:
1055:Agence France Press (2008-01-31).
306:1.7 million Internet users in the
14:
1978:
1873:
1611:"Analyzing the Internet Collapse"
1313:"Flag Telecom cut cable update 2"
1287:"Flag Telecom cut cable update 1"
1025:"Severed cables disrupt Internet"
769:from the original on 3 March 2008
193:
1922:2008 in the United Arab Emirates
1800:Singel, Ryan (6 February 2008).
1339:"Anchor found at cable cut site"
813:. timesofmalta.com. 2008-12-19.
95:
81:
67:
53:
39:
25:
18:
1957:Submarine communications cables
1838:
1812:
1802:"Cable Cut Fever Grips the Web"
1793:
1767:
1711:
1682:
1655:
1633:
1603:
1581:"Cable Cut Fever Grips the Web"
1572:
1546:
1520:
1491:
1466:
1409:
1387:
1361:
1331:
1305:
1279:
1253:
1156:
1131:
1101:
1074:
982:
877:from the original on 2008-02-09
759:"Internet capacity down to 10%"
670:2011 submarine cable disruption
146:submarine communications cables
1090:. Associated Press. 2008-02-01
895:Zmijewski, Earl (2008-01-30).
857:
803:
781:
751:
721:
655:agency's head of development,
459:
353:region within 24 hours of the
1:
1845:McGlaun, Shane (2008-04-14).
1108:Rasheed, Aiman (2008-02-04).
433:
407:reported that a cable called
398:
364:
259:Disruptions of 70 percent in
214:
198:
1947:February 2008 events in Asia
1777:. 2005-08-02. Archived from
1617:. 2008-02-05. Archived from
1530:. 2008-02-07. Archived from
1371:. 2008-02-03. Archived from
1345:. 2008-02-06. Archived from
1315:. 2008-02-07. Archived from
1289:. 2008-02-06. Archived from
1263:. 2008-02-01. Archived from
1193:. 2008-02-05. Archived from
937:. 2008-02-03. Archived from
733:International Herald Tribune
647:On Monday, 18 February, the
391:is reported cut at 0559 hrs
7:
1952:January 2008 events in Asia
1932:Conspiracy theories in Asia
1579:Singel, Ryan (2008-02-06).
897:"Mediterranean Cable Break"
663:
10:
1983:
1553:Rich Miller (2008-04-13).
1528:"Breaking News / Infotech"
1451:James Regan (2008-12-20).
550:
254:
1927:2008 industrial disasters
903:. Renesys. Archived from
96:
82:
68:
54:
40:
26:
675:
223:following damage to the
438:On 4 February 2008 the
326:. However, the Iranian
1967:2000s internet outages
1962:Technological failures
515:Verizon Communications
426:and the UAE island of
349:connectivity into the
589:Global Marine Systems
546:Cause of cable breaks
1937:February 2008 events
935:Khaleej Times Online
870:The Associated Press
464:On 19 December 2008
403:On 3 February 2008,
337:On 1 February 2008,
301:United Arab Emirates
111:class=notpageimage|
1942:January 2008 events
1670:on 10 February 2008
1427:on 21 December 2008
1375:on 11 February 2008
614:conspiracy theories
600:Conspiracy theories
221:Indian subcontinent
1781:on 2 February 2008
1621:on 8 February 2008
1534:on 9 February 2008
1349:on 9 February 2008
1319:on 8 February 2008
1293:on 4 February 2008
1267:on 9 February 2008
1197:on 7 February 2008
1169:2008-12-27 at the
1087:The New York Times
1063:on 3 February 2008
968:The Times of India
941:on 6 February 2008
845:. 19 December 2008
637:Iranian Oil Bourse
622:Iranian oil bourse
263:and 60 percent in
576:Common occurrence
478:Alexandria, Egypt
150:Mediterranean Sea
1974:
1912:2008 in Malaysia
1868:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1855:. Archived from
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
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1816:
1810:
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1666:. Archived from
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1628:
1626:
1607:
1601:
1600:
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1276:
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1272:
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1248:
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1227:
1226:
1221:. Archived from
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1203:
1202:
1183:
1174:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1135:
1129:
1128:
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1116:. Archived from
1105:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1059:. Archived from
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763:The Jakarta Post
755:
749:
748:
746:
744:
725:
719:
718:
716:
715:
696:
519:Portugal Telecom
476:cables, linking
269:Afghanistan-AWCC
174:On December 19,
99:
98:
85:
84:
71:
70:
57:
56:
43:
42:
29:
28:
22:
1982:
1981:
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1917:2008 in science
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1171:Wayback Machine
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1874:External links
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1751:. 2008-02-08.
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1696:. 2008-02-05.
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527:France Telecom
466:France Telecom
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444:reported that
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