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the influenza strain were able to be seen, treated, and discharged in an efficient manner. A case-study of the preparation, planning, mitigation, and response efforts during the fall of 2009 is that of the
Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) which took several steps to increase the emergency department (ED) surge capacity response. CHOP used portions of the main lobby area as an ED waiting room; several of the region's hospital-based outpatient facilities were in use during evening and weekend hours for non-emergency cases; the ED's 24-hour short-stay unit was utilized to care for ED patients in a longer-term capacity; non-board certified physicians (in pediatric emergency medicine) and inpatient-unit medical nurses were utilized for ED patient care; hospital units normally utilized for other medical or therapeutic purposes were transformed into ED patient rooms; and rooms normally used for only one patient were expanded to at least a capacity of 2.
1223:, head of the influenza division at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, has said, "This particular paper is extremely interesting because it demonstrates for the first time what we had worried about at the very onset of the pandemic, and that is that this particular virus, when introduced into pigs, could reassort with the resident viruses in pigs and we would have new gene constellations. And bingo, here we are." Pigs have been termed the mixing vessel of flu because they can be infected both by avian flu viruses, which rarely directly infect people, and by human viruses. When pigs become simultaneously infected with more than one virus, the viruses can swap genes, producing new variants which can pass to humans and sometimes spread amongst them. "Unlike the situation with birds and humans, we have a situation with pigs and humans where there's a two-way street of exchange of viruses. With pigs it's very much a two-way street."
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schools, the CDC recommended that students and school workers with flu symptoms should stay home for either seven days total, or until 24 hours after symptoms subsided, whichever was longer. The CDC also recommended that colleges should consider suspending fall 2009 classes if the virus began to cause severe illness in a significantly larger share of students than the previous spring. They also urged schools to suspend rules, such as penalties for late papers or missed classes or requirements for a doctor's note, to enforce "self-isolation" and prevent students from venturing out while ill; schools were advised to set aside a room for people developing flu-like symptoms while they waited to go home and to have ill students or staff and those caring for them use face masks.
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concluded that had the vaccination program started two weeks earlier, close to 60% more cases could have been prevented. The study was based on an effectiveness in preventing cases, hospitalizations, and deaths of 62% for all subgroups except people over 65, for whom the effectiveness was estimated at 43%. The effectiveness was based on
European and Asian studies and expert opinion. The delay in vaccine administration demonstrated the shortcomings of the world's capacity for vaccine-production, as well as problems with international distribution. Some manufacturers and wealthy countries had concerns regarding liability and regulations, as well as the logistics of transporting, storing, and administering vaccines to be donated to poorer countries.
879:, announced the end of the H1N1 pandemic and announced that the H1N1 influenza event had moved into the post-pandemic period. According to WHO statistics (as of July 2010), the virus had killed more than 18,000 people since it appeared in April 2009; however, they state that the total mortality (including deaths unconfirmed or unreported) from the H1N1 strain is "unquestionably higher". Critics claimed the WHO had exaggerated the danger, spreading "fear and confusion" rather than "immediate information". The WHO began an investigation to determine whether it had "frightened people unnecessarily". A flu follow-up study done in September 2010, found that "the risk of most serious complications was not elevated in adults or children." In a 5
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shift toward mortality among persons less than 65 years of age occurred, so that many more life-years were lost. Between 123,000 and 203,000 pandemic respiratory deaths were estimated globally for the last nine months of 2009. The majority (62β85%) were attributed to persons under 65 years of age. The burden varied greatly among countries. There was an almost 20-fold higher mortality in some countries in the
Americas than in Europe. The model attributed 148,000β249,000 respiratory deaths to influenza in an average pre-pandemic season, with only 19% in persons <65 years of age.
1409:, when a hundred or so "normal" reported influenza cases were declared to be the beginning of a threatening new pandemic, although he said there was little scientific evidence for it. Nevertheless, he argued that the WHO, "in cooperation with some big pharmaceutical companies and their scientists, re-defined pandemics," removing the statement that "an enormous amount of people have contracted the illness or died" from its existing definition and replacing it by stating simply that there has to be a virus, spreading beyond borders and to which people have no immunity.
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because the virus was new and could easily mutate and become more virulent, even though most flu symptoms were mild and lasted only a few days without treatment. Officials also urged communities, businesses, and individuals to make contingency plans for possible school closures, multiple employee absences for illness, surges of patients in hospitals, and other effects of potentially widespread outbreaks. Disaster response organizations such as Direct Relief helped by providing protective items to clinical workers to help them stay healthy throughout flu season.
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697:(USCDC) and Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (NIVEL) to produce two independent estimates of the influenza deaths that occurred during the global pandemic using two distinct methodologies. The 2009 H1N1 flu pandemic is estimated to have actually caused about 284,000 (range from 150,000 to 575,000) excess deaths by the WHO-USCDC study and 148,000β249,000 excess respiratory deaths by the WHO-NIVEL study. A study done in September 2010 showed that the risk of serious illness resulting from the 2009 H1N1 flu was no higher than that of the yearly
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2085:, a flu surveillance official with the CDC. Estimating deaths from influenza is also a complicated process. In 2005, influenza only appeared on the death certificates of 1,812 people in the US. The average annual US death toll from flu is, however, estimated to be 36,000. The CDC explains: "nfluenza is infrequently listed on death certificates of people who die from flu-related complications" and hence, "Only counting deaths where influenza was included on a death certificate would be a gross underestimation of influenza's true impact."
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the GISAID Initiative within days of identification, playing a key role in facilitating an early response to the evolving pandemic. Surveillance is used to determine if influenza activity is increasing or decreasing, but cannot be used to ascertain how many people have become ill with influenza." For example, as of late June, influenza surveillance information showed the U.S. had nearly 28,000 laboratory-confirmed cases including 3,065 hospitalizations and 127 deaths. But mathematical modelling showed an estimated
1139:, the CDC advises that patients with illnesses compatible with novel influenza A (H1N1) virus infection but with negative RIDT results should be treated empirically based on the level of clinical suspicion, underlying medical conditions, severity of illness, and risk for complications, and if a more definitive determination of infection with influenza virus is required, testing with rRT-PCR or virus isolation should be performed. The use of RIDTs has been questioned by researcher Paul Schreckenberger of the
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1552:(DHS) developed updated guidance and a video for employers to use as they developed plans to respond to the H1N1 outbreak. The guidance suggested that employers consider and communicate their objectives, such as reducing transmission among staff, protecting people who are at increased risk of influenza-related complications from becoming infected, maintaining business operations, and minimising adverse effects on other entities in their
1119:. However, most people with flu symptoms do not need a test for pandemic H1N1 flu specifically, because the test results usually do not affect the recommended course of treatment. The U.S. CDC recommend testing only for people who are hospitalized with suspected flu, pregnant women, and people with weakened immune systems. For the mere diagnosis of influenza and not pandemic H1N1 flu specifically, more widely available tests include
1680:, and the Canadian Pork Council objected to widespread media use of the name "swine flu" and suggested it should be called "North American flu" instead, while the World Health Organization switched its designation from "swine influenza" to "influenza A (H1N1)" in late April 2009. The virus has been found in U.S. hogs, and Canadian as well as in hogs in Northern Ireland, Argentina, and Norway. Leading health agencies and the
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perceived severity of symptoms and risk of serious outcomes were not increased." Children infected in the 2009 H1N1 flu pandemic were no more likely to be hospitalized with complications or get pneumonia than those who catch seasonal strains. About 1.5% of children with the H1N1 swine flu strain were hospitalized within 30 days, compared with 3.7% of those sick with a seasonal strain of H1N1 and 3.1% with an H3N2 virus.
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840:'s public and private facilities in an attempt to contain the spread of the virus; however, it continued to spread globally, and clinics in some areas were overwhelmed by infected people. The new virus was first isolated in late April by American and Canadian laboratories from samples taken from people with flu in Mexico, Southern California, and Texas. Soon the earliest known human case was traced to a case from 9
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1239:(the average number of other individuals whom each infected individual will infect, in a population which has no immunity to the disease) for the 2009 novel H1N1 is estimated to be 1.75. A December 2009 study found that the transmissibility of the H1N1 influenza virus in households is lower than that seen in past pandemics. Most transmissions occur soon before or after the onset of symptoms.
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to contain the spread were rejected. Mexico already had hundreds of non-lethal cases before the outbreak was officially discovered, and was therefore in the midst of a "silent epidemic". As a result, Mexico was reporting only the most serious cases which showed more severe signs different from those of normal flu, possibly leading to a skewed initial estimate of the case fatality rate.
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criticism and the chance to discuss it". The WHO also stated on their website that "The world is going through a real pandemic. The description of it as a fake is wrong and irresponsible". In March 2010, the
Council of Europe launched an enquiry into "the influence of the pharmaceutical companies on the global swine flu campaign", and a preliminary report was in preparation.
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the past 31 years (~3,000 to ~49,000) is a more accurate representation of the unpredictability and variability of flu-associated deaths. The annual toll from seasonal influenza in the US between 1979 and 2001 is estimated at 41,400 deaths on average. Therefore, the H1N1 pandemic estimated mortality of 8,870 to 18,300 is just below the mid-range of estimates.
2196:. Recent genetic analysis has revealed that three-quarters, or six out of the eight genetic segments, of the 2009 flu pandemic strain arose from the North American swine flu strains circulating since 1998, when a new strain was first identified on a factory farm in North Carolina, and which was the first-ever reported triple-hybrid flu virus.
970:. "Children with nerve and muscle problems may be at especially high risk for complications because they cannot cough hard enough to clear their airways". From 26 April 2009, to 13 February 2010, the CDC had received reports of the deaths of 277 children with laboratory-confirmed 2009 influenza A (H1N1) within the United States.
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to 1991 through 1998β99. During those years, the number of estimated deaths ranged from 17,000 to 52,000, with an average of about 36,000. Throughout that decade, influenza A (H3N2) was the predominant virus during most of the seasons, and H3N2 influenza viruses are typically associated with higher death rates. The
1430:, published an editorial which criticised the WHO, saying that an investigation had disclosed that some of the experts advising WHO on the pandemic had financial ties with drug companies which were producing antivirals and vaccines. Margaret Chan, Director-General of the WHO, replied stating, "Without question, the
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months prior to the outbreak, suggesting a need to increase agricultural surveillance to prevent future outbreaks. In 2009, U.S. agricultural officials speculated, although emphasizing that there was no way to prove their hypothesis, that "contrary to the popular assumption that the new swine flu pandemic arose on
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included in the original number, and meant that many without access to health facilities went uncounted. The majority of these deaths occurred in Africa and
Southeast Asia. Experts, including the WHO, have agreed that an estimated 284,500 people were killed by the disease, much higher than the initial death toll.
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which turned out to be not as deadly as feared. WHO Director-General
Margaret Chan appointed 29 flu experts from outside the organization to conduct a review of WHO's handling of the H1N1 flu pandemic. She told them, "We want a frank, critical, transparent, credible and independent review of our performance."
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to H1N1 flu from April to 14 November 2009. During the same period, 1,642 deaths were officially confirmed as caused by H1N1 flu. The WHO stated in 2010 that total mortality (including unconfirmed or unreported deaths) from H1N1 flu was "unquestionably higher" than their own confirmed death statistics.
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People who contracted influenza before 1957 appeared to have some immunity to H1N1 flu. According to Daniel
Jernigan, head of flu epidemiology for the U.S. CDC "Tests on blood serum from older people showed that they had antibodies that attacked the new virus ... That does not mean that everyone
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began with a wave of mild cases in the spring, followed by more deadly waves in the autumn, eventually killing hundreds of thousands in the United States and 50β100 million worldwide. The great majority of deaths in the 1918 flu pandemic were the result of secondary bacterial pneumonia. The influenza
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study also looked at seasonal influenza-associated deaths over a 23-year period, from 1976 to 1977 and 1998β99 with estimates of respiratory and circulatory influenza-associated deaths ranging from about 5,000 to about 52,000, and an average of about 25,000. CDC believes that the range of deaths over
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should be given both antivirals and antibiotics, as in many severe cases of H1N1-caused illness, bacterial infection develops. Antivirals are most useful if given within 48 hours of the start of symptoms and may improve outcomes in hospitalised patients. In those beyond 48 hours who are moderately or
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The CDC estimated that as much as 40% of the workforce might be unable to work at the peak of the pandemic due to the need for many healthy adults to stay home and care for an ill family member, and advised that individuals should have steps in place should a workplace close down or a situation arise
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feature and editorial will leave many readers with the impression that WHO's decision to declare a pandemic was at least partially influenced by a desire to boost the profits of the pharmaceutical industry. The bottom line, however, is that decisions to raise the level of pandemic alert were based on
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Spread of the H1N1 virus is thought to occur in the same way that seasonal flu spreads. Flu viruses are spread mainly from person to person through coughing or sneezing by people with influenza. Sometimes people may become infected by touching somethingβsuch as a surface or objectβwith flu viruses on
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was about one hundred times more lethal and had a case fatality rate of 2β3%. By 14 November 2009, the virus had infected one in six
Americans with 200,000 hospitalisations and 10,000 deathsβas many hospitalizations and fewer deaths than in an average flu season overall, but with much higher risk for
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A United
Kingdom investigation of risk factors for hospitalisation and poor outcome with pandemic A/H1N1 influenza looked at 631 patients from 55 hospitals admitted with confirmed infection from May through September 2009. 13% were admitted to a high dependency or intensive care unit and 5% died; 36%
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Dawood FS, Iuliano AD, Reed C, Meltzer MI, Shay DK, Cheng PY, Bandaranayake D, Breiman RF, Brooks WA, Buchy P, Feikin DR, Fowler KB, Gordon A, Hien NT, Horby P, Huang QS, Katz MA, Krishnan A, Lal R, Montgomery JM, MΓΈlbak K, Pebody R, Presanis AM, Razuri H, Steens A, Tinoco YO, Wallinga J, Yu H, Vong
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issued a travel alert about China's anti-flu measures and warned travellers against travelling to China if ill. In Hong Kong, an entire hotel was quarantined with 240 guests; Australia ordered a cruise ship with 2,000 passengers to stay at sea because of a swine flu threat. Egyptian
Muslims who went
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in non-health care settings, such as schools, workplaces, or public places, with a few exceptions: people who were ill with the virus when around other people, and people who were at risk for severe illness while caring for someone with the flu. There was some disagreement about the value of wearing
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In 2011, a study from the US Flu Vaccine Effectiveness Network estimated the overall effectiveness of all pandemic H1N1 vaccines at 56%. A CDC study released 28 January 2013, estimated that the Pandemic H1N1 vaccine saved roughly 300 lives and prevented about a million illnesses in the US. The study
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in September 2010 challenged previous reports and stated that children infected in the 2009 flu pandemic were no more likely to be hospitalised with complications or get pneumonia than those who catch seasonal strains. Researchers found that about 1.5% of children with the H1N1 swine flu strain were
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In June 2012, a model based study found that the number of deaths related to the H1N1 influenza may have been fifteen times higher than the reported laboratory confirmed deaths, with 80% of the respiratory and cardiovascular deaths in people younger than 65 years and 51% occurring in southeast Asia
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The 2009 pandemic caused US hospitals to make significant preparations in terms of hospital surge capacities, especially within the emergency department and among vulnerable populations. In many cases, hospitals were relatively successful in making sure that those patients most severely affected by
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It has been stated that about 36,000 die from the seasonal flu in the U.S. each year, and this is frequently understood as an indication that the H1N1 strain was not as severe as seasonal influenza. The 36,000 estimate was presented in a 2003 study by CDC scientists and refers to a period from 1990
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and incorrect reporting by governments. Inaccuracies could also be caused by authorities in different countries looking at differing population groups. Furthermore, countries with poor health care systems and older laboratory facilities may take longer to identify or report cases. "ven in developed
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Influenza surveillance information on the 2009 H1N1 flu pandemic is available, but almost no studies attempted to estimate the total number of deaths attributable to H1N1 flu. Two studies were carried out by the CDC; the later of them estimated that between 7,070 and 13,930 deaths were attributable
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on 18 March 2009; immediately after the outbreak was officially announced, Mexico notified the U.S. and World Health Organization, and within days of the outbreak Mexico City was "effectively shut down". Some countries cancelled flights to Mexico while others halted trade. Calls to close the border
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While it is not known precisely where or when the virus originated, analyses in scientific journals have suggested that the H1N1 strain responsible for the 2009 outbreak first evolved in September 2008 and circulated amongst humans for several months, before being formally recognised and identified
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Both medications mentioned above for treatment, oseltamivir and zanamivir, have known side effects, including lightheadedness, chills, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and trouble breathing. Children were reported to be at increased risk of self-injury and confusion after taking oseltamivir. The
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Because the H1N1 vaccine was initially in short supply in the U.S., the CDC recommended that initial doses should go to priority groups such as pregnant women, people who live with or care for babies under six months old, children six months to four years old and health-care workers. In the UK, the
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reaction to the new strain, adults aged 18 to 60 had 6β9%, and older adults 33%. While it has been thought that these findings suggest the partial immunity in older adults may be due to previous exposure to similar seasonal influenza viruses, a November 2009 study of a rural unvaccinated population
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or pig products, or provoking stigmatization against certain communities (e.g. "Mexican"). Some academics of the time asserted there is nothing wrong with such names, while research published years later (in 2013) concluded that Mexican Americans and Latino Americans had indeed been stigmatized due
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June 2009. The study found that "the only variable that was significantly associated with a positive outcome was the receipt of antiviral drugs within two days after the onset of illness" and also that "only 73% of patients with radiographic evidence of pneumonia received antiviral drugs, whereas
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A WHO-supported 2013 study estimated that the 2009 global pandemic respiratory mortality was ~10-fold higher than the World Health Organization's laboratory-confirmed mortality count (18.631). Although the pandemic mortality estimate was similar in magnitude to that of seasonal influenza, a marked
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Influenza surveillance information "answers the questions of where, when, and what influenza viruses are circulating. Sharing of such information is especially crucial during an emergent pandemic as in April 2009, when the genetic sequences of the initial viruses were rapidly and openly shared via
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U.S. government officials were especially concerned about schools because the H1N1 flu virus appeared to disproportionately affect young and school-age people, between six months and 24 years of age. The H1N1 outbreak led to numerous precautionary school closures in some areas. Rather than closing
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database according to Nature and WHO, soon determined that the strain contains genes from five different flu viruses: North American swine influenza, North American avian influenza, human influenza, and two swine influenza viruses typically found in Asia and Europe. Further analysis has shown that
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reports that the clinical picture in severe cases is strikingly different from the disease pattern seen during epidemics of seasonal influenza. While people with certain underlying medical conditions are known to be at increased risk, many severe cases occur in previously healthy people. In severe
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On 12 April 2010, Keiji Fukuda, the WHO's top influenza expert, stated that the system leading to the declaration of a pandemic led to confusion about H1N1 circulating around the world and he expressed concern that there was a failure to communicate in regard to uncertainties about the new virus,
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On 22 June 2010, the CDC announced a new test called the "CDC Influenza 2009 A (H1N1)pdm Real-Time RT-PCR Panel (IVD)". It uses a molecular biology technique to detect influenza A viruses and specifically the 2009 H1N1 virus. The new test will replace the previous real-time RT-PCR diagnostic test
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Controversy arose early on regarding the wide assortment of terms used by journalists, academics, and officials. Labels like "H1N1 flu", "Swine flu", "Mexican flu", and variations thereof were typical. Criticism centered on how these names may confuse or mislead the public. It was argued that the
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in September 2010, reported that findings showed that the 2009 H1N1 flu was no more severe than the seasonal flu. "The risk of most serious complications was not elevated in adults or children", the study's authors wrote. "Children were disproportionately affected by 2009 H1N1 infection, but the
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To help avoid shortages of these drugs, the U.S. CDC recommended oseltamivir treatment primarily for people hospitalised with pandemic flu; people at risk of serious flu complications due to underlying medical conditions; and patients at risk of serious flu complications. The CDC warned that the
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The WHO responded by stating that they take their duty to provide independent advice seriously and guarded against interference from outside interests. Announcing a review of the WHO's actions, spokeswoman Fadela Chaib stated: "Criticism is part of an outbreak cycle. We expect and indeed welcome
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Although it was initially thought that two injections would be required, clinical trials showed that the new vaccine protected adults "with only one dose instead of two;" thus the limited vaccine supplies would go twice as far as had been predicted. Health officials worldwide were also concerned
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Some studies estimated that the real number of cases including asymptomatic and mild cases could be 700 million to 1.4 billion peopleβor 11 to 21 percent of the global population of 6.8 billion at the time. The lower value of 700 million is more than the 500 million people estimated to have been
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In California, school districts and universities were on alert and worked with health officials to launch education campaigns. Many planned to stockpile medical supplies and discuss worst-case scenarios, including plans to provide lessons and meals for low-income children in case elementary and
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has been linked to infection with H1N1, with at least four cases of myocarditis confirmed in patients also infected with A/H1N1. Three out of the four cases of H1N1-associated myocarditis were classified as fulminant, and one of the patients died. Also, there appears to be a link between severe
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Analysis of the genetic divergence of the virus in samples from different cases indicated that the virus jumped to humans in 2008, probably after June, and not later than the end of November, likely around September 2008. The research also indicated the virus had been latent in pigs for several
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people and 290,000β650,000 deaths worldwide every year. On average 41,400 people die of influenza-related illnesses each year in the United States, based on data collected between 1979 and 2001. In industrialised countries, severe illness and deaths occur mainly in the high-risk populations of
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said they would quarantine visitors with fevers who come from areas where the flu was present. Japan quarantined 47 airline passengers in a hotel for a week in mid-May, then in mid-June India suggested pre-screening "outbound" passengers from countries thought to have a high rate of infection.
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article, researchers estimated that the 2009 H1N1 global infection rate was 11% to 21%, lower than what was previously expected. However, by 2012, research showed that as many as 579,000 people could have been killed by the disease, as only those fatalities confirmed by laboratory testing were
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such as swine flu virus". However, despite the lack of evidence of effectiveness, the use of such masks is common in Asia. They are particularly popular in Japan, where cleanliness and hygiene are highly valued and where etiquette obligates those who are sick to wear masks to avoid spreading
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did much to prepare for the current H1N1 outbreak, noting that after H5N1 emerged in Asia, ultimately killing about 60% of the few hundred people infected over the years, many countries took steps to try to prevent any similar crisis from spreading further. The CDC and other U.S. governmental
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safety net before flu season started in early autumn. Preparations included planning a second influenza vaccination program in addition to the one for seasonal flu, and improving coordination between federal, state, and local governments and private health providers. On 24 October 2009, U.S.
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of influenza. Of note, their published finding related only to use in healthy adults with influenza but not in patients judged to be at high risk of complications (pregnant women, children under five and those with underlying medical conditions), and uncertainty over its role in reducing
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risk. Nikki Shindo of the WHO has expressed regret at reports of treatment being delayed by waiting for H1N1 test results and suggests, "octors should not wait for the laboratory confirmation but make diagnosis based on clinical and epidemiological backgrounds and start treatment early."
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and other serious conditions linked to influenza. They reported that an analysis of 20 studies showed oseltamivir offered mild benefits for healthy adults if taken within 24 hours of onset of symptoms, but found no clear evidence it prevented lower respiratory tract infections or other
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If the fever is mild and there are no other complications, fever medication is not recommended. Most people recover without medical attention, although ones with pre-existing or underlying medical conditions are more prone to complications and may benefit from further treatments.
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August 2009, the CDC had received 36 reports of pediatric deaths with associated influenza symptoms and laboratory-confirmed pandemic H1N1 from state and local health authorities within the United States, with 22 of these children having neurodevelopmental conditions such as
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against seasonal flu provided little protection. A study at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention published in May 2009 found that children had no preexisting immunity to the new strain but that adults, particularly those older than 60, had some degree of
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In February 2010, the CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices voted for "universal" flu vaccination in the U.S. to include all people over six months of age. The 2010β2011 vaccine will protect against the 2009 H1N1 pandemic virus and two other flu viruses.
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In June 2010, scientists from Hong Kong reported discovery of a new swine flu virus: a hybrid of the pandemic H1N1 virus and viruses previously found in pigs. It was the first report of a reassortment of the pandemic virus, which in humans had been slow to evolve.
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Despite being informally called "swine flu", the H1N1 flu virus cannot be spread by eating pork products; similar to other influenza viruses, it is typically contracted by person to person transmission through respiratory droplets. Symptoms usually last 4β6 days.
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women, children under two years old, and people with underlying conditions such as respiratory problems. People who are not in an at-risk group who have persistent or rapidly worsening symptoms should also be treated with antivirals. People who have developed
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pointed out that millions of people have had H1N1 flu, usually in a mild form, so the numbers of laboratory-confirmed cases were actually meaningless, and in July 2009, the WHO stopped keeping count of individual cases and focused more on major outbreaks.
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By 19 November 2009, doses of vaccine had been administered in over 16 countries. A 2009 review by the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) concluded that the 2009 H1N1 vaccine has a safety profile similar to that of the seasonal vaccine.
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Beigel JH, Farrar J, Han AM, Hayden FG, Hyer R, de Jong MD, et al. (Writing Committee of the World Health Organization (WHO) Consultation on Human Influenza A/H5) (September 2005). "Avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in humans".
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1405:(WHO) to declare a "false pandemic" to sell vaccines. Wodarg said the WHO's "false pandemic" flu campaign is "one of the greatest medicine scandals of the century". He said that the "false pandemic" campaign began in May 2009 in
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The pandemic virus is a type of swine influenza, derived originally from a strain which lived in pigs, and this origin gave rise to the common name of "swine flu". This term is widely used by mass media, though the Paris-based
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cases, patients generally begin to deteriorate around three to five days after symptom onset. Deterioration is rapid, with many patients progressing to respiratory failure within 24 hours, requiring immediate admission to an
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strains to emerge, which would make the fight against the pandemic that much harder. In addition, a British report found that people often failed to complete a full course of the drug or took the medication when not needed.
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and lungs of patients, allowing common bacteria from the nose and throat to infect their lungs. Subsequent pandemics have had many fewer fatalities due to the development of antibiotic medicines which can treat pneumonia.
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in China found only a 0.3% cross-reactive antibody reaction to the H1N1 strain, suggesting that previous vaccinations for seasonal flu and not exposure may have resulted in the immunity found in the older U.S. population.
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of foreign visitors suspected of having or being in contact with others who may have been infected. In May 2009, the Chinese government confined 21 U.S. students and three teachers to their hotel rooms. As a result, the
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On 7 May 2009, the WHO stated that containment was not feasible and that countries should focus on mitigating the effect of the virus. They did not recommend closing borders or restricting travel. On 26 April 2009, the
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The influenza virus has caused several pandemic threats over the past century, including the pseudo-pandemic of 1947 (thought of as mild because although globally distributed, it caused relatively few deaths), the
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countries the are uncertain, because medical authorities don't usually verify who actually died of influenza and who died of a flu-like illness". Joseph S. Bresee, then CDC flu division's epidemiology chief and
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The virus was first reported in two U.S. children in March 2009, but health officials have reported that it apparently infected people as early as January 2009 in Mexico. The outbreak was first identified in
942:, pregnant women (especially during the third trimester), and people of any age with underlying medical conditions, such as asthma, diabetes, obesity, heart disease, or a weakened immune system (e.g., taking
1609:'s School of Medicine, commented that the masks are "better than nothing, but it's hard to completely block out an airborne virus since it can easily slip through the gaps". According to mask manufacturer
701:. For comparison, the WHO estimates that 250,000 to 500,000 people die of seasonal flu annually. However, the H1N1 influenza epidemic in 2009 resulted in a large increase in the number of new cases of
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face masks, as some experts feared that masks may have given people a false sense of security and should not have replaced other standard precautions. Yukihiro Nishiyama, professor of virology at
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between 43 million and 89 million cases of 2009 H1N1 occurred between April 2009 and 10 April 2010. The mid-level in this range is about 61 million people infected with 2009 H1N1.
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to ensure that aircraft were sanitised. Masks were not generally provided by airlines and the CDC did not recommend that airline crews wear them. Some non-U.S. airlines, mostly Asian, including
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launched a website, the National Pandemic Flu Service, allowing patients to self-assess and get an authorisation number for antiviral medication. The system was expected to reduce the burden on
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According to studies conducted in Australia and Japan, screening individuals for influenza symptoms at airports during the 2009 H1N1 outbreak was not an effective method of infection control.
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and Africa. A disproportionate number of pandemic deaths might have occurred in these regions and that efforts to prevent future influenza pandemics need to effectively target these regions.
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between about 195,000 and 403,000 H1N1-related hospitalizations occurred between April 2009 and 10 April 2010. The mid-level in this range is about 274,000 2009 H1N1-related hospitalizations.
3631:
6519:
660:(ARDS). This manifests itself as increased breathing difficulty and typically occurs three to six days after initial onset of flu symptoms. The pneumonia caused by flu can be either direct
798:
As terminology changed to deal with these and other such issues, further criticism was made that the situation was unnecessarily confusing. For example, the news department at the journal
9790:
Scarfone RJ, Coffin S, Fieldston ES, Falkowski G, Cooney MG, Grenfell S (June 2011). "Hospital-based pandemic influenza preparedness and response: strategies to increase surge capacity".
7289:
744:
648:
Unlike most strains of influenza, the pandemic H1N1/09 virus did not disproportionately infect adults older than 60 years; this was an unusual and characteristic feature of the H1N1
2935:
6069:
4142:
8277:
12588:
12583:
10981:
8966:
8460:
Jain S, Kamimoto L, Bramley AM, Schmitz AM, Benoit SR, Louie J, et al. (November 2009). "Hospitalized patients with 2009 H1N1 influenza in the United States, AprilβJune 2009".
3436:
Jain S, Kamimoto L, Bramley AM, Schmitz AM, Benoit SR, Louie J, et al. (November 2009). "Hospitalized patients with 2009 H1N1 influenza in the United States, AprilβJune 2009".
8307:
5599:
11344:
Soundararajan V, Tharakaraman K, Raman R, Raguram S, Shriver Z, Sasisekharan V, Sasisekharan R (June 2009). "Extrapolating from sequence β the 2009 H1N1 'swine' influenza virus".
1281:
NHS recommended vaccine priority go to people over six months old who were clinically at risk for seasonal flu, pregnant women and households of people with compromised immunity.
2999:
2039:, was confirmed on 17 April. The patient in the first confirmed case had flu symptoms including fever and cough upon clinical examination on 30 March and the second on 28 March.
3779:
7999:
7708:
7627:
5625:"Transcript of virtual press conference with Gregory Hartl, Spokesperson for H1N1, and Dr Nikki Shindo, Medical Officer, Global Influenza Programme, World Health Organization"
1857:
complications in healthy adults still left it as a useful drug for reducing the duration of symptoms. In general, the Cochrane Collaboration concluded "Paucity of good data".
8640:
1813:). It is not totally unexpected as 99.6% of the seasonal H1N1 flu strains tested have developed resistance to oseltamivir. No circulating flu has yet shown any resistance to
723:
uses the term "(H1N1) 2009 pandemic" when referring to the event, and officially adopted the name "A(H1N1)pdm09" for the virus in 2010, after the conclusion of the pandemic.
11123:
7735:
4348:
1793:
WHO warned against buying antiviral medications from online sources and estimated that half the drugs sold by online pharmacies without a physical address were counterfeit.
9037:
2142:
between about 8,870 and 18,300 2009 H1N1-related deaths occurred between April 2009 and 10 April 2010. The mid-level in this range is about 12,470 2009 H1N1-related deaths.
1536:, parents, and school administrators. By 28 October 2009, about 600 schools in the United States had been temporarily closed, affecting over 126,000 students in 19 states.
1307:
health commissioner advised Europeans to postpone nonessential travel to the United States or Mexico. This followed the discovery of the first confirmed case in Spain. On 6
8599:
6634:
5982:
3999:
14242:
5201:
3414:
1564:. The CDC further advised that persons in the workplace should stay home sick for seven days after getting the flu, or 24 hours after symptoms end, whichever is longer.
7831:
3748:
3472:
This study involved a total of 272 patients, which represents approximately 25% of US hospitalized patients with lab-confirmed H1N1 whose cases were reported to the US
1047:
were aged <16 years and 5% were aged β₯65 years. Non-white and pregnant patients were over-represented. 45% of patients had at least one underlying condition, mainly
13853:
8505:
7663:
4623:
4119:
1476:
U.S. airlines had made no major changes as of the beginning of June 2009, but continued standing practices which include looking for passengers with symptoms of flu,
953:
In September 2009, the CDC reported that the H1N1 flu "seems to be taking a heavier toll among chronically ill children than the seasonal flu usually does". Through 8
7915:
7093:
3321:
Bautista E, Chotpitayasunondh T, Gao Z, Harper SA, Shaw M, Uyeki TM, et al. (May 2010). "Clinical aspects of pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus infection".
572:
9510:
4887:
4422:
7012:
6691:
5695:
1055:, but bacterial co-infection was uncommon. Multivariate analyses showed that physician-recorded obesity on admission and pulmonary conditions other than asthma or
11020:
7358:
6795:
6730:
14018:
7551:
2050:, before being air-lifted to Houston for treatment. The Infectious Diseases Society of America estimated that the total number of deaths in the U.S. was 12,469.
1215:
those under 50. With deaths of 1,100 children and 7,500 adults 18 to 64, these figures were deemed "much higher than in a usual flu season" during the pandemic.
875:
The pandemic began to taper off in November 2009, and by May 2010, the number of cases was in steep decline. On 10 August 2010, the Director-General of the WHO,
9453:
7426:
3369:
2164:
Annual influenza epidemics are estimated to affect 5β15% of the global population. Although most cases are mild, these epidemics still cause severe illness in
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8345:
6307:
938:
problems have also been reported in some cases. People at higher risk of serious complications include people over 65, children younger than 5, children with
12102:
8178:
690:
infected by the Spanish flu pandemic. However, the Spanish flu infected approximately a third of the world population at the time, a much higher proportion.
8126:
6957:
6550:
3593:
771:
briefly considered adoption of the name "Mexican virus" due to concern about the use of the word "swine". In Israel, objections stemmed from sensitivity to
11784:
9952:
6447:
5635:
4168:
686:. In particular, it is a warning sign if a child seems to be getting better and then relapses with high fever, as this relapse may be bacterial pneumonia.
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6991:
3099:
12743:
9695:
9541:
8072:
4852:
4739:
4649:
11679:
6488:
836:, Mexico, with evidence that the virus had been present for months before it was officially called an "epidemic". The Mexican government closed most of
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10474:
8148:
7390:
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5057:
12062:
7892:
3831:
9987:
9764:
8209:
4556:
4088:
2110:
2096:
cautioned that the number of cases reported in the early days of an outbreak can be very inaccurate and deceptive, due to several causes, among them
772:
9752:
The regression model attributes an annual average of 41,400 (95% confidence interval: 27,100, 55,700) deaths to influenza over the period 1979β2001.
8543:
817:
in Mexico, most likely emerged in pigs in Asia, but then traveled to North America in a human." However, a subsequent report by researchers at the
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10959:
9844:
9669:
4329:
3624:
9415:
8730:
8040:
7862:
6924:
6511:
6228:
12292:
6859:
6576:
6261:
5868:
3809:
2180:
In addition to these annual epidemics, Influenza A virus strains caused three global pandemics during the 20th century: the Spanish flu in 1918,
1662:
1470:
9392:
9362:
8707:
8673:
7281:
14130:
13896:
13798:
13516:
1082:. In one report, five out of 14 patients admitted to the intensive care unit with severe A/H1N1 infection were found to have pulmonary emboli.
693:
The number of lab-confirmed deaths reported to the WHO is 18,449 and is widely considered a gross underestimate. The WHO collaborated with the
4160:
3666:
3511:
2961:
12167:
12067:
12019:
4964:
3185:
1504:, took measures such as stepping up cabin cleaning, installing state-of-the-art air filters and allowing in-flight staff to wear face masks.
283:
Suspected cases have not been confirmed by laboratory tests as being due to this strain, although some other strains may have been ruled out.
12152:
12142:
12072:
11864:
10649:"The age-specific cumulative incidence of infection with pandemic influenza H1N1 2009 was similar in various countries prior to vaccination"
9302:
9125:
6293:
6093:"Seasonal transmission potential and activity peaks of the new influenza A(H1N1): a Monte Carlo likelihood analysis based on human mobility"
4822:
4518:"Updated Interim Recommendations for the Use of Antiviral Medications in the Treatment and Prevention of Influenza for the 2009β2010 Season"
4448:"Updated Interim Recommendations for the Use of Antiviral Medications in the Treatment and Prevention of Influenza for the 2009β2010 Season"
4307:
3535:"The age-specific cumulative incidence of infection with pandemic influenza H1N1 2009 was similar in various countries prior to vaccination"
12147:
12127:
12097:
12077:
8269:
6392:
5394:
2910:
2007:
12087:
12042:
10989:
10494:
Schwarzmann SW, Adler JL, Sullivan RJ, Marine WM (June 1971). "Bacterial pneumonia during the Hong Kong influenza epidemic of 1968-1969".
6611:
13816:
13708:
12137:
12037:
11534:
9586:
8299:
5595:
5505:
3064:
2124:
600:
12210:
12157:
12057:
10315:
8566:
8382:
8007:
5090:
946:
or infected with HIV). More than 70% of hospitalizations in the U.S. have been people with such underlying conditions, according to the
13988:
13659:
12215:
11779:
11132:"Estimated global mortality associated with the first 12 months of 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 virus circulation: a modelling study"
10880:
10709:"Estimated global mortality associated with the first 12 months of 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 virus circulation: a modelling study"
9488:
9388:
9358:
9298:
9200:
8907:
8703:
8669:
8434:
6348:
5733:
5664:
5569:
5535:
5501:
5464:
5461:"Interim Guidance on Specimen Collection, Processing, and Testing for Patients with Suspected Novel Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infection"
5153:
5146:"Surveillance for Pediatric Deaths Associated with 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infection β United States, AprilβAugust 2009"
5020:
4990:
4911:"Estimated global mortality associated with the first 12 months of 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 virus circulation: a modelling study"
4679:
4521:
4455:
4385:
4228:
4030:
3965:
3473:
2731:
947:
740:
694:
11821:
11097:
10309:"Report of the Review Committee on the Functioning of the International Health Regulations (2005) in relation to Pandemic (H1N1) 2009"
7800:
7485:
7131:
5539:
2995:
1684:
have stressed that eating properly cooked pork or other food products derived from pigs will not cause flu. Nevertheless, on 27 April
14012:
13033:
10011:"Predominant role of bacterial pneumonia as a cause of death in pandemic influenza: implications for pandemic influenza preparedness"
7518:
7325:
7167:
6425:
6336:"Use of Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 Monovalent Vaccine: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2009"
5123:
3771:
2701:
1525:
514:
8629:
7700:
6572:
4490:
2024:
The new strain was first identified by the CDC in two children, neither of whom had been in contact with pigs. The first case, from
13952:
13860:
13780:
13612:
12114:
12029:
11426:
11402:
11119:
10748:"Epidemiological characteristics of 2009 (H1N1) pandemic influenza based on paired sera from a longitudinal community cohort study"
9568:"Updated CDC Estimates of 2009 H1N1 Influenza Cases, Hospitalizations and Deaths in the United States, April 2009 β April 10, 2010"
8837:
7459:
6897:
5745:
5573:
5157:
4994:
4800:
4356:
2559:
outbreaks because of H5N1's high fatality rate, although the strains currently prevalent have limited human-to-human transmission (
1870:
1473:
announced that visitors returning from flu-affected areas who experienced flu-like symptoms within two weeks would be quarantined.
13928:
11631:
9637:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD). 17 January 2014.
7774:
7743:
5286:"Risk factors for hospitalisation and poor outcome with pandemic A/H1N1 influenza: United Kingdom first wave (MayβSeptember 2009)"
14232:
13958:
13522:
12004:
11954:
9029:
8239:
6314:
4705:
4581:
3969:
3299:
3223:
2665:
2017:
1734:
and other salicylate products should not be used by people under 16 with any flu-type symptoms because of the risk of developing
1545:
1275:
818:
17:
11949:
11939:
9638:
9571:
9332:
8940:
8607:
8099:
7637:
7578:
6642:
5668:
3991:
2753:
Perez-Padilla R, de la Rosa-Zamboni D, Ponce de Leon S, Hernandez M, QuiΓ±ones-Falconi F, Bautista E, et al. (August 2009).
2544:
1749:(oseltamivir or zanamivir) as soon as possible when they first experience flu symptoms. The at-risk groups include pregnant and
13922:
13306:
13139:
12230:
12225:
12200:
11944:
11934:
5468:
5213:
4683:
1681:
1348:
625:(WHO) from June 2009 to August 2010, was the third recent flu pandemic involving the H1N1 virus (the first being the 1918β1920
11989:
11869:
11791:
11596:
11436:
11417:
5024:
4053:
1029:, including methicillin-resistant strains, is an important cause of secondary bacterial pneumonia with a high mortality rate;
13647:
13552:
13480:
13425:
13144:
12220:
12205:
12195:
12052:
11974:
11919:
11914:
11909:
11889:
11884:
11879:
11874:
11859:
11854:
11849:
11806:
11769:
11636:
11626:
11621:
11616:
11581:
11291:
7823:
6343:
5418:"Clinical characteristics and 30-day outcomes for influenza A 2009 (H1N1), 2008β2009 (H1N1), and 2007β2008 (H3N2) infections"
3740:
1056:
12190:
11999:
11984:
11979:
11964:
11929:
11904:
11826:
11724:
11669:
11659:
11641:
10138:"Estimates of the reproduction number for seasonal, pandemic, and zoonotic influenza: a systematic review of the literature"
8517:
5974:
4525:
4459:
2863:
Cohen J, Enserink M (May 2009). "Infectious diseases. As swine flu circles globe, scientists grapple with basic questions".
13902:
13846:
13671:
13618:
12185:
12122:
11924:
11801:
11796:
11704:
11694:
11611:
11606:
11601:
11591:
11586:
9204:
7101:
7079:
5902:
4111:
2670:
1775:
approved for hospitalised patients in cases where the other available methods of treatment are ineffective or unavailable.
1669:
1338:
agencies used the summer lull to take stock of the United States response to H1N1 flu and attempt to patch any gaps in the
1051:, and 13% received antiviral drugs before admission. Of 349 with documented chest x-rays on admission, 29% had evidence of
752:
13677:
11816:
11774:
11759:
11754:
11674:
9518:
7919:
7600:
3404:
1092:
hospitalised within 30 days, compared with 3.7% of those sick with a seasonal strain of H1N1 and 3.1% with an H3N2 virus.
13786:
13582:
13576:
13558:
13456:
13376:
13177:
12680:
12392:
12354:
11969:
11831:
11764:
11749:
11739:
11689:
11664:
9765:"CDC Estimates of 2009 H1N1 Influenza Cases, Hospitalizations and Deaths in the United States, April β November 14, 2009"
9722:"Mortality due to influenza in the United States β an annualized regression approach using multiple-cause mortality data"
9325:"CDC Estimates of 2009 H1N1 Influenza Cases, Hospitalizations and Deaths in the United States, April β December 12, 2009"
7020:
4879:
4412:
1435:
clearly defined virological and epidemiological criteria. It is hard to bend these criteria, no matter what the motive".
1109:
657:
519:
11811:
11729:
11714:
11684:
11012:
7976:
7348:
6787:
6722:
6699:
5691:
1524:
campuses stockpiled supplies, from paper masks and hand sanitizer to food and water. To help prepare for contingencies,
13840:
13600:
13486:
12711:
12177:
12162:
12014:
11899:
11744:
11564:
10430:
Johnson NP, Mueller J (2002). "Updating the accounts: global mortality of the 1918-1920 "Spanish" influenza pandemic".
8761:"Neuraminidase inhibitors for preventing and treating influenza in healthy adults: systematic review and meta-analysis"
8408:
7673:
6352:
3026:
1878:
1298:
637:, Mexico, a rural town in Veracruz. The virus appeared to be a new strain of H1N1 that resulted from a previous triple
197:
11734:
11709:
7541:
5562:"Evaluation of Rapid Influenza Diagnostic Tests for Detection of Novel Influenza A (H1N1) Virus β United States, 2009"
4646:"Percentage of respiratory specimens that tested positive for influenza: Status as of week 17 (25 April β 1 May 2010)"
14023:
13994:
13884:
13828:
13744:
12883:
12878:
12685:
12132:
12082:
12047:
12009:
11959:
11894:
11841:
10058:
Hilleman MR (August 2002). "Realities and enigmas of human viral influenza: pathogenesis, epidemiology and control".
9445:
8378:
6061:
4762:"WHO admits errors in handling flu pandemic: Agency accused of overplaying danger of the virus as it swept the globe"
3381:
2548:
1987:
524:
384:
379:
9768:
7416:
6664:
6318:
14212:
14136:
13940:
13810:
13774:
13762:
13665:
13588:
12991:
12946:
12244:
11994:
11719:
11699:
11552:
10346:
9227:
8333:
8186:
7942:
4769:
2305:
2181:
1866:
1316:
529:
469:
10746:
Riley S, Kwok KO, Wu KM, Ning DY, Cowling BJ, Wu JT, Ho LM, Tsang T, Lo SV, Chu DK, Ma ES, Peiris JS (June 2011).
9692:"Seasonal Influenza (Flu) β Questions and Answers Regarding Estimating Deaths from Influenza in the United States"
14227:
14222:
14217:
14006:
14000:
13970:
13890:
13792:
13732:
13695:
13683:
13594:
13419:
13205:
12971:
12578:
12573:
12568:
12287:
11651:
11527:
8860:
8430:
8122:
6455:
5624:
2635:
1549:
1363:
1271:
1207:
May 2009, that the initial indications are that the virus was unlikely to cause severe symptoms for most people.
1120:
670:
641:
of bird, swine, and human flu viruses which further combined with a Eurasian pig flu virus, leading to the term "
593:
367:
9956:
6542:
4165:
14118:
14106:
14100:
14088:
14082:
14076:
13964:
13908:
13878:
13866:
12757:
12655:
12598:
12563:
12558:
12553:
12548:
12543:
12538:
12533:
12528:
12523:
12518:
12513:
12508:
12503:
12498:
12493:
12488:
12483:
12478:
12473:
12468:
12463:
12314:
12277:
11556:
11159:
10854:
9691:
6980:
4938:
4645:
4389:
3086:
2630:
2556:
1965:
Note: The ratio of confirmed deaths to total deaths due to the pandemic is unknown. For more information, see "
1874:
1614:
1312:
756:
618:
345:
323:
9268:
8062:
4735:
1532:
James C. King Jr. suggested that every county should create an "influenza action team" to be run by the local
1319:(NML) had mapped the genetic code of the swine flu virus, the first time that had been done. In the U.K., the
13834:
13750:
13352:
6756:
943:
821:
in 2016 found that the 2009 H1N1 virus likely originated from pigs in a very small region of central Mexico.
8156:
7380:
5528:"Interim Recommendations for Clinical Use of Influenza Diagnostic Tests During the 2009β10 Influenza Season"
5187:
4084:
3839:
1718:
A number of methods have been recommended to help ease symptoms, including adequate liquid intake and rest.
1210:
The virus was less lethal than previous pandemic strains and killed about 0.01β0.03% of those infected; the
714:
99:
14237:
13804:
13624:
13510:
13504:
13413:
12297:
9979:
7884:
7385:
4548:
4252:
Mena I, Nelson MI, Quezada-Monroy F, Dutta J, Cortes-FernΓ‘ndez R, Lara-Puente JH, et al. (June 2016).
2043:
2025:
1960:
1153:
9595:"Estimating the burden of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in the United States (April 2009 β April 2010)"
8990:"Estimating the burden of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in the United States (April 2009 β April 2010)"
8217:
6218:
14188:
14182:
13976:
13946:
13756:
13726:
13606:
13382:
12772:
12690:
12675:
11573:
4333:
2036:
1568:
1132:
1124:
1035:
is the second most important cause of secondary bacterial pneumonia for children and primary for adults.
939:
534:
509:
10951:
9836:
9661:
9423:
8734:
6920:
13768:
13437:
13407:
11520:
11181:
Simonsen L, Spreeuwenberg P, Lustig R, Taylor RJ, Fleming DM, Kroneman M, et al. (November 2013).
8030:
7854:
5857:
3688:
Simonsen L, Spreeuwenberg P, Lustig R, Taylor RJ, Fleming DM, Kroneman M, et al. (November 2013).
2063:
967:
586:
11183:"Global mortality estimates for the 2009 Influenza Pandemic from the GLaMOR project: a modeling study"
9384:
9354:
8695:
8665:
7950:
6867:
6283:
6251:
5661:"New CDC Test to Detect Human Infections with the 2009 H1N1 Influenza Virus Authorized for Use by FDA"
5416:
Belongia EA, Irving SA, Waring SC, Coleman LA, Meece JK, Vandermause M, et al. (September 2010).
3690:"Global mortality estimates for the 2009 Influenza Pandemic from the GLaMOR project: a modeling study"
1059:(COPD) were associated with a severe outcome, as were radiologically confirmed pneumonia and a raised
13492:
13155:
13118:
12733:
11430:
10955:
10850:
9840:
9514:
8636:
8513:
8182:
7097:
7016:
6451:
5631:
5209:
4709:
4589:
4352:
3835:
3377:
3094:
1802:
1402:
1236:
1140:
979:
845:
804:
produced an article with the humorous title "Swine Flu Names Evolving Faster Than Swine Flu Itself".
720:
622:
272:
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8474:
3501:
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14160:
14142:
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6388:
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3656:
1805:(WHO) reported 314 samples of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 flu tested worldwide have shown resistance to
1704:
pigs in Indonesia. The Egyptian government ordered the slaughter of all pigs in Egypt on 29 April.
1579:
1521:
1031:
824:
814:
9290:
8622:
7232:"Fever screening during the influenza (H1N1-2009) pandemic at Narita International Airport, Japan"
3169:
1779:
indiscriminate use of antiviral medications to prevent and treat influenza could ease the way for
844:
March 2009 in a 5-year-old boy in La Gloria, Mexico, a rural town in Veracruz. In late April, the
14070:
14064:
13431:
13364:
13346:
13170:
13075:
12931:
12926:
12820:
12347:
11383:"Introduction and transmission of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) Virus β Kenya, JuneβJuly 2009"
10576:
Donaldson LJ, Rutter PD, Ellis BM, Greaves FE, Mytton OT, Pebody RG, Yardley IE (December 2009).
9593:
Shrestha SS, Swerdlow DL, Borse RH, Prabhu VS, Finelli L, Atkins CY, et al. (January 2011).
9117:
8988:
Shrestha SS, Swerdlow DL, Borse RH, Prabhu VS, Finelli L, Atkins CY, et al. (January 2011).
6603:
6483:
5924:
Donaldson LJ, Rutter PD, Ellis BM, Greaves FE, Mytton OT, Pebody RG, Yardley IE (December 2009).
5390:
5118:
4826:
4303:
2902:
2540:
2249:
1853:
1677:
1493:
1320:
504:
7191:"Airport arrivals screening during pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza in New South Wales, Australia"
6380:
1630:
During the height of the fear of a pandemic, some countries initiated or threatened to initiate
1152:
used during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, which received an emergency use authorization from the U.S.
1115:
is the recommended test as others are unable to differentiate between pandemic H1N1 and regular
14112:
14058:
13872:
13463:
13449:
13266:
13134:
12936:
12738:
12706:
12641:
12322:
12282:
11052:
8469:
8067:
5493:
5284:
Nguyen-Van-Tam JS, Openshaw PJ, Hashim A, Gadd EM, Lim WS, Semple MG, et al. (July 2010).
3445:
3056:
2439:
1830:
1489:
1368:
1220:
1165:
1016:
988:
832:
Initially called an "outbreak", widespread H1N1 infection was first recognized in the state of
567:
557:
459:
176:
11489:
10530:
8370:
5080:
2547:, all caused by the H1N1 subtype. The world has been at an increased level of alert since the
2012:
739:
Official entities adopted terms with varying consistency over the course of the pandemic. The
119:
14094:
14052:
13630:
12716:
10308:
9476:
8899:
8576:
6091:
Balcan D, Hu H, Goncalves B, Bajardi P, Poletto C, Ramasco JJ, et al. (September 2009).
4022:
2071:
1719:
1025:
11130:
Dawood FS, Iuliano AD, Reed C, Meltzer MI, Shay DK, Cheng PY, et al. (September 2012).
11089:
10578:"Mortality from pandemic A/H1N1 2009 influenza in England: public health surveillance study"
5926:"Mortality from pandemic A/H1N1 2009 influenza in England: public health surveillance study"
5722:"Swine Influenza A (H1N1) Infection in Two Children β Southern California, MarchβApril 2009"
5527:
4909:
Dawood FS, Iuliano AD, Reed C, Meltzer MI, Shay DK, Cheng PY, et al. (September 2012).
4236:
3087:"Influenza Pandemic Plan. The Role of WHO and Guidelines for National and Regional Planning"
2723:
13701:
13498:
13443:
13358:
12726:
11314:
11301:
Smith GJ, Vijaykrishna D, Bahl J, Lycett SJ, Worobey M, Pybus OG, et al. (June 2009).
10660:
10200:
9160:
9072:
7796:
7159:
7123:
6415:
6114:
6017:
5017:"Interim Guidance for 2009 H1N1 Flu (Swine Flu): Taking Care of a Sick Person in Your Home"
4197:
4184:
Smith GJ, Vijaykrishna D, Bahl J, Lycett SJ, Worobey M, Pybus OG, et al. (June 2009).
3546:
2617:
2567:
over 52 is immune, since Americans and Mexicans older than that have died of the new flu".
2067:
1324:
1267:
852:, and in June, the WHO and the U.S. CDC stopped counting cases and declared the outbreak a
11500:
10626:"First Global Estimates of 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Mortality Released by CDC-Led Collaboration"
7510:
7315:
6580:
4961:"First Global Estimates of 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Mortality Released by CDC-Led Collaboration"
3657:"First Global Estimates of 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Mortality Released by CDC-Led Collaboration"
8:
13934:
13564:
13329:
13282:
13276:
12786:
12670:
12387:
11382:
10507:
10392:
8571:
8567:"WHO: Healthy people who get swine flu don't need Tamiflu; drug for young, old, pregnant"
7449:
7353:
5721:
5561:
5333:
BratincsΓ‘k A, El-Said HG, Bradley JS, Shayan K, Grossfeld PD, Cannavino CR (March 2010).
5145:
4986:
4482:
2693:
2132:
CDC illness and death estimates from April 2009 to April 2010, in the US are as follows:
1713:
1673:
1636:
1101:
1020:
1004:
984:
906:, and may include fever, cough (typically a "dry cough"), headache, dizziness, sneezing,
760:
665:
634:
397:
11318:
10664:
10204:
9164:
9076:
8809:
7282:"New CDC H1N1 Guidance for Colleges, Universities, and Institutions of Higher Education"
6889:
6118:
6021:
4792:
4201:
3625:"Summary of WHO Technical Consultation: H1N1pdm Mortality Estimates, 25-26 October 2011"
3550:
2555:). The level of preparedness was further increased and sustained with the advent of the
897:
130:
13915:
13822:
13570:
13401:
13370:
13163:
12918:
12860:
12607:
12377:
12340:
12252:
11369:
11265:
11238:
11209:
11182:
10928:
10903:
10823:
10798:
10774:
10747:
10683:
10648:
10602:
10577:
10558:
10531:"Novel swine-origin influenza A virus in humans: another pandemic knocking at the door"
10455:
10368:
10341:
10270:
10245:
10221:
10188:
10164:
10137:
10118:
10035:
10010:
9928:
9903:
9815:
9291:"Questions and Answers Regarding Estimating Deaths from Influenza in the United States"
9093:
9060:
8829:
8785:
8760:
7766:
7454:
7258:
7231:
7071:
6420:
6256:
6223:
6194:
6170:"Household transmission of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus in the United States"
6169:
6137:
6104:
6092:
6065:
6038:
6005:
5950:
5925:
5793:
5768:
5310:
5285:
5266:
5085:
5052:
4713:
4593:
4280:
4253:
4115:
3961:
3938:
3911:
3887:
3862:
3716:
3689:
3569:
3534:
3506:
3276:
3247:"Geographic dependence, surveillance, and origins of the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus"
3215:
3147:
3118:"Novel swine-origin influenza A virus in humans: another pandemic knocking at the door"
2835:
2810:
2694:"Outbreak of Swine-Origin Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infection: Mexico, MarchβApril 2009"
2244:
2193:
2047:
1735:
1485:
1176:
1128:
1079:
1060:
1015:
occurs most commonly in adults and may progress rapidly to acute lung injury requiring
963:
562:
452:
409:
11303:"Origins and evolutionary genomics of the 2009 swine-origin H1N1 influenza A epidemic"
11147:
10724:
10071:
9634:
9567:
9324:
8247:
7043:
5660:
4926:
4186:"Origins and evolutionary genomics of the 2009 swine-origin H1N1 influenza A epidemic"
4156:
3295:
1464:. Thermal imaging can detect elevated body temperature, one of the signs of swine flu.
1401:, claimed that major firms had organized a "campaign of panic" to put pressure on the
14172:
13653:
13318:
13255:
12941:
12870:
12428:
12382:
11394:
11361:
11332:
11287:
11270:
11214:
11151:
11070:
10933:
10828:
10779:
10728:
10688:
10607:
10550:
10511:
10479:
10447:
10412:
10373:
10275:
10226:
10169:
10110:
10106:
10075:
10040:
9933:
9807:
9743:
9616:
9178:
9098:
9011:
8932:
8790:
8487:
8243:
8095:
7668:
7574:
7546:
7481:
7421:
7320:
7263:
7212:
7063:
6987:
6840:
6199:
6142:
6043:
5955:
5839:
5798:
5737:
5460:
5439:
5356:
5315:
5258:
4930:
4671:
4417:
4285:
4215:
3943:
3892:
3878:
3721:
3574:
3463:
3409:
3348:
3280:
3268:
3177:
3139:
2880:
2840:
2784:
2776:
2752:
2645:
2579:
2106:
1606:
1583:
1533:
1398:
1397:, a German deputy who trained as a physician and chaired the health committee at the
1351:
1211:
1199:
of the virus are most similar to strains that cause mild symptoms in humans, leading
923:
915:
872:) were recommended for those with more severe symptoms or those in an at-risk group.
848:(WHO) declared its first ever "public health emergency of international concern", or
800:
360:
11373:
10562:
10459:
10122:
9819:
8833:
6478:
5270:
5113:
5016:
3151:
1354:
authority to grant waivers to requesting hospitals from usual federal requirements.
311:
14154:
13288:
13243:
13194:
13083:
13028:
13018:
12956:
12620:
12443:
12438:
12433:
12423:
12272:
11353:
11322:
11260:
11250:
11204:
11194:
11143:
11062:
10923:
10915:
10818:
10810:
10769:
10759:
10720:
10678:
10668:
10597:
10589:
10542:
10503:
10439:
10404:
10363:
10355:
10265:
10257:
10216:
10208:
10159:
10149:
10102:
10067:
10030:
10022:
9923:
9915:
9799:
9733:
9606:
9263:
9168:
9088:
9080:
9001:
8821:
8780:
8772:
8479:
7253:
7243:
7202:
7055:
6830:
6189:
6181:
6161:
6132:
6122:
6033:
6025:
6004:
Vijaykrishna D, Poon LL, Zhu HC, Ma SK, Li OT, Cheung CL, et al. (June 2010).
5945:
5937:
5829:
5788:
5780:
5429:
5346:
5335:"Fulminant myocarditis associated with pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus in children"
5305:
5297:
5248:
4922:
4275:
4265:
4205:
4152:
4061:
3933:
3923:
3882:
3874:
3711:
3701:
3564:
3554:
3455:
3338:
3330:
3258:
3129:
2872:
2830:
2822:
2766:
2552:
2477:
2395:
1689:
1618:
1180:
919:
630:
479:
335:
330:
10475:"Why the coronavirus outbreak isn't likely to be a repeat of the 1918 Spanish flu"
7075:
5184:
Fluview: A Weekly Influenza Surveillance Report Prepared by the Influenza Division
4517:
4447:
3801:
2755:"Pneumonia and respiratory failure from swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) in Mexico"
13738:
13294:
13249:
13222:
13056:
13040:
12318:
12262:
11465:
11199:
10814:
10764:
10673:
9803:
9196:
8603:
7632:
5253:
5236:
4172:
3706:
3594:"The 1918 Flu Pandemic Was Brutal, Killing More Than 50 Million People Worldwide"
3559:
2189:
2170:
1593:
1394:
661:
340:
318:
301:
139:
9061:"Data, disease and diplomacy: GISAID's innovative contribution to global health"
5894:
2046:
in Houston, Texas, was of a toddler from Mexico City who was visiting family in
1700:
government also halted the importation of pigs and initiated the examination of
1190:
Analyses of the genetic sequences of the first isolates, promptly shared on the
13230:
12795:
12402:
9627:
9419:
7604:
7542:"Swine flu could kill hundreds of thousands in U.S. if vaccine fails, CDC says"
5858:"Viral gene sequences to assist update diagnostics for swine influenza A(H1N1)"
5351:
5334:
3485:
97% received antibiotics." . It is recommended that such patients receive both.
2603:
2205:
2097:
2093:
1780:
1772:
1755:
1497:
1456:
1304:
1156:
in April 2009. Tests results are available in four hours and are 96% accurate.
1136:
1087:
959:
731:(e.g. "H1N1"), incorrectly implying that the disease is caused by contact with
10546:
7972:
6512:"478 Community Clinics in 49 States Receiving Needed H1N1 Protective Supplies"
5596:"Could Widely Used Rapid Influenza Tests Pose A Dangerous Public Health Risk?"
3928:
3134:
3117:
999:
Most complications have occurred among previously unhealthy individuals, with
41:
14206:
14148:
13300:
13088:
12951:
10876:
10154:
7248:
6335:
4147:
3181:
3057:"CDC H1N1 Flu | Influenza Diagnostic Testing During the 2009β2010 Flu Season"
3034:
2780:
2655:
2560:
2350:
2185:
1339:
1247:
1144:
1105:
1036:
876:
474:
207:
11380:
11237:
Cannell JJ, Zasloff M, Garland CF, Scragg R, Giovannucci E (February 2008).
8404:
6819:"Pandemic preparedness and responseβlessons from the H1N1 influenza of 2009"
6604:"Europeans urged to avoid Mexico and US as swine flu death toll exceeds 100"
6029:
5767:
Chen H, Wang Y, Liu W, Zhang J, Dong B, Fan X, et al. (November 2009).
5719:
5301:
2876:
652:. Even in the case of previously healthy people, a small percentage develop
13098:
12721:
12397:
11398:
11365:
11336:
11274:
11255:
11218:
11155:
11074:
10937:
10832:
10783:
10732:
10692:
10647:
Kelly H, Peck HA, Laurie KL, Wu P, Nishiura H, Cowling BJ (5 August 2011).
10611:
10554:
10451:
10416:
10377:
10279:
10261:
10230:
10173:
10136:
Biggerstaff M, Cauchemez S, Reed C, Gambhir M, Finelli L (September 2014).
10114:
10079:
10044:
9937:
9919:
9811:
9747:
9662:"Flu β Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment of Flu β NY Times Health Information"
9620:
9182:
9102:
9015:
8794:
8491:
7267:
7216:
7067:
6844:
6203:
6146:
6127:
6047:
5959:
5843:
5802:
5784:
5741:
5443:
5434:
5417:
5360:
5319:
5262:
4934:
4289:
4219:
3947:
3896:
3725:
3578:
3533:
Kelly H, Peck HA, Laurie KL, Wu P, Nishiura H, Cowling BJ (5 August 2011).
3467:
3352:
3272:
3143:
2884:
2844:
2788:
1553:
1421:
1373:
1344:
1143:
Health System, who suggests that rapid tests may actually pose a dangerous
1116:
792:
638:
11512:
10919:
10515:
10443:
8483:
6835:
6818:
6185:
4761:
3459:
3334:
2771:
2754:
1617:
in industrial settings, but "there are no established exposure limits for
1460:
Thermal imaging camera and screen, photographed in an airport terminal in
110:
14124:
13312:
13103:
12830:
12825:
12813:
12615:
12310:
12257:
11484:
11066:
10359:
9738:
9721:
9611:
9594:
9006:
8989:
8341:
8179:"Joint FAO/WHO/OIE Statement on influenza A(H1N1) and the safety of pork"
8123:"News Conference with Minister of Health and Chief Public Health Officer"
6668:
5769:"Serologic survey of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus, Guangxi Province, China"
3373:
3263:
3246:
2640:
2256:
2200:
2174:
2082:
2032:
2029:
1994:
1840:
1806:
1760:
1750:
1723:
1589:
1561:
1406:
1171:
1170:
The virus was found to be a novel strain of influenza for which existing
1074:
865:
837:
784:
768:
675:
626:
464:
429:
419:
414:
11357:
11327:
11302:
11013:"System set up after SARS epidemic was slow to alert global authorities"
10342:"Reassessing the Global Mortality Burden of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic"
10212:
7207:
7190:
4270:
4210:
4185:
1824:
987:. Upon admission, most patients need immediate respiratory support with
13689:
13537:
13061:
12979:
12855:
12808:
12803:
12407:
8438:
6165:
5391:"Those With Severe H1N1 At Risk For Pulmonary Emboli, Researchers Find"
4085:"What's in a name? Governments debate 'swine flu' versus 'Mexican' flu"
2650:
2583:
2465:
2101:
2092:
The initial outbreak received a week of near-constant media attention.
1746:
1730:
do not kill the virus; however, they may be useful to reduce symptoms.
1685:
1641:
1631:
1601:
1529:
1501:
1481:
1448:
1200:
1067:. 59% of all in-hospital deaths occurred in previously healthy people.
927:
911:
861:
702:
698:
683:
552:
434:
404:
214:
13185:
11452:
10797:
Wong JY, Kelly H, Ip DK, Wu JT, Leung GM, Cowling BJ (November 2013).
10593:
9084:
8825:
8776:
7059:
5941:
3343:
13113:
13108:
12888:
12847:
12840:
12835:
12363:
12267:
11495:
11343:
9720:
Dushoff J, Plotkin JB, Viboud C, Earn DJ, Simonsen L (January 2006).
8962:
8870:
8035:
5834:
5817:
4381:
2586:, a coronavirus which also primarily affects the respiratory system.
1848:
1844:
1833:, which reviews medical evidence, announced in a review published in
1814:
1768:
1764:
1727:
1697:
1334:
1070:
1052:
1012:
1008:
935:
903:
869:
679:
653:
642:
439:
424:
372:
293:
166:
11131:
10846:
10799:"Case fatality risk of influenza A (H1N1pdm09): a systematic review"
10708:
9173:
9148:
7189:
Gunaratnam PJ, Tobin S, Seale H, Marich A, McAnulty J (March 2014).
4910:
4304:"2009 swine flu pandemic originated in Mexico, researchers discover"
2826:
1839:
that it had reversed its previous findings that the antiviral drugs
1276:
Influenza vaccine Β§ 2009-2010 Northern Hemisphere winter season
745:
Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment
27:
2009β2010 pandemic of swine influenza caused by H1N1 influenza virus
14044:
13190:
13186:
10408:
10026:
9953:"CDC Confirms Ties to Virus First Discovered in U.S. Pig Factories"
9258:
8936:
8866:
8630:"Update on oseltamivir resistance to influenza H1N1 (2009) viruses"
8542:. PRNewswire. PRNewswire-FirstCall. 23 October 2009. Archived from
8397:
6863:
6288:
4512:
4510:
4508:
2035:) examined by the CDC on 14 April 2009. A second case, from nearby
1693:
1183:
931:
853:
833:
759:
based in Europe, proposed the name "North American influenza". The
743:
used names like "novel influenza A (H1N1)" or "2009 H1N1 flu". The
649:
497:
219:
10988:. Washington, D.C., US. Reuters. 17 September 2009. Archived from
10904:"Seasonal Incidence of Symptomatic Influenza in the United States"
6109:
5179:
4963:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 25 June 2012.
3832:"Standardization of terminology of the pandemic A(H1N1)2009 virus"
3320:
2042:
The first confirmed H1N1/09 pandemic flu death, which occurred at
13023:
11180:
9449:
8731:"Roche's Tamiflu Not Proven to Cut Flu Complications, Study Says"
8498:
3687:
3661:
3526:
2930:
2928:
1818:
1810:
1731:
1477:
1255:
1196:
1040:
1000:
907:
10628:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 25 June 2012
9789:
8240:"Prevention against "swine flu" stabile in Azerbaijan: minister"
6448:"Experts advise WHO on pandemic vaccine policies and strategies"
6308:"2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Presumptive and Confirmed Results"
5283:
4853:"Swine Flu In Children Found No More Severe Than Seasonal Virus"
4505:
4254:"Origins of the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic in swine in Mexico"
12893:
11421:
9868:"Swine flu's tendency to strike the young is causing confusion"
6986:. memorandum, Social, Health and Family Affairs Committee, The
6952:
6921:"WHO to Clarify H1N1 Data After False Pandemic Claim (Update1)"
6006:"Reassortment of pandemic H1N1/2009 influenza A virus in swine"
3806:
Liaison National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
2177:) differs in its tendency to affect younger, healthier people.
2159:
2059:
1649:
1461:
1251:
1191:
1112:
1100:
Confirmed diagnosis of pandemic H1N1 flu requires testing of a
1048:
780:
776:
764:
748:
728:
223:
11120:"H1N1 Swine Flu May Have Killed 15 Times More Than First Said"
8540:"Emergency Use Authorization Granted For BioCryst's Peramivir"
5720:
Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (24 April 2009).
5598:. Maywood, Illinois, U.S.: Loyola Medicine. 17 November 2009.
5494:"Influenza Diagnostic Testing During the 2009β2010 Flu Season"
5332:
4296:
2925:
2081:
Americans had the 2009 pandemic flu at the time, according to
1548:(HHS), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the
13093:
11381:
Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (October 2009).
11174:
8216:. Vol. 172, no. 233. pp. 1, 16. Archived from
6981:"The handling of the H1N1 pandemic: more transparency needed"
4765:
4251:
2020:
meeting in Cabinet Room to discuss the H1N1 flu on 1 May 2009
1645:
1243:
1135:
and IFA), which take 2β4 hours. Due to the high rate of RIDT
849:
736:
to the frequent use of term "Mexican flu" in the news media.
150:
12332:
10393:"The 1918 influenza pandemic: insights for the 21st century"
9118:"Building a Better Flu Vaccine β and Giving Chickens a Rest"
6860:"Swine flu 'a false pandemic' to sell vaccines, expert says"
3962:"Interim Novel Influenza A (H1N1) Guidance for Cruise Ships"
3912:"The H1N1 pandemic: media frames, stigmatization and coping"
2724:"Origin of 2009 H1N1 Flu (Swine Flu): Questions and Answers"
2597:
11300:
11236:
9859:
9592:
8987:
8696:"2008β2009 Influenza Season Week 32 ending August 15, 2009"
8666:"2008β2009 Influenza Season Week 39 ending October 3, 2009"
8306:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. AFP. 30 April 2009.
8063:"Label 'swine flu' gets up the nose of world's pig farmers"
7603:. Health and Safety Executive. 18 June 2009. Archived from
5923:
5415:
5180:"2009β2010 Influenza Season Week 6 ending 13 February 2010"
4823:"Swine flu pandemic declared by WHO was 'a waste of money'"
4183:
3296:"Swine flu 'not stoppable,' World Health Organization says"
2660:
2625:
2406:
2361:
2316:
2267:
1331:
788:
732:
186:
8759:
Jefferson T, Jones M, Doshi P, Del Mar C (December 2009).
8758:
8459:
7410:
7408:
7188:
6159:
4987:"CDC Briefing on Investigation of Human Cases of H1N1 Flu"
4880:"Study puts global 2009 H1N1 infection rate at 11% to 21%"
3435:
2996:"Study puts global 2009 H1N1 infection rate at 11% to 21%"
1242:
The H1N1 virus has been transmitted to animals, including
828:
Mexican soldiers distributing protective masks to citizens
11090:"U.S. Says Older People Appear Safer From New Flu Strain"
9955:. The Humane Society of the United States. Archived from
9416:"Clinical features of severe cases of pandemic influenza"
5202:"Clinical features of severe cases of pandemic influenza"
3370:"Clinical features of severe cases of pandemic influenza"
3244:
1835:
1426:
11129:
9719:
8431:"What To Do If You Get Sick: 2009 H1N1 and Seasonal Flu"
6788:"President Obama declares H1N1 flu a national emergency"
6779:
6090:
5975:"Swine flu has hit about one in six Americans, CDC says"
4908:
2173:
patients, although the H1N1 flu outbreak (like the 1918
1600:
The U.S. CDC did not recommend the use of face masks or
1330:
U.S. officials observed that six years of concern about
751:
suggested use of the names "H1N1 flu" or "new flu". The
10008:
7797:"China quarantines U.S. school group over flu concerns"
7405:
5694:. Center for Infectious Disease Research & Policy.
4825:. London: The Times (UK). 22 April 2010. Archived from
4616:"Global Intensity Map, Week 17 (26 April β 2 May 2010)"
4112:"Swine Flu Names Evolving Faster Than Swine Flu Itself"
3909:
3364:
3362:
1648:
risked being quarantined upon their return. Russia and
1610:
902:
The symptoms of H1N1 flu are similar to those of other
10340:
Spreeuwenberg P, Kroneman M, Paget J (December 2018).
9980:"CDC expert says flu outbreak is dying down β for now"
9715:
9713:
6667:. NHS, NHS Scotland, NHS Wales, DHSSPS. Archived from
6573:"Vaccine Selection for the 2010β2011 Influenza Season"
4143:"Swine flu: Can science save us from the second wave?"
3772:"CDC estimate of global H1N1 pandemic deaths: 284,000"
3216:"In New Theory, Swine Flu Started in Asia, Not Mexico"
1388:
11041:
10009:
Morens DM, Taubenberger JK, Fauci AS (October 2008).
9446:"No A (H1N1) cases β reality or poor lab facilities?"
7742:. FashionNetwork.com. AFP. 4 May 2009. Archived from
6062:"H1N1 swaps genes with other pig viruses: scientists"
6003:
5371:"Myocarditis Linked to Pandemic H1N1 Flu in Children"
2998:. Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy.
2192:
for which the population did not possess significant
1825:
Antivirals effectiveness questioned in healthy adults
1759:
severely ill, antivirals may still be beneficial. If
1376:
being vaccinated against H1N1 flu on 20 December 2009
1123:(RIDT), which yield results in about 30 minutes, and
11442:
10093:
Potter CW (October 2001). "A history of influenza".
9542:"Swine Flu Found No More Severe Than Seasonal Virus"
9503:
9058:
7973:"Japan Swine Flu Quarantine Ends for Air Passengers"
7943:"Swine flu cases in Europe; worldwide travel shaken"
7891:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 28 May 2009.
7767:"Flu-Related Products May Lift U.S. Makers' Profits"
7417:"Swine flu goes to camp. Will it go to school next?"
7349:"Colleges Warned About Fall Flu Outbreaks on Campus"
6757:"As swine flu wanes, U.S. preparing for second wave"
6479:"New Push in H1N1 Flu Fight Set for Start of School"
3359:
3115:
2698:
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
2593:
11081:
9710:
8270:"Cegah flu babi, pemerintah gelar rapat koordinasi"
8000:"India wants US to screen passengers for swine flu"
7736:"Face masks part of Japan fashion chic for decades"
7701:"Face masks part of Japan fashion chic for decades"
6750:
6748:
6416:"One Vaccine Shot Seen as Protective for Swine Flu"
5619:
5617:
4349:"World now at the start of 2009 influenza pandemic"
3910:McCauley M, Minsky S, Viswanath K (December 2013).
3860:
3763:
3495:
3493:
3491:
2938:. World Health Organization (WHO). 10 August 2010.
2903:"New flu has been around for years in pigs β study"
2526:
Not pandemic, but included for comparison purposes.
14243:Public health emergencies of international concern
8933:"Study: Mexico Has Thousands More Swine Flu Cases"
7855:"Tensions escalate in Hong Kong's swine-flu hotel"
7730:
7728:
7726:
7657:
7655:
7517:. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.
6168:, Fraser C, Kent CK, et al. (December 2009).
5692:"Some immunity to novel H1N1 flu found in seniors"
5237:"Complications of seasonal and pandemic influenza"
4340:
2936:"WHO Director-General declares H1N1 pandemic over"
1571:(HSE) also issued general guidance for employers.
10187:Mills CE, Robins JM, Lipsitch M (December 2004).
9897:
9895:
9893:
9831:
9829:
9149:"Viruses: Model to accelerate epidemic responses"
8965:. Houston, Texas: KTRK-TV/DT. AP. 29 April 2009.
7482:"H1N1 Closes Hundreds of Schools Across the U.S."
6890:"WHO to review its handling of H1N1 flu pandemic"
6692:"Health officials evaluate response to swine flu"
4793:"WHO to review its handling of H1N1 flu pandemic"
4622:. World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from
4576:
4574:
3532:
3245:Trifonov V, Khiabanian H, Rabadan R (July 2009).
2111:Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy
763:adopted the term "novel flu virus". Officials in
14204:
10982:"H1N1 fatality rates comparable to seasonal flu"
9635:"Flu Season Continues; Severity Indicators Rise"
9030:"Pandemic reveals strengths of new flu database"
7885:"Ship passengers cruisy in swine flu quarantine"
7664:"Face masks aren't a sure bet against swine flu"
7661:
7628:"Masks may help prevent flu, but aren't advised"
7160:"Global airlines move to reduce infection risks"
6745:
5766:
5614:
5234:
5081:"'Underlying conditions' may add to flu worries"
4846:
4844:
4664:
3488:
3396:
2728:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
1966:
1745:People in at-risk groups should be treated with
1347:declared swine flu a national emergency, giving
787:, concerns were influenced by the importance of
10529:Michaelis M, Doerr HW, Cinatl J (August 2009).
9317:
8688:
7916:"Egypt warns of post-hajj swine flu quarantine"
7723:
7652:
7505:
7503:
7414:
6577:U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
5039:
4672:"2009 H1N1 Flu: International Situation Update"
4608:
3502:"Report Finds Swine Flu Has Killed 36 Children"
3116:Michaelis M, Doerr HW, Cinatl J (August 2009).
2858:
2856:
2854:
1663:2009 swine flu pandemic actions concerning pigs
747:used the term "Pig Flu" early on. Officials in
10333:
9890:
9826:
7381:"Get Smart About Swine Flu for Back-to-School"
7229:
7013:"WHO Director-General's letter to BMJ editors"
6595:
5892:
4571:
4014:
2188:in 1968β69. These virus strains had undergone
2053:
1480:or other infections, and relying on in-flight
271:Lab confirmed deaths: 18,449 (reported to the
14176:
13171:
12348:
11528:
11437:International Society for Infectious Diseases
10246:"1918 Influenza: the mother of all pandemics"
10189:"Transmissibility of 1918 pandemic influenza"
9474:
9407:
8423:
8407:. National Reye's Syndrome Foundation. 1974.
8331:
6375:
6373:
5339:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
4841:
4815:
4638:
4134:
3861:de Lamballerie X, Gould EA (September 2009).
3649:
3170:"From Γdgar, 5, Coughs Heard Round the World"
2962:"Weekly Virological Update on 05 August 2010"
2896:
2894:
2862:
695:US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
594:
11286:. Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press.
10707:S, Bresee J, Widdowson MA (September 2012).
8591:
7997:
7975:. New Tang Dynasty Television. 17 May 2009.
7575:"Swine Flu: Why You Should Still Be Worried"
7566:
7533:
7500:
7153:
7151:
7149:
6635:"H1N1 virus genome: 'This is a world first'"
6470:
6391:. NHS Knowledge Service. 25 September 2009.
4413:"Don't call it 'swine flu,' farmers implore"
4376:
4374:
2851:
2688:
2686:
2160:Comparisons to other pandemics and epidemics
2008:2009 swine flu pandemic in the United States
1763:(Tamiflu) is unavailable or cannot be used,
1672:as well as industry groups such as the U.S.
1452:Flu inspection on a flight arriving in China
1011:complications are common. Primary influenza
674:article recommended that flu patients whose
11542:
11387:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
10522:
10244:Taubenberger JK, Morens DM (January 2006).
9228:"US Swine Flu Cases May Have Hit 1 Million"
9059:Elbe S, Buckland-Merrett G (January 2017).
8927:
8925:
8893:
8891:
8754:
8752:
8365:
8363:
7824:"U.S. warns travelers of China's flu rules"
7309:
7307:
7086:
6754:
6407:
6249:
5455:
5453:
5078:
4410:
4023:"The naming of swine flu, a curious matter"
3741:"H1N1 Swine Flu No Worse Than Seasonal Flu"
2500:3β11% or 5β20% (240 million β 1.6 billion)
2125:Journal of the American Medical Association
13178:
13164:
12355:
12341:
11535:
11521:
10881:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
9389:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
9359:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
9299:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
9250:
9201:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
8704:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
8670:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
8435:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
8405:"Aspirin / Salicylates and Reyes Syndrome"
7006:
7004:
6785:
6370:
6349:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
5689:
5665:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
5570:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
5536:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
5520:
5502:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
5488:
5486:
5465:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
5154:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
5114:"Flu Pandemic Spurs Queries About Vaccine"
5021:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
5009:
4991:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
4680:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
4522:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
4456:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
4442:
4440:
4386:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
4082:
3966:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3474:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3209:
3207:
3205:
3203:
2891:
2551:epidemic in Southeast Asia (caused by the
1767:(Relenza) is recommended as a substitute.
1254:, household cats, at least one dog, and a
715:Pandemic H1N1/09 virus Β§ Nomenclature
633:). The first identified human case was in
601:
587:
40:
13359:"Cocoliztli" epidemics in colonial Mexico
11326:
11264:
11254:
11208:
11198:
11087:
11056:
10927:
10822:
10773:
10763:
10682:
10672:
10601:
10473:Lin II RG, Karlamangla S (6 March 2020).
10367:
10303:
10301:
10299:
10297:
10295:
10293:
10291:
10289:
10269:
10220:
10163:
10153:
10034:
9977:
9927:
9904:"Influenza pandemics of the 20th century"
9901:
9737:
9610:
9256:
9172:
9092:
9005:
8897:
8784:
8600:"Warning against buying flu drugs online"
8597:
8473:
8171:
7913:
7619:
7316:"Schools revamp swine flu plans for fall"
7257:
7247:
7206:
7146:
6834:
6413:
6193:
6136:
6126:
6108:
6037:
5949:
5833:
5792:
5433:
5350:
5309:
5252:
4979:
4540:
4371:
4279:
4269:
4209:
4140:
3992:"Renamed swine flu certain to hit Taiwan"
3937:
3927:
3886:
3715:
3705:
3655:
3568:
3558:
3449:
3342:
3293:
3262:
3213:
3133:
3021:
3019:
3017:
2834:
2770:
2683:
2028:, was confirmed from clinical specimens (
1526:University of Maryland School of Medicine
1292:
1043:complications are unusual but may occur.
11281:
10902:Tokars JI, Olsen SJ, Reed C (May 2018).
9146:
8939:Network. Associated Press. 12 May 2009.
8922:
8900:"Flu Outbreak Raises a Set of Questions"
8888:
8749:
8360:
8327:
8325:
8031:"Finally, the flu name game is resolved"
7695:
7693:
7691:
7662:Roan S, Rong-Gong II L (30 April 2009).
7539:
7373:
7304:
7116:
7044:"Conflicts of interest and pandemic flu"
6816:
6540:
5972:
5450:
5138:
4712:(WHO). 10 September 2010. Archived from
4109:
4020:
3591:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2582:is not caused by an influenza virus but
2011:
1871:2009 swine flu pandemic timeline summary
1588:
1578:
1544:Fearing a worst-case scenario, the U.S.
1455:
1447:
1367:
823:
11122:. ABC News Medical Unit. 26 June 2012.
9539:
9115:
8096:"Minnesota Pig Tests Positive for H1N1"
7447:
7346:
7001:
6945:
6857:
6315:United States Department of Agriculture
5715:
5713:
5483:
5235:Rothberg MB, Haessler SD (April 2010).
5072:
4850:
4437:
4177:
3867:Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses
3200:
2989:
2987:
2666:Public health emergency (United States)
1656:
1546:Department of Health and Human Services
14:
14205:
10286:
9950:
9878:from the original on 19 September 2009
9865:
9548:from the original on 10 September 2010
9511:"Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 briefing note 3"
9225:
8943:from the original on 24 September 2009
8807:
8728:
8558:
8334:"Influenza (flu) treatments and drugs"
8232:
8207:
8093:
7940:
7821:
7415:Mehta S, Santa Cruz N (27 July 2009).
7313:
7157:
7124:"Asia moves to ward off new flu virus"
7082:from the original on 21 December 2010.
7041:
7010:
6997:from the original on 23 February 2011.
6509:
6491:from the original on 22 September 2009
6454:(WHO). 30 October 2009. Archived from
6296:from the original on 24 December 2009.
6216:
5905:from the original on 29 September 2009
5895:"What scientists know about swine flu"
5815:
5748:from the original on 10 September 2009
5698:from the original on 23 September 2009
5212:(WHO). 16 October 2009. Archived from
5190:from the original on 19 February 2011.
5111:
5045:
4859:from the original on 10 September 2010
4742:from the original on 29 September 2012
4528:from the original on 17 September 2009
4480:
4045:
3782:from the original on 19 September 2020
3585:
3402:
3380:(WHO). 16 October 2009. Archived from
3014:
2811:"How severe will the flu outbreak be?"
2808:
1682:United States Secretary of Agriculture
1349:Secretary of Health and Human Services
13426:Great Plague in the late Ming dynasty
13159:
13145:US influenza statistics by flu season
12336:
11516:
11010:
10962:from the original on 17 December 2019
9847:from the original on 17 December 2019
9207:from the original on 26 November 2009
9128:from the original on 6 September 2017
9040:from the original on 6 September 2017
8910:from the original on 15 February 2011
8564:
8516:(WHO). 21 August 2009. Archived from
8322:
8129:from the original on 14 December 2009
8120:
8028:
7688:
7581:from the original on 9 September 2009
7572:
6978:
6900:from the original on 24 November 2010
6786:Shear MD, Stein R (24 October 2009).
6720:
6689:
6601:
6476:
6344:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
5985:from the original on 13 December 2009
5726:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
5641:from the original on 29 November 2009
5576:from the original on 17 December 2009
5566:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
5542:from the original on 26 November 2009
5508:from the original on 26 November 2009
5471:from the original on 26 November 2009
5206:Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 briefing note 13
5160:from the original on 26 November 2009
5150:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
4803:from the original on 24 November 2010
4546:
4493:from the original on 27 December 2009
4462:from the original on 10 December 2009
4382:"2009 H1N1 Flu ("Swine Flu") and You"
3499:
3417:from the original on 25 November 2009
3405:"When to take a sick child to the ER"
3167:
3163:
3161:
3105:from the original on 3 December 2020.
3067:from the original on 26 November 2009
3002:from the original on 25 November 2020
2795:
1443:
1057:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
891:
773:religious restrictions on eating pork
261:700 million to 1.4 billion (estimate)
10508:10.1001/archinte.1971.00310180053006
9698:from the original on 16 October 2011
9641:from the original on 21 January 2014
9574:from the original on 9 December 2010
9413:
9335:from the original on 19 January 2010
9305:from the original on 1 December 2009
9271:from the original on 15 January 2010
9238:from the original on 7 December 2009
8969:from the original on 7 November 2009
8710:from the original on 3 November 2009
8646:from the original on 27 January 2011
8102:from the original on 7 December 2009
7979:from the original on 7 December 2009
7865:from the original on 7 November 2009
7777:from the original on 24 October 2009
7764:
7625:
7488:from the original on 1 November 2009
6946:Fumento, Michael (5 February 2010).
6798:from the original on 7 November 2009
6358:from the original on 3 November 2009
6264:from the original on 8 November 2009
6231:from the original on 8 November 2009
5710:
5602:from the original on 7 December 2009
5027:from the original on 3 November 2009
4877:
4790:
4559:from the original on 17 January 2015
4425:from the original on 7 December 2009
4346:
4033:from the original on 4 February 2011
3769:
3751:from the original on 17 October 2020
3637:from the original on 2 November 2021
3604:from the original on 19 January 2021
3188:from the original on 2 December 2020
2993:
2984:
2954:
2671:Western African Ebola virus epidemic
1688:imposed a ban on the importation of
1670:World Organisation for Animal Health
1438:
753:World Organization for Animal Health
11126:from the original on 20 March 2016.
11100:from the original on 7 October 2009
11045:The New England Journal of Medicine
10535:Medical Microbiology and Immunology
10432:Bulletin of the History of Medicine
9990:from the original on 7 October 2009
9395:from the original on 7 January 2010
9365:from the original on 7 January 2010
8462:The New England Journal of Medicine
8348:from the original on 7 October 2009
8310:from the original on 7 October 2009
7953:from the original on 22 August 2019
7895:from the original on 7 October 2009
7852:
7834:from the original on 7 October 2009
7803:from the original on 7 October 2009
7601:"Swine flu β HSE News Announcement"
7521:from the original on 30 August 2009
7462:from the original on 7 October 2009
7393:from the original on 7 October 2009
7361:from the original on 7 October 2009
7328:from the original on 7 October 2009
7292:from the original on 7 October 2009
7170:from the original on 7 October 2009
6823:The New England Journal of Medicine
6767:from the original on 7 October 2009
6733:from the original on 7 October 2009
6632:
6543:"Clinics Swamped with Flu Patients"
6428:from the original on 7 October 2009
6395:from the original on 8 October 2009
6174:The New England Journal of Medicine
5671:from the original on 26 August 2010
5126:from the original on 7 October 2009
5048:"Reader questions on H1N1 answered"
4997:from the original on 29 August 2009
4890:from the original on 19 August 2012
4648:. World Health Organization (WHO).
4002:from the original on 7 October 2009
3972:from the original on 1 October 2009
3514:from the original on 7 October 2009
3438:The New England Journal of Medicine
3323:The New England Journal of Medicine
3251:The New England Journal of Medicine
3122:Medical Microbiology and Immunology
3079:
2913:from the original on 7 October 2009
2900:
2759:The New England Journal of Medicine
2122:A Wisconsin study published in the
1821:), the other available anti-viral.
1389:Accusations of conflict of interest
898:Influenza Β§ Signs and symptoms
658:acute respiratory distress syndrome
24:
13140:2017β2018 United States flu season
11239:"On the epidemiology of influenza"
11229:
10397:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
10391:Morens DM, Fauci AS (April 2007).
10015:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
9491:from the original on 23 April 2011
9477:"Bird Flu: Communicating the Risk"
8963:"Swine flu victim dies in Houston"
8125:. Public Health Agency of Canada.
8075:from the original on 15 April 2020
8043:from the original on 21 March 2020
7554:from the original on 7 August 2009
7429:from the original on 7 August 2009
7134:from the original on 30 April 2009
6723:"Preparing for Swine Flu's Return"
6614:from the original on 30 April 2009
6553:from the original on 25 April 2019
6522:from the original on 25 April 2019
6414:McNeil Jr DG (10 September 2009).
5874:from the original on 7 August 2017
5093:from the original on 25 April 2013
4772:from the original on 20 April 2010
4592:(WHO). 14 May 2010. Archived from
4411:Huffstutter PJ (5 December 2009).
4310:from the original on 14 March 2020
4122:from the original on 25 April 2022
3738:
3226:from the original on 7 August 2009
3158:
3109:
2734:from the original on 18 March 2020
2704:from the original on 20 March 2020
2227:
1879:2009 swine flu pandemic by country
1299:2009 swine flu pandemic by country
629:pandemic and the second being the
56: 5,000β49,999 confirmed cases
25:
14254:
12879:Live attenuated influenza vaccine
11411:
11405:from the original on 13 May 2011.
11162:from the original on 5 March 2023
10877:"Key Facts About Influenza (Flu)"
10857:from the original on 17 June 2009
9672:from the original on 14 July 2011
9659:
9197:"Flu Activity & Surveillance"
8862:Smithfield Foods CEO on flu virus
8840:from the original on 7 March 2010
8676:from the original on 6 March 2010
8437:(CDC). 7 May 2009. Archived from
8411:from the original on 19 July 2011
8379:U.S. National Library of Medicine
8375:Medline Plus Medical Encyclopedia
8185:(WHO). 7 May 2009. Archived from
8155:. 20 October 2009. Archived from
7918:. Philippine Star. Archived from
7230:Nishiura H, Kamiya K (May 2011).
7100:(WHO). 7 May 2009. Archived from
6927:from the original on 7 March 2010
6317:. 4 December 2009. Archived from
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6072:from the original on 27 July 2011
5397:from the original on 7 March 2010
5393:. ScienceDaily. 18 October 2009.
5056:. Toronto, Canada. Archived from
4941:from the original on 5 March 2023
4736:"H1N1 Still A Pandemic, Says WHO"
4392:from the original on 4 March 2010
4051:
3812:from the original on 27 July 2016
3669:from the original on 3 March 2020
3302:from the original on 7 March 2010
2215:Major modern influenza pandemics
1988:2009 swine flu pandemic in Mexico
1232:it and then touching their face.
678:indicates pneumonia receive both
14131:encephalitis lethargica epidemic
11112:
11035:
11004:
10974:
10944:
10895:
10869:
10839:
10790:
10739:
10699:
10640:
10618:
10569:
10487:
10466:
10423:
10384:
10347:American Journal of Epidemiology
10321:from the original on 14 May 2015
10237:
10180:
10129:
10107:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01492.x
10086:
10051:
10002:
9971:
9944:
9783:
9757:
9726:American Journal of Epidemiology
9684:
9653:
9560:
9533:
9468:
9456:from the original on 11 May 2009
9438:
9377:
9347:
9283:
9219:
9189:
9140:
9109:
9052:
9022:
8981:
8955:
8852:
8801:
8722:
8658:
8532:
8453:
8385:from the original on 15 May 2009
8292:
8262:
8201:
8141:
8114:
8087:
8055:
8022:
7991:
7965:
7934:
7907:
7877:
7846:
7815:
7789:
7758:
7711:from the original on 8 July 2020
7593:
7474:
7441:
7340:
7274:
7223:
7195:The Medical Journal of Australia
7182:
7035:
6972:
6939:
6912:
6882:
6851:
6810:
6714:
6683:
6657:
6626:
6565:
6534:
6503:
6440:
6328:
6300:
5973:Maugh II TH (11 December 2009).
4967:from the original on 1 July 2012
4652:from the original on 19 May 2010
3879:10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00097.x
2942:from the original on 25 May 2011
2610:
2596:
2520:
2204:virus damaged the lining of the
2001:
1978:as a novel strain of influenza.
1867:2009 swine flu pandemic timeline
1317:National Microbiology Laboratory
1121:rapid influenza diagnostic tests
994:
530:2015 United States H5N2 outbreak
300:
149:
138:
129:
118:
109:
98:
13909:Gorakhpur Japanese encephalitis
13206:List of epidemics and pandemics
11136:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
11023:from the original on 7 May 2009
10713:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
10095:Journal of Applied Microbiology
9481:Perspectives in Health Magazine
8733:. Bloomberg L.P. Archived from
8700:Flu Activity & Surveillance
8510:Global Alert and Response (GAR)
8506:"Recommended use of antivirals"
8280:from the original on 1 May 2009
8246:. 28 April 2009. Archived from
7947:The America's Intelligence Wire
6665:"National Pandemic Flu Service"
6381:"Swine flu latest from the NHS"
6276:
6243:
6210:
6153:
6084:
6054:
5997:
5966:
5917:
5886:
5850:
5809:
5760:
5683:
5653:
5588:
5554:
5409:
5383:
5326:
5277:
5228:
5194:
5172:
5105:
4953:
4915:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
4902:
4871:
4784:
4754:
4728:
4698:
4686:from the original on 5 May 2010
4474:
4404:
4322:
4306:. Science Daily. 27 June 2016.
4245:
4103:
4091:from the original on 1 May 2009
4076:
3998:. Taiwan (ROC). 28 April 2009.
3984:
3954:
3903:
3863:"With reference to Mexican flu"
3854:
3824:
3794:
3732:
3681:
3622:
3616:
3429:
3314:
3287:
3238:
3098:. April 1999. pp. 38, 41.
3049:
3033:. 6 August 2010. Archived from
3031:World Health Organization (WHO)
2968:. 5 August 2010. Archived from
2966:World Health Organization (WHO)
1860:
1787:
1550:Department of Homeland Security
1364:2009 swine flu pandemic vaccine
1272:2009 swine flu pandemic vaccine
1226:
1078:A/H1N1 influenza infection and
1007:as the strongest risk factors.
973:
671:New England Journal of Medicine
277:Estimated excess death: 284,000
62: 500β4,999 confirmed cases
14233:Influenza A virus subtype H1N1
9866:Kaplan K (18 September 2009).
9540:Randall T (7 September 2010).
8898:McNeil Jr DG (26 April 2009).
8210:"Pork industry rues swine flu"
6948:"Why The WHO Faked A Pandemic"
4851:Randall T (7 September 2010).
4481:Bronze MS (13 November 2009).
4235:. 11 June 2009. Archived from
4083:Pilkington E (28 April 2009).
3403:Lin II RG (21 November 2009).
2746:
2716:
2631:2009 swine flu pandemic tables
2563:) capability, or epidemicity.
1875:2009 swine flu pandemic tables
1313:Public Health Agency of Canada
1108:tissue swab from the patient.
819:Mount Sinai School of Medicine
619:H1N1/swine flu/influenza virus
13:
1:
13234:
12937:Russian flu (1889–1890)
12362:
11148:10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70121-4
10725:10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70121-4
10496:Archives of Internal Medicine
10072:10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00254-2
9902:Kilbourne ED (January 2006).
9147:McCauley JW (February 2017).
8808:Godlee F (10 December 2009).
8729:Cortez MF (9 December 2009).
7998:MIL/Sify.com (16 June 2009).
6858:Pollard C (13 January 2010).
6755:Steenhuysen J (4 June 2009).
6510:Hutain J (21 November 2009).
5893:Emma Wilkinson (1 May 2009).
5079:Hartocollis A (27 May 2009).
4927:10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70121-4
4549:"The Flu Season That Fizzled"
4157:10.1016/S0262-4079(09)61215-X
3214:McNeil Jr DG (23 June 2009).
2676:
1796:
1625:
1574:
1261:
1203:Wendy Barclay to suggest on 1
944:immunosuppressive medications
940:neurodevelopmental conditions
241:January 2009 β 10 August 2010
50: 50,000+ confirmed cases
11200:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001558
11088:McNeil Jr DG (20 May 2009).
10908:Clinical Infectious Diseases
10815:10.1097/EDE.0b013e3182a67448
10765:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000442
10674:10.1371/journal.pone.0021828
10250:Emerging Infectious Diseases
9908:Emerging Infectious Diseases
9804:10.1097/PEC.0b013e31821dc9d1
9599:Clinical Infectious Diseases
9475:Sandman P, Lanard J (2005).
8994:Clinical Infectious Diseases
8094:Jordan D (20 October 2009).
7626:Roan S (27 September 2009).
7540:Maugh II TH (25 July 2009).
7448:King Jr JC (1 August 2009).
7386:Atlanta Journal-Constitution
7347:de Vise D (20 August 2009).
7094:"Influenza A(H1N1) β Travel"
6284:"Pet dog recovers from H1N1"
6217:Murray L (5 November 2009).
5773:Emerging Infectious Diseases
5690:Schnirring L (21 May 2009).
5254:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181c92eeb
5046:Picard A (1 November 2009).
4483:"H1N1 Influenza (Swine Flu)"
4229:"Swine flu origins revealed"
4021:Bradsher K (28 April 2009).
3707:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001558
3560:10.1371/journal.pone.0021828
3500:Grady D (3 September 2009).
3294:Hellerman C (11 June 2009).
2117:
2026:San Diego County, California
1707:
1539:
1154:Food and Drug Administration
1095:
1023:is more common in children.
68: 50β499 confirmed cases
7:
9978:Sternberg S (26 May 2009).
9951:Greger M (26 August 2009).
9257:Ellenberg J (4 July 2009).
8208:Desmon S (21 August 2009).
7484:Fox News. 28 October 2009.
6252:"The Cat Who Got Swine Flu"
3592:Hagemann H (2 April 2020).
2636:2015β16 Zika virus epidemic
2589:
2054:Data reporting and accuracy
2037:Imperial County, California
1967:Data reporting and accuracy
1961:Cases and deaths by country
1894:deaths reported to the WHO
1569:Health and Safety Executive
1357:
385:Seasonal flu vaccine brands
10:
14259:
14019:2024 Latin American dengue
13799:Western African meningitis
13613:Pacific Northwest smallpox
12712:Transmission and infection
12308:
10314:. 5 May 2011. p. 37.
9414:Gale J (4 December 2009).
8565:Cheng M (21 August 2009).
7941:Woolls D (27 April 2009).
7765:Wohl J (20 October 2009).
7314:George C (1 August 2009).
6817:Fineberg HV (April 2014).
6721:Stein R (10 August 2009).
6696:Riverside Press-Enterprise
5663:(Press release). Atlanta:
5538:(CDC). 29 September 2009.
5504:(CDC). 29 September 2009.
5352:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.01.004
4791:Lynn J (12 January 2010).
4620:Global Update on 2009 H1N1
4141:MacKenzie D (9 May 2009).
2283:million) or >56% (>1
2064:National Influenza Centers
2057:
2005:
1985:
1864:
1711:
1660:
1520:secondary schools closed.
1510:
1361:
1296:
1265:
1163:
895:
807:
712:
520:2007 Bernard Matthews H5N1
74: 5β49 confirmed cases
14043:
13719:
13640:
13625:Buenos Aires yellow fever
13545:
13536:
13523:Philadelphia yellow fever
13493:Great Plague of Marseille
13487:Great Northern War plague
13481:Iceland smallpox epidemic
13473:
13394:
13339:
13328:
13265:
13221:
13214:
13201:
13127:
13074:
13049:
13011:
13004:
12992:Central Luzon H5N6 (2017)
12970:
12932:Influenza pandemic (1557)
12927:Influenza pandemic (1510)
12917:
12906:
12869:
12794:
12785:
12765:
12756:
12699:
12663:
12654:
12634:
12606:
12597:
12452:
12416:
12370:
12306:
12243:
12176:
12113:
12028:
11840:
11650:
11572:
11563:
11550:
11475:
11446:
11431:World Health Organization
11011:Brown D (29 April 2009).
10956:World Health Organization
10851:World Health Organization
10547:10.1007/s00430-009-0118-5
9841:World Health Organization
9767:. Flu.gov. Archived from
9515:World Health Organization
9361:(CDC). 14 November 2009.
9301:(CDC). 4 September 2009.
9226:Stobbe M (25 June 2009).
9203:(CDC). 30 November 2009.
8865:(Television production).
8639:(WHO). 15 December 2010.
8637:World Health Organization
8514:World Health Organization
8183:World Health Organization
8149:"Human swine flu in pigs"
7914:Anonymous (21 May 2009).
7822:Kralev N (29 June 2009).
7705:The Sydney Morning Herald
7098:World Health Organization
7017:World Health Organization
6979:Flynn P (23 March 2010).
6602:Nasaw D (27 April 2009).
6541:Stickney R (4 May 2009).
6452:World Health Organization
6351:(CDC). 28 November 2009.
6219:"Can Pets Get Swine Flu?"
5865:World Health Organization
5634:(WHO). 12 November 2009.
5632:World Health Organization
5210:World Health Organization
5186:. CDC. 15 February 2019.
5156:(CDC). 4 September 2009.
5112:Whalen J (15 June 2009).
4710:World Health Organization
4590:World Health Organization
4524:(CDC). 8 September 2009.
4388:(CDC). 10 February 2010.
4353:World Health Organization
4110:Enserink M (8 May 2009).
3929:10.1186/1471-2458-13-1116
3836:World Health Organization
3378:World Health Organization
3168:Lacey M (28 April 2009).
3135:10.1007/s00430-009-0118-5
3095:World Health Organization
2513:
2451:11β21% (0.7β1.4 billion)
2169:infants, the elderly and
2044:Texas Children's Hospital
2018:Homeland Security Council
1981:
1958:
1803:World Health Organization
1722:pain medications such as
1692:products from the entire
1424:, editor-in-chief of the
1403:World Health Organization
1237:basic reproduction number
980:World Health Organization
846:World Health Organization
721:World Health Organization
623:World Health Organization
281:
265:
255:
245:
237:
229:
213:
203:
193:
182:
172:
162:
92:
80: 1β4 confirmed cases
39:
34:
14189:Mpox (clade Ib) epidemic
14183:Mpox (clade II) outbreak
14143:Seventh cholera pandemic
13034:2007 Australian outbreak
11439:PROMED-mail news updates
10958:(WHO). 6 November 2018.
10847:"WHO Europe β Influenza"
10155:10.1186/1471-2334-14-480
9843:(WHO). 6 November 2018.
9792:Pediatric Emergency Care
9331:. CDC. 15 January 2010.
9295:Seasonal Influenza (Flu)
8598:BMJ Group (8 May 2009).
7573:Fiore M (17 July 2009).
7249:10.1186/1471-2334-11-111
7158:Jacobs K (3 June 2009).
6477:McKay B (18 July 2009).
4878:Roos R (8 August 2011).
4547:Mckay B (2 March 2010).
4458:(CDC). 7 December 2009.
2994:Roos R (8 August 2011).
1829:On 8 December 2009, the
1613:, masks will filter out
1522:University of California
1159:
1085:An article published in
1032:Streptococcus pneumoniae
86: No confirmed cases
14213:2009 swine flu pandemic
14101:Fourth cholera pandemic
14083:Second cholera pandemic
13929:Γquateur province Ebola
13517:North American smallpox
13432:Great Plague of Seville
12821:Neuraminidase inhibitor
11544:2009 swine flu pandemic
10952:"Influenza: Fact sheet"
10142:BMC Infectious Diseases
9837:"Influenza: Fact sheet"
9391:(CDC). 30 August 2009.
8810:"We want raw data, now"
8706:(CDC). 21 August 2009.
8672:(CDC). 9 October 2009.
8338:Diseases and Conditions
8300:"Egypt orders pig cull"
7236:BMC Infectious Diseases
6690:Hines L (7 June 2009).
6484:The Wall Street Journal
6030:10.1126/science.1189132
5818:"Swine flu goes global"
5816:Butler D (April 2009).
5302:10.1136/thx.2010.135210
5208:. Geneva, Switzerland:
5119:The Wall Street Journal
4553:The Wall Street Journal
4347:Chan M (11 June 2009).
4330:"WHO β Swine influenza"
4054:"Swine Flu: A pandemic"
3802:"Narcolepsy Fact Sheet"
3770:Roos R (27 June 2012).
2877:10.1126/science.324_572
2541:1976 swine flu outbreak
2429:2009 swine flu pandemic
1884:2009 flu pandemic data
1847:(Relenza) can ward off
1678:American Meat Institute
1494:China Southern Airlines
1321:National Health Service
708:
615:2009 swine flu pandemic
535:2020β2022 H5N8 outbreak
251:491,382 (lab-confirmed)
35:2009 swine flu pandemic
18:2009 influenza pandemic
14228:21st-century epidemics
14223:2010 disease outbreaks
14218:2009 disease outbreaks
14119:Sixth cholera pandemic
14107:Fifth cholera pandemic
14089:Third cholera pandemic
14077:First cholera pandemic
14059:Second plague pandemic
13619:Barcelona yellow fever
13464:Great Plague of Vienna
13450:Great Plague of London
13420:Massachusetts smallpox
13135:Influenza-like illness
12804:Adamantane derivatives
12323:Influenza-like illness
11865:Bosnia and Herzegovina
11256:10.1186/1743-422X-5-29
10262:10.3201/eid1201.050979
9920:10.3201/eid1201.051254
9259:"Influenza Body Count"
8121:Evans B (5 May 2009).
8068:The New Zealand Herald
8029:Leela J (1 May 2009).
8004:International Reporter
7042:Godlee F (June 2010).
7011:Chan M (8 June 2010).
6128:10.1186/1741-7015-7-45
5785:10.3201/eid1511.090868
5572:(CDC). 7 August 2009.
5435:10.1001/jama.2010.1277
5241:Critical Care Medicine
5023:(CDC). 5 August 2009.
4582:"Pandemic (H1N1) 2009"
3968:(CDC). 5 August 2009.
3027:"Pandemic (H1N1) 2009"
2901:Fox M (11 June 2009).
2297:2β3%, or ~4%, or ~10%
2021:
1927:Eastern Mediterranean
1831:Cochrane Collaboration
1801:In December 2012, the
1597:
1586:
1490:China Eastern Airlines
1465:
1453:
1377:
1303:On 27 April 2009, the
1293:Public health response
1166:Pandemic H1N1/09 virus
1017:mechanical ventilation
989:mechanical ventilation
829:
573:Vaccine reformulations
568:Influenza-like illness
515:2007 Australian equine
177:Pandemic H1N1/09 virus
14095:Third plague pandemic
14053:First plague pandemic
13847:Western African Ebola
13757:Chikungunya outbreaks
13709:Malaysian Nipah virus
13577:Great Plains smallpox
12985:1989β1990 UK outbreak
12947:Asian flu (1957-1958)
10986:The Malaysian Insider
10444:10.1353/bhm.2002.0022
9517:(WHO). Archived from
8484:10.1056/NEJMoa0906695
7019:(WHO). Archived from
6836:10.1056/NEJMra1208802
6579:(CDC). Archived from
6186:10.1056/NEJMoa0905498
5667:(CDC). 22 June 2010.
4993:(CDC). 24 July 2009.
4768:.com. 12 April 2010.
4586:Disease Outbreak News
4355:(WHO). Archived from
4171:25 April 2020 at the
3838:(WHO). Archived from
3460:10.1056/NEJMoa0906695
3335:10.1056/NEJMra1000449
2809:Butler D (May 2009).
2772:10.1056/NEJMoa0904252
2503:290,000β650,000/year
2190:major genetic changes
2072:Clinical surveillance
2015:
2006:Further information:
1986:Further information:
1959:Further information:
1865:Further information:
1712:Further information:
1592:
1582:
1459:
1451:
1371:
1325:general practitioners
1315:announced that their
1179:. Children showed no
1026:Staphylococcus aureus
827:
713:Further information:
460:1889-1890 Russian flu
14155:Russian flu pandemic
13897:Angolan yellow fever
13648:San Francisco plague
13601:Broad Street cholera
13499:Great Plague of 1738
12952:Hong Kong flu (1968)
12744:Pandemic preparation
11822:United Arab Emirates
11427:Pandemic (H1N1) 2009
11346:Nature Biotechnology
11067:10.1056/NEJMra052211
8189:on 23 September 2009
8010:on 23 September 2010
7828:The Washington Times
7799:. CNN. 28 May 2009.
6292:. 22 December 2009.
5467:(CDC). 13 May 2009.
4233:University of Oxford
3264:10.1056/NEJMp0904572
2730:. 25 November 2009.
2618:North America portal
2466:Typical seasonal flu
2235:Reproduction number
2068:Disease surveillance
1657:Pigs and food safety
1268:Influenza prevention
968:developmental delays
621:and declared by the
14238:Influenza pandemics
14061:(1348β19th century)
13989:New Zealand measles
13817:Darfur yellow fever
13660:LA pneumonic plague
13277:Plague of Justinian
12288:2009 A/H1N1 vaccine
12093:Trinidad and Tobago
11358:10.1038/nbt0609-510
11328:10.1038/nature08182
11319:2009Natur.459.1122S
11282:MacPhail T (2014).
11017:The Washington Post
10920:10.1093/cid/cix1060
10665:2011PLoSO...621828K
10213:10.1038/nature03063
10205:2004Natur.432..904M
9959:on 3 September 2009
9605:(Suppl 1): S75-82.
9232:The Huffington Post
9165:2017Natur.542..414M
9122:Scientific American
9077:2017GloCh...1...33E
9000:(Suppl 1): S75β82.
8572:Washington Examiner
8332:Mayo Clinic Staff.
7511:"Business Planning"
7450:"The ABC's of H1N1"
7354:The Washington Post
7208:10.5694/mja13.10832
7130:. 9 February 2009.
6896:. 12 January 2010.
6792:The Washington Post
6727:The Washington Post
6324:on 3 December 2009.
6119:2009arXiv0909.2417B
6022:2010Sci...328.1529V
5377:. 11 February 2010.
5247:(4 Suppl): e91β97.
4706:"Influenza updates"
4682:(CDC). 7 May 2010.
4271:10.7554/eLife.16777
4211:10.1038/nature08182
4202:2009Natur.459.1122S
3551:2011PLoSO...621828K
2216:
2016:President Obama at
1885:
1771:is an experimental
1714:Influenza treatment
1674:National Pork Board
1637:US State Department
1021:bacterial infection
1005:respiratory disease
985:intensive care unit
761:European Commission
666:bacterial pneumonia
558:Influenza evolution
470:1957-1958 Asian flu
189:, likely indirectly
14071:Influenza pandemic
14065:Influenza pandemic
14013:Bangsamoro measles
13995:Singaporean dengue
13959:Pacific NW measles
13953:Philippine measles
13941:Madagascar measles
13923:Kerala Nipah virus
13916:Saudi Arabian MERS
13829:Singaporean dengue
13775:Zimbabwean cholera
13745:Singaporean dengue
13589:Copenhagen cholera
13571:Groningen epidemic
13365:Influenza pandemic
13347:Influenza pandemic
12942:Spanish flu (1918)
12861:Baloxavir marboxil
12686:West Bengal (2008)
12621:1977 (Russian flu)
12616:1918 (Spanish flu)
12298:Tamiflu resistance
12253:Influenza pandemic
12063:Dominican Republic
11476:External resources
11094:The New York Times
10992:on 20 October 2009
10853:(WHO). June 2009.
10360:10.1093/aje/kwy191
10066:(25β26): 3068β87.
9771:on 9 December 2011
9739:10.1093/aje/kwj024
9666:The New York Times
9612:10.1093/cid/ciq012
9007:10.1093/cid/ciq012
8904:The New York Times
8876:on 29 January 2013
8610:on 17 October 2013
8520:on 4 November 2009
8441:on 3 November 2009
8159:on 8 November 2009
7853:DPA (3 May 2009).
7455:The New York Times
7389:. 14 August 2009.
7288:. 20 August 2009.
7023:on 30 January 2011
6960:on 8 February 2010
6870:on 14 January 2010
6633:AFP (6 May 2009).
6458:on 2 November 2009
6421:The New York Times
6257:The New York Times
6224:The New York Times
6066:The Canadian Press
5216:on 19 January 2010
5086:The New York Times
5060:on 4 November 2009
5053:The Globe and Mail
4359:on 22 October 2009
4058:The Morung Express
4027:The New York Times
3507:The New York Times
3384:on 25 October 2009
3220:The New York Times
3174:The New York Times
2245:Case fatality rate
2214:
2109:, director of the
2048:Brownsville, Texas
2022:
1883:
1598:
1587:
1486:Singapore Airlines
1471:Chinese government
1466:
1454:
1444:Travel precautions
1378:
1129:immunofluorescence
1080:pulmonary embolism
1061:C-reactive protein
964:muscular dystrophy
892:Signs and symptoms
830:
668:. A November 2009
563:Influenza research
475:1968 Hong Kong flu
410:Baloxavir marboxil
14198:
14197:
14039:
14038:
14035:
14034:
13971:Kuala Koh measles
13885:South Korean MERS
13873:Polio declaration
13861:Madagascar plague
13793:Gujarat hepatitis
13781:Madagascar plague
13733:Midwest monkeypox
13684:Yugoslav smallpox
13654:Manchurian plague
13595:Stockholm cholera
13532:
13531:
13319:Sweating sickness
13307:Japanese smallpox
13256:Plague of Cyprian
13195:disease outbreaks
13153:
13152:
13070:
13069:
13000:
12999:
12980:Fujian flu (H3N2)
12902:
12901:
12781:
12780:
12752:
12751:
12707:Genetic structure
12650:
12649:
12454:Influenza A virus
12393:Genome sequencing
12330:
12329:
12293:Actions with pigs
12239:
12238:
11553:Outbreak timeline
11510:
11509:
11313:(7250): 1122β25.
11293:978-0-8014-7983-0
11284:The Viral Network
10914:(10): 1511β1518.
10883:. 28 October 2019
10594:10.1136/bmj.b5213
10480:Los Angeles Times
10354:(12): 2561β2567.
9872:Los Angeles Times
9426:on 7 January 2010
9085:10.1002/gch2.1018
9065:Global Challenges
8826:10.1136/bmj.b5405
8777:10.1136/bmj.b5106
8737:on 7 January 2010
8579:on 7 October 2009
8276:. 27 April 2009.
8244:Trend News Agency
8220:on 7 October 2009
8214:The Baltimore Sun
8181:(Press release).
8071:. 30 April 2009.
7922:on 29 August 2014
7669:Los Angeles Times
7640:on 1 October 2009
7607:on 27 August 2009
7547:Los Angeles Times
7422:Los Angeles Times
7321:Houston Chronicle
7060:10.1136/bmj.c2947
6988:Council of Europe
6702:on 7 January 2010
6671:on 7 October 2009
6645:on 7 October 2009
6583:on 6 October 2010
5979:Los Angeles Times
5942:10.1136/bmj.b5213
5867:. 15 April 2009.
5828:(7242): 1082β83.
5365:(primary source)
4418:Los Angeles Times
4239:on 25 April 2013.
4196:(7250): 1122β25.
3916:BMC Public Health
3410:Los Angeles Times
2700:. 30 April 2009.
2646:COVID-19 pandemic
2580:COVID-19 pandemic
2535:
2534:
2250:Pandemic severity
2241:Deaths worldwide
2107:Michael Osterholm
1975:
1974:
1970:
1900:Worldwide (total)
1619:biological agents
1607:Nagoya University
1584:Mexico City Metro
1534:health department
1439:Infection control
1399:Council of Europe
1393:In January 2010,
1352:Kathleen Sebelius
1141:Loyola University
611:
610:
288:
287:
16:(Redirected from
14250:
14178:
13965:New York measles
13919:
13879:Indian swine flu
13867:Odisha hepatitis
13857:
13811:Pakistani dengue
13763:Pakistani dengue
13712:
13678:WrocΕaw smallpox
13631:Hong Kong plague
13565:Caragea's plague
13543:
13542:
13460:
13353:Mexican smallpox
13337:
13336:
13289:Plague of Sheroe
13244:Plague of Athens
13239:
13236:
13219:
13218:
13180:
13173:
13166:
13157:
13156:
13084:Acute bronchitis
13009:
13008:
12962:Swine flu (2009)
12957:1977 Russian flu
12915:
12914:
12851:
12792:
12791:
12763:
12762:
12661:
12660:
12626:2009 (Swine flu)
12604:
12603:
12424:Orthomyxoviridae
12357:
12350:
12343:
12334:
12333:
12211:Papua New Guinea
11570:
11569:
11537:
11530:
11523:
11514:
11513:
11444:
11443:
11406:
11377:
11340:
11330:
11297:
11278:
11268:
11258:
11243:Virology Journal
11223:
11222:
11212:
11202:
11193:(11): e1001558.
11178:
11172:
11171:
11169:
11167:
11127:
11116:
11110:
11109:
11107:
11105:
11085:
11079:
11078:
11060:
11039:
11033:
11032:
11030:
11028:
11008:
11002:
11001:
10999:
10997:
10978:
10972:
10971:
10969:
10967:
10948:
10942:
10941:
10931:
10899:
10893:
10892:
10890:
10888:
10873:
10867:
10866:
10864:
10862:
10843:
10837:
10836:
10826:
10794:
10788:
10787:
10777:
10767:
10743:
10737:
10736:
10703:
10697:
10696:
10686:
10676:
10644:
10638:
10637:
10635:
10633:
10622:
10616:
10615:
10605:
10573:
10567:
10566:
10526:
10520:
10519:
10491:
10485:
10484:
10470:
10464:
10463:
10427:
10421:
10420:
10388:
10382:
10381:
10371:
10337:
10331:
10330:
10328:
10326:
10320:
10313:
10305:
10284:
10283:
10273:
10241:
10235:
10234:
10224:
10184:
10178:
10177:
10167:
10157:
10133:
10127:
10126:
10090:
10084:
10083:
10055:
10049:
10048:
10038:
10006:
10000:
9999:
9997:
9995:
9975:
9969:
9968:
9966:
9964:
9948:
9942:
9941:
9931:
9899:
9888:
9887:
9885:
9883:
9863:
9857:
9856:
9854:
9852:
9833:
9824:
9823:
9787:
9781:
9780:
9778:
9776:
9761:
9755:
9754:
9741:
9717:
9708:
9707:
9705:
9703:
9688:
9682:
9681:
9679:
9677:
9657:
9651:
9650:
9648:
9646:
9631:
9625:
9624:
9614:
9590:
9584:
9583:
9581:
9579:
9564:
9558:
9557:
9555:
9553:
9537:
9531:
9530:
9528:
9526:
9507:
9501:
9500:
9498:
9496:
9472:
9466:
9465:
9463:
9461:
9442:
9436:
9435:
9433:
9431:
9422:. Archived from
9411:
9405:
9404:
9402:
9400:
9381:
9375:
9374:
9372:
9370:
9351:
9345:
9344:
9342:
9340:
9321:
9315:
9314:
9312:
9310:
9287:
9281:
9280:
9278:
9276:
9254:
9248:
9247:
9245:
9243:
9223:
9217:
9216:
9214:
9212:
9193:
9187:
9186:
9176:
9144:
9138:
9137:
9135:
9133:
9113:
9107:
9106:
9096:
9056:
9050:
9049:
9047:
9045:
9026:
9020:
9019:
9009:
8985:
8979:
8978:
8976:
8974:
8959:
8953:
8952:
8950:
8948:
8929:
8920:
8919:
8917:
8915:
8895:
8886:
8885:
8883:
8881:
8875:
8869:. Archived from
8856:
8850:
8849:
8847:
8845:
8805:
8799:
8798:
8788:
8756:
8747:
8746:
8744:
8742:
8726:
8720:
8719:
8717:
8715:
8692:
8686:
8685:
8683:
8681:
8662:
8656:
8655:
8653:
8651:
8645:
8634:
8626:
8620:
8619:
8617:
8615:
8606:. Archived from
8595:
8589:
8588:
8586:
8584:
8575:. Archived from
8562:
8556:
8555:
8553:
8551:
8536:
8530:
8529:
8527:
8525:
8502:
8496:
8495:
8477:
8457:
8451:
8450:
8448:
8446:
8427:
8421:
8420:
8418:
8416:
8401:
8395:
8394:
8392:
8390:
8367:
8358:
8357:
8355:
8353:
8329:
8320:
8319:
8317:
8315:
8296:
8290:
8289:
8287:
8285:
8274:Kompas newspaper
8266:
8260:
8259:
8257:
8255:
8236:
8230:
8229:
8227:
8225:
8205:
8199:
8198:
8196:
8194:
8175:
8169:
8168:
8166:
8164:
8145:
8139:
8138:
8136:
8134:
8118:
8112:
8111:
8109:
8107:
8091:
8085:
8084:
8082:
8080:
8059:
8053:
8052:
8050:
8048:
8026:
8020:
8019:
8017:
8015:
8006:. Archived from
7995:
7989:
7988:
7986:
7984:
7969:
7963:
7962:
7960:
7958:
7938:
7932:
7931:
7929:
7927:
7911:
7905:
7904:
7902:
7900:
7881:
7875:
7874:
7872:
7870:
7850:
7844:
7843:
7841:
7839:
7819:
7813:
7812:
7810:
7808:
7793:
7787:
7786:
7784:
7782:
7762:
7756:
7755:
7753:
7751:
7732:
7721:
7720:
7718:
7716:
7697:
7686:
7685:
7683:
7681:
7672:. Archived from
7659:
7650:
7649:
7647:
7645:
7636:. Archived from
7623:
7617:
7616:
7614:
7612:
7597:
7591:
7590:
7588:
7586:
7570:
7564:
7563:
7561:
7559:
7537:
7531:
7530:
7528:
7526:
7507:
7498:
7497:
7495:
7493:
7478:
7472:
7471:
7469:
7467:
7445:
7439:
7438:
7436:
7434:
7412:
7403:
7402:
7400:
7398:
7377:
7371:
7370:
7368:
7366:
7344:
7338:
7337:
7335:
7333:
7311:
7302:
7301:
7299:
7297:
7278:
7272:
7271:
7261:
7251:
7227:
7221:
7220:
7210:
7186:
7180:
7179:
7177:
7175:
7155:
7144:
7143:
7141:
7139:
7120:
7114:
7113:
7111:
7109:
7090:
7084:
7083:
7039:
7033:
7032:
7030:
7028:
7008:
6999:
6998:
6996:
6985:
6976:
6970:
6969:
6967:
6965:
6956:. Archived from
6943:
6937:
6936:
6934:
6932:
6916:
6910:
6909:
6907:
6905:
6886:
6880:
6879:
6877:
6875:
6866:. Archived from
6855:
6849:
6848:
6838:
6814:
6808:
6807:
6805:
6803:
6783:
6777:
6776:
6774:
6772:
6752:
6743:
6742:
6740:
6738:
6718:
6712:
6711:
6709:
6707:
6698:. Archived from
6687:
6681:
6680:
6678:
6676:
6661:
6655:
6654:
6652:
6650:
6641:. Archived from
6630:
6624:
6623:
6621:
6619:
6599:
6593:
6592:
6590:
6588:
6569:
6563:
6562:
6560:
6558:
6538:
6532:
6531:
6529:
6527:
6507:
6501:
6500:
6498:
6496:
6474:
6468:
6467:
6465:
6463:
6444:
6438:
6437:
6435:
6433:
6411:
6405:
6404:
6402:
6400:
6377:
6368:
6367:
6365:
6363:
6357:
6340:
6332:
6326:
6325:
6323:
6312:
6304:
6298:
6297:
6280:
6274:
6273:
6271:
6269:
6247:
6241:
6240:
6238:
6236:
6214:
6208:
6207:
6197:
6157:
6151:
6150:
6140:
6130:
6112:
6088:
6082:
6081:
6079:
6077:
6068:. 18 June 2010.
6058:
6052:
6051:
6041:
6001:
5995:
5994:
5992:
5990:
5970:
5964:
5963:
5953:
5921:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5910:
5890:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5879:
5873:
5862:
5854:
5848:
5847:
5837:
5835:10.1038/4581082a
5813:
5807:
5806:
5796:
5764:
5758:
5757:
5755:
5753:
5717:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5703:
5687:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5676:
5657:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5646:
5640:
5629:
5621:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5607:
5592:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5581:
5558:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5547:
5524:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5513:
5490:
5481:
5480:
5478:
5476:
5457:
5448:
5447:
5437:
5413:
5407:
5406:
5404:
5402:
5387:
5381:
5378:
5368:Lay summary in:
5364:
5354:
5330:
5324:
5323:
5313:
5281:
5275:
5274:
5256:
5232:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5198:
5192:
5191:
5176:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5165:
5142:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5131:
5109:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5098:
5076:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5065:
5043:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5032:
5013:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5002:
4983:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4972:
4957:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4946:
4906:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4895:
4875:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4864:
4848:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4834:
4819:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4808:
4788:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4758:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4732:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4721:
4702:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4668:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4642:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4612:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4578:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4514:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4478:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4444:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4408:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4378:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4332:. Archived from
4326:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4283:
4273:
4249:
4243:
4240:
4226:Lay summary in:
4223:
4213:
4181:
4175:
4164:
4159:. Archived from
4138:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4060:. Archived from
4049:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4018:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4007:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3941:
3931:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3890:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3719:
3709:
3700:(11): e1001558.
3685:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3665:. 25 June 2012.
3653:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3636:
3629:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3572:
3562:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3497:
3486:
3483:
3479:
3471:
3453:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3366:
3357:
3356:
3346:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3266:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3211:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3165:
3156:
3155:
3137:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3091:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3037:on 27 March 2011
3023:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
2991:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2972:on 7 August 2015
2958:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2932:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2898:
2889:
2888:
2871:(5927): 572β73.
2860:
2849:
2848:
2838:
2806:
2793:
2792:
2774:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2690:
2620:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2606:
2601:
2600:
2553:SARS coronavirus
2545:1977 Russian flu
2527:
2524:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2476:A/H3N2, A/H1N1,
2454:151,700β575,400
2447:
2396:1977 Russian flu
2383:
2376:
2373:>14% (>500
2369:
2338:
2331:
2328:>17% (>500
2324:
2293:
2286:
2282:
2275:
2238:Infected (est.)
2229:
2217:
2213:
2167:
2080:
1964:
1951:Western Pacific
1943:South-East Asia
1886:
1882:
1720:Over-the-counter
1703:
1690:animal husbandry
1310:
1206:
1066:
956:
934:, vomiting, and
882:
843:
783:populations, in
729:overly technical
631:1977 Russian flu
617:, caused by the
603:
596:
589:
525:2008 West Bengal
480:1977 Russian flu
465:1918 Spanish flu
304:
290:
289:
258:
248:
153:
142:
133:
122:
113:
102:
85:
79:
73:
67:
61:
55:
49:
44:
32:
31:
21:
14258:
14257:
14253:
14252:
14251:
14249:
14248:
14247:
14203:
14202:
14199:
14194:
14031:
13914:
13852:
13835:Swansea measles
13787:Bolivian dengue
13715:
13707:
13696:Indian smallpox
13666:Croydon typhoid
13636:
13528:
13469:
13455:
13390:
13331:
13324:
13295:Plague of Amwas
13268:
13261:
13250:Antonine Plague
13237:
13210:
13197:
13184:
13154:
13149:
13123:
13066:
13045:
12996:
12966:
12911:
12909:
12898:
12865:
12849:
12796:Antiviral drugs
12777:
12748:
12734:Human mortality
12727:clinical trials
12695:
12646:
12630:
12593:
12457:
12455:
12448:
12412:
12366:
12361:
12331:
12326:
12325:
12302:
12263:Swine influenza
12235:
12216:Solomon Islands
12172:
12109:
12024:
11836:
11646:
11559:
11557:Pandemic tables
11546:
11541:
11511:
11506:
11505:
11501:article/1673658
11471:
11470:
11455:
11418:Influenza: H1N1
11414:
11409:
11393:(41): 1143β46.
11294:
11232:
11230:Further reading
11227:
11226:
11179:
11175:
11165:
11163:
11118:
11117:
11113:
11103:
11101:
11086:
11082:
11058:10.1.1.730.7890
11051:(13): 1374β85.
11040:
11036:
11026:
11024:
11009:
11005:
10995:
10993:
10980:
10979:
10975:
10965:
10963:
10950:
10949:
10945:
10901:
10900:
10896:
10886:
10884:
10875:
10874:
10870:
10860:
10858:
10845:
10844:
10840:
10796:
10795:
10791:
10758:(6): e1000442.
10745:
10744:
10740:
10705:
10704:
10700:
10646:
10645:
10641:
10631:
10629:
10624:
10623:
10619:
10575:
10574:
10570:
10528:
10527:
10523:
10493:
10492:
10488:
10472:
10471:
10467:
10429:
10428:
10424:
10390:
10389:
10385:
10339:
10338:
10334:
10324:
10322:
10318:
10311:
10307:
10306:
10287:
10243:
10242:
10238:
10199:(7019): 904β6.
10186:
10185:
10181:
10135:
10134:
10130:
10092:
10091:
10087:
10057:
10056:
10052:
10007:
10003:
9993:
9991:
9976:
9972:
9962:
9960:
9949:
9945:
9900:
9891:
9881:
9879:
9864:
9860:
9850:
9848:
9835:
9834:
9827:
9788:
9784:
9774:
9772:
9763:
9762:
9758:
9718:
9711:
9701:
9699:
9690:
9689:
9685:
9675:
9673:
9658:
9654:
9644:
9642:
9633:
9632:
9628:
9591:
9587:
9577:
9575:
9566:
9565:
9561:
9551:
9549:
9538:
9534:
9524:
9522:
9521:on 22 July 2009
9509:
9508:
9504:
9494:
9492:
9473:
9469:
9459:
9457:
9444:
9443:
9439:
9429:
9427:
9412:
9408:
9398:
9396:
9383:
9382:
9378:
9368:
9366:
9353:
9352:
9348:
9338:
9336:
9323:
9322:
9318:
9308:
9306:
9289:
9288:
9284:
9274:
9272:
9255:
9251:
9241:
9239:
9224:
9220:
9210:
9208:
9195:
9194:
9190:
9174:10.1038/542414b
9145:
9141:
9131:
9129:
9116:Greenemeier L.
9114:
9110:
9057:
9053:
9043:
9041:
9028:
9027:
9023:
8986:
8982:
8972:
8970:
8961:
8960:
8956:
8946:
8944:
8931:
8930:
8923:
8913:
8911:
8896:
8889:
8879:
8877:
8873:
8858:
8857:
8853:
8843:
8841:
8806:
8802:
8757:
8750:
8740:
8738:
8727:
8723:
8713:
8711:
8694:
8693:
8689:
8679:
8677:
8664:
8663:
8659:
8649:
8647:
8643:
8632:
8628:
8627:
8623:
8613:
8611:
8596:
8592:
8582:
8580:
8563:
8559:
8549:
8547:
8538:
8537:
8533:
8523:
8521:
8504:
8503:
8499:
8475:10.1.1.183.7888
8468:(20): 1935β44.
8458:
8454:
8444:
8442:
8429:
8428:
8424:
8414:
8412:
8403:
8402:
8398:
8388:
8386:
8369:
8368:
8361:
8351:
8349:
8330:
8323:
8313:
8311:
8298:
8297:
8293:
8283:
8281:
8268:
8267:
8263:
8253:
8251:
8250:on 16 July 2009
8238:
8237:
8233:
8223:
8221:
8206:
8202:
8192:
8190:
8177:
8176:
8172:
8162:
8160:
8147:
8146:
8142:
8132:
8130:
8119:
8115:
8105:
8103:
8092:
8088:
8078:
8076:
8061:
8060:
8056:
8046:
8044:
8027:
8023:
8013:
8011:
7996:
7992:
7982:
7980:
7971:
7970:
7966:
7956:
7954:
7939:
7935:
7925:
7923:
7912:
7908:
7898:
7896:
7883:
7882:
7878:
7868:
7866:
7851:
7847:
7837:
7835:
7820:
7816:
7806:
7804:
7795:
7794:
7790:
7780:
7778:
7763:
7759:
7749:
7747:
7740:Fashion Network
7734:
7733:
7724:
7714:
7712:
7699:
7698:
7689:
7679:
7677:
7660:
7653:
7643:
7641:
7633:Chicago Tribune
7624:
7620:
7610:
7608:
7599:
7598:
7594:
7584:
7582:
7571:
7567:
7557:
7555:
7538:
7534:
7524:
7522:
7509:
7508:
7501:
7491:
7489:
7480:
7479:
7475:
7465:
7463:
7446:
7442:
7432:
7430:
7413:
7406:
7396:
7394:
7379:
7378:
7374:
7364:
7362:
7345:
7341:
7331:
7329:
7312:
7305:
7295:
7293:
7280:
7279:
7275:
7228:
7224:
7187:
7183:
7173:
7171:
7156:
7147:
7137:
7135:
7122:
7121:
7117:
7107:
7105:
7104:on 18 June 2009
7092:
7091:
7087:
7040:
7036:
7026:
7024:
7009:
7002:
6994:
6983:
6977:
6973:
6963:
6961:
6944:
6940:
6930:
6928:
6919:
6917:
6913:
6903:
6901:
6888:
6887:
6883:
6873:
6871:
6856:
6852:
6829:(14): 1335β42.
6815:
6811:
6801:
6799:
6784:
6780:
6770:
6768:
6753:
6746:
6736:
6734:
6719:
6715:
6705:
6703:
6688:
6684:
6674:
6672:
6663:
6662:
6658:
6648:
6646:
6631:
6627:
6617:
6615:
6600:
6596:
6586:
6584:
6571:
6570:
6566:
6556:
6554:
6547:NBC 7 San Diego
6539:
6535:
6525:
6523:
6508:
6504:
6494:
6492:
6475:
6471:
6461:
6459:
6446:
6445:
6441:
6431:
6429:
6412:
6408:
6398:
6396:
6379:
6378:
6371:
6361:
6359:
6355:
6338:
6334:
6333:
6329:
6321:
6310:
6306:
6305:
6301:
6282:
6281:
6277:
6267:
6265:
6248:
6244:
6234:
6232:
6215:
6211:
6180:(27): 2619β27.
6158:
6154:
6089:
6085:
6075:
6073:
6060:
6059:
6055:
6002:
5998:
5988:
5986:
5971:
5967:
5922:
5918:
5908:
5906:
5891:
5887:
5877:
5875:
5871:
5860:
5856:
5855:
5851:
5814:
5810:
5779:(11): 1849β50.
5765:
5761:
5751:
5749:
5718:
5711:
5701:
5699:
5688:
5684:
5674:
5672:
5659:
5658:
5654:
5644:
5642:
5638:
5627:
5623:
5622:
5615:
5605:
5603:
5594:
5593:
5589:
5579:
5577:
5560:
5559:
5555:
5545:
5543:
5526:
5525:
5521:
5511:
5509:
5492:
5491:
5484:
5474:
5472:
5459:
5458:
5451:
5428:(10): 1091β98.
5414:
5410:
5400:
5398:
5389:
5388:
5384:
5375:Modern Medicine
5369:
5331:
5327:
5282:
5278:
5233:
5229:
5219:
5217:
5200:
5199:
5195:
5178:
5177:
5173:
5163:
5161:
5144:
5143:
5139:
5129:
5127:
5110:
5106:
5096:
5094:
5077:
5073:
5063:
5061:
5044:
5040:
5030:
5028:
5015:
5014:
5010:
5000:
4998:
4985:
4984:
4980:
4970:
4968:
4959:
4958:
4954:
4944:
4942:
4907:
4903:
4893:
4891:
4876:
4872:
4862:
4860:
4849:
4842:
4832:
4830:
4821:
4820:
4816:
4806:
4804:
4789:
4785:
4775:
4773:
4760:
4759:
4755:
4745:
4743:
4734:
4733:
4729:
4719:
4717:
4704:
4703:
4699:
4689:
4687:
4670:
4669:
4665:
4655:
4653:
4644:
4643:
4639:
4629:
4627:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4599:
4597:
4580:
4579:
4572:
4562:
4560:
4545:
4541:
4531:
4529:
4516:
4515:
4506:
4496:
4494:
4479:
4475:
4465:
4463:
4446:
4445:
4438:
4428:
4426:
4409:
4405:
4395:
4393:
4380:
4379:
4372:
4362:
4360:
4345:
4341:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4313:
4311:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4250:
4246:
4227:
4182:
4178:
4173:Wayback Machine
4139:
4135:
4125:
4123:
4108:
4104:
4094:
4092:
4081:
4077:
4067:
4065:
4064:on 14 July 2011
4050:
4046:
4036:
4034:
4019:
4015:
4005:
4003:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3975:
3973:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3908:
3904:
3859:
3855:
3845:
3843:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3815:
3813:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3785:
3783:
3768:
3764:
3754:
3752:
3737:
3733:
3686:
3682:
3672:
3670:
3654:
3650:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3627:
3621:
3617:
3607:
3605:
3590:
3586:
3531:
3527:
3517:
3515:
3498:
3489:
3481:
3477:
3451:10.1.1.183.7888
3444:(20): 1935β44.
3434:
3430:
3420:
3418:
3401:
3397:
3387:
3385:
3368:
3367:
3360:
3329:(18): 1708β19.
3319:
3315:
3305:
3303:
3292:
3288:
3243:
3239:
3229:
3227:
3212:
3201:
3191:
3189:
3166:
3159:
3114:
3110:
3102:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3070:
3068:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3040:
3038:
3025:
3024:
3015:
3005:
3003:
2992:
2985:
2975:
2973:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2945:
2943:
2934:
2933:
2926:
2916:
2914:
2899:
2892:
2861:
2852:
2827:10.1038/459014a
2821:(7243): 14β15.
2807:
2796:
2751:
2747:
2737:
2735:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2707:
2705:
2692:
2691:
2684:
2679:
2616:
2611:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2592:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2521:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2484:
2445:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2291:
2284:
2280:
2273:
2206:bronchial tubes
2171:chronically ill
2165:
2162:
2120:
2094:Epidemiologists
2078:
2074:
2056:
2010:
2004:
1990:
1984:
1938:At least 4,079
1922:At least 8,533
1905:At least 18,449
1893:
1881:
1863:
1827:
1799:
1790:
1736:Reye's Syndrome
1716:
1710:
1701:
1665:
1659:
1628:
1594:Osaka Loop Line
1577:
1567:In the UK, the
1542:
1513:
1446:
1441:
1395:Wolfgang Wodarg
1391:
1366:
1360:
1308:
1301:
1295:
1278:
1264:
1229:
1204:
1168:
1162:
1137:false negatives
1098:
1073:(sudden-onset)
1064:
997:
976:
954:
900:
894:
880:
841:
810:
717:
711:
664:or a secondary
662:viral pneumonia
607:
578:
577:
548:
540:
539:
510:2006 H5N1 India
500:
490:
489:
455:
445:
444:
400:
390:
389:
380:Live attenuated
363:
353:
352:
314:
294:Influenza (flu)
276:
268:
257:Suspected cases
256:
247:Confirmed cases
246:
158:
157:
156:
155:
154:
145:
144:
143:
135:
134:
125:
124:
123:
115:
114:
105:
104:
103:
88:
87:
83:
81:
77:
75:
71:
69:
65:
63:
59:
57:
53:
51:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
14256:
14246:
14245:
14240:
14235:
14230:
14225:
14220:
14215:
14196:
14195:
14193:
14192:
14186:
14180:
14170:
14164:
14163:(1981βpresent)
14158:
14152:
14146:
14140:
14134:
14128:
14122:
14116:
14110:
14104:
14098:
14092:
14086:
14080:
14074:
14068:
14062:
14056:
14049:
14047:
14041:
14040:
14037:
14036:
14033:
14032:
14030:
14029:
14028:
14027:
14016:
14015:(2023βpresent)
14010:
14007:Jamaica dengue
14004:
13998:
13992:
13986:
13980:
13974:
13968:
13962:
13956:
13950:
13944:
13938:
13932:
13926:
13920:
13912:
13906:
13903:Yemeni cholera
13900:
13894:
13888:
13882:
13876:
13870:
13864:
13858:
13854:DR Congo Ebola
13850:
13844:
13838:
13832:
13826:
13820:
13814:
13808:
13802:
13796:
13790:
13784:
13778:
13772:
13766:
13760:
13754:
13748:
13742:
13736:
13730:
13723:
13721:
13717:
13716:
13714:
13713:
13705:
13699:
13693:
13687:
13681:
13675:
13669:
13663:
13657:
13651:
13644:
13642:
13638:
13637:
13635:
13634:
13628:
13622:
13616:
13610:
13604:
13598:
13592:
13586:
13580:
13574:
13568:
13562:
13559:Maltese plague
13556:
13553:Ottoman plague
13549:
13547:
13540:
13534:
13533:
13530:
13529:
13527:
13526:
13520:
13514:
13511:Persian Plague
13508:
13505:Russian plague
13502:
13496:
13490:
13484:
13477:
13475:
13471:
13470:
13468:
13467:
13461:
13457:Maltese plague
13453:
13447:
13441:
13438:Maltese plague
13435:
13429:
13423:
13417:
13414:Italian plague
13411:
13408:Maltese plague
13405:
13398:
13396:
13392:
13391:
13389:
13388:
13386:
13380:
13377:Maltese plague
13374:
13368:
13362:
13356:
13350:
13343:
13341:
13334:
13326:
13325:
13323:
13322:
13316:
13310:
13304:
13298:
13292:
13286:
13280:
13273:
13271:
13263:
13262:
13260:
13259:
13253:
13247:
13241:
13231:Hittite plague
13227:
13225:
13216:
13212:
13211:
13209:
13208:
13202:
13199:
13198:
13183:
13182:
13175:
13168:
13160:
13151:
13150:
13148:
13147:
13142:
13137:
13131:
13129:
13128:Related topics
13125:
13124:
13122:
13121:
13116:
13111:
13106:
13101:
13096:
13091:
13086:
13080:
13078:
13072:
13071:
13068:
13067:
13065:
13064:
13059:
13053:
13051:
13047:
13046:
13044:
13043:
13038:
13037:
13036:
13026:
13021:
13015:
13013:
13006:
13002:
13001:
12998:
12997:
12995:
12994:
12989:
12988:
12987:
12976:
12974:
12968:
12967:
12965:
12964:
12959:
12954:
12949:
12944:
12939:
12934:
12929:
12923:
12921:
12912:
12907:
12904:
12903:
12900:
12899:
12897:
12896:
12891:
12886:
12881:
12875:
12873:
12867:
12866:
12864:
12863:
12858:
12853:
12850:(experimental)
12845:
12844:
12843:
12838:
12833:
12828:
12818:
12817:
12816:
12811:
12800:
12798:
12789:
12783:
12782:
12779:
12778:
12776:
12775:
12769:
12767:
12760:
12754:
12753:
12750:
12749:
12747:
12746:
12741:
12736:
12731:
12730:
12729:
12719:
12714:
12709:
12703:
12701:
12697:
12696:
12694:
12693:
12691:2020s outbreak
12688:
12683:
12678:
12673:
12671:Croatia (2005)
12667:
12665:
12658:
12652:
12651:
12648:
12647:
12645:
12644:
12638:
12636:
12632:
12631:
12629:
12628:
12623:
12618:
12612:
12610:
12601:
12595:
12594:
12592:
12591:
12586:
12581:
12576:
12571:
12566:
12561:
12556:
12551:
12546:
12541:
12536:
12531:
12526:
12521:
12516:
12511:
12506:
12501:
12496:
12491:
12486:
12481:
12476:
12471:
12466:
12460:
12458:
12453:
12450:
12449:
12447:
12446:
12441:
12436:
12431:
12426:
12420:
12418:
12414:
12413:
12411:
12410:
12405:
12403:Superinfection
12400:
12395:
12390:
12385:
12380:
12374:
12372:
12371:General topics
12368:
12367:
12360:
12359:
12352:
12345:
12337:
12328:
12327:
12307:
12304:
12303:
12301:
12300:
12295:
12290:
12285:
12280:
12275:
12270:
12265:
12260:
12255:
12249:
12247:
12241:
12240:
12237:
12236:
12234:
12233:
12228:
12223:
12218:
12213:
12208:
12203:
12198:
12193:
12188:
12182:
12180:
12174:
12173:
12171:
12170:
12165:
12160:
12155:
12150:
12145:
12140:
12135:
12130:
12125:
12119:
12117:
12111:
12110:
12108:
12107:
12106:
12105:
12095:
12090:
12085:
12080:
12075:
12070:
12065:
12060:
12055:
12050:
12045:
12040:
12034:
12032:
12026:
12025:
12023:
12022:
12020:United Kingdom
12017:
12012:
12007:
12002:
11997:
11992:
11987:
11982:
11977:
11972:
11967:
11962:
11957:
11952:
11947:
11942:
11937:
11932:
11927:
11922:
11917:
11912:
11907:
11902:
11897:
11892:
11887:
11882:
11877:
11872:
11867:
11862:
11857:
11852:
11846:
11844:
11838:
11837:
11835:
11834:
11829:
11824:
11819:
11814:
11809:
11804:
11799:
11794:
11789:
11788:
11787:
11777:
11772:
11767:
11762:
11757:
11752:
11747:
11742:
11737:
11732:
11727:
11722:
11717:
11712:
11707:
11702:
11697:
11692:
11687:
11682:
11677:
11672:
11667:
11662:
11656:
11654:
11648:
11647:
11645:
11644:
11639:
11634:
11629:
11624:
11619:
11614:
11609:
11604:
11599:
11594:
11589:
11584:
11578:
11576:
11567:
11561:
11560:
11551:
11548:
11547:
11540:
11539:
11532:
11525:
11517:
11508:
11507:
11504:
11503:
11492:
11480:
11479:
11477:
11473:
11472:
11469:
11468:
11456:
11451:
11450:
11448:
11447:Classification
11441:
11440:
11434:
11424:
11413:
11412:External links
11410:
11408:
11407:
11378:
11341:
11298:
11292:
11279:
11233:
11231:
11228:
11225:
11224:
11173:
11111:
11080:
11034:
11003:
10973:
10943:
10894:
10868:
10838:
10789:
10738:
10698:
10639:
10617:
10568:
10521:
10502:(6): 1037β41.
10486:
10465:
10422:
10409:10.1086/511989
10403:(7): 1018β28.
10383:
10332:
10285:
10236:
10179:
10128:
10085:
10050:
10027:10.1086/591708
10001:
9970:
9943:
9889:
9858:
9825:
9782:
9756:
9709:
9683:
9652:
9626:
9585:
9559:
9532:
9502:
9467:
9452:. 8 May 2009.
9437:
9406:
9376:
9346:
9316:
9282:
9249:
9218:
9188:
9139:
9108:
9051:
9021:
8980:
8954:
8921:
8887:
8851:
8800:
8748:
8721:
8687:
8657:
8621:
8590:
8557:
8546:on 6 June 2011
8531:
8497:
8452:
8422:
8396:
8359:
8321:
8291:
8261:
8231:
8200:
8170:
8153:Effect Measure
8140:
8113:
8086:
8054:
8021:
7990:
7964:
7933:
7906:
7876:
7845:
7814:
7788:
7757:
7746:on 3 July 2020
7722:
7707:. 4 May 2009.
7687:
7651:
7618:
7592:
7565:
7532:
7499:
7473:
7440:
7404:
7372:
7339:
7303:
7273:
7222:
7181:
7145:
7115:
7085:
7034:
7000:
6971:
6938:
6911:
6881:
6850:
6809:
6778:
6744:
6713:
6682:
6656:
6625:
6594:
6564:
6533:
6502:
6469:
6439:
6406:
6369:
6327:
6299:
6275:
6242:
6209:
6152:
6083:
6053:
6016:(5985): 1529.
5996:
5965:
5916:
5885:
5849:
5808:
5759:
5709:
5682:
5652:
5613:
5587:
5553:
5519:
5482:
5449:
5408:
5382:
5380:
5379:
5325:
5276:
5227:
5193:
5171:
5137:
5104:
5071:
5038:
5008:
4978:
4952:
4901:
4870:
4840:
4829:on 31 May 2010
4814:
4783:
4753:
4727:
4716:on 23 May 2011
4697:
4663:
4637:
4626:on 19 May 2010
4607:
4596:on 18 May 2010
4570:
4539:
4504:
4473:
4436:
4403:
4370:
4339:
4336:on 6 May 2014.
4321:
4295:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4176:
4163:on 9 May 2009.
4133:
4102:
4075:
4044:
4013:
3996:The China Post
3983:
3953:
3902:
3853:
3823:
3793:
3762:
3731:
3680:
3648:
3615:
3584:
3525:
3487:
3428:
3395:
3358:
3313:
3286:
3237:
3199:
3157:
3108:
3078:
3048:
3013:
2983:
2953:
2924:
2890:
2850:
2794:
2745:
2715:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2607:
2604:Viruses portal
2591:
2588:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2518:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2488:
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2462:
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2449:
2442:
2437:
2434:
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2412:
2409:
2404:
2401:
2398:
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2353:
2347:
2346:
2343:
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2326:
2319:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2288:
2277:
2270:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2161:
2158:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2119:
2116:
2098:selection bias
2055:
2052:
2030:nasopharyngeal
2003:
2000:
1983:
1980:
1973:
1972:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1862:
1859:
1843:(Tamiflu) and
1826:
1823:
1798:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1781:drug-resistant
1773:antiviral drug
1709:
1706:
1661:Main article:
1658:
1655:
1640:on the annual
1627:
1624:
1576:
1573:
1560:that requires
1541:
1538:
1512:
1509:
1498:Cathay Pacific
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1420:In June 2010,
1390:
1387:
1362:Main article:
1359:
1356:
1311:May 2009, the
1305:European Union
1294:
1291:
1263:
1260:
1228:
1225:
1212:1918 influenza
1181:cross-reactive
1164:Main article:
1161:
1158:
1102:nasopharyngeal
1097:
1094:
1063:(CRP) level (β₯
996:
993:
975:
972:
960:cerebral palsy
896:Main article:
893:
890:
809:
806:
710:
707:
609:
608:
606:
605:
598:
591:
583:
580:
579:
576:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
549:
546:
545:
542:
541:
538:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
505:1976 swine flu
501:
496:
495:
492:
491:
488:
487:
485:2009 swine flu
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
456:
451:
450:
447:
446:
443:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
401:
396:
395:
392:
391:
388:
387:
382:
377:
376:
375:
364:
359:
358:
355:
354:
351:
350:
349:
348:
346:A/H1N1 subtype
338:
333:
328:
327:
326:
324:A/H5N1 subtype
315:
310:
309:
306:
305:
297:
296:
286:
285:
279:
278:
269:
266:
263:
262:
259:
253:
252:
249:
243:
242:
239:
235:
234:
233:September 2008
231:
227:
226:
217:
211:
210:
205:
204:First outbreak
201:
200:
195:
191:
190:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
148:
147:
146:
137:
136:
128:
127:
126:
117:
116:
108:
107:
106:
97:
96:
95:
94:
93:
90:
89:
82:
76:
70:
64:
58:
52:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14255:
14244:
14241:
14239:
14236:
14234:
14231:
14229:
14226:
14224:
14221:
14219:
14216:
14214:
14211:
14210:
14208:
14201:
14190:
14187:
14184:
14181:
14175:(2019βpresent
14174:
14171:
14168:
14165:
14162:
14159:
14156:
14153:
14150:
14149:Hong Kong flu
14147:
14144:
14141:
14138:
14135:
14132:
14129:
14126:
14123:
14120:
14117:
14114:
14111:
14108:
14105:
14102:
14099:
14096:
14093:
14090:
14087:
14084:
14081:
14078:
14075:
14072:
14069:
14066:
14063:
14060:
14057:
14054:
14051:
14050:
14048:
14046:
14042:
14025:
14022:
14021:
14020:
14017:
14014:
14011:
14008:
14005:
14002:
13999:
13996:
13993:
13990:
13987:
13984:
13981:
13978:
13977:Tonga measles
13975:
13972:
13969:
13966:
13963:
13960:
13957:
13954:
13951:
13948:
13947:Samoa measles
13945:
13942:
13939:
13936:
13933:
13930:
13927:
13924:
13921:
13917:
13913:
13910:
13907:
13904:
13901:
13898:
13895:
13892:
13889:
13886:
13883:
13880:
13877:
13874:
13871:
13868:
13865:
13862:
13859:
13855:
13851:
13848:
13845:
13842:
13839:
13836:
13833:
13830:
13827:
13824:
13821:
13818:
13815:
13812:
13809:
13806:
13805:Haiti cholera
13803:
13800:
13797:
13794:
13791:
13788:
13785:
13782:
13779:
13776:
13773:
13770:
13769:Iraqi cholera
13767:
13764:
13761:
13758:
13755:
13752:
13751:Indian dengue
13749:
13746:
13743:
13740:
13737:
13734:
13731:
13728:
13725:
13724:
13722:
13718:
13710:
13706:
13703:
13700:
13697:
13694:
13691:
13688:
13685:
13682:
13679:
13676:
13673:
13670:
13667:
13664:
13661:
13658:
13655:
13652:
13649:
13646:
13645:
13643:
13639:
13632:
13629:
13626:
13623:
13620:
13617:
13614:
13611:
13608:
13607:Guam smallpox
13605:
13602:
13599:
13596:
13593:
13590:
13587:
13584:
13581:
13578:
13575:
13572:
13569:
13566:
13563:
13560:
13557:
13554:
13551:
13550:
13548:
13544:
13541:
13539:
13535:
13524:
13521:
13518:
13515:
13512:
13509:
13506:
13503:
13500:
13497:
13494:
13491:
13488:
13485:
13482:
13479:
13478:
13476:
13472:
13465:
13462:
13458:
13454:
13451:
13448:
13445:
13444:Naples Plague
13442:
13439:
13436:
13433:
13430:
13427:
13424:
13421:
13418:
13415:
13412:
13409:
13406:
13403:
13402:London plague
13400:
13399:
13397:
13393:
13387:
13384:
13383:London plague
13381:
13378:
13375:
13372:
13371:London plague
13369:
13366:
13363:
13360:
13357:
13354:
13351:
13348:
13345:
13344:
13342:
13338:
13335:
13333:
13327:
13320:
13317:
13314:
13311:
13308:
13305:
13302:
13301:Plague of 664
13299:
13296:
13293:
13290:
13287:
13284:
13281:
13278:
13275:
13274:
13272:
13270:
13264:
13257:
13254:
13251:
13248:
13245:
13242:
13232:
13229:
13228:
13226:
13224:
13220:
13217:
13213:
13207:
13204:
13203:
13200:
13196:
13192:
13188:
13181:
13176:
13174:
13169:
13167:
13162:
13161:
13158:
13146:
13143:
13141:
13138:
13136:
13133:
13132:
13130:
13126:
13120:
13117:
13115:
13112:
13110:
13107:
13105:
13102:
13100:
13097:
13095:
13092:
13090:
13089:Bronchiolitis
13087:
13085:
13082:
13081:
13079:
13077:
13076:Complications
13073:
13063:
13062:Fujian (H5N1)
13060:
13058:
13055:
13054:
13052:
13048:
13042:
13039:
13035:
13032:
13031:
13030:
13027:
13025:
13022:
13020:
13017:
13016:
13014:
13010:
13007:
13003:
12993:
12990:
12986:
12983:
12982:
12981:
12978:
12977:
12975:
12973:
12969:
12963:
12960:
12958:
12955:
12953:
12950:
12948:
12945:
12943:
12940:
12938:
12935:
12933:
12930:
12928:
12925:
12924:
12922:
12920:
12916:
12913:
12908:Pandemics and
12905:
12895:
12892:
12890:
12887:
12885:
12882:
12880:
12877:
12876:
12874:
12872:
12868:
12862:
12859:
12857:
12854:
12852:
12846:
12842:
12839:
12837:
12834:
12832:
12829:
12827:
12824:
12823:
12822:
12819:
12815:
12812:
12810:
12807:
12806:
12805:
12802:
12801:
12799:
12797:
12793:
12790:
12788:
12784:
12774:
12771:
12770:
12768:
12764:
12761:
12759:
12755:
12745:
12742:
12740:
12739:Social impact
12737:
12735:
12732:
12728:
12725:
12724:
12723:
12720:
12718:
12717:Global spread
12715:
12713:
12710:
12708:
12705:
12704:
12702:
12698:
12692:
12689:
12687:
12684:
12682:
12679:
12677:
12674:
12672:
12669:
12668:
12666:
12662:
12659:
12657:
12653:
12643:
12640:
12639:
12637:
12633:
12627:
12624:
12622:
12619:
12617:
12614:
12613:
12611:
12609:
12605:
12602:
12600:
12596:
12590:
12587:
12585:
12582:
12580:
12577:
12575:
12572:
12570:
12567:
12565:
12562:
12560:
12557:
12555:
12552:
12550:
12547:
12545:
12542:
12540:
12537:
12535:
12532:
12530:
12527:
12525:
12522:
12520:
12517:
12515:
12512:
12510:
12507:
12505:
12502:
12500:
12497:
12495:
12492:
12490:
12487:
12485:
12482:
12480:
12477:
12475:
12472:
12470:
12467:
12465:
12462:
12461:
12459:
12451:
12445:
12442:
12440:
12437:
12435:
12432:
12430:
12427:
12425:
12422:
12421:
12419:
12415:
12409:
12406:
12404:
12401:
12399:
12396:
12394:
12391:
12389:
12386:
12384:
12381:
12379:
12376:
12375:
12373:
12369:
12365:
12358:
12353:
12351:
12346:
12344:
12339:
12338:
12335:
12324:
12320:
12316:
12312:
12305:
12299:
12296:
12294:
12291:
12289:
12286:
12284:
12281:
12279:
12276:
12274:
12271:
12269:
12266:
12264:
12261:
12259:
12256:
12254:
12251:
12250:
12248:
12246:
12242:
12232:
12229:
12227:
12224:
12222:
12219:
12217:
12214:
12212:
12209:
12207:
12204:
12202:
12199:
12197:
12194:
12192:
12189:
12187:
12184:
12183:
12181:
12179:
12175:
12169:
12166:
12164:
12161:
12159:
12156:
12154:
12151:
12149:
12146:
12144:
12141:
12139:
12136:
12134:
12131:
12129:
12126:
12124:
12121:
12120:
12118:
12116:
12115:South America
12112:
12104:
12101:
12100:
12099:
12098:United States
12096:
12094:
12091:
12089:
12086:
12084:
12081:
12079:
12076:
12074:
12071:
12069:
12066:
12064:
12061:
12059:
12056:
12054:
12051:
12049:
12046:
12044:
12041:
12039:
12036:
12035:
12033:
12031:
12030:North America
12027:
12021:
12018:
12016:
12013:
12011:
12008:
12006:
12003:
12001:
11998:
11996:
11993:
11991:
11988:
11986:
11983:
11981:
11978:
11976:
11973:
11971:
11968:
11966:
11963:
11961:
11958:
11956:
11953:
11951:
11948:
11946:
11943:
11941:
11938:
11936:
11933:
11931:
11928:
11926:
11923:
11921:
11918:
11916:
11913:
11911:
11908:
11906:
11903:
11901:
11898:
11896:
11893:
11891:
11888:
11886:
11883:
11881:
11878:
11876:
11873:
11871:
11868:
11866:
11863:
11861:
11858:
11856:
11853:
11851:
11848:
11847:
11845:
11843:
11839:
11833:
11830:
11828:
11825:
11823:
11820:
11818:
11815:
11813:
11810:
11808:
11805:
11803:
11800:
11798:
11795:
11793:
11790:
11786:
11783:
11782:
11781:
11778:
11776:
11773:
11771:
11768:
11766:
11763:
11761:
11758:
11756:
11753:
11751:
11748:
11746:
11743:
11741:
11738:
11736:
11733:
11731:
11728:
11726:
11723:
11721:
11718:
11716:
11713:
11711:
11708:
11706:
11703:
11701:
11698:
11696:
11693:
11691:
11688:
11686:
11683:
11681:
11678:
11676:
11673:
11671:
11668:
11666:
11663:
11661:
11658:
11657:
11655:
11653:
11649:
11643:
11640:
11638:
11635:
11633:
11630:
11628:
11625:
11623:
11620:
11618:
11615:
11613:
11610:
11608:
11605:
11603:
11600:
11598:
11595:
11593:
11590:
11588:
11585:
11583:
11580:
11579:
11577:
11575:
11571:
11568:
11566:
11562:
11558:
11554:
11549:
11545:
11538:
11533:
11531:
11526:
11524:
11519:
11518:
11515:
11502:
11498:
11497:
11493:
11491:
11487:
11486:
11482:
11481:
11478:
11474:
11467:
11463:
11462:
11458:
11457:
11454:
11449:
11445:
11438:
11435:
11432:
11428:
11425:
11423:
11419:
11416:
11415:
11404:
11400:
11396:
11392:
11388:
11384:
11379:
11375:
11371:
11367:
11363:
11359:
11355:
11352:(6): 510β13.
11351:
11347:
11342:
11338:
11334:
11329:
11324:
11320:
11316:
11312:
11308:
11304:
11299:
11295:
11289:
11285:
11280:
11276:
11272:
11267:
11262:
11257:
11252:
11248:
11244:
11240:
11235:
11234:
11220:
11216:
11211:
11206:
11201:
11196:
11192:
11188:
11187:PLOS Medicine
11184:
11177:
11161:
11157:
11153:
11149:
11145:
11142:(9): 687β95.
11141:
11137:
11133:
11125:
11121:
11115:
11099:
11095:
11091:
11084:
11076:
11072:
11068:
11064:
11059:
11054:
11050:
11046:
11038:
11022:
11018:
11014:
11007:
10991:
10987:
10983:
10977:
10961:
10957:
10953:
10947:
10939:
10935:
10930:
10925:
10921:
10917:
10913:
10909:
10905:
10898:
10882:
10878:
10872:
10856:
10852:
10848:
10842:
10834:
10830:
10825:
10820:
10816:
10812:
10809:(6): 830β41.
10808:
10804:
10800:
10793:
10785:
10781:
10776:
10771:
10766:
10761:
10757:
10753:
10752:PLOS Medicine
10749:
10742:
10734:
10730:
10726:
10722:
10719:(9): 687β95.
10718:
10714:
10710:
10702:
10694:
10690:
10685:
10680:
10675:
10670:
10666:
10662:
10659:(8): e21828.
10658:
10654:
10650:
10643:
10627:
10621:
10613:
10609:
10604:
10599:
10595:
10591:
10587:
10583:
10579:
10572:
10564:
10560:
10556:
10552:
10548:
10544:
10541:(3): 175β83.
10540:
10536:
10532:
10525:
10517:
10513:
10509:
10505:
10501:
10497:
10490:
10482:
10481:
10476:
10469:
10461:
10457:
10453:
10449:
10445:
10441:
10438:(1): 105β15.
10437:
10433:
10426:
10418:
10414:
10410:
10406:
10402:
10398:
10394:
10387:
10379:
10375:
10370:
10365:
10361:
10357:
10353:
10349:
10348:
10343:
10336:
10317:
10310:
10304:
10302:
10300:
10298:
10296:
10294:
10292:
10290:
10281:
10277:
10272:
10267:
10263:
10259:
10255:
10251:
10247:
10240:
10232:
10228:
10223:
10218:
10214:
10210:
10206:
10202:
10198:
10194:
10190:
10183:
10175:
10171:
10166:
10161:
10156:
10151:
10147:
10143:
10139:
10132:
10124:
10120:
10116:
10112:
10108:
10104:
10100:
10096:
10089:
10081:
10077:
10073:
10069:
10065:
10061:
10054:
10046:
10042:
10037:
10032:
10028:
10024:
10021:(7): 962β70.
10020:
10016:
10012:
10005:
9989:
9985:
9981:
9974:
9958:
9954:
9947:
9939:
9935:
9930:
9925:
9921:
9917:
9913:
9909:
9905:
9898:
9896:
9894:
9877:
9873:
9869:
9862:
9846:
9842:
9838:
9832:
9830:
9821:
9817:
9813:
9809:
9805:
9801:
9798:(6): 565β72.
9797:
9793:
9786:
9770:
9766:
9760:
9753:
9749:
9745:
9740:
9735:
9732:(2): 181β87.
9731:
9727:
9723:
9716:
9714:
9697:
9693:
9687:
9671:
9667:
9663:
9656:
9640:
9636:
9630:
9622:
9618:
9613:
9608:
9604:
9600:
9596:
9589:
9573:
9569:
9563:
9547:
9544:. Bloomberg.
9543:
9536:
9520:
9516:
9512:
9506:
9490:
9486:
9482:
9478:
9471:
9455:
9451:
9447:
9441:
9425:
9421:
9417:
9410:
9394:
9390:
9386:
9385:"CDC week 34"
9380:
9364:
9360:
9356:
9355:"CDC week 45"
9350:
9334:
9330:
9326:
9320:
9304:
9300:
9296:
9292:
9286:
9270:
9266:
9265:
9260:
9253:
9237:
9233:
9229:
9222:
9206:
9202:
9198:
9192:
9184:
9180:
9175:
9170:
9166:
9162:
9159:(7642): 414.
9158:
9154:
9150:
9143:
9127:
9123:
9119:
9112:
9104:
9100:
9095:
9090:
9086:
9082:
9078:
9074:
9070:
9066:
9062:
9055:
9039:
9035:
9031:
9025:
9017:
9013:
9008:
9003:
8999:
8995:
8991:
8984:
8968:
8964:
8958:
8942:
8938:
8934:
8928:
8926:
8909:
8905:
8901:
8894:
8892:
8872:
8868:
8864:
8863:
8855:
8839:
8835:
8831:
8827:
8823:
8819:
8815:
8811:
8804:
8796:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8778:
8774:
8770:
8766:
8762:
8755:
8753:
8736:
8732:
8725:
8709:
8705:
8701:
8697:
8691:
8675:
8671:
8667:
8661:
8642:
8638:
8631:
8625:
8609:
8605:
8601:
8594:
8578:
8574:
8573:
8568:
8561:
8545:
8541:
8535:
8519:
8515:
8511:
8507:
8501:
8493:
8489:
8485:
8481:
8476:
8471:
8467:
8463:
8456:
8440:
8436:
8432:
8426:
8410:
8406:
8400:
8384:
8380:
8376:
8372:
8366:
8364:
8347:
8343:
8339:
8335:
8328:
8326:
8309:
8305:
8301:
8295:
8279:
8275:
8271:
8265:
8249:
8245:
8241:
8235:
8219:
8215:
8211:
8204:
8188:
8184:
8180:
8174:
8158:
8154:
8150:
8144:
8128:
8124:
8117:
8101:
8097:
8090:
8074:
8070:
8069:
8064:
8058:
8042:
8038:
8037:
8032:
8025:
8009:
8005:
8001:
7994:
7978:
7974:
7968:
7952:
7948:
7944:
7937:
7921:
7917:
7910:
7894:
7890:
7886:
7880:
7864:
7860:
7856:
7849:
7833:
7829:
7825:
7818:
7802:
7798:
7792:
7776:
7772:
7768:
7761:
7745:
7741:
7737:
7731:
7729:
7727:
7710:
7706:
7702:
7696:
7694:
7692:
7676:on 3 May 2009
7675:
7671:
7670:
7665:
7658:
7656:
7639:
7635:
7634:
7629:
7622:
7606:
7602:
7596:
7580:
7576:
7569:
7553:
7549:
7548:
7543:
7536:
7520:
7516:
7512:
7506:
7504:
7487:
7483:
7477:
7461:
7457:
7456:
7451:
7444:
7428:
7424:
7423:
7418:
7411:
7409:
7392:
7388:
7387:
7382:
7376:
7360:
7356:
7355:
7350:
7343:
7327:
7323:
7322:
7317:
7310:
7308:
7291:
7287:
7286:Business Wire
7283:
7277:
7269:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7241:
7237:
7233:
7226:
7218:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7201:(5): 290β92.
7200:
7196:
7192:
7185:
7169:
7165:
7161:
7154:
7152:
7150:
7133:
7129:
7125:
7119:
7103:
7099:
7095:
7089:
7081:
7077:
7073:
7069:
7065:
7061:
7057:
7053:
7049:
7045:
7038:
7022:
7018:
7014:
7007:
7005:
6993:
6989:
6982:
6975:
6959:
6955:
6954:
6949:
6942:
6926:
6923:. Bloomberg.
6922:
6915:
6899:
6895:
6891:
6885:
6869:
6865:
6861:
6854:
6846:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6813:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6782:
6766:
6762:
6758:
6751:
6749:
6732:
6728:
6724:
6717:
6701:
6697:
6693:
6686:
6670:
6666:
6660:
6644:
6640:
6636:
6629:
6613:
6609:
6605:
6598:
6582:
6578:
6574:
6568:
6552:
6548:
6544:
6537:
6521:
6517:
6516:Direct Relief
6513:
6506:
6490:
6486:
6485:
6480:
6473:
6457:
6453:
6449:
6443:
6427:
6423:
6422:
6417:
6410:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6382:
6376:
6374:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6345:
6337:
6331:
6320:
6316:
6309:
6303:
6295:
6291:
6290:
6285:
6279:
6263:
6259:
6258:
6253:
6246:
6230:
6226:
6225:
6220:
6213:
6205:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6160:Cauchemez S,
6156:
6148:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6087:
6071:
6067:
6063:
6057:
6049:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6000:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5969:
5961:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5920:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5889:
5870:
5866:
5859:
5853:
5845:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5812:
5804:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5763:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5716:
5714:
5697:
5693:
5686:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5656:
5637:
5633:
5626:
5620:
5618:
5601:
5597:
5591:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5557:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5523:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5489:
5487:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5456:
5454:
5445:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5412:
5396:
5392:
5386:
5376:
5372:
5367:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5345:(9): 928β29.
5344:
5340:
5336:
5329:
5321:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5296:(7): 645β51.
5295:
5291:
5287:
5280:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5231:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5197:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5175:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5141:
5125:
5121:
5120:
5115:
5108:
5092:
5088:
5087:
5082:
5075:
5059:
5055:
5054:
5049:
5042:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5012:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4982:
4966:
4962:
4956:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4921:(9): 687β95.
4920:
4916:
4912:
4905:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4874:
4858:
4855:. Bloomberg.
4854:
4847:
4845:
4828:
4824:
4818:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4787:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4757:
4741:
4737:
4731:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4701:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4667:
4651:
4647:
4641:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4611:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4577:
4575:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4543:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4477:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4443:
4441:
4424:
4420:
4419:
4414:
4407:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4377:
4375:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4343:
4335:
4331:
4325:
4309:
4305:
4299:
4291:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4248:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4225:
4224:
4221:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4180:
4174:
4170:
4167:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4151:(2707): 4β5.
4150:
4149:
4148:New Scientist
4144:
4137:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4106:
4090:
4086:
4079:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4048:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4017:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3987:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3957:
3949:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3906:
3898:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3857:
3842:on 5 May 2012
3841:
3837:
3833:
3827:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3797:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3766:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3735:
3727:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3694:PLOS Medicine
3691:
3684:
3668:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3652:
3633:
3626:
3619:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3588:
3580:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3545:(8): e21828.
3544:
3540:
3536:
3529:
3513:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3475:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3432:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3399:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3363:
3354:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3317:
3301:
3297:
3290:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3257:(2): 115β19.
3256:
3252:
3248:
3241:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3164:
3162:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3128:(3): 175β83.
3127:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3088:
3082:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2988:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2929:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2897:
2895:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2765:(7): 680β89.
2764:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2687:
2682:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2656:Health crisis
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2608:
2605:
2599:
2594:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2562:
2561:anthroponotic
2558:
2557:H5N1 bird flu
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2523:
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13720:21st century
13702:Surat plague
13672:NYC smallpox
13641:20th century
13546:19th century
13474:18th century
13395:17th century
13361:(1545, 1576)
13340:16th century
13283:Roman Plague
13252:(165β180 AD)
13246:(429β426 BC)
13193:and notable
13119:Strep throat
13099:Otitis media
12961:
12676:India (2006)
12625:
12398:Reassortment
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11632:South Africa
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7836:. Retrieved
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7773:. ABC News.
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7577:. Fox News.
7568:
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1227:Transmission
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1117:seasonal flu
1104:, nasal, or
1099:
1086:
1084:
1069:
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1030:
1024:
1019:. Secondary
998:
977:
974:Severe cases
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936:neurological
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884:
883:August 2011
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799:
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669:
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614:
612:
484:
282:
230:Arrival date
173:Virus strain
29:
14191:(2023β2024)
14185:(2022β2023)
14169:(2009β2010)
14157:(1977β1979)
14151:(1968β1970)
14145:(1961β1975)
14139:(1957β1958)
14133:(1919β1930)
14127:(1918β1920)
14125:Spanish flu
14121:(1899β1923)
14115:(1889β1890)
14113:Russian flu
14109:(1881β1896)
14103:(1863β1879)
14097:(1855β1860)
14091:(1852β1860)
14085:(1829β1851)
14079:(1816β1826)
14073:(1557β1559)
14003:(2022β2023)
13991:(2019β2020)
13985:(2019β2020)
13983:DRC measles
13937:(2018β2020)
13905:(2016β2022)
13893:(2015β2016)
13849:(2013β2016)
13843:(2013β2014)
13841:Chikungunya
13807:(2010β2019)
13801:(2009β2010)
13783:(2008β2017)
13777:(2008β2009)
13741:(2003β2005)
13729:(2002β2004)
13711:(1998β1999)
13692:(1972β1973)
13656:(1910β1911)
13650:(1900β1904)
13615:(1862β1863)
13585:(1847β1848)
13579:(1837β1838)
13561:(1813β1814)
13555:(1812β1819)
13525:(1793β1798)
13519:(1780β1782)
13507:(1770β1772)
13495:(1720β1722)
13489:(1710β1712)
13483:(1707β1708)
13459:(1675β1676)
13452:(1665β1666)
13434:(1647β1652)
13428:(1633β1644)
13416:(1629β1631)
13385:(1592β1593)
13379:(1592β1593)
13373:(1563β1564)
13367:(1557β1559)
13321:(1485β1551)
13315:(1346β1353)
13313:Black Death
13238: 1330
13104:Pharyngitis
13050:Non-mammals
12831:Laninamivir
12826:Oseltamivir
12814:Rimantadine
12642:2009 A/H1N1
12444:Influenza D
12439:Influenza C
12434:Influenza B
12429:Influenza A
12311:Spanish flu
12283:2009 A/H1N1
12273:Influenza A
12258:Spanish flu
12201:New Zealand
12005:Switzerland
11955:Netherlands
11807:South Korea
11780:Philippines
11770:North Korea
11485:MedlinePlus
11166:6 September
9914:(1): 9β14.
9694:. Cdc.gov.
9570:. Cdc.gov.
9399:14 December
9369:14 December
9132:6 September
9044:6 September
8973:18 November
8741:11 December
8680:20 November
8650:30 December
8342:Mayo Clinic
8224:1 September
8163:10 December
8133:10 December
8106:10 December
6964:21 February
6639:Independent
6385:NHS Choices
6162:Donnelly CA
5989:13 December
5878:6 September
5736:: 400β402.
5645:18 November
5546:23 November
5512:23 November
5475:23 November
4945:6 September
4497:10 December
4466:10 December
4396:26 February
4095:10 December
3739:DeNoon DJ.
3230:1 September
3192:21 February
3061:www.cdc.gov
2641:Black Death
2494:million β 1
2487:1.19β1.37)
2470:Every year
2448:1.30β1.70)
2370:1.56β1.85)
2325:1.53β1.70)
2276:1.47β2.27)
2257:Spanish flu
2201:Spanish flu
2175:Spanish flu
2166:3β5 million
2083:Lyn Finelli
1995:Mexico City
1841:oseltamivir
1807:oseltamivir
1761:oseltamivir
1751:post partum
1724:paracetamol
1632:quarantines
1602:respirators
1562:remote work
1482:air filters
1407:Mexico City
1075:myocarditis
916:sore throat
866:oseltamivir
838:Mexico City
785:South Korea
769:South Korea
727:names were
684:antibiotics
676:chest X-ray
627:Spanish flu
430:Rimantadine
420:Oseltamivir
415:Laninamivir
14207:Categories
13935:Kivu Ebola
13690:London flu
12856:Umifenovir
12848:Peramivir
12809:Amantadine
12787:Treatments
12408:Flu season
12309:See also:
12053:Costa Rica
11950:Montenegro
11940:Luxembourg
11827:Uzbekistan
11725:Kazakhstan
11670:Bangladesh
11660:Azerbaijan
10966:25 January
10148:(1): 480.
9851:25 January
9775:23 October
9702:23 October
9645:24 January
9430:4 December
9339:17 January
9309:2 December
9275:2 December
9242:2 December
9211:2 December
8714:4 December
8614:16 October
8550:30 January
8524:6 November
8512:. Geneva:
8445:1 November
7957:30 January
7926:16 October
7781:28 October
7492:28 October
7027:30 January
6918:Bloomberg
6874:13 January
6802:25 October
6610:. London.
6462:2 November
6362:2 November
6268:6 November
6235:6 November
6164:, Reed C,
6103:(45): 45.
5606:4 December
5580:5 December
5220:17 January
5164:2 December
5064:2 November
5031:1 November
4863:30 January
4429:5 December
4363:25 October
4264:: e16777.
4052:Kikon CS.
3873:(5): 203.
3673:31 January
3641:1 November
3388:25 October
3372:. Geneva,
3344:2381/15212
3006:25 January
2677:References
2651:G4 EA H1N1
2584:SARS-CoV-2
2490:5β15% (340
2483:1.28 (IQR,
2444:1.46 (IQR,
2366:1.80 (IQR,
2321:1.65 (IQR,
2272:1.80 (IQR,
2102:media bias
2058:See also:
1797:Resistance
1747:antivirals
1698:Indonesian
1686:Azerbaijan
1642:pilgrimage
1626:Quarantine
1575:Face masks
1530:pediatrics
1502:Aeromexico
1372:President
1343:President
1297:See also:
1266:See also:
1262:Prevention
1201:virologist
928:runny nose
904:influenzas
862:Antivirals
703:narcolepsy
680:antivirals
553:Flu season
435:Umifenovir
405:Amantadine
215:Index case
14167:Swine flu
14137:Asian flu
14055:(541β767)
14024:Argentina
13309:(735β737)
13303:(664β689)
13297:(638β639)
13291:(627β628)
13279:(541β542)
13269:classical
13258:(250β266)
13191:epidemics
13187:Pandemics
13114:Sinusitis
13109:Pneumonia
13005:Non-human
12972:Epidemics
12919:Pandemics
12910:epidemics
12889:Pandemrix
12841:Zanamivir
12836:Peramivir
12773:2020β2022
12766:Outbreaks
12681:UK (2007)
12664:Outbreaks
12608:Pandemics
12388:Treatment
12364:Influenza
12268:Influenza
12186:Australia
12168:Venezuela
12123:Argentina
12068:Guatemala
11945:Macedonia
11935:Lithuania
11802:Sri Lanka
11797:Singapore
11785:by region
11705:Indonesia
11695:Hong Kong
11496:eMedicine
11249:(1): 29.
11128:, citing
11053:CiteSeerX
10588:: b5213.
9984:USA Today
9660:Mason M.
9420:Bloomberg
8820:: b5405.
8771:: b5106.
8470:CiteSeerX
8036:France 24
7611:31 August
7585:31 August
7397:31 August
7332:31 August
7054:: c2947.
6931:21 August
6737:4 October
6675:4 October
6649:31 August
6587:25 August
6495:31 August
6110:0909.2417
5936:: b5213.
5675:25 August
5130:31 August
4894:10 August
4746:10 August
4487:eMedicine
3446:CiteSeerX
3421:4 January
3281:205105276
3182:0362-4331
2781:0028-4793
2506:<0.1%
2387:<0.2%
2377:million)
2342:<0.2%
2332:million)
2306:Asian flu
2287:billion)
2182:Asian flu
2118:Follow-up
2079:1 million
1919:Americas
1849:pneumonia
1845:zanamivir
1815:zanamivir
1769:Peramivir
1765:zanamivir
1756:pneumonia
1728:ibuprofen
1708:Treatment
1702:9 million
1622:disease.
1615:particles
1540:Workplace
1335:avian flu
1221:Nancy Cox
1110:Real-time
1096:Diagnosis
1071:Fulminant
1065:100 mg/L)
1053:pneumonia
1013:pneumonia
1009:Pulmonary
870:zanamivir
654:pneumonia
643:swine flu
635:La Gloria
498:Outbreaks
453:Pandemics
440:Zanamivir
425:Peramivir
398:Treatment
373:Pandemrix
198:Worldwide
167:Influenza
14173:COVID-19
14161:HIV/AIDS
13739:Bird flu
12871:Vaccines
12456:subtypes
12378:Research
12319:Bird flu
12153:Paraguay
12143:Colombia
12103:by state
12073:Honduras
11990:Slovenia
11970:Portugal
11870:Bulgaria
11817:Thailand
11775:Pakistan
11760:Maldives
11755:Mongolia
11750:Malaysia
11675:Cambodia
11597:Ethiopia
11565:Location
11403:Archived
11399:19847148
11374:22710439
11366:19513050
11337:19516283
11275:18298852
11219:24302890
11160:Archived
11156:22738893
11124:Archived
11098:Archived
11075:16192482
11021:Archived
10960:Archived
10938:29206909
10887:10 March
10855:Archived
10833:24045719
10784:21713000
10733:22738893
10693:21850217
10653:PLOS ONE
10612:20007665
10563:20496301
10555:19543913
10460:22974230
10452:11875246
10417:17330793
10378:30202996
10316:Archived
10280:16494711
10231:15602562
10174:25186370
10123:26392163
10115:11576290
10080:12163258
10045:18710327
9988:Archived
9938:16494710
9876:Archived
9845:Archived
9820:11222604
9812:21642799
9748:16319291
9696:Archived
9670:Archived
9639:Archived
9621:21342903
9572:Archived
9546:Archived
9495:14 April
9489:Archived
9454:Archived
9393:Archived
9363:Archived
9333:Archived
9329:H1N1 Flu
9303:Archived
9269:Archived
9236:Archived
9205:Archived
9183:28230113
9126:Archived
9103:31565258
9038:Archived
9016:21342903
8967:Archived
8941:Archived
8937:Fox News
8908:Archived
8867:NBC News
8844:14 April
8838:Archived
8834:72788639
8795:19995812
8708:Archived
8674:Archived
8641:Archived
8492:19815859
8415:14 April
8409:Archived
8383:Archived
8346:Archived
8308:Archived
8304:ABC News
8284:14 April
8278:Archived
8254:28 April
8127:Archived
8100:Archived
8098:. KOTV.
8079:21 March
8073:Archived
8047:21 March
8041:Archived
7977:Archived
7951:Archived
7893:Archived
7889:ABC News
7863:Archived
7832:Archived
7801:Archived
7775:Archived
7709:Archived
7579:Archived
7552:Archived
7519:Archived
7486:Archived
7460:Archived
7427:Archived
7391:Archived
7359:Archived
7326:Archived
7290:Archived
7268:21539735
7217:24641156
7168:Archived
7138:26 April
7132:Archived
7080:Archived
7068:20525680
6992:Archived
6925:Archived
6904:14 April
6898:Archived
6864:News.com
6845:24693893
6796:Archived
6765:Archived
6731:Archived
6618:27 April
6612:Archived
6608:Guardian
6557:25 April
6551:Archived
6526:25 April
6520:Archived
6489:Archived
6426:Archived
6393:Archived
6353:Archived
6294:Archived
6289:CBC News
6262:Archived
6229:Archived
6204:20042753
6166:Ghani AC
6147:19744314
6076:14 April
6070:Archived
6048:20558710
5983:Archived
5960:20007665
5903:Archived
5899:BBC News
5869:Archived
5844:19407756
5803:19891883
5752:25 April
5746:Archived
5742:19390508
5696:Archived
5669:Archived
5636:Archived
5600:Archived
5574:Archived
5540:Archived
5532:H1N1 Flu
5506:Archived
5498:H1N1 Flu
5469:Archived
5444:20823435
5395:Archived
5361:20153131
5320:20627925
5271:43882788
5263:19935413
5188:Archived
5158:Archived
5124:Archived
5091:Archived
5025:Archived
4995:Archived
4965:Archived
4939:Archived
4935:22738893
4888:Archived
4857:Archived
4833:14 April
4807:14 April
4801:Archived
4776:14 April
4770:Archived
4740:Archived
4684:Archived
4676:H1N1 Flu
4650:Archived
4563:14 April
4557:Archived
4526:Archived
4491:Archived
4460:Archived
4452:H1N1 Flu
4423:Archived
4390:Archived
4314:18 March
4308:Archived
4290:27350259
4220:19516283
4169:Archived
4120:Archived
4089:Archived
4037:29 April
4031:Archived
4000:Archived
3970:Archived
3948:24299568
3922:: 1116.
3897:21462392
3846:31 March
3810:Archived
3786:23 March
3780:Archived
3755:13 March
3749:Archived
3726:24302890
3667:Archived
3632:Archived
3602:Archived
3579:21850217
3539:PLOS ONE
3512:Archived
3480:May to 9
3468:19815859
3415:Archived
3353:20445182
3300:Archived
3273:19474418
3224:Archived
3186:Archived
3152:20496301
3144:19543913
3100:Archived
3065:Archived
3000:Archived
2940:Archived
2911:Archived
2885:19407164
2845:19424121
2789:19564631
2738:20 March
2732:Archived
2708:20 March
2702:Archived
2590:See also
2543:and the
2498:billion)
2433:2009β10
2400:1977β79
2384:million
2355:1968β69
2339:million
2310:1957β58
2294:million
2279:33% (500
2261:1918β20
2232:Subtype
2194:immunity
1694:Americas
1358:Vaccines
1197:proteins
1195:several
1184:antibody
1177:immunity
1172:vaccines
1131:assays (
932:Diarrhea
885:PLOS ONE
854:pandemic
834:Veracruz
650:pandemic
547:See also
361:Vaccines
220:Veracruz
194:Location
13223:Ancient
13012:Mammals
12722:Vaccine
12700:Science
12635:Science
12417:Viruses
12383:Vaccine
12245:Related
12231:Vanuatu
12226:Tokelau
12178:Oceania
12163:Uruguay
12148:Ecuador
12128:Bolivia
12078:Jamaica
12015:Ukraine
11975:Romania
11920:Ireland
11915:Iceland
11910:Hungary
11900:Germany
11890:Finland
11885:Estonia
11880:Denmark
11875:Croatia
11860:Belgium
11855:Austria
11850:Albania
11832:Vietnam
11765:Myanmar
11740:Lebanon
11690:Georgia
11665:Bahrain
11637:Tunisia
11627:Nigeria
11622:Namibia
11617:Morocco
11582:Algeria
11555:·
11466:D053118
11429:at the
11315:Bibcode
11266:2279112
11210:3841239
10929:5934309
10861:12 June
10824:3809029
10775:3119689
10684:3151238
10661:Bibcode
10603:2791802
10516:5578560
10369:7314216
10325:1 March
10271:3291398
10222:7095078
10201:Bibcode
10165:4169819
10060:Vaccine
10036:2599911
9929:3291411
9525:17 July
9450:Reuters
9161:Bibcode
9094:6607375
9073:Bibcode
8786:2790574
8371:"Fever"
7515:Flu.gov
7259:3096599
7242:: 111.
7164:Reuters
7128:Reuters
7108:17 June
6894:Reuters
6761:Reuters
6195:3840270
6138:2755471
6115:Bibcode
6039:3569847
6018:Bibcode
6010:Science
5951:2791802
5794:2857250
5401:3 April
5311:2921287
5001:28 July
4797:Reuters
4281:4957980
4198:Bibcode
4166:Alt URL
4126:30 June
4116:Science
3939:3907032
3888:4941550
3717:3841239
3662:cdc.gov
3608:24 July
3570:3151238
3547:Bibcode
3306:3 April
3298:. CNN.
3071:4 April
3041:8 April
2976:8 April
2907:Reuters
2865:Science
2836:7095218
2440:H1N1/09
1935:Europe
1911:Africa
1819:Relenza
1811:Tamiflu
1732:Aspirin
1596:, Japan
1511:Schools
1478:measles
1256:cheetah
1252:ferrets
1248:turkeys
1041:cardiac
1001:obesity
924:fatigue
808:History
801:Science
775:in the
163:Disease
14067:(1510)
14045:Global
14026:(2024)
14009:(2023)
13997:(2020)
13979:(2019)
13973:(2019)
13967:(2019)
13961:(2019)
13955:(2019)
13949:(2019)
13943:(2018)
13931:(2018)
13925:(2018)
13918:(2018)
13911:(2017)
13899:(2016)
13887:(2015)
13881:(2015)
13875:(2014)
13869:(2014)
13863:(2014)
13856:(2014)
13837:(2013)
13831:(2013)
13825:(2012)
13819:(2012)
13813:(2011)
13795:(2009)
13789:(2009)
13771:(2007)
13765:(2006)
13759:(2006)
13753:(2006)
13747:(2005)
13735:(2003)
13704:(1994)
13698:(1974)
13686:(1972)
13680:(1963)
13674:(1947)
13668:(1937)
13662:(1924)
13633:(1894)
13627:(1871)
13621:(1870)
13609:(1856)
13603:(1854)
13597:(1853)
13591:(1853)
13583:Typhus
13573:(1829)
13567:(1813)
13538:Modern
13513:(1772)
13501:(1738)
13466:(1679)
13446:(1656)
13440:(1655)
13422:(1633)
13410:(1623)
13404:(1603)
13355:(1520)
13349:(1510)
13332:modern
13029:Equine
13024:Feline
13019:Canine
12894:Audenz
12884:Brands
12321:, and
12133:Brazil
12088:Panama
12083:Mexico
12048:Canada
12043:Belize
12010:Turkey
12000:Sweden
11985:Serbia
11980:Russia
11965:Poland
11960:Norway
11930:Kosovo
11905:Greece
11895:France
11842:Europe
11812:Taiwan
11730:Kuwait
11715:Israel
11685:Cyprus
11642:Zambia
11574:Africa
11490:007421
11422:Curlie
11397:
11372:
11364:
11335:
11307:Nature
11290:
11273:
11263:
11217:
11207:
11154:
11073:
11055:
10936:
10926:
10831:
10821:
10782:
10772:
10731:
10691:
10681:
10632:7 July
10610:
10600:
10561:
10553:
10514:
10458:
10450:
10415:
10376:
10366:
10278:
10268:
10229:
10219:
10193:Nature
10172:
10162:
10121:
10113:
10078:
10043:
10033:
9936:
9926:
9818:
9810:
9746:
9676:24 May
9619:
9578:24 May
9552:24 May
9234:. AP.
9181:
9153:Nature
9101:
9091:
9034:CIDRAP
9014:
8832:
8793:
8783:
8490:
8472:
8389:20 May
8352:20 May
7949:. AP.
7750:3 July
7715:7 July
7266:
7256:
7215:
7076:323055
7074:
7066:
6953:Forbes
6843:
6202:
6192:
6145:
6135:
6046:
6036:
5958:
5948:
5842:
5822:Nature
5801:
5791:
5740:
5732:(15).
5442:
5359:
5318:
5308:
5290:Thorax
5269:
5261:
4971:3 July
4933:
4884:CIDRAP
4720:24 May
4690:14 May
4656:14 May
4630:14 May
4600:14 May
4288:
4278:
4218:
4190:Nature
3946:
3936:
3895:
3885:
3776:CIDRAP
3724:
3714:
3577:
3567:
3482:
3478:
3466:
3448:
3351:
3279:
3271:
3180:
3150:
3142:
2946:24 May
2883:
2843:
2833:
2815:Nature
2787:
2779:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2480:, ...
2457:0.01%
2446:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2292:
2290:17β100
2285:
2281:
2274:
2226:World
2070:, and
2060:GISAID
1982:Mexico
1954:1,858
1946:1,992
1930:1,019
1877:, and
1696:. The
1676:, the
1650:Taiwan
1462:Greece
1309:
1274:, and
1205:
1192:GISAID
1125:direct
1113:RT-PCR
1049:asthma
955:
926:, and
920:chills
914:pain,
908:muscle
881:
842:
781:Muslim
777:Jewish
765:Israel
749:Taiwan
336:Equine
331:Canine
267:Deaths
224:Mexico
183:Source
84:
78:
72:
66:
60:
54:
48:
13330:Early
13285:(590)
13267:Post-
13215:Local
13094:Croup
13057:Avian
13041:Swine
12589:H11N9
12584:H11N2
12579:H10N8
12574:H10N7
12569:H10N3
12221:Tonga
12206:Palau
12196:Nauru
12138:Chile
12038:Aruba
11995:Spain
11925:Italy
11745:Macau
11720:Japan
11700:India
11680:China
11612:Libya
11607:Kenya
11602:Ghana
11592:Egypt
11587:Benin
11433:(WHO)
11370:S2CID
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