2145:
the influenza strain were able to be seen, treated, and discharged in an efficient manner. A case-study of the preparation, planning, mitigation, and response efforts during the fall of 2009 is that of the
Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) which took several steps to increase the emergency department (ED) surge capacity response. CHOP used portions of the main lobby area as an ED waiting room; several of the region's hospital-based outpatient facilities were in use during evening and weekend hours for non-emergency cases; the ED's 24-hour short-stay unit was utilized to care for ED patients in a longer-term capacity; non-board certified physicians (in pediatric emergency medicine) and inpatient-unit medical nurses were utilized for ED patient care; hospital units normally utilized for other medical or therapeutic purposes were transformed into ED patient rooms; and rooms normally used for only one patient were expanded to at least a capacity of 2.
1212:, head of the influenza division at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, has said, "This particular paper is extremely interesting because it demonstrates for the first time what we had worried about at the very onset of the pandemic, and that is that this particular virus, when introduced into pigs, could reassort with the resident viruses in pigs and we would have new gene constellations. And bingo, here we are." Pigs have been termed the mixing vessel of flu because they can be infected both by avian flu viruses, which rarely directly infect people, and by human viruses. When pigs become simultaneously infected with more than one virus, the viruses can swap genes, producing new variants which can pass to humans and sometimes spread amongst them. "Unlike the situation with birds and humans, we have a situation with pigs and humans where there's a two-way street of exchange of viruses. With pigs it's very much a two-way street."
1505:
schools, the CDC recommended that students and school workers with flu symptoms should stay home for either seven days total, or until 24 hours after symptoms subsided, whichever was longer. The CDC also recommended that colleges should consider suspending fall 2009 classes if the virus began to cause severe illness in a significantly larger share of students than the previous spring. They also urged schools to suspend rules, such as penalties for late papers or missed classes or requirements for a doctor's note, to enforce "self-isolation" and prevent students from venturing out while ill; schools were advised to set aside a room for people developing flu-like symptoms while they waited to go home and to have ill students or staff and those caring for them use face masks.
1374:
concluded that had the vaccination program started two weeks earlier, close to 60% more cases could have been prevented. The study was based on an effectiveness in preventing cases, hospitalizations, and deaths of 62% for all subgroups except people over 65, for whom the effectiveness was estimated at 43%. The effectiveness was based on
European and Asian studies and expert opinion. The delay in vaccine administration demonstrated the shortcomings of the world's capacity for vaccine-production, as well as problems with international distribution. Some manufacturers and wealthy countries had concerns regarding liability and regulations, as well as the logistics of transporting, storing, and administering vaccines to be donated to poorer countries.
868:, announced the end of the H1N1 pandemic and announced that the H1N1 influenza event had moved into the post-pandemic period. According to WHO statistics (as of July 2010), the virus had killed more than 18,000 people since it appeared in April 2009; however, they state that the total mortality (including deaths unconfirmed or unreported) from the H1N1 strain is "unquestionably higher". Critics claimed the WHO had exaggerated the danger, spreading "fear and confusion" rather than "immediate information". The WHO began an investigation to determine whether it had "frightened people unnecessarily". A flu follow-up study done in September 2010, found that "the risk of most serious complications was not elevated in adults or children." In a 5
89:
1569:
814:
109:
2601:
1358:
2002:
2564:
shift toward mortality among persons less than 65 years of age occurred, so that many more life-years were lost. Between 123,000 and 203,000 pandemic respiratory deaths were estimated globally for the last nine months of 2009. The majority (62β85%) were attributed to persons under 65 years of age. The burden varied greatly among countries. There was an almost 20-fold higher mortality in some countries in the
Americas than in Europe. The model attributed 148,000β249,000 respiratory deaths to influenza in an average pre-pandemic season, with only 19% in persons <65 years of age.
1398:, when a hundred or so "normal" reported influenza cases were declared to be the beginning of a threatening new pandemic, although he said there was little scientific evidence for it. Nevertheless, he argued that the WHO, "in cooperation with some big pharmaceutical companies and their scientists, re-defined pandemics," removing the statement that "an enormous amount of people have contracted the illness or died" from its existing definition and replacing it by stating simply that there has to be a virus, spreading beyond borders and to which people have no immunity.
1274:
because the virus was new and could easily mutate and become more virulent, even though most flu symptoms were mild and lasted only a few days without treatment. Officials also urged communities, businesses, and individuals to make contingency plans for possible school closures, multiple employee absences for illness, surges of patients in hospitals, and other effects of potentially widespread outbreaks. Disaster response organizations such as Direct Relief helped by providing protective items to clinical workers to help them stay healthy throughout flu season.
120:
686:(USCDC) and Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (NIVEL) to produce two independent estimates of the influenza deaths that occurred during the global pandemic using two distinct methodologies. The 2009 H1N1 flu pandemic is estimated to have actually caused about 284,000 (range from 150,000 to 575,000) excess deaths by the WHO-USCDC study and 148,000β249,000 excess respiratory deaths by the WHO-NIVEL study. A study done in September 2010 showed that the risk of serious illness resulting from the 2009 H1N1 flu was no higher than that of the yearly
129:
2074:, a flu surveillance official with the CDC. Estimating deaths from influenza is also a complicated process. In 2005, influenza only appeared on the death certificates of 1,812 people in the US. The average annual US death toll from flu is, however, estimated to be 36,000. The CDC explains: "nfluenza is infrequently listed on death certificates of people who die from flu-related complications" and hence, "Only counting deaths where influenza was included on a death certificate would be a gross underestimation of influenza's true impact."
2066:
the GISAID Initiative within days of identification, playing a key role in facilitating an early response to the evolving pandemic. Surveillance is used to determine if influenza activity is increasing or decreasing, but cannot be used to ascertain how many people have become ill with influenza." For example, as of late June, influenza surveillance information showed the U.S. had nearly 28,000 laboratory-confirmed cases including 3,065 hospitalizations and 127 deaths. But mathematical modelling showed an estimated
1128:, the CDC advises that patients with illnesses compatible with novel influenza A (H1N1) virus infection but with negative RIDT results should be treated empirically based on the level of clinical suspicion, underlying medical conditions, severity of illness, and risk for complications, and if a more definitive determination of infection with influenza virus is required, testing with rRT-PCR or virus isolation should be performed. The use of RIDTs has been questioned by researcher Paul Schreckenberger of the
31:
1446:
1579:
100:
1438:
1541:(DHS) developed updated guidance and a video for employers to use as they developed plans to respond to the H1N1 outbreak. The guidance suggested that employers consider and communicate their objectives, such as reducing transmission among staff, protecting people who are at increased risk of influenza-related complications from becoming infected, maintaining business operations, and minimising adverse effects on other entities in their
1108:. However, most people with flu symptoms do not need a test for pandemic H1N1 flu specifically, because the test results usually do not affect the recommended course of treatment. The U.S. CDC recommend testing only for people who are hospitalized with suspected flu, pregnant women, and people with weakened immune systems. For the mere diagnosis of influenza and not pandemic H1N1 flu specifically, more widely available tests include
1669:, and the Canadian Pork Council objected to widespread media use of the name "swine flu" and suggested it should be called "North American flu" instead, while the World Health Organization switched its designation from "swine influenza" to "influenza A (H1N1)" in late April 2009. The virus has been found in U.S. hogs, and Canadian as well as in hogs in Northern Ireland, Argentina, and Norway. Leading health agencies and the
2118:
perceived severity of symptoms and risk of serious outcomes were not increased." Children infected in the 2009 H1N1 flu pandemic were no more likely to be hospitalized with complications or get pneumonia than those who catch seasonal strains. About 1.5% of children with the H1N1 swine flu strain were hospitalized within 30 days, compared with 3.7% of those sick with a seasonal strain of H1N1 and 3.1% with an H3N2 virus.
291:
829:'s public and private facilities in an attempt to contain the spread of the virus; however, it continued to spread globally, and clinics in some areas were overwhelmed by infected people. The new virus was first isolated in late April by American and Canadian laboratories from samples taken from people with flu in Mexico, Southern California, and Texas. Soon the earliest known human case was traced to a case from 9
140:
2587:
1228:(the average number of other individuals whom each infected individual will infect, in a population which has no immunity to the disease) for the 2009 novel H1N1 is estimated to be 1.75. A December 2009 study found that the transmissibility of the H1N1 influenza virus in households is lower than that seen in past pandemics. Most transmissions occur soon before or after the onset of symptoms.
1987:
to contain the spread were rejected. Mexico already had hundreds of non-lethal cases before the outbreak was officially discovered, and was therefore in the midst of a "silent epidemic". As a result, Mexico was reporting only the most serious cases which showed more severe signs different from those of normal flu, possibly leading to a skewed initial estimate of the case fatality rate.
1402:
criticism and the chance to discuss it". The WHO also stated on their website that "The world is going through a real pandemic. The description of it as a fake is wrong and irresponsible". In March 2010, the
Council of Europe launched an enquiry into "the influence of the pharmaceutical companies on the global swine flu campaign", and a preliminary report was in preparation.
2141:
the past 31 years (~3,000 to ~49,000) is a more accurate representation of the unpredictability and variability of flu-associated deaths. The annual toll from seasonal influenza in the US between 1979 and 2001 is estimated at 41,400 deaths on average. Therefore, the H1N1 pandemic estimated mortality of 8,870 to 18,300 is just below the mid-range of estimates.
2185:. Recent genetic analysis has revealed that three-quarters, or six out of the eight genetic segments, of the 2009 flu pandemic strain arose from the North American swine flu strains circulating since 1998, when a new strain was first identified on a factory farm in North Carolina, and which was the first-ever reported triple-hybrid flu virus.
959:. "Children with nerve and muscle problems may be at especially high risk for complications because they cannot cough hard enough to clear their airways". From 26 April 2009, to 13 February 2010, the CDC had received reports of the deaths of 277 children with laboratory-confirmed 2009 influenza A (H1N1) within the United States.
2136:
to 1991 through 1998β99. During those years, the number of estimated deaths ranged from 17,000 to 52,000, with an average of about 36,000. Throughout that decade, influenza A (H3N2) was the predominant virus during most of the seasons, and H3N2 influenza viruses are typically associated with higher death rates. The
1419:, published an editorial which criticised the WHO, saying that an investigation had disclosed that some of the experts advising WHO on the pandemic had financial ties with drug companies which were producing antivirals and vaccines. Margaret Chan, Director-General of the WHO, replied stating, "Without question, the
802:
months prior to the outbreak, suggesting a need to increase agricultural surveillance to prevent future outbreaks. In 2009, U.S. agricultural officials speculated, although emphasizing that there was no way to prove their hypothesis, that "contrary to the popular assumption that the new swine flu pandemic arose on
877:
included in the original number, and meant that many without access to health facilities went uncounted. The majority of these deaths occurred in Africa and
Southeast Asia. Experts, including the WHO, have agreed that an estimated 284,500 people were killed by the disease, much higher than the initial death toll.
1406:
which turned out to be not as deadly as feared. WHO Director-General
Margaret Chan appointed 29 flu experts from outside the organization to conduct a review of WHO's handling of the H1N1 flu pandemic. She told them, "We want a frank, critical, transparent, credible and independent review of our performance."
2078:
to H1N1 flu from April to 14 November 2009. During the same period, 1,642 deaths were officially confirmed as caused by H1N1 flu. The WHO stated in 2010 that total mortality (including unconfirmed or unreported deaths) from H1N1 flu was "unquestionably higher" than their own confirmed death statistics.
2555:
People who contracted influenza before 1957 appeared to have some immunity to H1N1 flu. According to Daniel
Jernigan, head of flu epidemiology for the U.S. CDC "Tests on blood serum from older people showed that they had antibodies that attacked the new virus ... That does not mean that everyone
2192:
began with a wave of mild cases in the spring, followed by more deadly waves in the autumn, eventually killing hundreds of thousands in the United States and 50β100 million worldwide. The great majority of deaths in the 1918 flu pandemic were the result of secondary bacterial pneumonia. The influenza
2140:
study also looked at seasonal influenza-associated deaths over a 23-year period, from 1976 to 1977 and 1998β99 with estimates of respiratory and circulatory influenza-associated deaths ranging from about 5,000 to about 52,000, and an average of about 25,000. CDC believes that the range of deaths over
1747:
should be given both antivirals and antibiotics, as in many severe cases of H1N1-caused illness, bacterial infection develops. Antivirals are most useful if given within 48 hours of the start of symptoms and may improve outcomes in hospitalised patients. In those beyond 48 hours who are moderately or
1548:
The CDC estimated that as much as 40% of the workforce might be unable to work at the peak of the pandemic due to the need for many healthy adults to stay home and care for an ill family member, and advised that individuals should have steps in place should a workplace close down or a situation arise
1423:
feature and editorial will leave many readers with the impression that WHO's decision to declare a pandemic was at least partially influenced by a desire to boost the profits of the pharmaceutical industry. The bottom line, however, is that decisions to raise the level of pandemic alert were based on
1220:
Spread of the H1N1 virus is thought to occur in the same way that seasonal flu spreads. Flu viruses are spread mainly from person to person through coughing or sneezing by people with influenza. Sometimes people may become infected by touching somethingβsuch as a surface or objectβwith flu viruses on
1203:
was about one hundred times more lethal and had a case fatality rate of 2β3%. By 14 November 2009, the virus had infected one in six
Americans with 200,000 hospitalisations and 10,000 deathsβas many hospitalizations and fewer deaths than in an average flu season overall, but with much higher risk for
1035:
A United
Kingdom investigation of risk factors for hospitalisation and poor outcome with pandemic A/H1N1 influenza looked at 631 patients from 55 hospitals admitted with confirmed infection from May through September 2009. 13% were admitted to a high dependency or intensive care unit and 5% died; 36%
10695:
Dawood FS, Iuliano AD, Reed C, Meltzer MI, Shay DK, Cheng PY, Bandaranayake D, Breiman RF, Brooks WA, Buchy P, Feikin DR, Fowler KB, Gordon A, Hien NT, Horby P, Huang QS, Katz MA, Krishnan A, Lal R, Montgomery JM, MΓΈlbak K, Pebody R, Presanis AM, Razuri H, Steens A, Tinoco YO, Wallinga J, Yu H, Vong
1628:
issued a travel alert about China's anti-flu measures and warned travellers against travelling to China if ill. In Hong Kong, an entire hotel was quarantined with 240 guests; Australia ordered a cruise ship with 2,000 passengers to stay at sea because of a swine flu threat. Egyptian
Muslims who went
1593:
in non-health care settings, such as schools, workplaces, or public places, with a few exceptions: people who were ill with the virus when around other people, and people who were at risk for severe illness while caring for someone with the flu. There was some disagreement about the value of wearing
1373:
In 2011, a study from the US Flu Vaccine Effectiveness Network estimated the overall effectiveness of all pandemic H1N1 vaccines at 56%. A CDC study released 28 January 2013, estimated that the Pandemic H1N1 vaccine saved roughly 300 lives and prevented about a million illnesses in the US. The study
1080:
in September 2010 challenged previous reports and stated that children infected in the 2009 flu pandemic were no more likely to be hospitalised with complications or get pneumonia than those who catch seasonal strains. Researchers found that about 1.5% of children with the H1N1 swine flu strain were
2559:
In June 2012, a model based study found that the number of deaths related to the H1N1 influenza may have been fifteen times higher than the reported laboratory confirmed deaths, with 80% of the respiratory and cardiovascular deaths in people younger than 65 years and 51% occurring in southeast Asia
2144:
The 2009 pandemic caused US hospitals to make significant preparations in terms of hospital surge capacities, especially within the emergency department and among vulnerable populations. In many cases, hospitals were relatively successful in making sure that those patients most severely affected by
2135:
It has been stated that about 36,000 die from the seasonal flu in the U.S. each year, and this is frequently understood as an indication that the H1N1 strain was not as severe as seasonal influenza. The 36,000 estimate was presented in a 2003 study by CDC scientists and refers to a period from 1990
2093:
and incorrect reporting by governments. Inaccuracies could also be caused by authorities in different countries looking at differing population groups. Furthermore, countries with poor health care systems and older laboratory facilities may take longer to identify or report cases. "ven in developed
2077:
Influenza surveillance information on the 2009 H1N1 flu pandemic is available, but almost no studies attempted to estimate the total number of deaths attributable to H1N1 flu. Two studies were carried out by the CDC; the later of them estimated that between 7,070 and 13,930 deaths were attributable
1986:
on 18 March 2009; immediately after the outbreak was officially announced, Mexico notified the U.S. and World Health Organization, and within days of the outbreak Mexico City was "effectively shut down". Some countries cancelled flights to Mexico while others halted trade. Calls to close the border
1966:
While it is not known precisely where or when the virus originated, analyses in scientific journals have suggested that the H1N1 strain responsible for the 2009 outbreak first evolved in September 2008 and circulated amongst humans for several months, before being formally recognised and identified
1781:
Both medications mentioned above for treatment, oseltamivir and zanamivir, have known side effects, including lightheadedness, chills, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and trouble breathing. Children were reported to be at increased risk of self-injury and confusion after taking oseltamivir. The
1269:
Because the H1N1 vaccine was initially in short supply in the U.S., the CDC recommended that initial doses should go to priority groups such as pregnant women, people who live with or care for babies under six months old, children six months to four years old and health-care workers. In the UK, the
1175:
reaction to the new strain, adults aged 18 to 60 had 6β9%, and older adults 33%. While it has been thought that these findings suggest the partial immunity in older adults may be due to previous exposure to similar seasonal influenza viruses, a November 2009 study of a rural unvaccinated population
724:
or pig products, or provoking stigmatization against certain communities (e.g. "Mexican"). Some academics of the time asserted there is nothing wrong with such names, while research published years later (in 2013) concluded that Mexican Americans and Latino Americans had indeed been stigmatized due
3473:
June 2009. The study found that "the only variable that was significantly associated with a positive outcome was the receipt of antiviral drugs within two days after the onset of illness" and also that "only 73% of patients with radiographic evidence of pneumonia received antiviral drugs, whereas
2563:
A WHO-supported 2013 study estimated that the 2009 global pandemic respiratory mortality was ~10-fold higher than the World Health Organization's laboratory-confirmed mortality count (18.631). Although the pandemic mortality estimate was similar in magnitude to that of seasonal influenza, a marked
2065:
Influenza surveillance information "answers the questions of where, when, and what influenza viruses are circulating. Sharing of such information is especially crucial during an emergent pandemic as in April 2009, when the genetic sequences of the initial viruses were rapidly and openly shared via
1504:
U.S. government officials were especially concerned about schools because the H1N1 flu virus appeared to disproportionately affect young and school-age people, between six months and 24 years of age. The H1N1 outbreak led to numerous precautionary school closures in some areas. Rather than closing
1183:
database according to Nature and WHO, soon determined that the strain contains genes from five different flu viruses: North American swine influenza, North American avian influenza, human influenza, and two swine influenza viruses typically found in Asia and Europe. Further analysis has shown that
971:
reports that the clinical picture in severe cases is strikingly different from the disease pattern seen during epidemics of seasonal influenza. While people with certain underlying medical conditions are known to be at increased risk, many severe cases occur in previously healthy people. In severe
1405:
On 12 April 2010, Keiji Fukuda, the WHO's top influenza expert, stated that the system leading to the declaration of a pandemic led to confusion about H1N1 circulating around the world and he expressed concern that there was a failure to communicate in regard to uncertainties about the new virus,
1140:
On 22 June 2010, the CDC announced a new test called the "CDC Influenza 2009 A (H1N1)pdm Real-Time RT-PCR Panel (IVD)". It uses a molecular biology technique to detect influenza A viruses and specifically the 2009 H1N1 virus. The new test will replace the previous real-time RT-PCR diagnostic test
715:
Controversy arose early on regarding the wide assortment of terms used by journalists, academics, and officials. Labels like "H1N1 flu", "Swine flu", "Mexican flu", and variations thereof were typical. Criticism centered on how these names may confuse or mislead the public. It was argued that the
2117:
in September 2010, reported that findings showed that the 2009 H1N1 flu was no more severe than the seasonal flu. "The risk of most serious complications was not elevated in adults or children", the study's authors wrote. "Children were disproportionately affected by 2009 H1N1 infection, but the
1767:
To help avoid shortages of these drugs, the U.S. CDC recommended oseltamivir treatment primarily for people hospitalised with pandemic flu; people at risk of serious flu complications due to underlying medical conditions; and patients at risk of serious flu complications. The CDC warned that the
1401:
The WHO responded by stating that they take their duty to provide independent advice seriously and guarded against interference from outside interests. Announcing a review of the WHO's actions, spokeswoman Fadela Chaib stated: "Criticism is part of an outbreak cycle. We expect and indeed welcome
1273:
Although it was initially thought that two injections would be required, clinical trials showed that the new vaccine protected adults "with only one dose instead of two;" thus the limited vaccine supplies would go twice as far as had been predicted. Health officials worldwide were also concerned
678:
Some studies estimated that the real number of cases including asymptomatic and mild cases could be 700 million to 1.4 billion peopleβor 11 to 21 percent of the global population of 6.8 billion at the time. The lower value of 700 million is more than the 500 million people estimated to have been
1508:
In California, school districts and universities were on alert and worked with health officials to launch education campaigns. Many planned to stockpile medical supplies and discuss worst-case scenarios, including plans to provide lessons and meals for low-income children in case elementary and
1066:
has been linked to infection with H1N1, with at least four cases of myocarditis confirmed in patients also infected with A/H1N1. Three out of the four cases of H1N1-associated myocarditis were classified as fulminant, and one of the patients died. Also, there appears to be a link between severe
801:
Analysis of the genetic divergence of the virus in samples from different cases indicated that the virus jumped to humans in 2008, probably after June, and not later than the end of November, likely around September 2008. The research also indicated the virus had been latent in pigs for several
2157:
people and 290,000β650,000 deaths worldwide every year. On average 41,400 people die of influenza-related illnesses each year in the United States, based on data collected between 1979 and 2001. In industrialised countries, severe illness and deaths occur mainly in the high-risk populations of
1641:
said they would quarantine visitors with fevers who come from areas where the flu was present. Japan quarantined 47 airline passengers in a hotel for a week in mid-May, then in mid-June India suggested pre-screening "outbound" passengers from countries thought to have a high rate of infection.
876:
article, researchers estimated that the 2009 H1N1 global infection rate was 11% to 21%, lower than what was previously expected. However, by 2012, research showed that as many as 579,000 people could have been killed by the disease, as only those fatalities confirmed by laboratory testing were
1610:
such as swine flu virus". However, despite the lack of evidence of effectiveness, the use of such masks is common in Asia. They are particularly popular in Japan, where cleanliness and hygiene are highly valued and where etiquette obligates those who are sick to wear masks to avoid spreading
1326:
did much to prepare for the current H1N1 outbreak, noting that after H5N1 emerged in Asia, ultimately killing about 60% of the few hundred people infected over the years, many countries took steps to try to prevent any similar crisis from spreading further. The CDC and other U.S. governmental
1331:
safety net before flu season started in early autumn. Preparations included planning a second influenza vaccination program in addition to the one for seasonal flu, and improving coordination between federal, state, and local governments and private health providers. On 24 October 2009, U.S.
1845:
of influenza. Of note, their published finding related only to use in healthy adults with influenza but not in patients judged to be at high risk of complications (pregnant women, children under five and those with underlying medical conditions), and uncertainty over its role in reducing
1136:
risk. Nikki Shindo of the WHO has expressed regret at reports of treatment being delayed by waiting for H1N1 test results and suggests, "octors should not wait for the laboratory confirmation but make diagnosis based on clinical and epidemiological backgrounds and start treatment early."
1840:
and other serious conditions linked to influenza. They reported that an analysis of 20 studies showed oseltamivir offered mild benefits for healthy adults if taken within 24 hours of onset of symptoms, but found no clear evidence it prevented lower respiratory tract infections or other
1730:
If the fever is mild and there are no other complications, fever medication is not recommended. Most people recover without medical attention, although ones with pre-existing or underlying medical conditions are more prone to complications and may benefit from further treatments.
946:
August 2009, the CDC had received 36 reports of pediatric deaths with associated influenza symptoms and laboratory-confirmed pandemic H1N1 from state and local health authorities within the United States, with 22 of these children having neurodevelopmental conditions such as
1163:
against seasonal flu provided little protection. A study at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention published in May 2009 found that children had no preexisting immunity to the new strain but that adults, particularly those older than 60, had some degree of
1277:
In February 2010, the CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices voted for "universal" flu vaccination in the U.S. to include all people over six months of age. The 2010β2011 vaccine will protect against the 2009 H1N1 pandemic virus and two other flu viruses.
1207:
In June 2010, scientists from Hong Kong reported discovery of a new swine flu virus: a hybrid of the pandemic H1N1 virus and viruses previously found in pigs. It was the first report of a reassortment of the pandemic virus, which in humans had been slow to evolve.
848:
Despite being informally called "swine flu", the H1N1 flu virus cannot be spread by eating pork products; similar to other influenza viruses, it is typically contracted by person to person transmission through respiratory droplets. Symptoms usually last 4β6 days.
1742:
women, children under two years old, and people with underlying conditions such as respiratory problems. People who are not in an at-risk group who have persistent or rapidly worsening symptoms should also be treated with antivirals. People who have developed
2102:
pointed out that millions of people have had H1N1 flu, usually in a mild form, so the numbers of laboratory-confirmed cases were actually meaningless, and in July 2009, the WHO stopped keeping count of individual cases and focused more on major outbreaks.
1369:
By 19 November 2009, doses of vaccine had been administered in over 16 countries. A 2009 review by the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) concluded that the 2009 H1N1 vaccine has a safety profile similar to that of the seasonal vaccine.
11031:
Beigel JH, Farrar J, Han AM, Hayden FG, Hyer R, de Jong MD, et al. (Writing Committee of the World Health Organization (WHO) Consultation on Human Influenza A/H5) (September 2005). "Avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in humans".
2928:
1394:(WHO) to declare a "false pandemic" to sell vaccines. Wodarg said the WHO's "false pandemic" flu campaign is "one of the greatest medicine scandals of the century". He said that the "false pandemic" campaign began in May 2009 in
1656:
The pandemic virus is a type of swine influenza, derived originally from a strain which lived in pigs, and this origin gave rise to the common name of "swine flu". This term is widely used by mass media, though the Paris-based
972:
cases, patients generally begin to deteriorate around three to five days after symptom onset. Deterioration is rapid, with many patients progressing to respiratory failure within 24 hours, requiring immediate admission to an
1772:
strains to emerge, which would make the fight against the pandemic that much harder. In addition, a British report found that people often failed to complete a full course of the drug or took the medication when not needed.
2197:
and lungs of patients, allowing common bacteria from the nose and throat to infect their lungs. Subsequent pandemics have had many fewer fatalities due to the development of antibiotic medicines which can treat pneumonia.
1176:
in China found only a 0.3% cross-reactive antibody reaction to the H1N1 strain, suggesting that previous vaccinations for seasonal flu and not exposure may have resulted in the immunity found in the older U.S. population.
1623:
of foreign visitors suspected of having or being in contact with others who may have been infected. In May 2009, the Chinese government confined 21 U.S. students and three teachers to their hotel rooms. As a result, the
1457:
On 7 May 2009, the WHO stated that containment was not feasible and that countries should focus on mitigating the effect of the virus. They did not recommend closing borders or restricting travel. On 26 April 2009, the
2527:
The influenza virus has caused several pandemic threats over the past century, including the pseudo-pandemic of 1947 (thought of as mild because although globally distributed, it caused relatively few deaths), the
5359:
2094:
countries the are uncertain, because medical authorities don't usually verify who actually died of influenza and who died of a flu-like illness". Joseph S. Bresee, then CDC flu division's epidemiology chief and
4604:
1981:
The virus was first reported in two U.S. children in March 2009, but health officials have reported that it apparently infected people as early as January 2009 in Mexico. The outbreak was first identified in
931:, pregnant women (especially during the third trimester), and people of any age with underlying medical conditions, such as asthma, diabetes, obesity, heart disease, or a weakened immune system (e.g., taking
1598:'s School of Medicine, commented that the masks are "better than nothing, but it's hard to completely block out an airborne virus since it can easily slip through the gaps". According to mask manufacturer
690:. For comparison, the WHO estimates that 250,000 to 500,000 people die of seasonal flu annually. However, the H1N1 influenza epidemic in 2009 resulted in a large increase in the number of new cases of
6936:
3590:
1594:
face masks, as some experts feared that masks may have given people a false sense of security and should not have replaced other standard precautions. Yukihiro Nishiyama, professor of virology at
9534:
4845:
2125:
between 43 million and 89 million cases of 2009 H1N1 occurred between April 2009 and 10 April 2010. The mid-level in this range is about 61 million people infected with 2009 H1N1.
1473:
to ensure that aircraft were sanitised. Masks were not generally provided by airlines and the CDC did not recommend that airline crews wear them. Some non-U.S. airlines, mostly Asian, including
1312:
launched a website, the National Pandemic Flu Service, allowing patients to self-assess and get an authorisation number for antiviral medication. The system was expected to reduce the burden on
5036:
1496:
According to studies conducted in Australia and Japan, screening individuals for influenza symptoms at airports during the 2009 H1N1 outbreak was not an effective method of infection control.
13971:
9864:
8528:
2560:
and Africa. A disproportionate number of pandemic deaths might have occurred in these regions and that efforts to prevent future influenza pandemics need to effectively target these regions.
2128:
between about 195,000 and 403,000 H1N1-related hospitalizations occurred between April 2009 and 10 April 2010. The mid-level in this range is about 274,000 2009 H1N1-related hospitalizations.
3620:
6508:
649:(ARDS). This manifests itself as increased breathing difficulty and typically occurs three to six days after initial onset of flu symptoms. The pneumonia caused by flu can be either direct
787:
As terminology changed to deal with these and other such issues, further criticism was made that the situation was unnecessarily confusing. For example, the news department at the journal
9779:
Scarfone RJ, Coffin S, Fieldston ES, Falkowski G, Cooney MG, Grenfell S (June 2011). "Hospital-based pandemic influenza preparedness and response: strategies to increase surge capacity".
7278:
733:
637:
Unlike most strains of influenza, the pandemic H1N1/09 virus did not disproportionately infect adults older than 60 years; this was an unusual and characteristic feature of the H1N1
2924:
6058:
4131:
8266:
12577:
12572:
10970:
8955:
8449:
Jain S, Kamimoto L, Bramley AM, Schmitz AM, Benoit SR, Louie J, et al. (November 2009). "Hospitalized patients with 2009 H1N1 influenza in the United States, AprilβJune 2009".
3425:
Jain S, Kamimoto L, Bramley AM, Schmitz AM, Benoit SR, Louie J, et al. (November 2009). "Hospitalized patients with 2009 H1N1 influenza in the United States, AprilβJune 2009".
8296:
5588:
11333:
Soundararajan V, Tharakaraman K, Raman R, Raguram S, Shriver Z, Sasisekharan V, Sasisekharan R (June 2009). "Extrapolating from sequence β the 2009 H1N1 'swine' influenza virus".
1270:
NHS recommended vaccine priority go to people over six months old who were clinically at risk for seasonal flu, pregnant women and households of people with compromised immunity.
2988:
2028:, was confirmed on 17 April. The patient in the first confirmed case had flu symptoms including fever and cough upon clinical examination on 30 March and the second on 28 March.
3768:
7988:
7697:
7616:
5614:"Transcript of virtual press conference with Gregory Hartl, Spokesperson for H1N1, and Dr Nikki Shindo, Medical Officer, Global Influenza Programme, World Health Organization"
1846:
complications in healthy adults still left it as a useful drug for reducing the duration of symptoms. In general, the Cochrane Collaboration concluded "Paucity of good data".
8629:
1802:). It is not totally unexpected as 99.6% of the seasonal H1N1 flu strains tested have developed resistance to oseltamivir. No circulating flu has yet shown any resistance to
712:
uses the term "(H1N1) 2009 pandemic" when referring to the event, and officially adopted the name "A(H1N1)pdm09" for the virus in 2010, after the conclusion of the pandemic.
11112:
7724:
4337:
1782:
WHO warned against buying antiviral medications from online sources and estimated that half the drugs sold by online pharmacies without a physical address were counterfeit.
9026:
2131:
between about 8,870 and 18,300 2009 H1N1-related deaths occurred between April 2009 and 10 April 2010. The mid-level in this range is about 12,470 2009 H1N1-related deaths.
1525:, parents, and school administrators. By 28 October 2009, about 600 schools in the United States had been temporarily closed, affecting over 126,000 students in 19 states.
1296:
health commissioner advised Europeans to postpone nonessential travel to the United States or Mexico. This followed the discovery of the first confirmed case in Spain. On 6
8588:
6623:
5971:
3988:
14231:
5190:
3403:
1553:. The CDC further advised that persons in the workplace should stay home sick for seven days after getting the flu, or 24 hours after symptoms end, whichever is longer.
7820:
3737:
3461:
This study involved a total of 272 patients, which represents approximately 25% of US hospitalized patients with lab-confirmed H1N1 whose cases were reported to the US
1036:
were aged <16 years and 5% were aged β₯65 years. Non-white and pregnant patients were over-represented. 45% of patients had at least one underlying condition, mainly
13842:
8494:
7652:
4612:
4108:
1465:
U.S. airlines had made no major changes as of the beginning of June 2009, but continued standing practices which include looking for passengers with symptoms of flu,
942:
In September 2009, the CDC reported that the H1N1 flu "seems to be taking a heavier toll among chronically ill children than the seasonal flu usually does". Through 8
7904:
7082:
3310:
Bautista E, Chotpitayasunondh T, Gao Z, Harper SA, Shaw M, Uyeki TM, et al. (May 2010). "Clinical aspects of pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus infection".
561:
9499:
4876:
4411:
7001:
6680:
5684:
1044:, but bacterial co-infection was uncommon. Multivariate analyses showed that physician-recorded obesity on admission and pulmonary conditions other than asthma or
11009:
7347:
6784:
6719:
14007:
7540:
2039:, before being air-lifted to Houston for treatment. The Infectious Diseases Society of America estimated that the total number of deaths in the U.S. was 12,469.
1204:
those under 50. With deaths of 1,100 children and 7,500 adults 18 to 64, these figures were deemed "much higher than in a usual flu season" during the pandemic.
864:
The pandemic began to taper off in November 2009, and by May 2010, the number of cases was in steep decline. On 10 August 2010, the Director-General of the WHO,
9442:
7415:
3358:
2153:
Annual influenza epidemics are estimated to affect 5β15% of the global population. Although most cases are mild, these epidemics still cause severe illness in
9224:
8334:
6296:
927:
problems have also been reported in some cases. People at higher risk of serious complications include people over 65, children younger than 5, children with
12091:
8167:
679:
infected by the Spanish flu pandemic. However, the Spanish flu infected approximately a third of the world population at the time, a much higher proportion.
8115:
6946:
6539:
3582:
760:
briefly considered adoption of the name "Mexican virus" due to concern about the use of the word "swine". In Israel, objections stemmed from sensitivity to
11773:
9941:
6436:
5624:
4157:
675:. In particular, it is a warning sign if a child seems to be getting better and then relapses with high fever, as this relapse may be bacterial pneumonia.
9856:
6980:
3088:
12732:
9684:
9530:
8061:
4841:
4728:
4638:
11668:
6477:
825:, Mexico, with evidence that the virus had been present for months before it was officially called an "epidemic". The Mexican government closed most of
12081:
10463:
8137:
7379:
6753:
5046:
12051:
7881:
3820:
9976:
9753:
8198:
4545:
4077:
2099:
2085:
cautioned that the number of cases reported in the early days of an outbreak can be very inaccurate and deceptive, due to several causes, among them
761:
9741:
The regression model attributes an annual average of 41,400 (95% confidence interval: 27,100, 55,700) deaths to influenza over the period 1979β2001.
8532:
806:
in Mexico, most likely emerged in pigs in Asia, but then traveled to North America in a human." However, a subsequent report by researchers at the
12973:
10948:
9833:
9658:
4318:
3613:
9404:
8719:
8029:
7851:
6913:
6500:
6217:
12281:
6848:
6565:
6250:
5857:
3798:
2169:
In addition to these annual epidemics, Influenza A virus strains caused three global pandemics during the 20th century: the Spanish flu in 1918,
1651:
1459:
9381:
9351:
8696:
8662:
7270:
14119:
13885:
13787:
13505:
1071:. In one report, five out of 14 patients admitted to the intensive care unit with severe A/H1N1 infection were found to have pulmonary emboli.
682:
The number of lab-confirmed deaths reported to the WHO is 18,449 and is widely considered a gross underestimate. The WHO collaborated with the
4149:
3655:
3500:
2950:
12156:
12056:
12008:
4953:
3174:
1493:, took measures such as stepping up cabin cleaning, installing state-of-the-art air filters and allowing in-flight staff to wear face masks.
272:
Suspected cases have not been confirmed by laboratory tests as being due to this strain, although some other strains may have been ruled out.
12141:
12131:
12061:
11853:
10638:"The age-specific cumulative incidence of infection with pandemic influenza H1N1 2009 was similar in various countries prior to vaccination"
9291:
9114:
6282:
6082:"Seasonal transmission potential and activity peaks of the new influenza A(H1N1): a Monte Carlo likelihood analysis based on human mobility"
4811:
4507:"Updated Interim Recommendations for the Use of Antiviral Medications in the Treatment and Prevention of Influenza for the 2009β2010 Season"
4437:"Updated Interim Recommendations for the Use of Antiviral Medications in the Treatment and Prevention of Influenza for the 2009β2010 Season"
4296:
3524:"The age-specific cumulative incidence of infection with pandemic influenza H1N1 2009 was similar in various countries prior to vaccination"
12136:
12116:
12086:
12066:
8258:
6381:
5383:
2899:
1996:
12076:
12031:
10978:
10483:
Schwarzmann SW, Adler JL, Sullivan RJ, Marine WM (June 1971). "Bacterial pneumonia during the Hong Kong influenza epidemic of 1968-1969".
6600:
13805:
13697:
12126:
12026:
11523:
9575:
8288:
5584:
5494:
3053:
2113:
589:
12199:
12146:
12046:
10304:
8555:
8371:
7996:
5079:
935:
or infected with HIV). More than 70% of hospitalizations in the U.S. have been people with such underlying conditions, according to the
13977:
13648:
12204:
11768:
11121:"Estimated global mortality associated with the first 12 months of 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 virus circulation: a modelling study"
10869:
10698:"Estimated global mortality associated with the first 12 months of 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 virus circulation: a modelling study"
9477:
9377:
9347:
9287:
9189:
8896:
8692:
8658:
8423:
6337:
5722:
5653:
5558:
5524:
5490:
5453:
5450:"Interim Guidance on Specimen Collection, Processing, and Testing for Patients with Suspected Novel Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infection"
5142:
5135:"Surveillance for Pediatric Deaths Associated with 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infection β United States, AprilβAugust 2009"
5009:
4979:
4900:"Estimated global mortality associated with the first 12 months of 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 virus circulation: a modelling study"
4668:
4510:
4444:
4374:
4217:
4019:
3954:
3462:
2720:
936:
729:
683:
11810:
11086:
10298:"Report of the Review Committee on the Functioning of the International Health Regulations (2005) in relation to Pandemic (H1N1) 2009"
7789:
7474:
7120:
5528:
2984:
1673:
have stressed that eating properly cooked pork or other food products derived from pigs will not cause flu. Nevertheless, on 27 April
14001:
13022:
10000:"Predominant role of bacterial pneumonia as a cause of death in pandemic influenza: implications for pandemic influenza preparedness"
7507:
7314:
7156:
6414:
6325:"Use of Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 Monovalent Vaccine: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2009"
5112:
3760:
2690:
1514:
503:
8618:
7689:
6561:
4479:
2013:
The new strain was first identified by the CDC in two children, neither of whom had been in contact with pigs. The first case, from
13941:
13849:
13769:
13601:
12103:
12018:
11415:
11391:
11108:
10737:"Epidemiological characteristics of 2009 (H1N1) pandemic influenza based on paired sera from a longitudinal community cohort study"
9557:"Updated CDC Estimates of 2009 H1N1 Influenza Cases, Hospitalizations and Deaths in the United States, April 2009 β April 10, 2010"
8826:
7448:
6886:
5734:
5562:
5146:
4983:
4789:
4345:
2548:
outbreaks because of H5N1's high fatality rate, although the strains currently prevalent have limited human-to-human transmission (
1859:
1462:
announced that visitors returning from flu-affected areas who experienced flu-like symptoms within two weeks would be quarantined.
13917:
11620:
9626:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD). 17 January 2014.
7763:
7732:
5275:"Risk factors for hospitalisation and poor outcome with pandemic A/H1N1 influenza: United Kingdom first wave (MayβSeptember 2009)"
14221:
13947:
13511:
11993:
11943:
9018:
8228:
6303:
4694:
4570:
3958:
3288:
3212:
2654:
2006:
1723:
and other salicylate products should not be used by people under 16 with any flu-type symptoms because of the risk of developing
1534:
1264:
807:
11938:
11928:
9627:
9560:
9321:
8929:
8596:
8088:
7626:
7567:
6631:
5657:
3980:
2742:
Perez-Padilla R, de la Rosa-Zamboni D, Ponce de Leon S, Hernandez M, QuiΓ±ones-Falconi F, Bautista E, et al. (August 2009).
2533:
1738:(oseltamivir or zanamivir) as soon as possible when they first experience flu symptoms. The at-risk groups include pregnant and
13911:
13295:
13128:
12219:
12214:
12189:
11933:
11923:
5457:
5202:
4672:
1670:
1337:
614:(WHO) from June 2009 to August 2010, was the third recent flu pandemic involving the H1N1 virus (the first being the 1918β1920
11978:
11858:
11780:
11585:
11425:
11406:
5013:
4042:
1018:, including methicillin-resistant strains, is an important cause of secondary bacterial pneumonia with a high mortality rate;
13636:
13541:
13469:
13414:
13133:
12209:
12194:
12184:
12041:
11963:
11908:
11903:
11898:
11878:
11873:
11868:
11863:
11848:
11843:
11838:
11795:
11758:
11625:
11615:
11610:
11605:
11570:
11280:
7812:
6332:
5407:"Clinical characteristics and 30-day outcomes for influenza A 2009 (H1N1), 2008β2009 (H1N1), and 2007β2008 (H3N2) infections"
3729:
1045:
12179:
11988:
11973:
11968:
11953:
11918:
11893:
11815:
11713:
11658:
11648:
11630:
10127:"Estimates of the reproduction number for seasonal, pandemic, and zoonotic influenza: a systematic review of the literature"
8506:
5963:
4514:
4448:
2852:
Cohen J, Enserink M (May 2009). "Infectious diseases. As swine flu circles globe, scientists grapple with basic questions".
13891:
13835:
13660:
13607:
12174:
12111:
11913:
11790:
11785:
11693:
11683:
11600:
11595:
11590:
11580:
11575:
9193:
7090:
7068:
5891:
4100:
2659:
1764:
approved for hospitalised patients in cases where the other available methods of treatment are ineffective or unavailable.
1658:
1327:
agencies used the summer lull to take stock of the United States response to H1N1 flu and attempt to patch any gaps in the
1040:, and 13% received antiviral drugs before admission. Of 349 with documented chest x-rays on admission, 29% had evidence of
741:
13666:
11805:
11763:
11748:
11743:
11663:
9507:
7908:
7589:
3393:
1081:
hospitalised within 30 days, compared with 3.7% of those sick with a seasonal strain of H1N1 and 3.1% with an H3N2 virus.
13775:
13571:
13565:
13547:
13445:
13365:
13166:
12669:
12381:
12343:
11958:
11820:
11753:
11738:
11728:
11678:
11653:
9754:"CDC Estimates of 2009 H1N1 Influenza Cases, Hospitalizations and Deaths in the United States, April β November 14, 2009"
9711:"Mortality due to influenza in the United States β an annualized regression approach using multiple-cause mortality data"
9314:"CDC Estimates of 2009 H1N1 Influenza Cases, Hospitalizations and Deaths in the United States, April β December 12, 2009"
7009:
4868:
4401:
1424:
clearly defined virological and epidemiological criteria. It is hard to bend these criteria, no matter what the motive".
1098:
646:
508:
11800:
11718:
11703:
11673:
11001:
7965:
7337:
6776:
6711:
6688:
5680:
1513:
campuses stockpiled supplies, from paper masks and hand sanitizer to food and water. To help prepare for contingencies,
13829:
13589:
13475:
12700:
12166:
12151:
12003:
11888:
11733:
11553:
10419:
Johnson NP, Mueller J (2002). "Updating the accounts: global mortality of the 1918-1920 "Spanish" influenza pandemic".
8750:"Neuraminidase inhibitors for preventing and treating influenza in healthy adults: systematic review and meta-analysis"
8397:
7662:
6341:
3015:
1867:
1287:
626:, Mexico, a rural town in Veracruz. The virus appeared to be a new strain of H1N1 that resulted from a previous triple
186:
11723:
11698:
7530:
5551:"Evaluation of Rapid Influenza Diagnostic Tests for Detection of Novel Influenza A (H1N1) Virus β United States, 2009"
4635:"Percentage of respiratory specimens that tested positive for influenza: Status as of week 17 (25 April β 1 May 2010)"
14012:
13983:
13873:
13817:
13733:
12872:
12867:
12674:
12121:
12071:
12036:
11998:
11948:
11883:
11830:
10047:
Hilleman MR (August 2002). "Realities and enigmas of human viral influenza: pathogenesis, epidemiology and control".
9434:
8367:
6050:
4751:"WHO admits errors in handling flu pandemic: Agency accused of overplaying danger of the virus as it swept the globe"
3370:
2537:
1976:
513:
373:
368:
9757:
7405:
6653:
6307:
14201:
14125:
13929:
13799:
13763:
13751:
13654:
13577:
12980:
12935:
12233:
11983:
11708:
11688:
11541:
10335:
9216:
8322:
8175:
7931:
4758:
2294:
2170:
1855:
1305:
518:
458:
10735:
Riley S, Kwok KO, Wu KM, Ning DY, Cowling BJ, Wu JT, Ho LM, Tsang T, Lo SV, Chu DK, Ma ES, Peiris JS (June 2011).
9681:"Seasonal Influenza (Flu) β Questions and Answers Regarding Estimating Deaths from Influenza in the United States"
14216:
14211:
14206:
13995:
13989:
13959:
13879:
13781:
13721:
13684:
13672:
13583:
13408:
13194:
12960:
12567:
12562:
12557:
12276:
11640:
11516:
8849:
8419:
8111:
6444:
5613:
2624:
1538:
1352:
1260:
1196:
May 2009, that the initial indications are that the virus was unlikely to cause severe symptoms for most people.
1109:
659:
630:
of bird, swine, and human flu viruses which further combined with a Eurasian pig flu virus, leading to the term "
582:
356:
9945:
6531:
4154:
14107:
14095:
14089:
14077:
14071:
14065:
13953:
13897:
13867:
13855:
12746:
12644:
12587:
12552:
12547:
12542:
12537:
12532:
12527:
12522:
12517:
12512:
12507:
12502:
12497:
12492:
12487:
12482:
12477:
12472:
12467:
12462:
12457:
12452:
12303:
12266:
11545:
11148:
10843:
9680:
6969:
4927:
4634:
4378:
3075:
2619:
2545:
1954:
Note: The ratio of confirmed deaths to total deaths due to the pandemic is unknown. For more information, see "
1863:
1603:
1301:
745:
607:
334:
312:
9257:
8051:
4724:
1521:
James C. King Jr. suggested that every county should create an "influenza action team" to be run by the local
1308:(NML) had mapped the genetic code of the swine flu virus, the first time that had been done. In the U.K., the
13823:
13739:
13341:
6745:
932:
810:
in 2016 found that the 2009 H1N1 virus likely originated from pigs in a very small region of central Mexico.
8145:
7369:
5517:"Interim Recommendations for Clinical Use of Influenza Diagnostic Tests During the 2009β10 Influenza Season"
5176:
4073:
3828:
1707:
A number of methods have been recommended to help ease symptoms, including adequate liquid intake and rest.
1199:
The virus was less lethal than previous pandemic strains and killed about 0.01β0.03% of those infected; the
703:
88:
14226:
13793:
13613:
13499:
13493:
13402:
12286:
9968:
7873:
7374:
4537:
4241:
Mena I, Nelson MI, Quezada-Monroy F, Dutta J, Cortes-FernΓ‘ndez R, Lara-Puente JH, et al. (June 2016).
2032:
2014:
1949:
1142:
9584:"Estimating the burden of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in the United States (April 2009 β April 2010)"
8979:"Estimating the burden of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in the United States (April 2009 β April 2010)"
8206:
6207:
14177:
14171:
13965:
13935:
13745:
13715:
13595:
13371:
12761:
12679:
12664:
11562:
4322:
2025:
1557:
1121:
1113:
1024:
is the second most important cause of secondary bacterial pneumonia for children and primary for adults.
928:
523:
498:
10940:
9825:
9650:
9412:
8723:
6909:
13757:
13426:
13396:
11509:
11170:
Simonsen L, Spreeuwenberg P, Lustig R, Taylor RJ, Fleming DM, Kroneman M, et al. (November 2013).
8019:
7843:
5846:
3677:
Simonsen L, Spreeuwenberg P, Lustig R, Taylor RJ, Fleming DM, Kroneman M, et al. (November 2013).
2052:
956:
575:
11172:"Global mortality estimates for the 2009 Influenza Pandemic from the GLaMOR project: a modeling study"
9373:
9343:
8684:
8654:
7939:
6856:
6272:
6240:
5650:"New CDC Test to Detect Human Infections with the 2009 H1N1 Influenza Virus Authorized for Use by FDA"
5405:
Belongia EA, Irving SA, Waring SC, Coleman LA, Meece JK, Vandermause M, et al. (September 2010).
3679:"Global mortality estimates for the 2009 Influenza Pandemic from the GLaMOR project: a modeling study"
1048:(COPD) were associated with a severe outcome, as were radiologically confirmed pneumonia and a raised
13481:
13144:
13107:
12722:
11419:
10944:
10839:
9829:
9503:
8625:
8502:
8171:
7086:
7005:
6440:
5620:
5198:
4698:
4578:
4341:
3824:
3366:
3083:
1791:
1391:
1225:
1129:
968:
834:
793:
produced an article with the humorous title "Swine Flu Names Evolving Faster Than Swine Flu Itself".
709:
611:
261:
11046:
8463:
3490:
3439:
2958:
14149:
14131:
11449:
10614:
6377:
4949:
3645:
1794:(WHO) reported 314 samples of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 flu tested worldwide have shown resistance to
1693:
pigs in Indonesia. The Egyptian government ordered the slaughter of all pigs in Egypt on 29 April.
1568:
1510:
1020:
813:
803:
9279:
8611:
7221:"Fever screening during the influenza (H1N1-2009) pandemic at Narita International Airport, Japan"
3158:
1768:
indiscriminate use of antiviral medications to prevent and treat influenza could ease the way for
833:
March 2009 in a 5-year-old boy in La Gloria, Mexico, a rural town in Veracruz. In late April, the
14059:
14053:
13420:
13353:
13335:
13159:
13064:
12920:
12915:
12809:
12336:
11372:"Introduction and transmission of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) Virus β Kenya, JuneβJuly 2009"
10565:
Donaldson LJ, Rutter PD, Ellis BM, Greaves FE, Mytton OT, Pebody RG, Yardley IE (December 2009).
9582:
Shrestha SS, Swerdlow DL, Borse RH, Prabhu VS, Finelli L, Atkins CY, et al. (January 2011).
9106:
8977:
Shrestha SS, Swerdlow DL, Borse RH, Prabhu VS, Finelli L, Atkins CY, et al. (January 2011).
6592:
6472:
5913:
Donaldson LJ, Rutter PD, Ellis BM, Greaves FE, Mytton OT, Pebody RG, Yardley IE (December 2009).
5379:
5107:
4815:
4292:
2891:
2529:
2238:
1842:
1666:
1482:
1309:
493:
7180:"Airport arrivals screening during pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza in New South Wales, Australia"
6369:
1619:
During the height of the fear of a pandemic, some countries initiated or threatened to initiate
1141:
used during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, which received an emergency use authorization from the U.S.
1104:
is the recommended test as others are unable to differentiate between pandemic H1N1 and regular
14101:
14047:
13861:
13452:
13438:
13255:
13123:
12925:
12727:
12695:
12630:
12311:
12271:
11041:
8458:
8056:
5482:
5273:
Nguyen-Van-Tam JS, Openshaw PJ, Hashim A, Gadd EM, Lim WS, Semple MG, et al. (July 2010).
3434:
3045:
2428:
1819:
1478:
1357:
1209:
1154:
1005:
977:
821:
Initially called an "outbreak", widespread H1N1 infection was first recognized in the state of
556:
546:
448:
165:
11478:
10519:
8359:
5069:
2536:, all caused by the H1N1 subtype. The world has been at an increased level of alert since the
2001:
728:
Official entities adopted terms with varying consistency over the course of the pandemic. The
108:
14083:
14041:
13619:
12705:
10297:
9465:
8888:
8565:
6080:
Balcan D, Hu H, Goncalves B, Bajardi P, Poletto C, Ramasco JJ, et al. (September 2009).
4011:
2060:
1708:
1014:
11119:
Dawood FS, Iuliano AD, Reed C, Meltzer MI, Shay DK, Cheng PY, et al. (September 2012).
11078:
10567:"Mortality from pandemic A/H1N1 2009 influenza in England: public health surveillance study"
5915:"Mortality from pandemic A/H1N1 2009 influenza in England: public health surveillance study"
5711:"Swine Influenza A (H1N1) Infection in Two Children β Southern California, MarchβApril 2009"
5516:
4898:
Dawood FS, Iuliano AD, Reed C, Meltzer MI, Shay DK, Cheng PY, et al. (September 2012).
4225:
3076:"Influenza Pandemic Plan. The Role of WHO and Guidelines for National and Regional Planning"
2712:
13690:
13487:
13432:
13347:
12715:
11303:
11290:
Smith GJ, Vijaykrishna D, Bahl J, Lycett SJ, Worobey M, Pybus OG, et al. (June 2009).
10649:
10189:
9149:
9061:
7785:
7148:
7112:
6404:
6103:
6006:
5006:"Interim Guidance for 2009 H1N1 Flu (Swine Flu): Taking Care of a Sick Person in Your Home"
4186:
4173:
Smith GJ, Vijaykrishna D, Bahl J, Lycett SJ, Worobey M, Pybus OG, et al. (June 2009).
3535:
2606:
2556:
over 52 is immune, since Americans and Mexicans older than that have died of the new flu".
2056:
1313:
1256:
841:, and in June, the WHO and the U.S. CDC stopped counting cases and declared the outbreak a
11489:
10615:"First Global Estimates of 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Mortality Released by CDC-Led Collaboration"
7499:
7304:
6569:
4950:"First Global Estimates of 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Mortality Released by CDC-Led Collaboration"
3646:"First Global Estimates of 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Mortality Released by CDC-Led Collaboration"
8:
13923:
13553:
13318:
13271:
13265:
12775:
12659:
12376:
11371:
10496:
10381:
8560:
8556:"WHO: Healthy people who get swine flu don't need Tamiflu; drug for young, old, pregnant"
7438:
7342:
5710:
5550:
5322:
BratincsΓ‘k A, El-Said HG, Bradley JS, Shayan K, Grossfeld PD, Cannavino CR (March 2010).
5134:
4975:
4471:
2682:
2121:
CDC illness and death estimates from April 2009 to April 2010, in the US are as follows:
1702:
1662:
1625:
1090:
1009:
993:
973:
895:, and may include fever, cough (typically a "dry cough"), headache, dizziness, sneezing,
749:
654:
623:
386:
11307:
10653:
10193:
9153:
9065:
8798:
7271:"New CDC H1N1 Guidance for Colleges, Universities, and Institutions of Higher Education"
6878:
6107:
6010:
4781:
4190:
3614:"Summary of WHO Technical Consultation: H1N1pdm Mortality Estimates, 25-26 October 2011"
3539:
2544:). The level of preparedness was further increased and sustained with the advent of the
886:
119:
13904:
13811:
13559:
13390:
13359:
13152:
12907:
12849:
12596:
12366:
12329:
12241:
11358:
11254:
11227:
11198:
11171:
10917:
10892:
10812:
10787:
10763:
10736:
10672:
10637:
10591:
10566:
10547:
10520:"Novel swine-origin influenza A virus in humans: another pandemic knocking at the door"
10444:
10357:
10330:
10259:
10234:
10210:
10177:
10153:
10126:
10107:
10024:
9999:
9917:
9892:
9804:
9280:"Questions and Answers Regarding Estimating Deaths from Influenza in the United States"
9082:
9049:
8818:
8774:
8749:
7755:
7443:
7247:
7220:
7060:
6409:
6245:
6212:
6183:
6159:"Household transmission of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus in the United States"
6158:
6126:
6093:
6081:
6054:
6027:
5994:
5939:
5914:
5782:
5757:
5299:
5274:
5255:
5074:
5041:
4702:
4582:
4269:
4242:
4104:
3950:
3927:
3900:
3876:
3851:
3705:
3678:
3558:
3523:
3495:
3265:
3236:"Geographic dependence, surveillance, and origins of the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus"
3204:
3136:
3107:"Novel swine-origin influenza A virus in humans: another pandemic knocking at the door"
2824:
2799:
2683:"Outbreak of Swine-Origin Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infection: Mexico, MarchβApril 2009"
2233:
2182:
2036:
1724:
1474:
1165:
1117:
1068:
1049:
1004:
occurs most commonly in adults and may progress rapidly to acute lung injury requiring
952:
551:
441:
398:
11292:"Origins and evolutionary genomics of the 2009 swine-origin H1N1 influenza A epidemic"
11136:
10713:
10060:
9623:
9556:
9313:
8236:
7032:
5649:
4915:
4175:"Origins and evolutionary genomics of the 2009 swine-origin H1N1 influenza A epidemic"
4145:
3284:
1453:. Thermal imaging can detect elevated body temperature, one of the signs of swine flu.
1390:, claimed that major firms had organized a "campaign of panic" to put pressure on the
14161:
13642:
13307:
13244:
12930:
12859:
12417:
12371:
11383:
11350:
11321:
11276:
11259:
11203:
11140:
11059:
10922:
10817:
10768:
10717:
10677:
10596:
10539:
10500:
10468:
10436:
10401:
10362:
10264:
10215:
10158:
10099:
10095:
10064:
10029:
9922:
9796:
9732:
9605:
9167:
9087:
9000:
8921:
8779:
8476:
8232:
8084:
7657:
7563:
7535:
7470:
7410:
7309:
7252:
7201:
7052:
6976:
6829:
6188:
6131:
6032:
5944:
5828:
5787:
5726:
5449:
5428:
5345:
5304:
5247:
4919:
4660:
4406:
4274:
4204:
3932:
3881:
3867:
3710:
3563:
3452:
3398:
3337:
3269:
3257:
3166:
3128:
2869:
2829:
2773:
2765:
2741:
2634:
2568:
2095:
1595:
1572:
1522:
1387:
1386:, a German deputy who trained as a physician and chaired the health committee at the
1340:
1200:
1188:
of the virus are most similar to strains that cause mild symptoms in humans, leading
912:
904:
861:) were recommended for those with more severe symptoms or those in an at-risk group.
837:(WHO) declared its first ever "public health emergency of international concern", or
789:
349:
11362:
10551:
10448:
10111:
9808:
8822:
6467:
5259:
5102:
5005:
3140:
1343:
authority to grant waivers to requesting hospitals from usual federal requirements.
300:
14143:
13277:
13232:
13183:
13072:
13017:
13007:
12945:
12609:
12432:
12427:
12422:
12412:
12261:
11342:
11311:
11249:
11239:
11193:
11183:
11132:
11051:
10912:
10904:
10807:
10799:
10758:
10748:
10709:
10667:
10657:
10586:
10578:
10531:
10492:
10428:
10393:
10352:
10344:
10254:
10246:
10205:
10197:
10148:
10138:
10091:
10056:
10019:
10011:
9912:
9904:
9788:
9722:
9595:
9252:
9157:
9077:
9069:
8990:
8810:
8769:
8761:
8468:
7242:
7232:
7191:
7044:
6819:
6178:
6170:
6150:
6121:
6111:
6022:
6014:
5993:
Vijaykrishna D, Poon LL, Zhu HC, Ma SK, Li OT, Cheung CL, et al. (June 2010).
5934:
5926:
5818:
5777:
5769:
5418:
5335:
5324:"Fulminant myocarditis associated with pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus in children"
5294:
5286:
5237:
4911:
4264:
4254:
4194:
4141:
4050:
3922:
3912:
3871:
3863:
3700:
3690:
3553:
3543:
3444:
3327:
3319:
3247:
3118:
2861:
2819:
2811:
2755:
2541:
2466:
2384:
1678:
1607:
1169:
908:
619:
468:
324:
319:
10464:"Why the coronavirus outbreak isn't likely to be a repeat of the 1918 Spanish flu"
7064:
5173:
Fluview: A Weekly Influenza Surveillance Report Prepared by the Influenza Division
4506:
4436:
3790:
2744:"Pneumonia and respiratory failure from swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) in Mexico"
13727:
13283:
13238:
13211:
13045:
13029:
12307:
12251:
11454:
11188:
10803:
10753:
10662:
9792:
9185:
8592:
7621:
5242:
5225:
4161:
3695:
3583:"The 1918 Flu Pandemic Was Brutal, Killing More Than 50 Million People Worldwide"
3548:
2178:
2159:
1582:
1383:
650:
329:
307:
290:
128:
9050:"Data, disease and diplomacy: GISAID's innovative contribution to global health"
5883:
2035:
in Houston, Texas, was of a toddler from Mexico City who was visiting family in
1689:
government also halted the importation of pigs and initiated the examination of
1179:
Analyses of the genetic sequences of the first isolates, promptly shared on the
13219:
12784:
12391:
9616:
9408:
7593:
7531:"Swine flu could kill hundreds of thousands in U.S. if vaccine fails, CDC says"
5847:"Viral gene sequences to assist update diagnostics for swine influenza A(H1N1)"
5340:
5323:
3474:
97% received antibiotics." . It is recommended that such patients receive both.
2592:
2194:
2086:
2082:
1769:
1761:
1744:
1486:
1445:
1293:
1145:
in April 2009. Tests results are available in four hours and are 96% accurate.
1125:
1076:
948:
720:(e.g. "H1N1"), incorrectly implying that the disease is caused by contact with
10535:
7961:
6501:"478 Community Clinics in 49 States Receiving Needed H1N1 Protective Supplies"
5585:"Could Widely Used Rapid Influenza Tests Pose A Dangerous Public Health Risk?"
3917:
3123:
3106:
988:
Most complications have occurred among previously unhealthy individuals, with
30:
14195:
14137:
13289:
13077:
12940:
10865:
10143:
7237:
6324:
4136:
3170:
3046:"CDC H1N1 Flu | Influenza Diagnostic Testing During the 2009β2010 Flu Season"
3023:
2769:
2644:
2549:
2339:
2174:
1328:
1236:
1133:
1094:
1025:
865:
463:
196:
11369:
11226:
Cannell JJ, Zasloff M, Garland CF, Scragg R, Giovannucci E (February 2008).
8393:
6808:"Pandemic preparedness and responseβlessons from the H1N1 influenza of 2009"
6593:"Europeans urged to avoid Mexico and US as swine flu death toll exceeds 100"
6018:
5756:
Chen H, Wang Y, Liu W, Zhang J, Dong B, Fan X, et al. (November 2009).
5708:
5290:
2865:
641:. Even in the case of previously healthy people, a small percentage develop
13087:
12710:
12386:
11387:
11354:
11325:
11263:
11244:
11207:
11144:
11063:
10926:
10821:
10772:
10721:
10681:
10636:
Kelly H, Peck HA, Laurie KL, Wu P, Nishiura H, Cowling BJ (5 August 2011).
10600:
10543:
10440:
10405:
10366:
10268:
10250:
10219:
10162:
10125:
Biggerstaff M, Cauchemez S, Reed C, Gambhir M, Finelli L (September 2014).
10103:
10068:
10033:
9926:
9908:
9800:
9736:
9651:"Flu β Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment of Flu β NY Times Health Information"
9609:
9171:
9091:
9004:
8783:
8480:
7256:
7205:
7056:
6833:
6192:
6135:
6116:
6036:
5948:
5832:
5791:
5773:
5730:
5432:
5423:
5406:
5349:
5308:
5251:
4923:
4278:
4208:
3936:
3885:
3714:
3567:
3522:
Kelly H, Peck HA, Laurie KL, Wu P, Nishiura H, Cowling BJ (5 August 2011).
3456:
3341:
3261:
3132:
2873:
2833:
2777:
1542:
1410:
1362:
1333:
1132:
Health System, who suggests that rapid tests may actually pose a dangerous
1105:
781:
627:
11501:
10908:
10504:
10432:
8472:
6824:
6807:
6174:
4750:
3448:
3323:
2760:
2743:
1606:
in industrial settings, but "there are no established exposure limits for
1449:
Thermal imaging camera and screen, photographed in an airport terminal in
99:
14113:
13301:
13092:
12819:
12814:
12802:
12604:
12299:
12246:
11473:
11055:
10348:
9727:
9710:
9600:
9583:
8995:
8978:
8330:
8168:"Joint FAO/WHO/OIE Statement on influenza A(H1N1) and the safety of pork"
8112:"News Conference with Minister of Health and Chief Public Health Officer"
6657:
5758:"Serologic survey of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus, Guangxi Province, China"
3362:
3252:
3235:
2629:
2245:
2189:
2163:
2071:
2021:
2018:
1983:
1829:
1795:
1749:
1739:
1712:
1578:
1550:
1395:
1160:
1159:
The virus was found to be a novel strain of influenza for which existing
1063:
854:
826:
773:
757:
664:
615:
453:
418:
408:
403:
11346:
11316:
11291:
11002:"System set up after SARS epidemic was slow to alert global authorities"
10331:"Reassessing the Global Mortality Burden of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic"
10201:
7196:
7179:
4259:
4199:
4174:
1813:
976:. Upon admission, most patients need immediate respiratory support with
13678:
13526:
13050:
12968:
12844:
12797:
12792:
12396:
8427:
6154:
5380:"Those With Severe H1N1 At Risk For Pulmonary Emboli, Researchers Find"
4074:"What's in a name? Governments debate 'swine flu' versus 'Mexican' flu"
2639:
2572:
2454:
2090:
2081:
The initial outbreak received a week of near-constant media attention.
1735:
1719:
do not kill the virus; however, they may be useful to reduce symptoms.
1674:
1630:
1620:
1590:
1518:
1490:
1470:
1437:
1189:
1056:. 59% of all in-hospital deaths occurred in previously healthy people.
916:
900:
850:
691:
687:
672:
541:
423:
393:
203:
13174:
11441:
10786:
Wong JY, Kelly H, Ip DK, Wu JT, Leung GM, Cowling BJ (November 2013).
10582:
9073:
8814:
8765:
7048:
5930:
3332:
13102:
13097:
12877:
12836:
12829:
12824:
12352:
12256:
11484:
11332:
9709:
Dushoff J, Plotkin JB, Viboud C, Earn DJ, Simonsen L (January 2006).
8951:
8859:
8024:
5823:
5806:
4370:
2575:, a coronavirus which also primarily affects the respiratory system.
1837:
1833:
1822:, which reviews medical evidence, announced in a review published in
1803:
1757:
1753:
1716:
1686:
1323:
1059:
1041:
1001:
997:
924:
892:
858:
668:
642:
631:
428:
413:
361:
282:
155:
11120:
10835:
10788:"Case fatality risk of influenza A (H1N1pdm09): a systematic review"
10697:
9162:
9137:
7178:
Gunaratnam PJ, Tobin S, Seale H, Marich A, McAnulty J (March 2014).
4899:
4293:"2009 swine flu pandemic originated in Mexico, researchers discover"
2815:
1828:
that it had reversed its previous findings that the antiviral drugs
1265:
Influenza vaccine Β§ 2009-2010 Northern Hemisphere winter season
734:
Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment
16:
2009β2010 pandemic of swine influenza caused by H1N1 influenza virus
14033:
13179:
13175:
10397:
10015:
9942:"CDC Confirms Ties to Virus First Discovered in U.S. Pig Factories"
9247:
8925:
8855:
8619:"Update on oseltamivir resistance to influenza H1N1 (2009) viruses"
8531:. PRNewswire. PRNewswire-FirstCall. 23 October 2009. Archived from
8386:
6852:
6277:
4501:
4499:
4497:
2024:) examined by the CDC on 14 April 2009. A second case, from nearby
1682:
1172:
920:
842:
822:
748:
based in Europe, proposed the name "North American influenza". The
732:
used names like "novel influenza A (H1N1)" or "2009 H1N1 flu". The
638:
486:
208:
10977:. Washington, D.C., US. Reuters. 17 September 2009. Archived from
10893:"Seasonal Incidence of Symptomatic Influenza in the United States"
6098:
5168:
4952:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 25 June 2012.
3821:"Standardization of terminology of the pandemic A(H1N1)2009 virus"
3309:
2031:
The first confirmed H1N1/09 pandemic flu death, which occurred at
13012:
11169:
9438:
8720:"Roche's Tamiflu Not Proven to Cut Flu Complications, Study Says"
8487:
3676:
3650:
3515:
2919:
2917:
1807:
1799:
1720:
1466:
1244:
1185:
1029:
989:
896:
10617:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 25 June 2012
9778:
8229:"Prevention against "swine flu" stabile in Azerbaijan: minister"
6437:"Experts advise WHO on pandemic vaccine policies and strategies"
6297:"2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Presumptive and Confirmed Results"
5272:
4842:"Swine Flu In Children Found No More Severe Than Seasonal Virus"
4494:
4243:"Origins of the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic in swine in Mexico"
12882:
11410:
9857:"Swine flu's tendency to strike the young is causing confusion"
6975:. memorandum, Social, Health and Family Affairs Committee, The
6941:
6910:"WHO to Clarify H1N1 Data After False Pandemic Claim (Update1)"
5995:"Reassortment of pandemic H1N1/2009 influenza A virus in swine"
3795:
Liaison National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
2166:) differs in its tendency to affect younger, healthier people.
2148:
2048:
1638:
1450:
1240:
1180:
1101:
1089:
Confirmed diagnosis of pandemic H1N1 flu requires testing of a
1037:
769:
765:
753:
737:
717:
212:
11109:"H1N1 Swine Flu May Have Killed 15 Times More Than First Said"
8529:"Emergency Use Authorization Granted For BioCryst's Peramivir"
5709:
Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (24 April 2009).
5587:. Maywood, Illinois, U.S.: Loyola Medicine. 17 November 2009.
5483:"Influenza Diagnostic Testing During the 2009β2010 Flu Season"
5321:
4285:
2914:
2070:
Americans had the 2009 pandemic flu at the time, according to
1537:(HHS), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the
13082:
11370:
Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (October 2009).
11163:
8205:. Vol. 172, no. 233. pp. 1, 16. Archived from
6970:"The handling of the H1N1 pandemic: more transparency needed"
4754:
4240:
2009:
meeting in Cabinet Room to discuss the H1N1 flu on 1 May 2009
1634:
1232:
1124:
and IFA), which take 2β4 hours. Due to the high rate of RIDT
838:
725:
to the frequent use of term "Mexican flu" in the news media.
139:
12321:
10382:"The 1918 influenza pandemic: insights for the 21st century"
9107:"Building a Better Flu Vaccine β and Giving Chickens a Rest"
6849:"Swine flu 'a false pandemic' to sell vaccines, expert says"
3951:"Interim Novel Influenza A (H1N1) Guidance for Cruise Ships"
3901:"The H1N1 pandemic: media frames, stigmatization and coping"
2713:"Origin of 2009 H1N1 Flu (Swine Flu): Questions and Answers"
2586:
11289:
11225:
9848:
9581:
8976:
8685:"2008β2009 Influenza Season Week 32 ending August 15, 2009"
8655:"2008β2009 Influenza Season Week 39 ending October 3, 2009"
8295:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. AFP. 30 April 2009.
8052:"Label 'swine flu' gets up the nose of world's pig farmers"
7592:. Health and Safety Executive. 18 June 2009. Archived from
5912:
5404:
5169:"2009β2010 Influenza Season Week 6 ending 13 February 2010"
4812:"Swine flu pandemic declared by WHO was 'a waste of money'"
4172:
3285:"Swine flu 'not stoppable,' World Health Organization says"
2649:
2614:
2395:
2350:
2305:
2256:
1320:
777:
721:
175:
8748:
Jefferson T, Jones M, Doshi P, Del Mar C (December 2009).
8747:
8448:
7399:
7397:
7177:
6148:
4976:"CDC Briefing on Investigation of Human Cases of H1N1 Flu"
4869:"Study puts global 2009 H1N1 infection rate at 11% to 21%"
3424:
2985:"Study puts global 2009 H1N1 infection rate at 11% to 21%"
1231:
The H1N1 virus has been transmitted to animals, including
817:
Mexican soldiers distributing protective masks to citizens
11079:"U.S. Says Older People Appear Safer From New Flu Strain"
9944:. The Humane Society of the United States. Archived from
9405:"Clinical features of severe cases of pandemic influenza"
5191:"Clinical features of severe cases of pandemic influenza"
3359:"Clinical features of severe cases of pandemic influenza"
3233:
1824:
1415:
11118:
9708:
8420:"What To Do If You Get Sick: 2009 H1N1 and Seasonal Flu"
6777:"President Obama declares H1N1 flu a national emergency"
6768:
6079:
5964:"Swine flu has hit about one in six Americans, CDC says"
4897:
2162:
patients, although the H1N1 flu outbreak (like the 1918
1589:
The U.S. CDC did not recommend the use of face masks or
1319:
U.S. officials observed that six years of concern about
740:
suggested use of the names "H1N1 flu" or "new flu". The
9997:
7786:"China quarantines U.S. school group over flu concerns"
7394:
5683:. Center for Infectious Disease Research & Policy.
4814:. London: The Times (UK). 22 April 2010. Archived from
4605:"Global Intensity Map, Week 17 (26 April β 2 May 2010)"
4101:"Swine Flu Names Evolving Faster Than Swine Flu Itself"
3898:
3353:
3351:
1637:
risked being quarantined upon their return. Russia and
1599:
891:
The symptoms of H1N1 flu are similar to those of other
10329:
Spreeuwenberg P, Kroneman M, Paget J (December 2018).
9969:"CDC expert says flu outbreak is dying down β for now"
9704:
9702:
6656:. NHS, NHS Scotland, NHS Wales, DHSSPS. Archived from
6562:"Vaccine Selection for the 2010β2011 Influenza Season"
4132:"Swine flu: Can science save us from the second wave?"
3761:"CDC estimate of global H1N1 pandemic deaths: 284,000"
3205:"In New Theory, Swine Flu Started in Asia, Not Mexico"
1377:
11030:
9998:
Morens DM, Taubenberger JK, Fauci AS (October 2008).
9435:"No A (H1N1) cases β reality or poor lab facilities?"
7731:. FashionNetwork.com. AFP. 4 May 2009. Archived from
6051:"H1N1 swaps genes with other pig viruses: scientists"
5992:
5360:"Myocarditis Linked to Pandemic H1N1 Flu in Children"
2987:. Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy.
2181:
for which the population did not possess significant
1814:
Antivirals effectiveness questioned in healthy adults
1748:
severely ill, antivirals may still be beneficial. If
1365:
being vaccinated against H1N1 flu on 20 December 2009
1112:(RIDT), which yield results in about 30 minutes, and
11431:
10082:
Potter CW (October 2001). "A history of influenza".
9531:"Swine Flu Found No More Severe Than Seasonal Virus"
9492:
9047:
7962:"Japan Swine Flu Quarantine Ends for Air Passengers"
7932:"Swine flu cases in Europe; worldwide travel shaken"
7880:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 28 May 2009.
7756:"Flu-Related Products May Lift U.S. Makers' Profits"
7406:"Swine flu goes to camp. Will it go to school next?"
7338:"Colleges Warned About Fall Flu Outbreaks on Campus"
6746:"As swine flu wanes, U.S. preparing for second wave"
6468:"New Push in H1N1 Flu Fight Set for Start of School"
3348:
3104:
2687:
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
2582:
11070:
9699:
8259:"Cegah flu babi, pemerintah gelar rapat koordinasi"
7989:"India wants US to screen passengers for swine flu"
7725:"Face masks part of Japan fashion chic for decades"
7690:"Face masks part of Japan fashion chic for decades"
6739:
6737:
6405:"One Vaccine Shot Seen as Protective for Swine Flu"
5608:
5606:
4338:"World now at the start of 2009 influenza pandemic"
3899:McCauley M, Minsky S, Viswanath K (December 2013).
3849:
3752:
3484:
3482:
3480:
2927:. World Health Organization (WHO). 10 August 2010.
2892:"New flu has been around for years in pigs β study"
2515:
Not pandemic, but included for comparison purposes.
14232:Public health emergencies of international concern
8922:"Study: Mexico Has Thousands More Swine Flu Cases"
7844:"Tensions escalate in Hong Kong's swine-flu hotel"
7719:
7717:
7715:
7646:
7644:
7506:. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.
6157:, Fraser C, Kent CK, et al. (December 2009).
5681:"Some immunity to novel H1N1 flu found in seniors"
5226:"Complications of seasonal and pandemic influenza"
4329:
2925:"WHO Director-General declares H1N1 pandemic over"
1560:(HSE) also issued general guidance for employers.
10176:Mills CE, Robins JM, Lipsitch M (December 2004).
9886:
9884:
9882:
9820:
9818:
9138:"Viruses: Model to accelerate epidemic responses"
8954:. Houston, Texas: KTRK-TV/DT. AP. 29 April 2009.
7471:"H1N1 Closes Hundreds of Schools Across the U.S."
6879:"WHO to review its handling of H1N1 flu pandemic"
6681:"Health officials evaluate response to swine flu"
4782:"WHO to review its handling of H1N1 flu pandemic"
4611:. World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from
4565:
4563:
3521:
3234:Trifonov V, Khiabanian H, Rabadan R (July 2009).
2100:Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy
752:adopted the term "novel flu virus". Officials in
14193:
10971:"H1N1 fatality rates comparable to seasonal flu"
9624:"Flu Season Continues; Severity Indicators Rise"
9019:"Pandemic reveals strengths of new flu database"
7874:"Ship passengers cruisy in swine flu quarantine"
7653:"Face masks aren't a sure bet against swine flu"
7650:
7617:"Masks may help prevent flu, but aren't advised"
7149:"Global airlines move to reduce infection risks"
6734:
5755:
5603:
5223:
5070:"'Underlying conditions' may add to flu worries"
4835:
4833:
4653:
3477:
3385:
2717:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
1955:
1734:People in at-risk groups should be treated with
1336:declared swine flu a national emergency, giving
776:, concerns were influenced by the importance of
10518:Michaelis M, Doerr HW, Cinatl J (August 2009).
9306:
8677:
7905:"Egypt warns of post-hajj swine flu quarantine"
7712:
7641:
7494:
7492:
7403:
6566:U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
5028:
4661:"2009 H1N1 Flu: International Situation Update"
4597:
3491:"Report Finds Swine Flu Has Killed 36 Children"
3105:Michaelis M, Doerr HW, Cinatl J (August 2009).
2847:
2845:
2843:
1652:2009 swine flu pandemic actions concerning pigs
736:used the term "Pig Flu" early on. Officials in
10322:
9879:
9815:
7370:"Get Smart About Swine Flu for Back-to-School"
7218:
7002:"WHO Director-General's letter to BMJ editors"
6584:
5881:
4560:
4003:
2177:in 1968β69. These virus strains had undergone
2042:
1469:or other infections, and relying on in-flight
260:Lab confirmed deaths: 18,449 (reported to the
14165:
13160:
12337:
11517:
11426:International Society for Infectious Diseases
10235:"1918 Influenza: the mother of all pandemics"
10178:"Transmissibility of 1918 pandemic influenza"
9463:
9396:
8412:
8396:. National Reye's Syndrome Foundation. 1974.
8320:
6364:
6362:
5328:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
4830:
4804:
4627:
4123:
3850:de Lamballerie X, Gould EA (September 2009).
3638:
3159:"From Γdgar, 5, Coughs Heard Round the World"
2951:"Weekly Virological Update on 05 August 2010"
2885:
2883:
2851:
684:US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
583:
11275:. Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press.
10696:S, Bresee J, Widdowson MA (September 2012).
8580:
7986:
7964:. New Tang Dynasty Television. 17 May 2009.
7564:"Swine Flu: Why You Should Still Be Worried"
7555:
7522:
7489:
7142:
7140:
7138:
6624:"H1N1 virus genome: 'This is a world first'"
6459:
6380:. NHS Knowledge Service. 25 September 2009.
4402:"Don't call it 'swine flu,' farmers implore"
4365:
4363:
2840:
2677:
2675:
2149:Comparisons to other pandemics and epidemics
1997:2009 swine flu pandemic in the United States
1752:(Tamiflu) is unavailable or cannot be used,
1661:as well as industry groups such as the U.S.
1441:Flu inspection on a flight arriving in China
1000:complications are common. Primary influenza
663:article recommended that flu patients whose
11531:
11376:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
10511:
10233:Taubenberger JK, Morens DM (January 2006).
9217:"US Swine Flu Cases May Have Hit 1 Million"
9048:Elbe S, Buckland-Merrett G (January 2017).
8916:
8914:
8882:
8880:
8743:
8741:
8354:
8352:
7813:"U.S. warns travelers of China's flu rules"
7298:
7296:
7075:
6743:
6396:
6238:
5444:
5442:
5067:
4399:
4012:"The naming of swine flu, a curious matter"
3730:"H1N1 Swine Flu No Worse Than Seasonal Flu"
2489:3β11% or 5β20% (240 million β 1.6 billion)
2114:Journal of the American Medical Association
13167:
13153:
12344:
12330:
11524:
11510:
10870:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
9378:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
9348:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
9288:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
9239:
9190:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
8693:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
8659:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
8424:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
8394:"Aspirin / Salicylates and Reyes Syndrome"
6995:
6993:
6774:
6359:
6338:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
5678:
5654:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
5559:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
5525:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
5509:
5491:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
5477:
5475:
5454:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
5143:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
5103:"Flu Pandemic Spurs Queries About Vaccine"
5010:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
4998:
4980:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
4669:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
4511:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
4445:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
4431:
4429:
4375:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
4071:
3955:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3463:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3198:
3196:
3194:
3192:
2880:
2540:epidemic in Southeast Asia (caused by the
1756:(Relenza) is recommended as a substitute.
1243:, household cats, at least one dog, and a
704:Pandemic H1N1/09 virus Β§ Nomenclature
622:). The first identified human case was in
590:
576:
29:
13348:"Cocoliztli" epidemics in colonial Mexico
11315:
11253:
11243:
11197:
11187:
11076:
11045:
10916:
10811:
10762:
10752:
10671:
10661:
10590:
10462:Lin II RG, Karlamangla S (6 March 2020).
10356:
10292:
10290:
10288:
10286:
10284:
10282:
10280:
10278:
10258:
10209:
10152:
10142:
10023:
9966:
9916:
9893:"Influenza pandemics of the 20th century"
9890:
9726:
9599:
9245:
9161:
9081:
8994:
8886:
8773:
8589:"Warning against buying flu drugs online"
8586:
8462:
8160:
7902:
7608:
7305:"Schools revamp swine flu plans for fall"
7246:
7236:
7195:
7135:
6823:
6402:
6182:
6125:
6115:
6097:
6026:
5938:
5822:
5781:
5422:
5339:
5298:
5241:
4968:
4529:
4360:
4268:
4258:
4198:
4129:
3981:"Renamed swine flu certain to hit Taiwan"
3926:
3916:
3875:
3704:
3694:
3644:
3557:
3547:
3438:
3331:
3282:
3251:
3202:
3122:
3010:
3008:
3006:
2823:
2759:
2672:
2017:, was confirmed from clinical specimens (
1515:University of Maryland School of Medicine
1281:
1032:complications are unusual but may occur.
11270:
10891:Tokars JI, Olsen SJ, Reed C (May 2018).
9135:
8928:Network. Associated Press. 12 May 2009.
8911:
8889:"Flu Outbreak Raises a Set of Questions"
8877:
8738:
8349:
8316:
8314:
8020:"Finally, the flu name game is resolved"
7684:
7682:
7680:
7651:Roan S, Rong-Gong II L (30 April 2009).
7528:
7362:
7293:
7105:
7033:"Conflicts of interest and pandemic flu"
6805:
6529:
5961:
5439:
5127:
4701:(WHO). 10 September 2010. Archived from
4098:
4009:
3580:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2571:is not caused by an influenza virus but
2000:
1860:2009 swine flu pandemic timeline summary
1577:
1567:
1533:Fearing a worst-case scenario, the U.S.
1444:
1436:
1356:
812:
11111:. ABC News Medical Unit. 26 June 2012.
9528:
9104:
8085:"Minnesota Pig Tests Positive for H1N1"
7436:
7335:
6990:
6934:
6846:
6304:United States Department of Agriculture
5704:
5702:
5472:
5224:Rothberg MB, Haessler SD (April 2010).
5061:
4839:
4426:
4166:
3856:Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses
3189:
2978:
2976:
2655:Public health emergency (United States)
1645:
1535:Department of Health and Human Services
14194:
10275:
9939:
9867:from the original on 19 September 2009
9854:
9537:from the original on 10 September 2010
9500:"Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 briefing note 3"
9214:
8932:from the original on 24 September 2009
8796:
8717:
8547:
8323:"Influenza (flu) treatments and drugs"
8221:
8196:
8082:
7929:
7810:
7404:Mehta S, Santa Cruz N (27 July 2009).
7302:
7146:
7113:"Asia moves to ward off new flu virus"
7071:from the original on 21 December 2010.
7030:
6999:
6986:from the original on 23 February 2011.
6498:
6480:from the original on 22 September 2009
6443:(WHO). 30 October 2009. Archived from
6285:from the original on 24 December 2009.
6205:
5894:from the original on 29 September 2009
5884:"What scientists know about swine flu"
5804:
5737:from the original on 10 September 2009
5687:from the original on 23 September 2009
5201:(WHO). 16 October 2009. Archived from
5179:from the original on 19 February 2011.
5100:
5034:
4848:from the original on 10 September 2010
4731:from the original on 29 September 2012
4517:from the original on 17 September 2009
4469:
4034:
3771:from the original on 19 September 2020
3574:
3391:
3369:(WHO). 16 October 2009. Archived from
3003:
2800:"How severe will the flu outbreak be?"
2797:
1671:United States Secretary of Agriculture
1338:Secretary of Health and Human Services
13415:Great Plague in the late Ming dynasty
13148:
13134:US influenza statistics by flu season
12325:
11505:
10999:
10951:from the original on 17 December 2019
9836:from the original on 17 December 2019
9196:from the original on 26 November 2009
9117:from the original on 6 September 2017
9029:from the original on 6 September 2017
8899:from the original on 15 February 2011
8553:
8505:(WHO). 21 August 2009. Archived from
8311:
8118:from the original on 14 December 2009
8109:
8017:
7677:
7570:from the original on 9 September 2009
7561:
6967:
6889:from the original on 24 November 2010
6775:Shear MD, Stein R (24 October 2009).
6709:
6678:
6590:
6465:
6333:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
5974:from the original on 13 December 2009
5715:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
5630:from the original on 29 November 2009
5565:from the original on 17 December 2009
5555:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
5531:from the original on 26 November 2009
5497:from the original on 26 November 2009
5460:from the original on 26 November 2009
5195:Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 briefing note 13
5149:from the original on 26 November 2009
5139:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
4792:from the original on 24 November 2010
4535:
4482:from the original on 27 December 2009
4451:from the original on 10 December 2009
4371:"2009 H1N1 Flu ("Swine Flu") and You"
3488:
3406:from the original on 25 November 2009
3394:"When to take a sick child to the ER"
3156:
3152:
3150:
3094:from the original on 3 December 2020.
3056:from the original on 26 November 2009
2991:from the original on 25 November 2020
2784:
1432:
1046:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
880:
762:religious restrictions on eating pork
250:700 million to 1.4 billion (estimate)
10497:10.1001/archinte.1971.00310180053006
9687:from the original on 16 October 2011
9630:from the original on 21 January 2014
9563:from the original on 9 December 2010
9402:
9324:from the original on 19 January 2010
9294:from the original on 1 December 2009
9260:from the original on 15 January 2010
9227:from the original on 7 December 2009
8958:from the original on 7 November 2009
8699:from the original on 3 November 2009
8635:from the original on 27 January 2011
8091:from the original on 7 December 2009
7968:from the original on 7 December 2009
7854:from the original on 7 November 2009
7766:from the original on 24 October 2009
7753:
7614:
7477:from the original on 1 November 2009
6935:Fumento, Michael (5 February 2010).
6787:from the original on 7 November 2009
6347:from the original on 3 November 2009
6253:from the original on 8 November 2009
6220:from the original on 8 November 2009
5699:
5591:from the original on 7 December 2009
5016:from the original on 3 November 2009
4866:
4779:
4548:from the original on 17 January 2015
4414:from the original on 7 December 2009
4335:
4022:from the original on 4 February 2011
3758:
3740:from the original on 17 October 2020
3626:from the original on 2 November 2021
3593:from the original on 19 January 2021
3177:from the original on 2 December 2020
2982:
2973:
2943:
2660:Western African Ebola virus epidemic
1677:imposed a ban on the importation of
1659:World Organisation for Animal Health
1427:
742:World Organization for Animal Health
11115:from the original on 20 March 2016.
11089:from the original on 7 October 2009
11034:The New England Journal of Medicine
10524:Medical Microbiology and Immunology
10421:Bulletin of the History of Medicine
9979:from the original on 7 October 2009
9384:from the original on 7 January 2010
9354:from the original on 7 January 2010
8451:The New England Journal of Medicine
8337:from the original on 7 October 2009
8299:from the original on 7 October 2009
7942:from the original on 22 August 2019
7884:from the original on 7 October 2009
7841:
7823:from the original on 7 October 2009
7792:from the original on 7 October 2009
7590:"Swine flu β HSE News Announcement"
7510:from the original on 30 August 2009
7451:from the original on 7 October 2009
7382:from the original on 7 October 2009
7350:from the original on 7 October 2009
7317:from the original on 7 October 2009
7281:from the original on 7 October 2009
7159:from the original on 7 October 2009
6812:The New England Journal of Medicine
6756:from the original on 7 October 2009
6722:from the original on 7 October 2009
6621:
6532:"Clinics Swamped with Flu Patients"
6417:from the original on 7 October 2009
6384:from the original on 8 October 2009
6163:The New England Journal of Medicine
5660:from the original on 26 August 2010
5115:from the original on 7 October 2009
5037:"Reader questions on H1N1 answered"
4986:from the original on 29 August 2009
4879:from the original on 19 August 2012
4637:. World Health Organization (WHO).
3991:from the original on 7 October 2009
3961:from the original on 1 October 2009
3503:from the original on 7 October 2009
3427:The New England Journal of Medicine
3312:The New England Journal of Medicine
3240:The New England Journal of Medicine
3111:Medical Microbiology and Immunology
3068:
2902:from the original on 7 October 2009
2889:
2748:The New England Journal of Medicine
2111:A Wisconsin study published in the
1810:), the other available anti-viral.
1378:Accusations of conflict of interest
887:Influenza Β§ Signs and symptoms
647:acute respiratory distress syndrome
13:
13129:2017β2018 United States flu season
11228:"On the epidemiology of influenza"
11218:
10386:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
10380:Morens DM, Fauci AS (April 2007).
10004:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
9480:from the original on 23 April 2011
9466:"Bird Flu: Communicating the Risk"
8952:"Swine flu victim dies in Houston"
8114:. Public Health Agency of Canada.
8064:from the original on 15 April 2020
8032:from the original on 21 March 2020
7543:from the original on 7 August 2009
7418:from the original on 7 August 2009
7123:from the original on 30 April 2009
6712:"Preparing for Swine Flu's Return"
6603:from the original on 30 April 2009
6542:from the original on 25 April 2019
6511:from the original on 25 April 2019
6403:McNeil Jr DG (10 September 2009).
5863:from the original on 7 August 2017
5082:from the original on 25 April 2013
4761:from the original on 20 April 2010
4581:(WHO). 14 May 2010. Archived from
4400:Huffstutter PJ (5 December 2009).
4299:from the original on 14 March 2020
4111:from the original on 25 April 2022
3727:
3215:from the original on 7 August 2009
3147:
3098:
2723:from the original on 18 March 2020
2693:from the original on 20 March 2020
2216:
1868:2009 swine flu pandemic by country
1288:2009 swine flu pandemic by country
618:pandemic and the second being the
45: 5,000β49,999 confirmed cases
14:
14243:
12868:Live attenuated influenza vaccine
11400:
11394:from the original on 13 May 2011.
11151:from the original on 5 March 2023
10866:"Key Facts About Influenza (Flu)"
10846:from the original on 17 June 2009
9661:from the original on 14 July 2011
9648:
9186:"Flu Activity & Surveillance"
8851:Smithfield Foods CEO on flu virus
8829:from the original on 7 March 2010
8665:from the original on 6 March 2010
8426:(CDC). 7 May 2009. Archived from
8400:from the original on 19 July 2011
8368:U.S. National Library of Medicine
8364:Medline Plus Medical Encyclopedia
8174:(WHO). 7 May 2009. Archived from
8144:. 20 October 2009. Archived from
7907:. Philippine Star. Archived from
7219:Nishiura H, Kamiya K (May 2011).
7089:(WHO). 7 May 2009. Archived from
6916:from the original on 7 March 2010
6306:. 4 December 2009. Archived from
6239:Parker-Pope T (5 November 2009).
6061:from the original on 27 July 2011
5386:from the original on 7 March 2010
5382:. ScienceDaily. 18 October 2009.
5045:. Toronto, Canada. Archived from
4930:from the original on 5 March 2023
4725:"H1N1 Still A Pandemic, Says WHO"
4381:from the original on 4 March 2010
4040:
3801:from the original on 27 July 2016
3658:from the original on 3 March 2020
3291:from the original on 7 March 2010
2204:Major modern influenza pandemics
1977:2009 swine flu pandemic in Mexico
1221:it and then touching their face.
667:indicates pneumonia receive both
14120:encephalitis lethargica epidemic
11101:
11024:
10993:
10963:
10933:
10884:
10858:
10828:
10779:
10728:
10688:
10629:
10607:
10558:
10476:
10455:
10412:
10373:
10336:American Journal of Epidemiology
10310:from the original on 14 May 2015
10226:
10169:
10118:
10096:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01492.x
10075:
10040:
9991:
9960:
9933:
9772:
9746:
9715:American Journal of Epidemiology
9673:
9642:
9549:
9522:
9457:
9445:from the original on 11 May 2009
9427:
9366:
9336:
9272:
9208:
9178:
9129:
9098:
9041:
9011:
8970:
8944:
8841:
8790:
8711:
8647:
8521:
8442:
8374:from the original on 15 May 2009
8281:
8251:
8190:
8130:
8103:
8076:
8044:
8011:
7980:
7954:
7923:
7896:
7866:
7835:
7804:
7778:
7747:
7700:from the original on 8 July 2020
7582:
7463:
7430:
7329:
7263:
7212:
7184:The Medical Journal of Australia
7171:
7024:
6961:
6928:
6901:
6871:
6840:
6799:
6703:
6672:
6646:
6615:
6554:
6523:
6492:
6429:
6317:
6289:
5962:Maugh II TH (11 December 2009).
4956:from the original on 1 July 2012
4641:from the original on 19 May 2010
3868:10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00097.x
2931:from the original on 25 May 2011
2599:
2585:
2509:
2193:virus damaged the lining of the
1990:
1967:as a novel strain of influenza.
1856:2009 swine flu pandemic timeline
1306:National Microbiology Laboratory
1110:rapid influenza diagnostic tests
983:
519:2015 United States H5N2 outbreak
289:
138:
127:
118:
107:
98:
87:
13898:Gorakhpur Japanese encephalitis
13195:List of epidemics and pandemics
11125:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
11012:from the original on 7 May 2009
10702:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
10084:Journal of Applied Microbiology
9470:Perspectives in Health Magazine
8722:. Bloomberg L.P. Archived from
8689:Flu Activity & Surveillance
8499:Global Alert and Response (GAR)
8495:"Recommended use of antivirals"
8269:from the original on 1 May 2009
8235:. 28 April 2009. Archived from
7936:The America's Intelligence Wire
6654:"National Pandemic Flu Service"
6370:"Swine flu latest from the NHS"
6265:
6232:
6199:
6142:
6073:
6043:
5986:
5955:
5906:
5875:
5839:
5798:
5749:
5672:
5642:
5577:
5543:
5398:
5372:
5315:
5266:
5217:
5183:
5161:
5094:
4942:
4904:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
4891:
4860:
4773:
4743:
4717:
4687:
4675:from the original on 5 May 2010
4463:
4393:
4311:
4295:. Science Daily. 27 June 2016.
4234:
4092:
4080:from the original on 1 May 2009
4065:
3987:. Taiwan (ROC). 28 April 2009.
3973:
3943:
3892:
3852:"With reference to Mexican flu"
3843:
3813:
3783:
3721:
3670:
3611:
3605:
3418:
3303:
3276:
3227:
3087:. April 1999. pp. 38, 41.
3038:
3022:. 6 August 2010. Archived from
3020:World Health Organization (WHO)
2957:. 5 August 2010. Archived from
2955:World Health Organization (WHO)
1849:
1776:
1539:Department of Homeland Security
1353:2009 swine flu pandemic vaccine
1261:2009 swine flu pandemic vaccine
1215:
1067:A/H1N1 influenza infection and
996:as the strongest risk factors.
962:
660:New England Journal of Medicine
266:Estimated excess death: 284,000
51: 500β4,999 confirmed cases
14222:Influenza A virus subtype H1N1
9855:Kaplan K (18 September 2009).
9529:Randall T (7 September 2010).
8887:McNeil Jr DG (26 April 2009).
8199:"Pork industry rues swine flu"
6937:"Why The WHO Faked A Pandemic"
4840:Randall T (7 September 2010).
4470:Bronze MS (13 November 2009).
4224:. 11 June 2009. Archived from
4072:Pilkington E (28 April 2009).
3392:Lin II RG (21 November 2009).
2735:
2705:
2620:2009 swine flu pandemic tables
2552:) capability, or epidemicity.
1864:2009 swine flu pandemic tables
1302:Public Health Agency of Canada
1097:tissue swab from the patient.
808:Mount Sinai School of Medicine
608:H1N1/swine flu/influenza virus
1:
13223:
12926:Russian flu (1889–1890)
12351:
11137:10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70121-4
10714:10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70121-4
10485:Archives of Internal Medicine
10061:10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00254-2
9891:Kilbourne ED (January 2006).
9136:McCauley JW (February 2017).
8797:Godlee F (10 December 2009).
8718:Cortez MF (9 December 2009).
7987:MIL/Sify.com (16 June 2009).
6847:Pollard C (13 January 2010).
6744:Steenhuysen J (4 June 2009).
6499:Hutain J (21 November 2009).
5882:Emma Wilkinson (1 May 2009).
5068:Hartocollis A (27 May 2009).
4916:10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70121-4
4538:"The Flu Season That Fizzled"
4146:10.1016/S0262-4079(09)61215-X
3203:McNeil Jr DG (23 June 2009).
2665:
1785:
1614:
1563:
1250:
1192:Wendy Barclay to suggest on 1
933:immunosuppressive medications
929:neurodevelopmental conditions
230:January 2009 β 10 August 2010
39: 50,000+ confirmed cases
11189:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001558
11077:McNeil Jr DG (20 May 2009).
10897:Clinical Infectious Diseases
10804:10.1097/EDE.0b013e3182a67448
10754:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000442
10663:10.1371/journal.pone.0021828
10239:Emerging Infectious Diseases
9897:Emerging Infectious Diseases
9793:10.1097/PEC.0b013e31821dc9d1
9588:Clinical Infectious Diseases
9464:Sandman P, Lanard J (2005).
8983:Clinical Infectious Diseases
8083:Jordan D (20 October 2009).
7615:Roan S (27 September 2009).
7529:Maugh II TH (25 July 2009).
7437:King Jr JC (1 August 2009).
7375:Atlanta Journal-Constitution
7336:de Vise D (20 August 2009).
7083:"Influenza A(H1N1) β Travel"
6273:"Pet dog recovers from H1N1"
6206:Murray L (5 November 2009).
5762:Emerging Infectious Diseases
5679:Schnirring L (21 May 2009).
5243:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181c92eeb
5035:Picard A (1 November 2009).
4472:"H1N1 Influenza (Swine Flu)"
4218:"Swine flu origins revealed"
4010:Bradsher K (28 April 2009).
3696:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001558
3549:10.1371/journal.pone.0021828
3489:Grady D (3 September 2009).
3283:Hellerman C (11 June 2009).
2106:
2015:San Diego County, California
1696:
1528:
1143:Food and Drug Administration
1084:
1012:is more common in children.
57: 50β499 confirmed cases
7:
9967:Sternberg S (26 May 2009).
9940:Greger M (26 August 2009).
9246:Ellenberg J (4 July 2009).
8197:Desmon S (21 August 2009).
7473:Fox News. 28 October 2009.
6241:"The Cat Who Got Swine Flu"
3581:Hagemann H (2 April 2020).
2625:2015β16 Zika virus epidemic
2578:
2043:Data reporting and accuracy
2026:Imperial County, California
1956:Data reporting and accuracy
1950:Cases and deaths by country
1883:deaths reported to the WHO
1558:Health and Safety Executive
1346:
374:Seasonal flu vaccine brands
10:
14248:
14008:2024 Latin American dengue
13788:Western African meningitis
13602:Pacific Northwest smallpox
12701:Transmission and infection
12297:
10303:. 5 May 2011. p. 37.
9403:Gale J (4 December 2009).
8554:Cheng M (21 August 2009).
7930:Woolls D (27 April 2009).
7754:Wohl J (20 October 2009).
7303:George C (1 August 2009).
6806:Fineberg HV (April 2014).
6710:Stein R (10 August 2009).
6685:Riverside Press-Enterprise
5652:(Press release). Atlanta:
5527:(CDC). 29 September 2009.
5493:(CDC). 29 September 2009.
5341:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.01.004
4780:Lynn J (12 January 2010).
4609:Global Update on 2009 H1N1
4130:MacKenzie D (9 May 2009).
2272:million) or >56% (>1
2053:National Influenza Centers
2046:
1994:
1974:
1853:
1700:
1649:
1509:secondary schools closed.
1499:
1350:
1285:
1254:
1152:
884:
796:
701:
509:2007 Bernard Matthews H5N1
63: 5β49 confirmed cases
14032:
13708:
13629:
13614:Buenos Aires yellow fever
13534:
13525:
13512:Philadelphia yellow fever
13482:Great Plague of Marseille
13476:Great Northern War plague
13470:Iceland smallpox epidemic
13462:
13383:
13328:
13317:
13254:
13210:
13203:
13190:
13116:
13063:
13038:
13000:
12993:
12981:Central Luzon H5N6 (2017)
12959:
12921:Influenza pandemic (1557)
12916:Influenza pandemic (1510)
12906:
12895:
12858:
12783:
12774:
12754:
12745:
12688:
12652:
12643:
12623:
12595:
12586:
12441:
12405:
12359:
12295:
12232:
12165:
12102:
12017:
11829:
11639:
11561:
11552:
11539:
11464:
11435:
11420:World Health Organization
11000:Brown D (29 April 2009).
10945:World Health Organization
10840:World Health Organization
10536:10.1007/s00430-009-0118-5
9830:World Health Organization
9756:. Flu.gov. Archived from
9504:World Health Organization
9350:(CDC). 14 November 2009.
9290:(CDC). 4 September 2009.
9215:Stobbe M (25 June 2009).
9192:(CDC). 30 November 2009.
8854:(Television production).
8628:(WHO). 15 December 2010.
8626:World Health Organization
8503:World Health Organization
8172:World Health Organization
8138:"Human swine flu in pigs"
7903:Anonymous (21 May 2009).
7811:Kralev N (29 June 2009).
7694:The Sydney Morning Herald
7087:World Health Organization
7006:World Health Organization
6968:Flynn P (23 March 2010).
6591:Nasaw D (27 April 2009).
6530:Stickney R (4 May 2009).
6441:World Health Organization
6340:(CDC). 28 November 2009.
6208:"Can Pets Get Swine Flu?"
5854:World Health Organization
5623:(WHO). 12 November 2009.
5621:World Health Organization
5199:World Health Organization
5175:. CDC. 15 February 2019.
5145:(CDC). 4 September 2009.
5101:Whalen J (15 June 2009).
4699:World Health Organization
4579:World Health Organization
4513:(CDC). 8 September 2009.
4377:(CDC). 10 February 2010.
4342:World Health Organization
4099:Enserink M (8 May 2009).
3918:10.1186/1471-2458-13-1116
3825:World Health Organization
3367:World Health Organization
3157:Lacey M (28 April 2009).
3124:10.1007/s00430-009-0118-5
3084:World Health Organization
2502:
2440:11β21% (0.7β1.4 billion)
2158:infants, the elderly and
2033:Texas Children's Hospital
2007:Homeland Security Council
1970:
1947:
1792:World Health Organization
1711:pain medications such as
1681:products from the entire
1413:, editor-in-chief of the
1392:World Health Organization
1226:basic reproduction number
969:World Health Organization
835:World Health Organization
710:World Health Organization
612:World Health Organization
270:
254:
244:
234:
226:
218:
202:
192:
182:
171:
161:
151:
81:
69: 1β4 confirmed cases
28:
23:
14178:Mpox (clade Ib) epidemic
14172:Mpox (clade II) outbreak
14132:Seventh cholera pandemic
13023:2007 Australian outbreak
11428:PROMED-mail news updates
10947:(WHO). 6 November 2018.
10836:"WHO Europe β Influenza"
10144:10.1186/1471-2334-14-480
9832:(WHO). 6 November 2018.
9781:Pediatric Emergency Care
9320:. CDC. 15 January 2010.
9284:Seasonal Influenza (Flu)
8587:BMJ Group (8 May 2009).
7562:Fiore M (17 July 2009).
7238:10.1186/1471-2334-11-111
7147:Jacobs K (3 June 2009).
6466:McKay B (18 July 2009).
4867:Roos R (8 August 2011).
4536:Mckay B (2 March 2010).
4447:(CDC). 7 December 2009.
2983:Roos R (8 August 2011).
1818:On 8 December 2009, the
1602:, masks will filter out
1511:University of California
1148:
1074:An article published in
1021:Streptococcus pneumoniae
75: No confirmed cases
14202:2009 swine flu pandemic
14090:Fourth cholera pandemic
14072:Second cholera pandemic
13918:Γquateur province Ebola
13506:North American smallpox
13421:Great Plague of Seville
12810:Neuraminidase inhibitor
11533:2009 swine flu pandemic
10941:"Influenza: Fact sheet"
10131:BMC Infectious Diseases
9826:"Influenza: Fact sheet"
9380:(CDC). 30 August 2009.
8799:"We want raw data, now"
8695:(CDC). 21 August 2009.
8661:(CDC). 9 October 2009.
8327:Diseases and Conditions
8289:"Egypt orders pig cull"
7225:BMC Infectious Diseases
6679:Hines L (7 June 2009).
6473:The Wall Street Journal
6019:10.1126/science.1189132
5807:"Swine flu goes global"
5805:Butler D (April 2009).
5291:10.1136/thx.2010.135210
5197:. Geneva, Switzerland:
5108:The Wall Street Journal
4542:The Wall Street Journal
4336:Chan M (11 June 2009).
4319:"WHO β Swine influenza"
4043:"Swine Flu: A pandemic"
3791:"Narcolepsy Fact Sheet"
3759:Roos R (27 June 2012).
2866:10.1126/science.324_572
2530:1976 swine flu outbreak
2418:2009 swine flu pandemic
1873:2009 flu pandemic data
1836:(Relenza) can ward off
1667:American Meat Institute
1483:China Southern Airlines
1310:National Health Service
697:
604:2009 swine flu pandemic
524:2020β2022 H5N8 outbreak
240:491,382 (lab-confirmed)
24:2009 swine flu pandemic
14217:21st-century epidemics
14212:2010 disease outbreaks
14207:2009 disease outbreaks
14108:Sixth cholera pandemic
14096:Fifth cholera pandemic
14078:Third cholera pandemic
14066:First cholera pandemic
14048:Second plague pandemic
13608:Barcelona yellow fever
13453:Great Plague of Vienna
13439:Great Plague of London
13409:Massachusetts smallpox
13124:Influenza-like illness
12793:Adamantane derivatives
12312:Influenza-like illness
11854:Bosnia and Herzegovina
11245:10.1186/1743-422X-5-29
10251:10.3201/eid1201.050979
9909:10.3201/eid1201.051254
9248:"Influenza Body Count"
8110:Evans B (5 May 2009).
8057:The New Zealand Herald
8018:Leela J (1 May 2009).
7993:International Reporter
7031:Godlee F (June 2010).
7000:Chan M (8 June 2010).
6117:10.1186/1741-7015-7-45
5774:10.3201/eid1511.090868
5561:(CDC). 7 August 2009.
5424:10.1001/jama.2010.1277
5230:Critical Care Medicine
5012:(CDC). 5 August 2009.
4571:"Pandemic (H1N1) 2009"
3957:(CDC). 5 August 2009.
3016:"Pandemic (H1N1) 2009"
2890:Fox M (11 June 2009).
2286:2β3%, or ~4%, or ~10%
2010:
1916:Eastern Mediterranean
1820:Cochrane Collaboration
1790:In December 2012, the
1586:
1575:
1479:China Eastern Airlines
1454:
1442:
1366:
1292:On 27 April 2009, the
1282:Public health response
1155:Pandemic H1N1/09 virus
1006:mechanical ventilation
978:mechanical ventilation
818:
562:Vaccine reformulations
557:Influenza-like illness
504:2007 Australian equine
166:Pandemic H1N1/09 virus
14084:Third plague pandemic
14042:First plague pandemic
13836:Western African Ebola
13746:Chikungunya outbreaks
13698:Malaysian Nipah virus
13566:Great Plains smallpox
12974:1989β1990 UK outbreak
12936:Asian flu (1957-1958)
10975:The Malaysian Insider
10433:10.1353/bhm.2002.0022
9506:(WHO). Archived from
8473:10.1056/NEJMoa0906695
7008:(WHO). Archived from
6825:10.1056/NEJMra1208802
6568:(CDC). Archived from
6175:10.1056/NEJMoa0905498
5656:(CDC). 22 June 2010.
4982:(CDC). 24 July 2009.
4757:.com. 12 April 2010.
4575:Disease Outbreak News
4344:(WHO). Archived from
4160:25 April 2020 at the
3827:(WHO). Archived from
3449:10.1056/NEJMoa0906695
3324:10.1056/NEJMra1000449
2798:Butler D (May 2009).
2761:10.1056/NEJMoa0904252
2492:290,000β650,000/year
2179:major genetic changes
2061:Clinical surveillance
2004:
1995:Further information:
1975:Further information:
1948:Further information:
1854:Further information:
1701:Further information:
1581:
1571:
1448:
1440:
1360:
1314:general practitioners
1304:announced that their
1168:. Children showed no
1015:Staphylococcus aureus
816:
702:Further information:
449:1889-1890 Russian flu
14144:Russian flu pandemic
13886:Angolan yellow fever
13637:San Francisco plague
13590:Broad Street cholera
13488:Great Plague of 1738
12941:Hong Kong flu (1968)
12733:Pandemic preparation
11811:United Arab Emirates
11416:Pandemic (H1N1) 2009
11335:Nature Biotechnology
11056:10.1056/NEJMra052211
8178:on 23 September 2009
7999:on 23 September 2010
7817:The Washington Times
7788:. CNN. 28 May 2009.
6281:. 22 December 2009.
5456:(CDC). 13 May 2009.
4222:University of Oxford
3253:10.1056/NEJMp0904572
2719:. 25 November 2009.
2607:North America portal
2455:Typical seasonal flu
2224:Reproduction number
2057:Disease surveillance
1646:Pigs and food safety
1257:Influenza prevention
957:developmental delays
610:and declared by the
14227:Influenza pandemics
14050:(1348β19th century)
13978:New Zealand measles
13806:Darfur yellow fever
13649:LA pneumonic plague
13266:Plague of Justinian
12277:2009 A/H1N1 vaccine
12082:Trinidad and Tobago
11347:10.1038/nbt0609-510
11317:10.1038/nature08182
11308:2009Natur.459.1122S
11271:MacPhail T (2014).
11006:The Washington Post
10909:10.1093/cid/cix1060
10654:2011PLoSO...621828K
10202:10.1038/nature03063
10194:2004Natur.432..904M
9948:on 3 September 2009
9594:(Suppl 1): S75-82.
9221:The Huffington Post
9154:2017Natur.542..414M
9111:Scientific American
9066:2017GloCh...1...33E
8989:(Suppl 1): S75β82.
8561:Washington Examiner
8321:Mayo Clinic Staff.
7500:"Business Planning"
7439:"The ABC's of H1N1"
7343:The Washington Post
7197:10.5694/mja13.10832
7119:. 9 February 2009.
6885:. 12 January 2010.
6781:The Washington Post
6716:The Washington Post
6313:on 3 December 2009.
6108:2009arXiv0909.2417B
6011:2010Sci...328.1529V
5366:. 11 February 2010.
5236:(4 Suppl): e91β97.
4695:"Influenza updates"
4671:(CDC). 7 May 2010.
4260:10.7554/eLife.16777
4200:10.1038/nature08182
4191:2009Natur.459.1122S
3540:2011PLoSO...621828K
2205:
2005:President Obama at
1874:
1760:is an experimental
1703:Influenza treatment
1663:National Pork Board
1626:US State Department
1010:bacterial infection
994:respiratory disease
974:intensive care unit
750:European Commission
655:bacterial pneumonia
547:Influenza evolution
459:1957-1958 Asian flu
178:, likely indirectly
14060:Influenza pandemic
14054:Influenza pandemic
14002:Bangsamoro measles
13984:Singaporean dengue
13948:Pacific NW measles
13942:Philippine measles
13930:Madagascar measles
13912:Kerala Nipah virus
13905:Saudi Arabian MERS
13818:Singaporean dengue
13764:Zimbabwean cholera
13734:Singaporean dengue
13578:Copenhagen cholera
13560:Groningen epidemic
13354:Influenza pandemic
13336:Influenza pandemic
12931:Spanish flu (1918)
12850:Baloxavir marboxil
12675:West Bengal (2008)
12610:1977 (Russian flu)
12605:1918 (Spanish flu)
12287:Tamiflu resistance
12242:Influenza pandemic
12052:Dominican Republic
11465:External resources
11083:The New York Times
10981:on 20 October 2009
10842:(WHO). June 2009.
10349:10.1093/aje/kwy191
10055:(25β26): 3068β87.
9760:on 9 December 2011
9728:10.1093/aje/kwj024
9655:The New York Times
9601:10.1093/cid/ciq012
8996:10.1093/cid/ciq012
8893:The New York Times
8865:on 29 January 2013
8599:on 17 October 2013
8509:on 4 November 2009
8430:on 3 November 2009
8148:on 8 November 2009
7842:DPA (3 May 2009).
7444:The New York Times
7378:. 14 August 2009.
7277:. 20 August 2009.
7012:on 30 January 2011
6949:on 8 February 2010
6859:on 14 January 2010
6622:AFP (6 May 2009).
6447:on 2 November 2009
6410:The New York Times
6246:The New York Times
6213:The New York Times
6055:The Canadian Press
5205:on 19 January 2010
5075:The New York Times
5049:on 4 November 2009
5042:The Globe and Mail
4348:on 22 October 2009
4047:The Morung Express
4016:The New York Times
3496:The New York Times
3373:on 25 October 2009
3209:The New York Times
3163:The New York Times
2234:Case fatality rate
2203:
2098:, director of the
2037:Brownsville, Texas
2011:
1872:
1587:
1576:
1475:Singapore Airlines
1460:Chinese government
1455:
1443:
1433:Travel precautions
1367:
1118:immunofluorescence
1069:pulmonary embolism
1050:C-reactive protein
953:muscular dystrophy
881:Signs and symptoms
819:
657:. A November 2009
552:Influenza research
464:1968 Hong Kong flu
399:Baloxavir marboxil
14187:
14186:
14028:
14027:
14024:
14023:
13960:Kuala Koh measles
13874:South Korean MERS
13862:Polio declaration
13850:Madagascar plague
13782:Gujarat hepatitis
13770:Madagascar plague
13722:Midwest monkeypox
13673:Yugoslav smallpox
13643:Manchurian plague
13584:Stockholm cholera
13521:
13520:
13308:Sweating sickness
13296:Japanese smallpox
13245:Plague of Cyprian
13184:disease outbreaks
13142:
13141:
13059:
13058:
12989:
12988:
12969:Fujian flu (H3N2)
12891:
12890:
12770:
12769:
12741:
12740:
12696:Genetic structure
12639:
12638:
12443:Influenza A virus
12382:Genome sequencing
12319:
12318:
12282:Actions with pigs
12228:
12227:
11542:Outbreak timeline
11499:
11498:
11302:(7250): 1122β25.
11282:978-0-8014-7983-0
11273:The Viral Network
10903:(10): 1511β1518.
10872:. 28 October 2019
10583:10.1136/bmj.b5213
10469:Los Angeles Times
10343:(12): 2561β2567.
9861:Los Angeles Times
9415:on 7 January 2010
9074:10.1002/gch2.1018
9054:Global Challenges
8815:10.1136/bmj.b5405
8766:10.1136/bmj.b5106
8726:on 7 January 2010
8568:on 7 October 2009
8265:. 27 April 2009.
8233:Trend News Agency
8209:on 7 October 2009
8203:The Baltimore Sun
8170:(Press release).
8060:. 30 April 2009.
7911:on 29 August 2014
7658:Los Angeles Times
7629:on 1 October 2009
7596:on 27 August 2009
7536:Los Angeles Times
7411:Los Angeles Times
7310:Houston Chronicle
7049:10.1136/bmj.c2947
6977:Council of Europe
6691:on 7 January 2010
6660:on 7 October 2009
6634:on 7 October 2009
6572:on 6 October 2010
5968:Los Angeles Times
5931:10.1136/bmj.b5213
5856:. 15 April 2009.
5817:(7242): 1082β83.
5354:(primary source)
4407:Los Angeles Times
4228:on 25 April 2013.
4185:(7250): 1122β25.
3905:BMC Public Health
3399:Los Angeles Times
2689:. 30 April 2009.
2635:COVID-19 pandemic
2569:COVID-19 pandemic
2524:
2523:
2239:Pandemic severity
2230:Deaths worldwide
2096:Michael Osterholm
1964:
1963:
1959:
1889:Worldwide (total)
1608:biological agents
1596:Nagoya University
1573:Mexico City Metro
1523:health department
1428:Infection control
1388:Council of Europe
1382:In January 2010,
1341:Kathleen Sebelius
1130:Loyola University
600:
599:
277:
276:
14239:
14167:
13954:New York measles
13908:
13868:Indian swine flu
13856:Odisha hepatitis
13846:
13800:Pakistani dengue
13752:Pakistani dengue
13701:
13667:WrocΕaw smallpox
13620:Hong Kong plague
13554:Caragea's plague
13532:
13531:
13449:
13342:Mexican smallpox
13326:
13325:
13278:Plague of Sheroe
13233:Plague of Athens
13228:
13225:
13208:
13207:
13169:
13162:
13155:
13146:
13145:
13073:Acute bronchitis
12998:
12997:
12951:Swine flu (2009)
12946:1977 Russian flu
12904:
12903:
12840:
12781:
12780:
12752:
12751:
12650:
12649:
12615:2009 (Swine flu)
12593:
12592:
12413:Orthomyxoviridae
12346:
12339:
12332:
12323:
12322:
12200:Papua New Guinea
11559:
11558:
11526:
11519:
11512:
11503:
11502:
11433:
11432:
11395:
11366:
11329:
11319:
11286:
11267:
11257:
11247:
11232:Virology Journal
11212:
11211:
11201:
11191:
11182:(11): e1001558.
11167:
11161:
11160:
11158:
11156:
11116:
11105:
11099:
11098:
11096:
11094:
11074:
11068:
11067:
11049:
11028:
11022:
11021:
11019:
11017:
10997:
10991:
10990:
10988:
10986:
10967:
10961:
10960:
10958:
10956:
10937:
10931:
10930:
10920:
10888:
10882:
10881:
10879:
10877:
10862:
10856:
10855:
10853:
10851:
10832:
10826:
10825:
10815:
10783:
10777:
10776:
10766:
10756:
10732:
10726:
10725:
10692:
10686:
10685:
10675:
10665:
10633:
10627:
10626:
10624:
10622:
10611:
10605:
10604:
10594:
10562:
10556:
10555:
10515:
10509:
10508:
10480:
10474:
10473:
10459:
10453:
10452:
10416:
10410:
10409:
10377:
10371:
10370:
10360:
10326:
10320:
10319:
10317:
10315:
10309:
10302:
10294:
10273:
10272:
10262:
10230:
10224:
10223:
10213:
10173:
10167:
10166:
10156:
10146:
10122:
10116:
10115:
10079:
10073:
10072:
10044:
10038:
10037:
10027:
9995:
9989:
9988:
9986:
9984:
9964:
9958:
9957:
9955:
9953:
9937:
9931:
9930:
9920:
9888:
9877:
9876:
9874:
9872:
9852:
9846:
9845:
9843:
9841:
9822:
9813:
9812:
9776:
9770:
9769:
9767:
9765:
9750:
9744:
9743:
9730:
9706:
9697:
9696:
9694:
9692:
9677:
9671:
9670:
9668:
9666:
9646:
9640:
9639:
9637:
9635:
9620:
9614:
9613:
9603:
9579:
9573:
9572:
9570:
9568:
9553:
9547:
9546:
9544:
9542:
9526:
9520:
9519:
9517:
9515:
9496:
9490:
9489:
9487:
9485:
9461:
9455:
9454:
9452:
9450:
9431:
9425:
9424:
9422:
9420:
9411:. Archived from
9400:
9394:
9393:
9391:
9389:
9370:
9364:
9363:
9361:
9359:
9340:
9334:
9333:
9331:
9329:
9310:
9304:
9303:
9301:
9299:
9276:
9270:
9269:
9267:
9265:
9243:
9237:
9236:
9234:
9232:
9212:
9206:
9205:
9203:
9201:
9182:
9176:
9175:
9165:
9133:
9127:
9126:
9124:
9122:
9102:
9096:
9095:
9085:
9045:
9039:
9038:
9036:
9034:
9015:
9009:
9008:
8998:
8974:
8968:
8967:
8965:
8963:
8948:
8942:
8941:
8939:
8937:
8918:
8909:
8908:
8906:
8904:
8884:
8875:
8874:
8872:
8870:
8864:
8858:. Archived from
8845:
8839:
8838:
8836:
8834:
8794:
8788:
8787:
8777:
8745:
8736:
8735:
8733:
8731:
8715:
8709:
8708:
8706:
8704:
8681:
8675:
8674:
8672:
8670:
8651:
8645:
8644:
8642:
8640:
8634:
8623:
8615:
8609:
8608:
8606:
8604:
8595:. Archived from
8584:
8578:
8577:
8575:
8573:
8564:. Archived from
8551:
8545:
8544:
8542:
8540:
8525:
8519:
8518:
8516:
8514:
8491:
8485:
8484:
8466:
8446:
8440:
8439:
8437:
8435:
8416:
8410:
8409:
8407:
8405:
8390:
8384:
8383:
8381:
8379:
8356:
8347:
8346:
8344:
8342:
8318:
8309:
8308:
8306:
8304:
8285:
8279:
8278:
8276:
8274:
8263:Kompas newspaper
8255:
8249:
8248:
8246:
8244:
8225:
8219:
8218:
8216:
8214:
8194:
8188:
8187:
8185:
8183:
8164:
8158:
8157:
8155:
8153:
8134:
8128:
8127:
8125:
8123:
8107:
8101:
8100:
8098:
8096:
8080:
8074:
8073:
8071:
8069:
8048:
8042:
8041:
8039:
8037:
8015:
8009:
8008:
8006:
8004:
7995:. Archived from
7984:
7978:
7977:
7975:
7973:
7958:
7952:
7951:
7949:
7947:
7927:
7921:
7920:
7918:
7916:
7900:
7894:
7893:
7891:
7889:
7870:
7864:
7863:
7861:
7859:
7839:
7833:
7832:
7830:
7828:
7808:
7802:
7801:
7799:
7797:
7782:
7776:
7775:
7773:
7771:
7751:
7745:
7744:
7742:
7740:
7721:
7710:
7709:
7707:
7705:
7686:
7675:
7674:
7672:
7670:
7661:. Archived from
7648:
7639:
7638:
7636:
7634:
7625:. Archived from
7612:
7606:
7605:
7603:
7601:
7586:
7580:
7579:
7577:
7575:
7559:
7553:
7552:
7550:
7548:
7526:
7520:
7519:
7517:
7515:
7496:
7487:
7486:
7484:
7482:
7467:
7461:
7460:
7458:
7456:
7434:
7428:
7427:
7425:
7423:
7401:
7392:
7391:
7389:
7387:
7366:
7360:
7359:
7357:
7355:
7333:
7327:
7326:
7324:
7322:
7300:
7291:
7290:
7288:
7286:
7267:
7261:
7260:
7250:
7240:
7216:
7210:
7209:
7199:
7175:
7169:
7168:
7166:
7164:
7144:
7133:
7132:
7130:
7128:
7109:
7103:
7102:
7100:
7098:
7079:
7073:
7072:
7028:
7022:
7021:
7019:
7017:
6997:
6988:
6987:
6985:
6974:
6965:
6959:
6958:
6956:
6954:
6945:. Archived from
6932:
6926:
6925:
6923:
6921:
6905:
6899:
6898:
6896:
6894:
6875:
6869:
6868:
6866:
6864:
6855:. Archived from
6844:
6838:
6837:
6827:
6803:
6797:
6796:
6794:
6792:
6772:
6766:
6765:
6763:
6761:
6741:
6732:
6731:
6729:
6727:
6707:
6701:
6700:
6698:
6696:
6687:. Archived from
6676:
6670:
6669:
6667:
6665:
6650:
6644:
6643:
6641:
6639:
6630:. Archived from
6619:
6613:
6612:
6610:
6608:
6588:
6582:
6581:
6579:
6577:
6558:
6552:
6551:
6549:
6547:
6527:
6521:
6520:
6518:
6516:
6496:
6490:
6489:
6487:
6485:
6463:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6452:
6433:
6427:
6426:
6424:
6422:
6400:
6394:
6393:
6391:
6389:
6366:
6357:
6356:
6354:
6352:
6346:
6329:
6321:
6315:
6314:
6312:
6301:
6293:
6287:
6286:
6269:
6263:
6262:
6260:
6258:
6236:
6230:
6229:
6227:
6225:
6203:
6197:
6196:
6186:
6146:
6140:
6139:
6129:
6119:
6101:
6077:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6066:
6057:. 18 June 2010.
6047:
6041:
6040:
6030:
5990:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5979:
5959:
5953:
5952:
5942:
5910:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5899:
5879:
5873:
5872:
5870:
5868:
5862:
5851:
5843:
5837:
5836:
5826:
5824:10.1038/4581082a
5802:
5796:
5795:
5785:
5753:
5747:
5746:
5744:
5742:
5706:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5692:
5676:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5665:
5646:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5635:
5629:
5618:
5610:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5596:
5581:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5570:
5547:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5536:
5513:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5502:
5479:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5465:
5446:
5437:
5436:
5426:
5402:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5391:
5376:
5370:
5367:
5357:Lay summary in:
5353:
5343:
5319:
5313:
5312:
5302:
5270:
5264:
5263:
5245:
5221:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5210:
5187:
5181:
5180:
5165:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5154:
5131:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5120:
5098:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5087:
5065:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5054:
5032:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5021:
5002:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4972:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4946:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4935:
4895:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4884:
4864:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4853:
4837:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4823:
4808:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4777:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4766:
4747:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4680:
4657:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4646:
4631:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4601:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4567:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4503:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4433:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4367:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4321:. Archived from
4315:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4272:
4262:
4238:
4232:
4229:
4215:Lay summary in:
4212:
4202:
4170:
4164:
4153:
4148:. Archived from
4127:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4049:. Archived from
4038:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3947:
3941:
3940:
3930:
3920:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3879:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3708:
3698:
3689:(11): e1001558.
3674:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3654:. 25 June 2012.
3642:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3625:
3618:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3561:
3551:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3486:
3475:
3472:
3468:
3460:
3442:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3355:
3346:
3345:
3335:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3255:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3200:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3154:
3145:
3144:
3126:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3080:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3026:on 27 March 2011
3012:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2980:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2961:on 7 August 2015
2947:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2921:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2887:
2878:
2877:
2860:(5927): 572β73.
2849:
2838:
2837:
2827:
2795:
2782:
2781:
2763:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2679:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2595:
2590:
2589:
2542:SARS coronavirus
2534:1977 Russian flu
2516:
2513:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2465:A/H3N2, A/H1N1,
2443:151,700β575,400
2436:
2385:1977 Russian flu
2372:
2365:
2362:>14% (>500
2358:
2327:
2320:
2317:>17% (>500
2313:
2282:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2227:Infected (est.)
2218:
2206:
2202:
2156:
2069:
1953:
1940:Western Pacific
1932:South-East Asia
1875:
1871:
1709:Over-the-counter
1692:
1679:animal husbandry
1299:
1195:
1055:
945:
923:, vomiting, and
871:
832:
772:populations, in
718:overly technical
620:1977 Russian flu
606:, caused by the
592:
585:
578:
514:2008 West Bengal
469:1977 Russian flu
454:1918 Spanish flu
293:
279:
278:
247:
237:
142:
131:
122:
111:
102:
91:
74:
68:
62:
56:
50:
44:
38:
33:
21:
20:
14247:
14246:
14242:
14241:
14240:
14238:
14237:
14236:
14192:
14191:
14188:
14183:
14020:
13903:
13841:
13824:Swansea measles
13776:Bolivian dengue
13704:
13696:
13685:Indian smallpox
13655:Croydon typhoid
13625:
13517:
13458:
13444:
13379:
13320:
13313:
13284:Plague of Amwas
13257:
13250:
13239:Antonine Plague
13226:
13199:
13186:
13173:
13143:
13138:
13112:
13055:
13034:
12985:
12955:
12900:
12898:
12887:
12854:
12838:
12785:Antiviral drugs
12766:
12737:
12723:Human mortality
12716:clinical trials
12684:
12635:
12619:
12582:
12446:
12444:
12437:
12401:
12355:
12350:
12320:
12315:
12314:
12291:
12252:Swine influenza
12224:
12205:Solomon Islands
12161:
12098:
12013:
11825:
11635:
11548:
11546:Pandemic tables
11535:
11530:
11500:
11495:
11494:
11490:article/1673658
11460:
11459:
11444:
11407:Influenza: H1N1
11403:
11398:
11382:(41): 1143β46.
11283:
11221:
11219:Further reading
11216:
11215:
11168:
11164:
11154:
11152:
11107:
11106:
11102:
11092:
11090:
11075:
11071:
11047:10.1.1.730.7890
11040:(13): 1374β85.
11029:
11025:
11015:
11013:
10998:
10994:
10984:
10982:
10969:
10968:
10964:
10954:
10952:
10939:
10938:
10934:
10890:
10889:
10885:
10875:
10873:
10864:
10863:
10859:
10849:
10847:
10834:
10833:
10829:
10785:
10784:
10780:
10747:(6): e1000442.
10734:
10733:
10729:
10694:
10693:
10689:
10635:
10634:
10630:
10620:
10618:
10613:
10612:
10608:
10564:
10563:
10559:
10517:
10516:
10512:
10482:
10481:
10477:
10461:
10460:
10456:
10418:
10417:
10413:
10379:
10378:
10374:
10328:
10327:
10323:
10313:
10311:
10307:
10300:
10296:
10295:
10276:
10232:
10231:
10227:
10188:(7019): 904β6.
10175:
10174:
10170:
10124:
10123:
10119:
10081:
10080:
10076:
10046:
10045:
10041:
9996:
9992:
9982:
9980:
9965:
9961:
9951:
9949:
9938:
9934:
9889:
9880:
9870:
9868:
9853:
9849:
9839:
9837:
9824:
9823:
9816:
9777:
9773:
9763:
9761:
9752:
9751:
9747:
9707:
9700:
9690:
9688:
9679:
9678:
9674:
9664:
9662:
9647:
9643:
9633:
9631:
9622:
9621:
9617:
9580:
9576:
9566:
9564:
9555:
9554:
9550:
9540:
9538:
9527:
9523:
9513:
9511:
9510:on 22 July 2009
9498:
9497:
9493:
9483:
9481:
9462:
9458:
9448:
9446:
9433:
9432:
9428:
9418:
9416:
9401:
9397:
9387:
9385:
9372:
9371:
9367:
9357:
9355:
9342:
9341:
9337:
9327:
9325:
9312:
9311:
9307:
9297:
9295:
9278:
9277:
9273:
9263:
9261:
9244:
9240:
9230:
9228:
9213:
9209:
9199:
9197:
9184:
9183:
9179:
9163:10.1038/542414b
9134:
9130:
9120:
9118:
9105:Greenemeier L.
9103:
9099:
9046:
9042:
9032:
9030:
9017:
9016:
9012:
8975:
8971:
8961:
8959:
8950:
8949:
8945:
8935:
8933:
8920:
8919:
8912:
8902:
8900:
8885:
8878:
8868:
8866:
8862:
8847:
8846:
8842:
8832:
8830:
8795:
8791:
8746:
8739:
8729:
8727:
8716:
8712:
8702:
8700:
8683:
8682:
8678:
8668:
8666:
8653:
8652:
8648:
8638:
8636:
8632:
8621:
8617:
8616:
8612:
8602:
8600:
8585:
8581:
8571:
8569:
8552:
8548:
8538:
8536:
8527:
8526:
8522:
8512:
8510:
8493:
8492:
8488:
8464:10.1.1.183.7888
8457:(20): 1935β44.
8447:
8443:
8433:
8431:
8418:
8417:
8413:
8403:
8401:
8392:
8391:
8387:
8377:
8375:
8358:
8357:
8350:
8340:
8338:
8319:
8312:
8302:
8300:
8287:
8286:
8282:
8272:
8270:
8257:
8256:
8252:
8242:
8240:
8239:on 16 July 2009
8227:
8226:
8222:
8212:
8210:
8195:
8191:
8181:
8179:
8166:
8165:
8161:
8151:
8149:
8136:
8135:
8131:
8121:
8119:
8108:
8104:
8094:
8092:
8081:
8077:
8067:
8065:
8050:
8049:
8045:
8035:
8033:
8016:
8012:
8002:
8000:
7985:
7981:
7971:
7969:
7960:
7959:
7955:
7945:
7943:
7928:
7924:
7914:
7912:
7901:
7897:
7887:
7885:
7872:
7871:
7867:
7857:
7855:
7840:
7836:
7826:
7824:
7809:
7805:
7795:
7793:
7784:
7783:
7779:
7769:
7767:
7752:
7748:
7738:
7736:
7729:Fashion Network
7723:
7722:
7713:
7703:
7701:
7688:
7687:
7678:
7668:
7666:
7649:
7642:
7632:
7630:
7622:Chicago Tribune
7613:
7609:
7599:
7597:
7588:
7587:
7583:
7573:
7571:
7560:
7556:
7546:
7544:
7527:
7523:
7513:
7511:
7498:
7497:
7490:
7480:
7478:
7469:
7468:
7464:
7454:
7452:
7435:
7431:
7421:
7419:
7402:
7395:
7385:
7383:
7368:
7367:
7363:
7353:
7351:
7334:
7330:
7320:
7318:
7301:
7294:
7284:
7282:
7269:
7268:
7264:
7217:
7213:
7176:
7172:
7162:
7160:
7145:
7136:
7126:
7124:
7111:
7110:
7106:
7096:
7094:
7093:on 18 June 2009
7081:
7080:
7076:
7029:
7025:
7015:
7013:
6998:
6991:
6983:
6972:
6966:
6962:
6952:
6950:
6933:
6929:
6919:
6917:
6908:
6906:
6902:
6892:
6890:
6877:
6876:
6872:
6862:
6860:
6845:
6841:
6818:(14): 1335β42.
6804:
6800:
6790:
6788:
6773:
6769:
6759:
6757:
6742:
6735:
6725:
6723:
6708:
6704:
6694:
6692:
6677:
6673:
6663:
6661:
6652:
6651:
6647:
6637:
6635:
6620:
6616:
6606:
6604:
6589:
6585:
6575:
6573:
6560:
6559:
6555:
6545:
6543:
6536:NBC 7 San Diego
6528:
6524:
6514:
6512:
6497:
6493:
6483:
6481:
6464:
6460:
6450:
6448:
6435:
6434:
6430:
6420:
6418:
6401:
6397:
6387:
6385:
6368:
6367:
6360:
6350:
6348:
6344:
6327:
6323:
6322:
6318:
6310:
6299:
6295:
6294:
6290:
6271:
6270:
6266:
6256:
6254:
6237:
6233:
6223:
6221:
6204:
6200:
6169:(27): 2619β27.
6147:
6143:
6078:
6074:
6064:
6062:
6049:
6048:
6044:
5991:
5987:
5977:
5975:
5960:
5956:
5911:
5907:
5897:
5895:
5880:
5876:
5866:
5864:
5860:
5849:
5845:
5844:
5840:
5803:
5799:
5768:(11): 1849β50.
5754:
5750:
5740:
5738:
5707:
5700:
5690:
5688:
5677:
5673:
5663:
5661:
5648:
5647:
5643:
5633:
5631:
5627:
5616:
5612:
5611:
5604:
5594:
5592:
5583:
5582:
5578:
5568:
5566:
5549:
5548:
5544:
5534:
5532:
5515:
5514:
5510:
5500:
5498:
5481:
5480:
5473:
5463:
5461:
5448:
5447:
5440:
5417:(10): 1091β98.
5403:
5399:
5389:
5387:
5378:
5377:
5373:
5364:Modern Medicine
5358:
5320:
5316:
5271:
5267:
5222:
5218:
5208:
5206:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5167:
5166:
5162:
5152:
5150:
5133:
5132:
5128:
5118:
5116:
5099:
5095:
5085:
5083:
5066:
5062:
5052:
5050:
5033:
5029:
5019:
5017:
5004:
5003:
4999:
4989:
4987:
4974:
4973:
4969:
4959:
4957:
4948:
4947:
4943:
4933:
4931:
4896:
4892:
4882:
4880:
4865:
4861:
4851:
4849:
4838:
4831:
4821:
4819:
4810:
4809:
4805:
4795:
4793:
4778:
4774:
4764:
4762:
4749:
4748:
4744:
4734:
4732:
4723:
4722:
4718:
4708:
4706:
4693:
4692:
4688:
4678:
4676:
4659:
4658:
4654:
4644:
4642:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4618:
4616:
4603:
4602:
4598:
4588:
4586:
4569:
4568:
4561:
4551:
4549:
4534:
4530:
4520:
4518:
4505:
4504:
4495:
4485:
4483:
4468:
4464:
4454:
4452:
4435:
4434:
4427:
4417:
4415:
4398:
4394:
4384:
4382:
4369:
4368:
4361:
4351:
4349:
4334:
4330:
4317:
4316:
4312:
4302:
4300:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4239:
4235:
4216:
4171:
4167:
4162:Wayback Machine
4128:
4124:
4114:
4112:
4097:
4093:
4083:
4081:
4070:
4066:
4056:
4054:
4053:on 14 July 2011
4039:
4035:
4025:
4023:
4008:
4004:
3994:
3992:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3964:
3962:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3897:
3893:
3848:
3844:
3834:
3832:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3804:
3802:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3774:
3772:
3757:
3753:
3743:
3741:
3726:
3722:
3675:
3671:
3661:
3659:
3643:
3639:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3616:
3610:
3606:
3596:
3594:
3579:
3575:
3520:
3516:
3506:
3504:
3487:
3478:
3470:
3466:
3440:10.1.1.183.7888
3433:(20): 1935β44.
3423:
3419:
3409:
3407:
3390:
3386:
3376:
3374:
3357:
3356:
3349:
3318:(18): 1708β19.
3308:
3304:
3294:
3292:
3281:
3277:
3232:
3228:
3218:
3216:
3201:
3190:
3180:
3178:
3155:
3148:
3103:
3099:
3091:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3059:
3057:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3029:
3027:
3014:
3013:
3004:
2994:
2992:
2981:
2974:
2964:
2962:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2934:
2932:
2923:
2922:
2915:
2905:
2903:
2888:
2881:
2850:
2841:
2816:10.1038/459014a
2810:(7243): 14β15.
2796:
2785:
2740:
2736:
2726:
2724:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2696:
2694:
2681:
2680:
2673:
2668:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2581:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2473:
2434:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2280:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2195:bronchial tubes
2160:chronically ill
2154:
2151:
2109:
2083:Epidemiologists
2067:
2063:
2045:
1999:
1993:
1979:
1973:
1927:At least 4,079
1911:At least 8,533
1894:At least 18,449
1882:
1870:
1852:
1816:
1788:
1779:
1725:Reye's Syndrome
1705:
1699:
1690:
1654:
1648:
1617:
1583:Osaka Loop Line
1566:
1556:In the UK, the
1531:
1502:
1435:
1430:
1384:Wolfgang Wodarg
1380:
1355:
1349:
1297:
1290:
1284:
1267:
1253:
1218:
1193:
1157:
1151:
1126:false negatives
1087:
1062:(sudden-onset)
1053:
986:
965:
943:
889:
883:
869:
830:
799:
706:
700:
653:or a secondary
651:viral pneumonia
596:
567:
566:
537:
529:
528:
499:2006 H5N1 India
489:
479:
478:
444:
434:
433:
389:
379:
378:
369:Live attenuated
352:
342:
341:
303:
283:Influenza (flu)
265:
257:
246:Suspected cases
245:
236:Confirmed cases
235:
147:
146:
145:
144:
143:
134:
133:
132:
124:
123:
114:
113:
112:
104:
103:
94:
93:
92:
77:
76:
72:
70:
66:
64:
60:
58:
54:
52:
48:
46:
42:
40:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
14245:
14235:
14234:
14229:
14224:
14219:
14214:
14209:
14204:
14185:
14184:
14182:
14181:
14175:
14169:
14159:
14153:
14152:(1981βpresent)
14147:
14141:
14135:
14129:
14123:
14117:
14111:
14105:
14099:
14093:
14087:
14081:
14075:
14069:
14063:
14057:
14051:
14045:
14038:
14036:
14030:
14029:
14026:
14025:
14022:
14021:
14019:
14018:
14017:
14016:
14005:
14004:(2023βpresent)
13999:
13996:Jamaica dengue
13993:
13987:
13981:
13975:
13969:
13963:
13957:
13951:
13945:
13939:
13933:
13927:
13921:
13915:
13909:
13901:
13895:
13892:Yemeni cholera
13889:
13883:
13877:
13871:
13865:
13859:
13853:
13847:
13843:DR Congo Ebola
13839:
13833:
13827:
13821:
13815:
13809:
13803:
13797:
13791:
13785:
13779:
13773:
13767:
13761:
13755:
13749:
13743:
13737:
13731:
13725:
13719:
13712:
13710:
13706:
13705:
13703:
13702:
13694:
13688:
13682:
13676:
13670:
13664:
13658:
13652:
13646:
13640:
13633:
13631:
13627:
13626:
13624:
13623:
13617:
13611:
13605:
13599:
13593:
13587:
13581:
13575:
13569:
13563:
13557:
13551:
13548:Maltese plague
13545:
13542:Ottoman plague
13538:
13536:
13529:
13523:
13522:
13519:
13518:
13516:
13515:
13509:
13503:
13500:Persian Plague
13497:
13494:Russian plague
13491:
13485:
13479:
13473:
13466:
13464:
13460:
13459:
13457:
13456:
13450:
13446:Maltese plague
13442:
13436:
13430:
13427:Maltese plague
13424:
13418:
13412:
13406:
13403:Italian plague
13400:
13397:Maltese plague
13394:
13387:
13385:
13381:
13380:
13378:
13377:
13375:
13369:
13366:Maltese plague
13363:
13357:
13351:
13345:
13339:
13332:
13330:
13323:
13315:
13314:
13312:
13311:
13305:
13299:
13293:
13287:
13281:
13275:
13269:
13262:
13260:
13252:
13251:
13249:
13248:
13242:
13236:
13230:
13220:Hittite plague
13216:
13214:
13205:
13201:
13200:
13198:
13197:
13191:
13188:
13187:
13172:
13171:
13164:
13157:
13149:
13140:
13139:
13137:
13136:
13131:
13126:
13120:
13118:
13117:Related topics
13114:
13113:
13111:
13110:
13105:
13100:
13095:
13090:
13085:
13080:
13075:
13069:
13067:
13061:
13060:
13057:
13056:
13054:
13053:
13048:
13042:
13040:
13036:
13035:
13033:
13032:
13027:
13026:
13025:
13015:
13010:
13004:
13002:
12995:
12991:
12990:
12987:
12986:
12984:
12983:
12978:
12977:
12976:
12965:
12963:
12957:
12956:
12954:
12953:
12948:
12943:
12938:
12933:
12928:
12923:
12918:
12912:
12910:
12901:
12896:
12893:
12892:
12889:
12888:
12886:
12885:
12880:
12875:
12870:
12864:
12862:
12856:
12855:
12853:
12852:
12847:
12842:
12839:(experimental)
12834:
12833:
12832:
12827:
12822:
12817:
12807:
12806:
12805:
12800:
12789:
12787:
12778:
12772:
12771:
12768:
12767:
12765:
12764:
12758:
12756:
12749:
12743:
12742:
12739:
12738:
12736:
12735:
12730:
12725:
12720:
12719:
12718:
12708:
12703:
12698:
12692:
12690:
12686:
12685:
12683:
12682:
12680:2020s outbreak
12677:
12672:
12667:
12662:
12660:Croatia (2005)
12656:
12654:
12647:
12641:
12640:
12637:
12636:
12634:
12633:
12627:
12625:
12621:
12620:
12618:
12617:
12612:
12607:
12601:
12599:
12590:
12584:
12583:
12581:
12580:
12575:
12570:
12565:
12560:
12555:
12550:
12545:
12540:
12535:
12530:
12525:
12520:
12515:
12510:
12505:
12500:
12495:
12490:
12485:
12480:
12475:
12470:
12465:
12460:
12455:
12449:
12447:
12442:
12439:
12438:
12436:
12435:
12430:
12425:
12420:
12415:
12409:
12407:
12403:
12402:
12400:
12399:
12394:
12392:Superinfection
12389:
12384:
12379:
12374:
12369:
12363:
12361:
12360:General topics
12357:
12356:
12349:
12348:
12341:
12334:
12326:
12317:
12316:
12296:
12293:
12292:
12290:
12289:
12284:
12279:
12274:
12269:
12264:
12259:
12254:
12249:
12244:
12238:
12236:
12230:
12229:
12226:
12225:
12223:
12222:
12217:
12212:
12207:
12202:
12197:
12192:
12187:
12182:
12177:
12171:
12169:
12163:
12162:
12160:
12159:
12154:
12149:
12144:
12139:
12134:
12129:
12124:
12119:
12114:
12108:
12106:
12100:
12099:
12097:
12096:
12095:
12094:
12084:
12079:
12074:
12069:
12064:
12059:
12054:
12049:
12044:
12039:
12034:
12029:
12023:
12021:
12015:
12014:
12012:
12011:
12009:United Kingdom
12006:
12001:
11996:
11991:
11986:
11981:
11976:
11971:
11966:
11961:
11956:
11951:
11946:
11941:
11936:
11931:
11926:
11921:
11916:
11911:
11906:
11901:
11896:
11891:
11886:
11881:
11876:
11871:
11866:
11861:
11856:
11851:
11846:
11841:
11835:
11833:
11827:
11826:
11824:
11823:
11818:
11813:
11808:
11803:
11798:
11793:
11788:
11783:
11778:
11777:
11776:
11766:
11761:
11756:
11751:
11746:
11741:
11736:
11731:
11726:
11721:
11716:
11711:
11706:
11701:
11696:
11691:
11686:
11681:
11676:
11671:
11666:
11661:
11656:
11651:
11645:
11643:
11637:
11636:
11634:
11633:
11628:
11623:
11618:
11613:
11608:
11603:
11598:
11593:
11588:
11583:
11578:
11573:
11567:
11565:
11556:
11550:
11549:
11540:
11537:
11536:
11529:
11528:
11521:
11514:
11506:
11497:
11496:
11493:
11492:
11481:
11469:
11468:
11466:
11462:
11461:
11458:
11457:
11445:
11440:
11439:
11437:
11436:Classification
11430:
11429:
11423:
11413:
11402:
11401:External links
11399:
11397:
11396:
11367:
11330:
11287:
11281:
11268:
11222:
11220:
11217:
11214:
11213:
11162:
11100:
11069:
11023:
10992:
10962:
10932:
10883:
10857:
10827:
10778:
10727:
10687:
10628:
10606:
10557:
10510:
10491:(6): 1037β41.
10475:
10454:
10411:
10398:10.1086/511989
10392:(7): 1018β28.
10372:
10321:
10274:
10225:
10168:
10117:
10074:
10039:
10016:10.1086/591708
9990:
9959:
9932:
9878:
9847:
9814:
9771:
9745:
9698:
9672:
9641:
9615:
9574:
9548:
9521:
9491:
9456:
9441:. 8 May 2009.
9426:
9395:
9365:
9335:
9305:
9271:
9238:
9207:
9177:
9128:
9097:
9040:
9010:
8969:
8943:
8910:
8876:
8840:
8789:
8737:
8710:
8676:
8646:
8610:
8579:
8546:
8535:on 6 June 2011
8520:
8486:
8441:
8411:
8385:
8348:
8310:
8280:
8250:
8220:
8189:
8159:
8142:Effect Measure
8129:
8102:
8075:
8043:
8010:
7979:
7953:
7922:
7895:
7865:
7834:
7803:
7777:
7746:
7735:on 3 July 2020
7711:
7696:. 4 May 2009.
7676:
7640:
7607:
7581:
7554:
7521:
7488:
7462:
7429:
7393:
7361:
7328:
7292:
7262:
7211:
7170:
7134:
7104:
7074:
7023:
6989:
6960:
6927:
6900:
6870:
6839:
6798:
6767:
6733:
6702:
6671:
6645:
6614:
6583:
6553:
6522:
6491:
6458:
6428:
6395:
6358:
6316:
6288:
6264:
6231:
6198:
6141:
6072:
6042:
6005:(5985): 1529.
5985:
5954:
5905:
5874:
5838:
5797:
5748:
5698:
5671:
5641:
5602:
5576:
5542:
5508:
5471:
5438:
5397:
5371:
5369:
5368:
5314:
5265:
5216:
5182:
5160:
5126:
5093:
5060:
5027:
4997:
4967:
4941:
4890:
4859:
4829:
4818:on 31 May 2010
4803:
4772:
4742:
4716:
4705:on 23 May 2011
4686:
4652:
4626:
4615:on 19 May 2010
4596:
4585:on 18 May 2010
4559:
4528:
4493:
4462:
4425:
4392:
4359:
4328:
4325:on 6 May 2014.
4310:
4284:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4165:
4152:on 9 May 2009.
4122:
4091:
4064:
4033:
4002:
3985:The China Post
3972:
3942:
3891:
3842:
3812:
3782:
3751:
3720:
3669:
3637:
3604:
3573:
3514:
3476:
3417:
3384:
3347:
3302:
3275:
3226:
3188:
3146:
3097:
3067:
3037:
3002:
2972:
2942:
2913:
2879:
2839:
2783:
2734:
2704:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2596:
2593:Viruses portal
2580:
2577:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2507:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2431:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2308:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2277:
2266:
2259:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2150:
2147:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2108:
2105:
2087:selection bias
2044:
2041:
2019:nasopharyngeal
1992:
1989:
1972:
1969:
1962:
1961:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1851:
1848:
1832:(Tamiflu) and
1815:
1812:
1787:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1770:drug-resistant
1762:antiviral drug
1698:
1695:
1650:Main article:
1647:
1644:
1629:on the annual
1616:
1613:
1565:
1562:
1549:that requires
1530:
1527:
1501:
1498:
1487:Cathay Pacific
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1409:In June 2010,
1379:
1376:
1351:Main article:
1348:
1345:
1300:May 2009, the
1294:European Union
1283:
1280:
1252:
1249:
1217:
1214:
1201:1918 influenza
1170:cross-reactive
1153:Main article:
1150:
1147:
1091:nasopharyngeal
1086:
1083:
1052:(CRP) level (β₯
985:
982:
964:
961:
949:cerebral palsy
885:Main article:
882:
879:
798:
795:
699:
696:
598:
597:
595:
594:
587:
580:
572:
569:
568:
565:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
538:
535:
534:
531:
530:
527:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
494:1976 swine flu
490:
485:
484:
481:
480:
477:
476:
474:2009 swine flu
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
445:
440:
439:
436:
435:
432:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
390:
385:
384:
381:
380:
377:
376:
371:
366:
365:
364:
353:
348:
347:
344:
343:
340:
339:
338:
337:
335:A/H1N1 subtype
327:
322:
317:
316:
315:
313:A/H5N1 subtype
304:
299:
298:
295:
294:
286:
285:
275:
274:
268:
267:
258:
255:
252:
251:
248:
242:
241:
238:
232:
231:
228:
224:
223:
222:September 2008
220:
216:
215:
206:
200:
199:
194:
193:First outbreak
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
137:
136:
135:
126:
125:
117:
116:
115:
106:
105:
97:
96:
95:
86:
85:
84:
83:
82:
79:
78:
71:
65:
59:
53:
47:
41:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14244:
14233:
14230:
14228:
14225:
14223:
14220:
14218:
14215:
14213:
14210:
14208:
14205:
14203:
14200:
14199:
14197:
14190:
14179:
14176:
14173:
14170:
14164:(2019βpresent
14163:
14160:
14157:
14154:
14151:
14148:
14145:
14142:
14139:
14138:Hong Kong flu
14136:
14133:
14130:
14127:
14124:
14121:
14118:
14115:
14112:
14109:
14106:
14103:
14100:
14097:
14094:
14091:
14088:
14085:
14082:
14079:
14076:
14073:
14070:
14067:
14064:
14061:
14058:
14055:
14052:
14049:
14046:
14043:
14040:
14039:
14037:
14035:
14031:
14014:
14011:
14010:
14009:
14006:
14003:
14000:
13997:
13994:
13991:
13988:
13985:
13982:
13979:
13976:
13973:
13970:
13967:
13966:Tonga measles
13964:
13961:
13958:
13955:
13952:
13949:
13946:
13943:
13940:
13937:
13936:Samoa measles
13934:
13931:
13928:
13925:
13922:
13919:
13916:
13913:
13910:
13906:
13902:
13899:
13896:
13893:
13890:
13887:
13884:
13881:
13878:
13875:
13872:
13869:
13866:
13863:
13860:
13857:
13854:
13851:
13848:
13844:
13840:
13837:
13834:
13831:
13828:
13825:
13822:
13819:
13816:
13813:
13810:
13807:
13804:
13801:
13798:
13795:
13794:Haiti cholera
13792:
13789:
13786:
13783:
13780:
13777:
13774:
13771:
13768:
13765:
13762:
13759:
13758:Iraqi cholera
13756:
13753:
13750:
13747:
13744:
13741:
13740:Indian dengue
13738:
13735:
13732:
13729:
13726:
13723:
13720:
13717:
13714:
13713:
13711:
13707:
13699:
13695:
13692:
13689:
13686:
13683:
13680:
13677:
13674:
13671:
13668:
13665:
13662:
13659:
13656:
13653:
13650:
13647:
13644:
13641:
13638:
13635:
13634:
13632:
13628:
13621:
13618:
13615:
13612:
13609:
13606:
13603:
13600:
13597:
13596:Guam smallpox
13594:
13591:
13588:
13585:
13582:
13579:
13576:
13573:
13570:
13567:
13564:
13561:
13558:
13555:
13552:
13549:
13546:
13543:
13540:
13539:
13537:
13533:
13530:
13528:
13524:
13513:
13510:
13507:
13504:
13501:
13498:
13495:
13492:
13489:
13486:
13483:
13480:
13477:
13474:
13471:
13468:
13467:
13465:
13461:
13454:
13451:
13447:
13443:
13440:
13437:
13434:
13433:Naples Plague
13431:
13428:
13425:
13422:
13419:
13416:
13413:
13410:
13407:
13404:
13401:
13398:
13395:
13392:
13391:London plague
13389:
13388:
13386:
13382:
13376:
13373:
13372:London plague
13370:
13367:
13364:
13361:
13360:London plague
13358:
13355:
13352:
13349:
13346:
13343:
13340:
13337:
13334:
13333:
13331:
13327:
13324:
13322:
13316:
13309:
13306:
13303:
13300:
13297:
13294:
13291:
13290:Plague of 664
13288:
13285:
13282:
13279:
13276:
13273:
13270:
13267:
13264:
13263:
13261:
13259:
13253:
13246:
13243:
13240:
13237:
13234:
13231:
13221:
13218:
13217:
13215:
13213:
13209:
13206:
13202:
13196:
13193:
13192:
13189:
13185:
13181:
13177:
13170:
13165:
13163:
13158:
13156:
13151:
13150:
13147:
13135:
13132:
13130:
13127:
13125:
13122:
13121:
13119:
13115:
13109:
13106:
13104:
13101:
13099:
13096:
13094:
13091:
13089:
13086:
13084:
13081:
13079:
13078:Bronchiolitis
13076:
13074:
13071:
13070:
13068:
13066:
13065:Complications
13062:
13052:
13051:Fujian (H5N1)
13049:
13047:
13044:
13043:
13041:
13037:
13031:
13028:
13024:
13021:
13020:
13019:
13016:
13014:
13011:
13009:
13006:
13005:
13003:
12999:
12996:
12992:
12982:
12979:
12975:
12972:
12971:
12970:
12967:
12966:
12964:
12962:
12958:
12952:
12949:
12947:
12944:
12942:
12939:
12937:
12934:
12932:
12929:
12927:
12924:
12922:
12919:
12917:
12914:
12913:
12911:
12909:
12905:
12902:
12897:Pandemics and
12894:
12884:
12881:
12879:
12876:
12874:
12871:
12869:
12866:
12865:
12863:
12861:
12857:
12851:
12848:
12846:
12843:
12841:
12835:
12831:
12828:
12826:
12823:
12821:
12818:
12816:
12813:
12812:
12811:
12808:
12804:
12801:
12799:
12796:
12795:
12794:
12791:
12790:
12788:
12786:
12782:
12779:
12777:
12773:
12763:
12760:
12759:
12757:
12753:
12750:
12748:
12744:
12734:
12731:
12729:
12728:Social impact
12726:
12724:
12721:
12717:
12714:
12713:
12712:
12709:
12707:
12706:Global spread
12704:
12702:
12699:
12697:
12694:
12693:
12691:
12687:
12681:
12678:
12676:
12673:
12671:
12668:
12666:
12663:
12661:
12658:
12657:
12655:
12651:
12648:
12646:
12642:
12632:
12629:
12628:
12626:
12622:
12616:
12613:
12611:
12608:
12606:
12603:
12602:
12600:
12598:
12594:
12591:
12589:
12585:
12579:
12576:
12574:
12571:
12569:
12566:
12564:
12561:
12559:
12556:
12554:
12551:
12549:
12546:
12544:
12541:
12539:
12536:
12534:
12531:
12529:
12526:
12524:
12521:
12519:
12516:
12514:
12511:
12509:
12506:
12504:
12501:
12499:
12496:
12494:
12491:
12489:
12486:
12484:
12481:
12479:
12476:
12474:
12471:
12469:
12466:
12464:
12461:
12459:
12456:
12454:
12451:
12450:
12448:
12440:
12434:
12431:
12429:
12426:
12424:
12421:
12419:
12416:
12414:
12411:
12410:
12408:
12404:
12398:
12395:
12393:
12390:
12388:
12385:
12383:
12380:
12378:
12375:
12373:
12370:
12368:
12365:
12364:
12362:
12358:
12354:
12347:
12342:
12340:
12335:
12333:
12328:
12327:
12324:
12313:
12309:
12305:
12301:
12294:
12288:
12285:
12283:
12280:
12278:
12275:
12273:
12270:
12268:
12265:
12263:
12260:
12258:
12255:
12253:
12250:
12248:
12245:
12243:
12240:
12239:
12237:
12235:
12231:
12221:
12218:
12216:
12213:
12211:
12208:
12206:
12203:
12201:
12198:
12196:
12193:
12191:
12188:
12186:
12183:
12181:
12178:
12176:
12173:
12172:
12170:
12168:
12164:
12158:
12155:
12153:
12150:
12148:
12145:
12143:
12140:
12138:
12135:
12133:
12130:
12128:
12125:
12123:
12120:
12118:
12115:
12113:
12110:
12109:
12107:
12105:
12104:South America
12101:
12093:
12090:
12089:
12088:
12087:United States
12085:
12083:
12080:
12078:
12075:
12073:
12070:
12068:
12065:
12063:
12060:
12058:
12055:
12053:
12050:
12048:
12045:
12043:
12040:
12038:
12035:
12033:
12030:
12028:
12025:
12024:
12022:
12020:
12019:North America
12016:
12010:
12007:
12005:
12002:
12000:
11997:
11995:
11992:
11990:
11987:
11985:
11982:
11980:
11977:
11975:
11972:
11970:
11967:
11965:
11962:
11960:
11957:
11955:
11952:
11950:
11947:
11945:
11942:
11940:
11937:
11935:
11932:
11930:
11927:
11925:
11922:
11920:
11917:
11915:
11912:
11910:
11907:
11905:
11902:
11900:
11897:
11895:
11892:
11890:
11887:
11885:
11882:
11880:
11877:
11875:
11872:
11870:
11867:
11865:
11862:
11860:
11857:
11855:
11852:
11850:
11847:
11845:
11842:
11840:
11837:
11836:
11834:
11832:
11828:
11822:
11819:
11817:
11814:
11812:
11809:
11807:
11804:
11802:
11799:
11797:
11794:
11792:
11789:
11787:
11784:
11782:
11779:
11775:
11772:
11771:
11770:
11767:
11765:
11762:
11760:
11757:
11755:
11752:
11750:
11747:
11745:
11742:
11740:
11737:
11735:
11732:
11730:
11727:
11725:
11722:
11720:
11717:
11715:
11712:
11710:
11707:
11705:
11702:
11700:
11697:
11695:
11692:
11690:
11687:
11685:
11682:
11680:
11677:
11675:
11672:
11670:
11667:
11665:
11662:
11660:
11657:
11655:
11652:
11650:
11647:
11646:
11644:
11642:
11638:
11632:
11629:
11627:
11624:
11622:
11619:
11617:
11614:
11612:
11609:
11607:
11604:
11602:
11599:
11597:
11594:
11592:
11589:
11587:
11584:
11582:
11579:
11577:
11574:
11572:
11569:
11568:
11566:
11564:
11560:
11557:
11555:
11551:
11547:
11543:
11538:
11534:
11527:
11522:
11520:
11515:
11513:
11508:
11507:
11504:
11491:
11487:
11486:
11482:
11480:
11476:
11475:
11471:
11470:
11467:
11463:
11456:
11452:
11451:
11447:
11446:
11443:
11438:
11434:
11427:
11424:
11421:
11417:
11414:
11412:
11408:
11405:
11404:
11393:
11389:
11385:
11381:
11377:
11373:
11368:
11364:
11360:
11356:
11352:
11348:
11344:
11341:(6): 510β13.
11340:
11336:
11331:
11327:
11323:
11318:
11313:
11309:
11305:
11301:
11297:
11293:
11288:
11284:
11278:
11274:
11269:
11265:
11261:
11256:
11251:
11246:
11241:
11237:
11233:
11229:
11224:
11223:
11209:
11205:
11200:
11195:
11190:
11185:
11181:
11177:
11176:PLOS Medicine
11173:
11166:
11150:
11146:
11142:
11138:
11134:
11131:(9): 687β95.
11130:
11126:
11122:
11114:
11110:
11104:
11088:
11084:
11080:
11073:
11065:
11061:
11057:
11053:
11048:
11043:
11039:
11035:
11027:
11011:
11007:
11003:
10996:
10980:
10976:
10972:
10966:
10950:
10946:
10942:
10936:
10928:
10924:
10919:
10914:
10910:
10906:
10902:
10898:
10894:
10887:
10871:
10867:
10861:
10845:
10841:
10837:
10831:
10823:
10819:
10814:
10809:
10805:
10801:
10798:(6): 830β41.
10797:
10793:
10789:
10782:
10774:
10770:
10765:
10760:
10755:
10750:
10746:
10742:
10741:PLOS Medicine
10738:
10731:
10723:
10719:
10715:
10711:
10708:(9): 687β95.
10707:
10703:
10699:
10691:
10683:
10679:
10674:
10669:
10664:
10659:
10655:
10651:
10648:(8): e21828.
10647:
10643:
10639:
10632:
10616:
10610:
10602:
10598:
10593:
10588:
10584:
10580:
10576:
10572:
10568:
10561:
10553:
10549:
10545:
10541:
10537:
10533:
10530:(3): 175β83.
10529:
10525:
10521:
10514:
10506:
10502:
10498:
10494:
10490:
10486:
10479:
10471:
10470:
10465:
10458:
10450:
10446:
10442:
10438:
10434:
10430:
10427:(1): 105β15.
10426:
10422:
10415:
10407:
10403:
10399:
10395:
10391:
10387:
10383:
10376:
10368:
10364:
10359:
10354:
10350:
10346:
10342:
10338:
10337:
10332:
10325:
10306:
10299:
10293:
10291:
10289:
10287:
10285:
10283:
10281:
10279:
10270:
10266:
10261:
10256:
10252:
10248:
10244:
10240:
10236:
10229:
10221:
10217:
10212:
10207:
10203:
10199:
10195:
10191:
10187:
10183:
10179:
10172:
10164:
10160:
10155:
10150:
10145:
10140:
10136:
10132:
10128:
10121:
10113:
10109:
10105:
10101:
10097:
10093:
10089:
10085:
10078:
10070:
10066:
10062:
10058:
10054:
10050:
10043:
10035:
10031:
10026:
10021:
10017:
10013:
10010:(7): 962β70.
10009:
10005:
10001:
9994:
9978:
9974:
9970:
9963:
9947:
9943:
9936:
9928:
9924:
9919:
9914:
9910:
9906:
9902:
9898:
9894:
9887:
9885:
9883:
9866:
9862:
9858:
9851:
9835:
9831:
9827:
9821:
9819:
9810:
9806:
9802:
9798:
9794:
9790:
9787:(6): 565β72.
9786:
9782:
9775:
9759:
9755:
9749:
9742:
9738:
9734:
9729:
9724:
9721:(2): 181β87.
9720:
9716:
9712:
9705:
9703:
9686:
9682:
9676:
9660:
9656:
9652:
9645:
9629:
9625:
9619:
9611:
9607:
9602:
9597:
9593:
9589:
9585:
9578:
9562:
9558:
9552:
9536:
9533:. Bloomberg.
9532:
9525:
9509:
9505:
9501:
9495:
9479:
9475:
9471:
9467:
9460:
9444:
9440:
9436:
9430:
9414:
9410:
9406:
9399:
9383:
9379:
9375:
9374:"CDC week 34"
9369:
9353:
9349:
9345:
9344:"CDC week 45"
9339:
9323:
9319:
9315:
9309:
9293:
9289:
9285:
9281:
9275:
9259:
9255:
9254:
9249:
9242:
9226:
9222:
9218:
9211:
9195:
9191:
9187:
9181:
9173:
9169:
9164:
9159:
9155:
9151:
9148:(7642): 414.
9147:
9143:
9139:
9132:
9116:
9112:
9108:
9101:
9093:
9089:
9084:
9079:
9075:
9071:
9067:
9063:
9059:
9055:
9051:
9044:
9028:
9024:
9020:
9014:
9006:
9002:
8997:
8992:
8988:
8984:
8980:
8973:
8957:
8953:
8947:
8931:
8927:
8923:
8917:
8915:
8898:
8894:
8890:
8883:
8881:
8861:
8857:
8853:
8852:
8844:
8828:
8824:
8820:
8816:
8812:
8808:
8804:
8800:
8793:
8785:
8781:
8776:
8771:
8767:
8763:
8759:
8755:
8751:
8744:
8742:
8725:
8721:
8714:
8698:
8694:
8690:
8686:
8680:
8664:
8660:
8656:
8650:
8631:
8627:
8620:
8614:
8598:
8594:
8590:
8583:
8567:
8563:
8562:
8557:
8550:
8534:
8530:
8524:
8508:
8504:
8500:
8496:
8490:
8482:
8478:
8474:
8470:
8465:
8460:
8456:
8452:
8445:
8429:
8425:
8421:
8415:
8399:
8395:
8389:
8373:
8369:
8365:
8361:
8355:
8353:
8336:
8332:
8328:
8324:
8317:
8315:
8298:
8294:
8290:
8284:
8268:
8264:
8260:
8254:
8238:
8234:
8230:
8224:
8208:
8204:
8200:
8193:
8177:
8173:
8169:
8163:
8147:
8143:
8139:
8133:
8117:
8113:
8106:
8090:
8086:
8079:
8063:
8059:
8058:
8053:
8047:
8031:
8027:
8026:
8021:
8014:
7998:
7994:
7990:
7983:
7967:
7963:
7957:
7941:
7937:
7933:
7926:
7910:
7906:
7899:
7883:
7879:
7875:
7869:
7853:
7849:
7845:
7838:
7822:
7818:
7814:
7807:
7791:
7787:
7781:
7765:
7761:
7757:
7750:
7734:
7730:
7726:
7720:
7718:
7716:
7699:
7695:
7691:
7685:
7683:
7681:
7665:on 3 May 2009
7664:
7660:
7659:
7654:
7647:
7645:
7628:
7624:
7623:
7618:
7611:
7595:
7591:
7585:
7569:
7565:
7558:
7542:
7538:
7537:
7532:
7525:
7509:
7505:
7501:
7495:
7493:
7476:
7472:
7466:
7450:
7446:
7445:
7440:
7433:
7417:
7413:
7412:
7407:
7400:
7398:
7381:
7377:
7376:
7371:
7365:
7349:
7345:
7344:
7339:
7332:
7316:
7312:
7311:
7306:
7299:
7297:
7280:
7276:
7275:Business Wire
7272:
7266:
7258:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7230:
7226:
7222:
7215:
7207:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7190:(5): 290β92.
7189:
7185:
7181:
7174:
7158:
7154:
7150:
7143:
7141:
7139:
7122:
7118:
7114:
7108:
7092:
7088:
7084:
7078:
7070:
7066:
7062:
7058:
7054:
7050:
7046:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7027:
7011:
7007:
7003:
6996:
6994:
6982:
6978:
6971:
6964:
6948:
6944:
6943:
6938:
6931:
6915:
6912:. Bloomberg.
6911:
6904:
6888:
6884:
6880:
6874:
6858:
6854:
6850:
6843:
6835:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6817:
6813:
6809:
6802:
6786:
6782:
6778:
6771:
6755:
6751:
6747:
6740:
6738:
6721:
6717:
6713:
6706:
6690:
6686:
6682:
6675:
6659:
6655:
6649:
6633:
6629:
6625:
6618:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6587:
6571:
6567:
6563:
6557:
6541:
6537:
6533:
6526:
6510:
6506:
6505:Direct Relief
6502:
6495:
6479:
6475:
6474:
6469:
6462:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6432:
6416:
6412:
6411:
6406:
6399:
6383:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6365:
6363:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6334:
6326:
6320:
6309:
6305:
6298:
6292:
6284:
6280:
6279:
6274:
6268:
6252:
6248:
6247:
6242:
6235:
6219:
6215:
6214:
6209:
6202:
6194:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6176:
6172:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6149:Cauchemez S,
6145:
6137:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6076:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6046:
6038:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5989:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5958:
5950:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5909:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5878:
5859:
5855:
5848:
5842:
5834:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5801:
5793:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5752:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5705:
5703:
5686:
5682:
5675:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5645:
5626:
5622:
5615:
5609:
5607:
5590:
5586:
5580:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5546:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5512:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5478:
5476:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5445:
5443:
5434:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5401:
5385:
5381:
5375:
5365:
5361:
5356:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5334:(9): 928β29.
5333:
5329:
5325:
5318:
5310:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5285:(7): 645β51.
5284:
5280:
5276:
5269:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5220:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5186:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5164:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5130:
5114:
5110:
5109:
5104:
5097:
5081:
5077:
5076:
5071:
5064:
5048:
5044:
5043:
5038:
5031:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5001:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4971:
4955:
4951:
4945:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4910:(9): 687β95.
4909:
4905:
4901:
4894:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4863:
4847:
4844:. Bloomberg.
4843:
4836:
4834:
4817:
4813:
4807:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4776:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4746:
4730:
4726:
4720:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4690:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4656:
4640:
4636:
4630:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4600:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4566:
4564:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4532:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4466:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4432:
4430:
4413:
4409:
4408:
4403:
4396:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4366:
4364:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4332:
4324:
4320:
4314:
4298:
4294:
4288:
4280:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4237:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4169:
4163:
4159:
4156:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4140:(2707): 4β5.
4139:
4138:
4137:New Scientist
4133:
4126:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4095:
4079:
4075:
4068:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4037:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4006:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3976:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3946:
3938:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3895:
3887:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3846:
3831:on 5 May 2012
3830:
3826:
3822:
3816:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3786:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3755:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3724:
3716:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3683:PLOS Medicine
3680:
3673:
3657:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3641:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3577:
3569:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3534:(8): e21828.
3533:
3529:
3525:
3518:
3502:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3464:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3421:
3405:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3388:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3354:
3352:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3306:
3290:
3286:
3279:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3246:(2): 115β19.
3245:
3241:
3237:
3230:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3151:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3117:(3): 175β83.
3116:
3112:
3108:
3101:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3077:
3071:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3011:
3009:
3007:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2977:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2930:
2926:
2920:
2918:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2884:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2754:(7): 680β89.
2753:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2676:
2671:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2645:Health crisis
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2597:
2594:
2588:
2583:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2551:
2550:anthroponotic
2547:
2546:H5N1 bird flu
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2478:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2462:7.75 billion
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:6.85 billion
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:4.21 billion
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:3.53 billion
2346:
2343:
2341:
2340:Hong Kong flu
2338:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:2.90 billion
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2278:
2267:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:1.80 billion
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2175:Hong Kong flu
2173:in 1957, and
2172:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2073:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1991:United States
1988:
1985:
1978:
1968:
1960:
1957:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1881:Lab confirmed
1880:
1877:
1876:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1847:
1844:
1843:complications
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1783:
1774:
1771:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1694:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1570:
1561:
1559:
1554:
1552:
1546:
1544:
1543:supply chains
1540:
1536:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1517:professor of
1516:
1512:
1506:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1461:
1452:
1447:
1439:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1329:public health
1325:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1295:
1289:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1222:
1213:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1156:
1146:
1144:
1138:
1135:
1134:public health
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1116:and indirect
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1095:oropharyngeal
1092:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1072:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1026:Neuromuscular
1023:
1022:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
984:Complications
981:
979:
975:
970:
960:
958:
954:
950:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
888:
878:
875:
867:
866:Margaret Chan
862:
860:
856:
852:
846:
844:
840:
836:
828:
824:
815:
811:
809:
805:
804:factory farms
794:
792:
791:
785:
783:
782:domestic pigs
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
726:
723:
719:
713:
711:
705:
695:
693:
689:
685:
680:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
661:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
593:
588:
586:
581:
579:
574:
573:
571:
570:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
539:
533:
532:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
491:
488:
483:
482:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
446:
443:
438:
437:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
391:
388:
383:
382:
375:
372:
370:
367:
363:
360:
359:
358:
357:2009 pandemic
355:
354:
351:
346:
345:
336:
333:
332:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
314:
311:
310:
309:
306:
305:
302:
297:
296:
292:
288:
287:
284:
281:
280:
273:
269:
263:
259:
253:
249:
243:
239:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
214:
210:
207:
205:
201:
198:
197:North America
195:
191:
188:
185:
181:
177:
174:
170:
167:
164:
160:
157:
154:
150:
141:
130:
121:
110:
101:
90:
80:
32:
27:
22:
19:
14189:
14155:
13990:Uganda Ebola
13709:21st century
13691:Surat plague
13661:NYC smallpox
13630:20th century
13535:19th century
13463:18th century
13384:17th century
13350:(1545, 1576)
13329:16th century
13272:Roman Plague
13241:(165β180 AD)
13235:(429β426 BC)
13182:and notable
13108:Strep throat
13088:Otitis media
12950:
12665:India (2006)
12614:
12387:Reassortment
11781:Saudi Arabia
11621:South Africa
11532:
11483:
11472:
11448:
11379:
11375:
11338:
11334:
11299:
11295:
11272:
11235:
11231:
11179:
11175:
11165:
11153:. Retrieved
11128:
11124:
11103:
11093:26 September
11091:. Retrieved
11082:
11072:
11037:
11033:
11026:
11016:26 September
11014:. Retrieved
11005:
10995:
10985:26 September
10983:. Retrieved
10979:the original
10974:
10965:
10953:. Retrieved
10935:
10900:
10896:
10886:
10874:. Retrieved
10860:
10848:. Retrieved
10830:
10795:
10792:Epidemiology
10791:
10781:
10744:
10740:
10730:
10705:
10701:
10690:
10645:
10641:
10631:
10619:. Retrieved
10609:
10574:
10570:
10560:
10527:
10523:
10513:
10488:
10484:
10478:
10467:
10457:
10424:
10420:
10414:
10389:
10385:
10375:
10340:
10334:
10324:
10312:. Retrieved
10245:(1): 15β22.
10242:
10238:
10228:
10185:
10181:
10171:
10134:
10130:
10120:
10090:(4): 572β9.
10087:
10083:
10077:
10052:
10048:
10042:
10007:
10003:
9993:
9983:17 September
9981:. Retrieved
9972:
9962:
9952:21 September
9950:. Retrieved
9946:the original
9935:
9900:
9896:
9871:18 September
9869:. Retrieved
9860:
9850:
9838:. Retrieved
9784:
9780:
9774:
9762:. Retrieved
9758:the original
9748:
9740:
9718:
9714:
9689:. Retrieved
9675:
9663:. Retrieved
9654:
9644:
9632:. Retrieved
9618:
9591:
9587:
9577:
9565:. Retrieved
9551:
9539:. Retrieved
9524:
9512:. Retrieved
9508:the original
9494:
9482:. Retrieved
9473:
9469:
9459:
9447:. Retrieved
9429:
9417:. Retrieved
9413:the original
9398:
9386:. Retrieved
9368:
9356:. Retrieved
9338:
9326:. Retrieved
9317:
9308:
9296:. Retrieved
9283:
9274:
9262:. Retrieved
9251:
9241:
9229:. Retrieved
9220:
9210:
9198:. Retrieved
9180:
9145:
9141:
9131:
9119:. Retrieved
9110:
9100:
9060:(1): 33β46.
9057:
9053:
9043:
9031:. Retrieved
9022:
9013:
8986:
8982:
8972:
8960:. Retrieved
8946:
8936:17 September
8934:. Retrieved
8903:17 September
8901:. Retrieved
8892:
8869:16 September
8867:. Retrieved
8860:the original
8850:
8848:Larry Pope.
8843:
8831:. Retrieved
8806:
8802:
8792:
8757:
8753:
8728:. Retrieved
8724:the original
8713:
8701:. Retrieved
8688:
8679:
8667:. Retrieved
8649:
8637:. Retrieved
8613:
8601:. Retrieved
8597:the original
8582:
8572:17 September
8570:. Retrieved
8566:the original
8559:
8549:
8537:. Retrieved
8533:the original
8523:
8511:. Retrieved
8507:the original
8498:
8489:
8454:
8450:
8444:
8432:. Retrieved
8428:the original
8414:
8402:. Retrieved
8388:
8376:. Retrieved
8363:
8339:. Retrieved
8326:
8303:27 September
8301:. Retrieved
8292:
8283:
8271:. Retrieved
8262:
8253:
8241:. Retrieved
8237:the original
8223:
8211:. Retrieved
8207:the original
8202:
8192:
8182:26 September
8180:. Retrieved
8176:the original
8162:
8150:. Retrieved
8146:the original
8141:
8132:
8120:. Retrieved
8105:
8093:. Retrieved
8078:
8066:. Retrieved
8055:
8046:
8034:. Retrieved
8023:
8013:
8003:28 September
8001:. Retrieved
7997:the original
7992:
7982:
7972:26 September
7970:. Retrieved
7956:
7944:. Retrieved
7935:
7925:
7913:. Retrieved
7909:the original
7898:
7888:17 September
7886:. Retrieved
7877:
7868:
7858:26 September
7856:. Retrieved
7848:Taipei Times
7847:
7837:
7827:26 September
7825:. Retrieved
7816:
7806:
7796:26 September
7794:. Retrieved
7780:
7768:. Retrieved
7762:. ABC News.
7760:ABC News.com
7759:
7749:
7737:. Retrieved
7733:the original
7728:
7702:. Retrieved
7693:
7669:17 September
7667:. Retrieved
7663:the original
7656:
7633:28 September
7631:. Retrieved
7627:the original
7620:
7610:
7598:. Retrieved
7594:the original
7584:
7572:. Retrieved
7566:. Fox News.
7557:
7547:17 September
7545:. Retrieved
7534:
7524:
7514:17 September
7512:. Retrieved
7503:
7479:. Retrieved
7465:
7455:17 September
7453:. Retrieved
7442:
7432:
7422:17 September
7420:. Retrieved
7409:
7384:. Retrieved
7373:
7364:
7354:17 September
7352:. Retrieved
7341:
7331:
7319:. Retrieved
7308:
7285:17 September
7283:. Retrieved
7274:
7265:
7228:
7224:
7214:
7187:
7183:
7173:
7163:17 September
7161:. Retrieved
7152:
7125:. Retrieved
7116:
7107:
7095:. Retrieved
7091:the original
7077:
7040:
7036:
7026:
7014:. Retrieved
7010:the original
6963:
6951:. Retrieved
6947:the original
6940:
6930:
6918:. Retrieved
6903:
6891:. Retrieved
6882:
6873:
6861:. Retrieved
6857:the original
6842:
6815:
6811:
6801:
6789:. Retrieved
6780:
6770:
6760:17 September
6758:. Retrieved
6749:
6724:. Retrieved
6715:
6705:
6695:17 September
6693:. Retrieved
6689:the original
6684:
6674:
6662:. Retrieved
6658:the original
6648:
6636:. Retrieved
6632:the original
6627:
6617:
6605:. Retrieved
6596:
6586:
6574:. Retrieved
6570:the original
6556:
6544:. Retrieved
6535:
6525:
6513:. Retrieved
6504:
6494:
6482:. Retrieved
6471:
6461:
6449:. Retrieved
6445:the original
6431:
6421:17 September
6419:. Retrieved
6408:
6398:
6388:28 September
6386:. Retrieved
6373:
6349:. Retrieved
6331:
6319:
6308:the original
6291:
6276:
6267:
6255:. Retrieved
6244:
6234:
6222:. Retrieved
6211:
6201:
6166:
6162:
6144:
6089:
6086:BMC Medicine
6085:
6075:
6063:. Retrieved
6053:. CTV News.
6045:
6002:
5998:
5988:
5976:. Retrieved
5967:
5957:
5922:
5918:
5908:
5898:26 September
5896:. Retrieved
5887:
5877:
5865:. Retrieved
5853:
5841:
5814:
5810:
5800:
5765:
5761:
5751:
5739:. Retrieved
5718:
5714:
5691:26 September
5689:. Retrieved
5674:
5662:. Retrieved
5644:
5632:. Retrieved
5593:. Retrieved
5579:
5567:. Retrieved
5554:
5545:
5533:. Retrieved
5520:
5511:
5499:. Retrieved
5486:
5462:. Retrieved
5414:
5410:
5400:
5388:. Retrieved
5374:
5363:
5331:
5327:
5317:
5282:
5278:
5268:
5233:
5229:
5219:
5207:. Retrieved
5203:the original
5194:
5185:
5172:
5163:
5151:. Retrieved
5138:
5129:
5117:. Retrieved
5106:
5096:
5086:26 September
5084:. Retrieved
5073:
5063:
5051:. Retrieved
5047:the original
5040:
5030:
5018:. Retrieved
5000:
4988:. Retrieved
4970:
4958:. Retrieved
4944:
4932:. Retrieved
4907:
4903:
4893:
4881:. Retrieved
4872:
4862:
4850:. Retrieved
4820:. Retrieved
4816:the original
4806:
4794:. Retrieved
4785:
4775:
4763:. Retrieved
4745:
4733:. Retrieved
4727:. redOrbit.
4719:
4707:. Retrieved
4703:the original
4689:
4677:. Retrieved
4664:
4655:
4643:. Retrieved
4629:
4617:. Retrieved
4613:the original
4608:
4599:
4587:. Retrieved
4583:the original
4574:
4550:. Retrieved
4541:
4531:
4521:17 September
4519:. Retrieved
4484:. Retrieved
4478:. Medscape.
4475:
4465:
4453:. Retrieved
4440:
4416:. Retrieved
4405:
4395:
4383:. Retrieved
4350:. Retrieved
4346:the original
4331:
4323:the original
4313:
4301:. Retrieved
4287:
4250:
4246:
4236:
4226:the original
4221:
4182:
4178:
4168:
4150:the original
4135:
4125:
4113:. Retrieved
4094:
4082:. Retrieved
4067:
4057:28 September
4055:. Retrieved
4051:the original
4046:
4036:
4024:. Retrieved
4015:
4005:
3995:26 September
3993:. Retrieved
3984:
3975:
3965:30 September
3963:. Retrieved
3945:
3908:
3904:
3894:
3859:
3855:
3845:
3833:. Retrieved
3829:the original
3815:
3805:23 September
3803:. Retrieved
3794:
3785:
3773:. Retrieved
3764:
3754:
3742:. Retrieved
3733:
3723:
3686:
3682:
3672:
3660:. Retrieved
3649:
3640:
3628:. Retrieved
3607:
3595:. Retrieved
3586:
3576:
3531:
3527:
3517:
3507:17 September
3505:. Retrieved
3494:
3465:(CDC) from 1
3430:
3426:
3420:
3408:. Retrieved
3397:
3387:
3375:. Retrieved
3371:the original
3315:
3311:
3305:
3293:. Retrieved
3278:
3243:
3239:
3229:
3217:. Retrieved
3208:
3179:. Retrieved
3162:
3114:
3110:
3100:
3082:
3070:
3058:. Retrieved
3049:
3040:
3028:. Retrieved
3024:the original
3019:
2993:. Retrieved
2963:. Retrieved
2959:the original
2954:
2945:
2933:. Retrieved
2906:17 September
2904:. Retrieved
2895:
2857:
2853:
2807:
2803:
2751:
2747:
2737:
2725:. Retrieved
2716:
2707:
2695:. Retrieved
2686:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2525:
2511:
2503:
2417:
2406:0.7 million
2200:
2187:
2168:
2152:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2120:
2112:
2110:
2080:
2076:
2064:
2030:
2012:
1980:
1965:
1952:
1893:
1888:
1850:Epidemiology
1823:
1817:
1789:
1780:
1777:Side effects
1766:
1733:
1729:
1706:
1655:
1618:
1588:
1555:
1547:
1532:
1507:
1503:
1495:
1464:
1456:
1420:
1414:
1411:Fiona Godlee
1408:
1404:
1400:
1381:
1372:
1368:
1363:Barack Obama
1318:
1291:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1230:
1223:
1219:
1216:Transmission
1206:
1198:
1178:
1158:
1139:
1106:seasonal flu
1093:, nasal, or
1088:
1075:
1073:
1058:
1034:
1019:
1013:
1008:. Secondary
987:
966:
963:Severe cases
941:
925:neurological
890:
873:
872:August 2011
863:
847:
820:
800:
788:
786:
727:
714:
707:
688:seasonal flu
681:
677:
658:
636:
628:reassortment
603:
601:
473:
271:
219:Arrival date
162:Virus strain
18:
14180:(2023β2024)
14174:(2022β2023)
14158:(2009β2010)
14146:(1977β1979)
14140:(1968β1970)
14134:(1961β1975)
14128:(1957β1958)
14122:(1919β1930)
14116:(1918β1920)
14114:Spanish flu
14110:(1899β1923)
14104:(1889β1890)
14102:Russian flu
14098:(1881β1896)
14092:(1863β1879)
14086:(1855β1860)
14080:(1852β1860)
14074:(1829β1851)
14068:(1816β1826)
14062:(1557β1559)
13992:(2022β2023)
13980:(2019β2020)
13974:(2019β2020)
13972:DRC measles
13926:(2018β2020)
13894:(2016β2022)
13882:(2015β2016)
13838:(2013β2016)
13832:(2013β2014)
13830:Chikungunya
13796:(2010β2019)
13790:(2009β2010)
13772:(2008β2017)
13766:(2008β2009)
13730:(2003β2005)
13718:(2002β2004)
13700:(1998β1999)
13681:(1972β1973)
13645:(1910β1911)
13639:(1900β1904)
13604:(1862β1863)
13574:(1847β1848)
13568:(1837β1838)
13550:(1813β1814)
13544:(1812β1819)
13514:(1793β1798)
13508:(1780β1782)
13496:(1770β1772)
13484:(1720β1722)
13478:(1710β1712)
13472:(1707β1708)
13448:(1675β1676)
13441:(1665β1666)
13423:(1647β1652)
13417:(1633β1644)
13405:(1629β1631)
13374:(1592β1593)
13368:(1592β1593)
13362:(1563β1564)
13356:(1557β1559)
13310:(1485β1551)
13304:(1346β1353)
13302:Black Death
13227: 1330
13093:Pharyngitis
13039:Non-mammals
12820:Laninamivir
12815:Oseltamivir
12803:Rimantadine
12631:2009 A/H1N1
12433:Influenza D
12428:Influenza C
12423:Influenza B
12418:Influenza A
12300:Spanish flu
12272:2009 A/H1N1
12262:Influenza A
12247:Spanish flu
12190:New Zealand
11994:Switzerland
11944:Netherlands
11796:South Korea
11769:Philippines
11759:North Korea
11474:MedlinePlus
11155:6 September
9903:(1): 9β14.
9683:. Cdc.gov.
9559:. Cdc.gov.
9388:14 December
9358:14 December
9121:6 September
9033:6 September
8962:18 November
8730:11 December
8669:20 November
8639:30 December
8331:Mayo Clinic
8213:1 September
8152:10 December
8122:10 December
8095:10 December
6953:21 February
6628:Independent
6374:NHS Choices
6151:Donnelly CA
5978:13 December
5867:6 September
5725:: 400β402.
5634:18 November
5535:23 November
5501:23 November
5464:23 November
4934:6 September
4486:10 December
4455:10 December
4385:26 February
4084:10 December
3728:DeNoon DJ.
3219:1 September
3181:21 February
3050:www.cdc.gov
2630:Black Death
2483:million β 1
2476:1.19β1.37)
2459:Every year
2437:1.30β1.70)
2359:1.56β1.85)
2314:1.53β1.70)
2265:1.47β2.27)
2246:Spanish flu
2190:Spanish flu
2164:Spanish flu
2155:3β5 million
2072:Lyn Finelli
1984:Mexico City
1830:oseltamivir
1796:oseltamivir
1750:oseltamivir
1740:post partum
1713:paracetamol
1621:quarantines
1591:respirators
1551:remote work
1471:air filters
1396:Mexico City
1064:myocarditis
905:sore throat
855:oseltamivir
827:Mexico City
774:South Korea
758:South Korea
716:names were
673:antibiotics
665:chest X-ray
616:Spanish flu
419:Rimantadine
409:Oseltamivir
404:Laninamivir
14196:Categories
13924:Kivu Ebola
13679:London flu
12845:Umifenovir
12837:Peramivir
12798:Amantadine
12776:Treatments
12397:Flu season
12298:See also:
12042:Costa Rica
11939:Montenegro
11929:Luxembourg
11816:Uzbekistan
11714:Kazakhstan
11659:Bangladesh
11649:Azerbaijan
10955:25 January
10137:(1): 480.
9840:25 January
9764:23 October
9691:23 October
9634:24 January
9419:4 December
9328:17 January
9298:2 December
9264:2 December
9231:2 December
9200:2 December
8703:4 December
8603:16 October
8539:30 January
8513:6 November
8501:. Geneva:
8434:1 November
7946:30 January
7915:16 October
7770:28 October
7481:28 October
7016:30 January
6907:Bloomberg
6863:13 January
6791:25 October
6599:. London.
6451:2 November
6351:2 November
6257:6 November
6224:6 November
6153:, Reed C,
6092:(45): 45.
5595:4 December
5569:5 December
5209:17 January
5153:2 December
5053:2 November
5020:1 November
4852:30 January
4418:5 December
4352:25 October
4253:: e16777.
4041:Kikon CS.
3862:(5): 203.
3662:31 January
3630:1 November
3377:25 October
3361:. Geneva,
3333:2381/15212
2995:25 January
2666:References
2640:G4 EA H1N1
2573:SARS-CoV-2
2479:5β15% (340
2472:1.28 (IQR,
2433:1.46 (IQR,
2355:1.80 (IQR,
2310:1.65 (IQR,
2261:1.80 (IQR,
2091:media bias
2047:See also:
1786:Resistance
1736:antivirals
1687:Indonesian
1675:Azerbaijan
1631:pilgrimage
1615:Quarantine
1564:Face masks
1519:pediatrics
1491:Aeromexico
1361:President
1332:President
1286:See also:
1255:See also:
1251:Prevention
1190:virologist
917:runny nose
893:influenzas
851:Antivirals
692:narcolepsy
669:antivirals
542:Flu season
424:Umifenovir
394:Amantadine
204:Index case
14156:Swine flu
14126:Asian flu
14044:(541β767)
14013:Argentina
13298:(735β737)
13292:(664β689)
13286:(638β639)
13280:(627β628)
13268:(541β542)
13258:classical
13247:(250β266)
13180:epidemics
13176:Pandemics
13103:Sinusitis
13098:Pneumonia
12994:Non-human
12961:Epidemics
12908:Pandemics
12899:epidemics
12878:Pandemrix
12830:Zanamivir
12825:Peramivir
12762:2020β2022
12755:Outbreaks
12670:UK (2007)
12653:Outbreaks
12597:Pandemics
12377:Treatment
12353:Influenza
12257:Influenza
12175:Australia
12157:Venezuela
12112:Argentina
12057:Guatemala
11934:Macedonia
11924:Lithuania
11791:Sri Lanka
11786:Singapore
11774:by region
11694:Indonesia
11684:Hong Kong
11485:eMedicine
11238:(1): 29.
11117:, citing
11042:CiteSeerX
10577:: b5213.
9973:USA Today
9649:Mason M.
9409:Bloomberg
8809:: b5405.
8760:: b5106.
8459:CiteSeerX
8025:France 24
7600:31 August
7574:31 August
7386:31 August
7321:31 August
7043:: c2947.
6920:21 August
6726:4 October
6664:4 October
6638:31 August
6576:25 August
6484:31 August
6099:0909.2417
5925:: b5213.
5664:25 August
5119:31 August
4883:10 August
4735:10 August
4476:eMedicine
3435:CiteSeerX
3410:4 January
3270:205105276
3171:0362-4331
2770:0028-4793
2495:<0.1%
2376:<0.2%
2366:million)
2331:<0.2%
2321:million)
2295:Asian flu
2276:billion)
2171:Asian flu
2107:Follow-up
2068:1 million
1908:Americas
1838:pneumonia
1834:zanamivir
1804:zanamivir
1758:Peramivir
1754:zanamivir
1745:pneumonia
1717:ibuprofen
1697:Treatment
1691:9 million
1611:disease.
1604:particles
1529:Workplace
1324:avian flu
1210:Nancy Cox
1099:Real-time
1085:Diagnosis
1060:Fulminant
1054:100 mg/L)
1042:pneumonia
1002:pneumonia
998:Pulmonary
859:zanamivir
643:pneumonia
632:swine flu
624:La Gloria
487:Outbreaks
442:Pandemics
429:Zanamivir
414:Peramivir
387:Treatment
362:Pandemrix
187:Worldwide
156:Influenza
14162:COVID-19
14150:HIV/AIDS
13728:Bird flu
12860:Vaccines
12445:subtypes
12367:Research
12308:Bird flu
12142:Paraguay
12132:Colombia
12092:by state
12062:Honduras
11979:Slovenia
11959:Portugal
11859:Bulgaria
11806:Thailand
11764:Pakistan
11749:Maldives
11744:Mongolia
11739:Malaysia
11664:Cambodia
11586:Ethiopia
11554:Location
11392:Archived
11388:19847148
11363:22710439
11355:19513050
11326:19516283
11264:18298852
11208:24302890
11149:Archived
11145:22738893
11113:Archived
11087:Archived
11064:16192482
11010:Archived
10949:Archived
10927:29206909
10876:10 March
10844:Archived
10822:24045719
10773:21713000
10722:22738893
10682:21850217
10642:PLOS ONE
10601:20007665
10552:20496301
10544:19543913
10449:22974230
10441:11875246
10406:17330793
10367:30202996
10305:Archived
10269:16494711
10220:15602562
10163:25186370
10112:26392163
10104:11576290
10069:12163258
10034:18710327
9977:Archived
9927:16494710
9865:Archived
9834:Archived
9809:11222604
9801:21642799
9737:16319291
9685:Archived
9659:Archived
9628:Archived
9610:21342903
9561:Archived
9535:Archived
9484:14 April
9478:Archived
9443:Archived
9382:Archived
9352:Archived
9322:Archived
9318:H1N1 Flu
9292:Archived
9258:Archived
9225:Archived
9194:Archived
9172:28230113
9115:Archived
9092:31565258
9027:Archived
9005:21342903
8956:Archived
8930:Archived
8926:Fox News
8897:Archived
8856:NBC News
8833:14 April
8827:Archived
8823:72788639
8784:19995812
8697:Archived
8663:Archived
8630:Archived
8481:19815859
8404:14 April
8398:Archived
8372:Archived
8335:Archived
8297:Archived
8293:ABC News
8273:14 April
8267:Archived
8243:28 April
8116:Archived
8089:Archived
8087:. KOTV.
8068:21 March
8062:Archived
8036:21 March
8030:Archived
7966:Archived
7940:Archived
7882:Archived
7878:ABC News
7852:Archived
7821:Archived
7790:Archived
7764:Archived
7698:Archived
7568:Archived
7541:Archived
7508:Archived
7475:Archived
7449:Archived
7416:Archived
7380:Archived
7348:Archived
7315:Archived
7279:Archived
7257:21539735
7206:24641156
7157:Archived
7127:26 April
7121:Archived
7069:Archived
7057:20525680
6981:Archived
6914:Archived
6893:14 April
6887:Archived
6853:News.com
6834:24693893
6785:Archived
6754:Archived
6720:Archived
6607:27 April
6601:Archived
6597:Guardian
6546:25 April
6540:Archived
6515:25 April
6509:Archived
6478:Archived
6415:Archived
6382:Archived
6342:Archived
6283:Archived
6278:CBC News
6251:Archived
6218:Archived
6193:20042753
6155:Ghani AC
6136:19744314
6065:14 April
6059:Archived
6037:20558710
5972:Archived
5949:20007665
5892:Archived
5888:BBC News
5858:Archived
5833:19407756
5792:19891883
5741:25 April
5735:Archived
5731:19390508
5685:Archived
5658:Archived
5625:Archived
5589:Archived
5563:Archived
5529:Archived
5521:H1N1 Flu
5495:Archived
5487:H1N1 Flu
5458:Archived
5433:20823435
5384:Archived
5350:20153131
5309:20627925
5260:43882788
5252:19935413
5177:Archived
5147:Archived
5113:Archived
5080:Archived
5014:Archived
4984:Archived
4954:Archived
4928:Archived
4924:22738893
4877:Archived
4846:Archived
4822:14 April
4796:14 April
4790:Archived
4765:14 April
4759:Archived
4729:Archived
4673:Archived
4665:H1N1 Flu
4639:Archived
4552:14 April
4546:Archived
4515:Archived
4480:Archived
4449:Archived
4441:H1N1 Flu
4412:Archived
4379:Archived
4303:18 March
4297:Archived
4279:27350259
4209:19516283
4158:Archived
4109:Archived
4078:Archived
4026:29 April
4020:Archived
3989:Archived
3959:Archived
3937:24299568
3911:: 1116.
3886:21462392
3835:31 March
3799:Archived
3775:23 March
3769:Archived
3744:13 March
3738:Archived
3715:24302890
3656:Archived
3621:Archived
3591:Archived
3568:21850217
3528:PLOS ONE
3501:Archived
3469:May to 9
3457:19815859
3404:Archived
3342:20445182
3289:Archived
3262:19474418
3213:Archived
3175:Archived
3141:20496301
3133:19543913
3089:Archived
3054:Archived
2989:Archived
2929:Archived
2900:Archived
2874:19407164
2834:19424121
2778:19564631
2727:20 March
2721:Archived
2697:20 March
2691:Archived
2579:See also
2532:and the
2487:billion)
2422:2009β10
2389:1977β79
2373:million
2344:1968β69
2328:million
2299:1957β58
2283:million
2268:33% (500
2250:1918β20
2221:Subtype
2183:immunity
1683:Americas
1347:Vaccines
1186:proteins
1184:several
1173:antibody
1166:immunity
1161:vaccines
1120:assays (
921:Diarrhea
874:PLOS ONE
843:pandemic
823:Veracruz
639:pandemic
536:See also
350:Vaccines
209:Veracruz
183:Location
13212:Ancient
13001:Mammals
12711:Vaccine
12689:Science
12624:Science
12406:Viruses
12372:Vaccine
12234:Related
12220:Vanuatu
12215:Tokelau
12167:Oceania
12152:Uruguay
12137:Ecuador
12117:Bolivia
12067:Jamaica
12004:Ukraine
11964:Romania
11909:Ireland
11904:Iceland
11899:Hungary
11889:Germany
11879:Finland
11874:Estonia
11869:Denmark
11864:Croatia
11849:Belgium
11844:Austria
11839:Albania
11821:Vietnam
11754:Myanmar
11729:Lebanon
11679:Georgia
11654:Bahrain
11626:Tunisia
11616:Nigeria
11611:Namibia
11606:Morocco
11571:Algeria
11544:·
11455:D053118
11418:at the
11304:Bibcode
11255:2279112
11199:3841239
10918:5934309
10850:12 June
10813:3809029
10764:3119689
10673:3151238
10650:Bibcode
10592:2791802
10505:5578560
10358:7314216
10314:1 March
10260:3291398
10211:7095078
10190:Bibcode
10154:4169819
10049:Vaccine
10025:2599911
9918:3291411
9514:17 July
9439:Reuters
9150:Bibcode
9083:6607375
9062:Bibcode
8775:2790574
8360:"Fever"
7504:Flu.gov
7248:3096599
7231:: 111.
7153:Reuters
7117:Reuters
7097:17 June
6883:Reuters
6750:Reuters
6184:3840270
6127:2755471
6104:Bibcode
6028:3569847
6007:Bibcode
5999:Science
5940:2791802
5783:2857250
5390:3 April
5300:2921287
4990:28 July
4786:Reuters
4270:4957980
4187:Bibcode
4155:Alt URL
4115:30 June
4105:Science
3928:3907032
3877:4941550
3706:3841239
3651:cdc.gov
3597:24 July
3559:3151238
3536:Bibcode
3295:3 April
3287:. CNN.
3060:4 April
3030:8 April
2965:8 April
2896:Reuters
2854:Science
2825:7095218
2429:H1N1/09
1924:Europe
1900:Africa
1808:Relenza
1800:Tamiflu
1721:Aspirin
1585:, Japan
1500:Schools
1467:measles
1245:cheetah
1241:ferrets
1237:turkeys
1030:cardiac
990:obesity
913:fatigue
797:History
790:Science
764:in the
152:Disease
14056:(1510)
14034:Global
14015:(2024)
13998:(2023)
13986:(2020)
13968:(2019)
13962:(2019)
13956:(2019)
13950:(2019)
13944:(2019)
13938:(2019)
13932:(2018)
13920:(2018)
13914:(2018)
13907:(2018)
13900:(2017)
13888:(2016)
13876:(2015)
13870:(2015)
13864:(2014)
13858:(2014)
13852:(2014)
13845:(2014)
13826:(2013)
13820:(2013)
13814:(2012)
13808:(2012)
13802:(2011)
13784:(2009)
13778:(2009)
13760:(2007)
13754:(2006)
13748:(2006)
13742:(2006)
13736:(2005)
13724:(2003)
13693:(1994)
13687:(1974)
13675:(1972)
13669:(1963)
13663:(1947)
13657:(1937)
13651:(1924)
13622:(1894)
13616:(1871)
13610:(1870)
13598:(1856)
13592:(1854)
13586:(1853)
13580:(1853)
13572:Typhus
13562:(1829)
13556:(1813)
13527:Modern
13502:(1772)
13490:(1738)
13455:(1679)
13435:(1656)
13429:(1655)
13411:(1633)
13399:(1623)
13393:(1603)
13344:(1520)
13338:(1510)
13321:modern
13018:Equine
13013:Feline
13008:Canine
12883:Audenz
12873:Brands
12310:, and
12122:Brazil
12077:Panama
12072:Mexico
12037:Canada
12032:Belize
11999:Turkey
11989:Sweden
11974:Serbia
11969:Russia
11954:Poland
11949:Norway
11919:Kosovo
11894:Greece
11884:France
11831:Europe
11801:Taiwan
11719:Kuwait
11704:Israel
11674:Cyprus
11631:Zambia
11563:Africa
11479:007421
11411:Curlie
11386:
11361:
11353:
11324:
11296:Nature
11279:
11262:
11252:
11206:
11196:
11143:
11062:
11044:
10925:
10915:
10820:
10810:
10771:
10761:
10720:
10680:
10670:
10621:7 July
10599:
10589:
10550:
10542:
10503:
10447:
10439:
10404:
10365:
10355:
10267:
10257:
10218:
10208:
10182:Nature
10161:
10151:
10110:
10102:
10067:
10032:
10022:
9925:
9915:
9807:
9799:
9735:
9665:24 May
9608:
9567:24 May
9541:24 May
9223:. AP.
9170:
9142:Nature
9090:
9080:
9023:CIDRAP
9003:
8821:
8782:
8772:
8479:
8461:
8378:20 May
8341:20 May
7938:. AP.
7739:3 July
7704:7 July
7255:
7245:
7204:
7065:323055
7063:
7055:
6942:Forbes
6832:
6191:
6181:
6134:
6124:
6035:
6025:
5947:
5937:
5831:
5811:Nature
5790:
5780:
5729:
5721:(15).
5431:
5348:
5307:
5297:
5279:Thorax
5258:
5250:
4960:3 July
4922:
4873:CIDRAP
4709:24 May
4679:14 May
4645:14 May
4619:14 May
4589:14 May
4277:
4267:
4207:
4179:Nature
3935:
3925:
3884:
3874:
3765:CIDRAP
3713:
3703:
3566:
3556:
3471:
3467:
3455:
3437:
3340:
3268:
3260:
3169:
3139:
3131:
2935:24 May
2872:
2832:
2822:
2804:Nature
2776:
2768:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2469:, ...
2446:0.01%
2435:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2281:
2279:17β100
2274:
2270:
2263:
2215:World
2059:, and
2049:GISAID
1971:Mexico
1943:1,858
1935:1,992
1919:1,019
1866:, and
1685:. The
1665:, the
1639:Taiwan
1451:Greece
1298:
1263:, and
1194:
1181:GISAID
1114:direct
1102:RT-PCR
1038:asthma
944:
915:, and
909:chills
903:pain,
897:muscle
870:
831:
770:Muslim
766:Jewish
754:Israel
738:Taiwan
325:Equine
320:Canine
256:Deaths
213:Mexico
172:Source
73:
67:
61:
55:
49:
43:
37:
13319:Early
13274:(590)
13256:Post-
13204:Local
13083:Croup
13046:Avian
13030:Swine
12578:H11N9
12573:H11N2
12568:H10N8
12563:H10N7
12558:H10N3
12210:Tonga
12195:Palau
12185:Nauru
12127:Chile
12027:Aruba
11984:Spain
11914:Italy
11734:Macau
11709:Japan
11689:India
11669:China
11601:Libya
11596:Kenya
11591:Ghana
11581:Egypt
11576:Benin
11422:(WHO)
11359:S2CID
10548:S2CID
10445:S2CID
10308:(PDF)
10301:(PDF)
10108:S2CID
9805:S2CID
9476:(2).
9449:9 May
9253:Slate
8863:(flv)
8819:S2CID
8633:(PDF)
8622:(PDF)
8593:Boots
7061:S2CID
6984:(PDF)
6973:(PDF)
6345:(PDF)
6328:(PDF)
6311:(PDF)
6300:(PDF)
6094:arXiv
5861:(PDF)
5850:(PDF)
5628:(PDF)
5617:(PDF)
5256:S2CID
4755:MSNBC
4247:eLife
3734:WebMD
3624:(PDF)
3617:(PDF)
3612:WHO.
3266:S2CID
3137:S2CID
3092:(PDF)
3079:(PDF)
2504:Notes
2212:Date
2209:Name
1878:Area
1635:Mecca
1334:Obama
1233:swine
1149:Cause
955:, or
901:joint
839:PHEIC
744:, an
330:Swine
308:Avian
301:Types
13880:Zika
13812:MERS
13716:SARS
12747:H5N8
12645:H5N1
12588:H1N1
12553:H9N2
12548:H7N9
12543:H7N7
12538:H7N4
12533:H7N3
12528:H7N2
12523:H7N1
12518:H6N1
12513:H5N9
12508:H5N8
12503:H5N6
12498:H5N3
12493:H5N2
12488:H5N1
12483:H3N8
12478:H3N2
12473:H3N1
12468:H2N3
12463:H2N2
12458:H1N2
12453:H1N1
12304:H5N1
12267:H1N1
12180:Fiji
12147:Peru
12047:Cuba
11724:Laos
11699:Iran
11641:Asia
11450:MeSH
11384:PMID
11351:PMID
11322:PMID
11277:ISBN
11260:PMID
11204:PMID
11157:2020
11141:PMID
11095:2009
11060:PMID
11018:2009
10987:2009
10957:2020
10923:PMID
10878:2020
10852:2009
10818:PMID
10769:PMID
10718:PMID
10678:PMID
10623:2012
10597:PMID
10540:PMID
10501:PMID
10437:PMID
10402:PMID
10363:PMID
10316:2015
10265:PMID
10216:PMID
10159:PMID
10100:PMID
10065:PMID
10030:PMID
9985:2009
9954:2009
9923:PMID
9873:2009
9842:2020
9797:PMID
9766:2011
9733:PMID
9693:2011
9667:2011
9636:2014
9606:PMID
9569:2011
9543:2011
9516:2009
9486:2011
9451:2009
9421:2009
9390:2009
9360:2009
9330:2010
9300:2009
9266:2009
9233:2009
9202:2009
9168:PMID
9123:2017
9088:PMID
9035:2017
9001:PMID
8964:2009
8938:2009
8905:2009
8871:2009
8835:2011
8780:PMID
8732:2009
8705:2009
8671:2009
8641:2010
8605:2013
8574:2009
8541:2011
8515:2009
8477:PMID
8436:2009
8406:2011
8380:2009
8343:2009
8305:2009
8275:2011
8245:2009
8215:2009
8184:2009
8154:2009
8124:2009
8097:2009
8070:2020
8038:2020
8005:2009
7974:2009
7948:2011
7917:2013
7890:2009
7860:2009
7829:2009
7798:2009
7772:2009
7741:2020
7706:2020
7671:2009
7635:2009
7602:2009
7576:2009
7549:2009
7516:2009
7483:2009
7457:2009
7424:2009
7388:2009
7356:2009
7323:2009
7287:2009
7253:PMID
7202:PMID
7165:2009
7129:2009
7099:2009
7053:PMID
7018:2011
6955:2021
6922:2017
6895:2011
6865:2010
6830:PMID
6793:2009
6762:2009
6728:2009
6697:2009
6666:2009
6640:2009
6609:2009
6578:2010
6548:2019
6517:2019
6486:2009
6453:2009
6423:2009
6390:2009
6353:2009
6259:2009
6226:2009
6189:PMID
6132:PMID
6067:2011
6033:PMID
5980:2009
5945:PMID
5900:2009
5869:2017
5829:PMID
5788:PMID
5743:2009
5727:PMID
5693:2009
5666:2010
5636:2009
5597:2009
5571:2009
5537:2009
5503:2009
5466:2009
5429:PMID
5411:JAMA
5392:2010
5346:PMID
5305:PMID
5248:PMID
5211:2010
5155:2009
5121:2009
5088:2009
5055:2009
5022:2009
4992:2009
4962:2012
4936:2020
4920:PMID
4885:2011
4854:2011
4824:2011
4798:2011
4767:2011
4737:2010
4711:2011
4681:2010
4647:2010
4621:2010
4591:2010
4554:2011
4523:2009
4488:2009
4457:2009
4420:2009
4387:2010
4354:2009
4305:2020
4275:PMID
4205:PMID
4117:2022
4086:2016
4059:2009
4028:2009
3997:2009
3967:2009
3933:PMID
3882:PMID
3837:2020
3807:2020
3777:2020
3746:2020
3711:PMID
3664:2020
3632:2021
3599:2020
3564:PMID
3509:2009
3453:PMID
3412:2010
3379:2009
3338:PMID
3297:2010
3258:PMID
3221:2009
3183:2020
3167:ISSN
3129:PMID
3062:2020
3032:2020
2997:2020
2967:2020
2937:2011
2908:2009
2870:PMID
2830:PMID
2774:PMID
2766:ISSN
2729:2020
2699:2020
2650:MERS
2615:SARS
2567:The
2538:SARS
2396:H1N1
2351:H3N2
2306:H2N2
2257:H1N1
2217:pop.
2188:The
2138:JAMA
2022:swab
1903:168
1715:and
1489:and
1321:H5N1
1224:The
1077:JAMA
1028:and
992:and
967:The
780:and
778:pork
768:and
756:and
722:pigs
708:The
698:Name
671:and
602:The
227:Date
176:Pigs
13229:BC)
11409:at
11343:doi
11312:doi
11300:459
11250:PMC
11240:doi
11194:PMC
11184:doi
11133:doi
11052:doi
11038:353
10913:PMC
10905:doi
10808:PMC
10800:doi
10759:PMC
10749:doi
10710:doi
10668:PMC
10658:doi
10587:PMC
10579:doi
10575:339
10571:BMJ
10532:doi
10528:198
10493:doi
10489:127
10429:doi
10394:doi
10390:195
10353:PMC
10345:doi
10341:187
10255:PMC
10247:doi
10206:PMC
10198:doi
10186:432
10149:PMC
10139:doi
10092:doi
10057:doi
10020:PMC
10012:doi
10008:198
9913:PMC
9905:doi
9789:doi
9723:doi
9719:163
9596:doi
9158:doi
9146:542
9078:PMC
9070:doi
8991:doi
8811:doi
8807:339
8803:BMJ
8770:PMC
8762:doi
8758:339
8754:BMJ
8469:doi
8455:361
7243:PMC
7233:doi
7192:doi
7188:200
7045:doi
7041:340
7037:BMJ
6820:doi
6816:370
6378:NHS
6179:PMC
6171:doi
6167:361
6122:PMC
6112:doi
6023:PMC
6015:doi
6003:328
5935:PMC
5927:doi
5923:339
5919:BMJ
5819:doi
5815:458
5778:PMC
5770:doi
5723:CDC
5419:doi
5415:304
5336:doi
5295:PMC
5287:doi
5238:doi
4912:doi
4265:PMC
4255:doi
4195:doi
4183:459
4142:doi
3923:PMC
3913:doi
3872:PMC
3864:doi
3701:PMC
3691:doi
3587:NPR
3554:PMC
3544:doi
3445:doi
3431:361
3328:hdl
3320:doi
3316:362
3248:doi
3244:361
3119:doi
3115:198
2862:doi
2858:324
2820:PMC
2812:doi
2808:459
2756:doi
2752:361
2369:1β4
2324:1β4
1825:BMJ
1633:to
1421:BMJ
1416:BMJ
1122:DFA
937:CDC
899:or
857:or
746:IGO
730:CDC
645:or
634:".
262:WHO
14198::
13224:c.
13178:,
12306:,
12302:,
11488::
11477::
11453::
11390:.
11380:58
11378:.
11374:.
11357:.
11349:.
11339:27
11337:.
11320:.
11310:.
11298:.
11294:.
11258:.
11248:.
11234:.
11230:.
11202:.
11192:.
11180:10
11178:.
11174:.
11147:.
11139:.
11129:12
11127:.
11123:.
11085:.
11081:.
11058:.
11050:.
11036:.
11008:.
11004:.
10973:.
10943:.
10921:.
10911:.
10901:66
10899:.
10895:.
10868:.
10838:.
10816:.
10806:.
10796:24
10794:.
10790:.
10767:.
10757:.
10743:.
10739:.
10716:.
10706:12
10704:.
10700:.
10676:.
10666:.
10656:.
10644:.
10640:.
10595:.
10585:.
10573:.
10569:.
10546:.
10538:.
10526:.
10522:.
10499:.
10487:.
10466:.
10443:.
10435:.
10425:76
10423:.
10400:.
10388:.
10384:.
10361:.
10351:.
10339:.
10333:.
10277:^
10263:.
10253:.
10243:12
10241:.
10237:.
10214:.
10204:.
10196:.
10184:.
10180:.
10157:.
10147:.
10135:14
10133:.
10129:.
10106:.
10098:.
10088:91
10086:.
10063:.
10053:20
10051:.
10028:.
10018:.
10006:.
10002:.
9975:.
9971:.
9921:.
9911:.
9901:12
9899:.
9895:.
9881:^
9863:.
9859:.
9828:.
9817:^
9803:.
9795:.
9785:27
9783:.
9739:.
9731:.
9717:.
9713:.
9701:^
9657:.
9653:.
9604:.
9592:52
9590:.
9586:.
9502:.
9474:10
9472:.
9468:.
9437:.
9407:.
9376:.
9346:.
9316:.
9286:.
9282:.
9256:.
9250:.
9219:.
9188:.
9166:.
9156:.
9144:.
9140:.
9113:.
9109:.
9086:.
9076:.
9068:.
9056:.
9052:.
9025:.
9021:.
8999:.
8987:52
8985:.
8981:.
8924:.
8913:^
8895:.
8891:.
8879:^
8825:.
8817:.
8805:.
8801:.
8778:.
8768:.
8756:.
8752:.
8740:^
8691:.
8687:.
8657:.
8624:.
8591:.
8558:.
8497:.
8475:.
8467:.
8453:.
8422:.
8370:.
8366:.
8362:.
8351:^
8333:.
8329:.
8325:.
8313:^
8291:.
8261:.
8231:.
8201:.
8140:.
8054:.
8028:.
8022:.
7991:.
7934:.
7876:.
7850:.
7846:.
7819:.
7815:.
7758:.
7727:.
7714:^
7692:.
7679:^
7655:.
7643:^
7619:.
7539:.
7533:.
7502:.
7491:^
7447:.
7441:.
7414:.
7408:.
7396:^
7372:.
7346:.
7340:.
7313:.
7307:.
7295:^
7273:.
7251:.
7241:.
7229:11
7227:.
7223:.
7200:.
7186:.
7182:.
7155:.
7151:.
7137:^
7115:.
7085:.
7067:.
7059:.
7051:.
7039:.
7035:.
7004:.
6992:^
6979:.
6939:.
6881:.
6851:.
6828:.
6814:.
6810:.
6783:.
6779:.
6752:.
6748:.
6736:^
6718:.
6714:.
6683:.
6626:.
6595:.
6564:.
6538:.
6534:.
6507:.
6503:.
6476:.
6470:.
6439:.
6413:.
6407:.
6376:.
6372:.
6361:^
6336:.
6330:.
6302:.
6275:.
6249:.
6243:.
6216:.
6210:.
6187:.
6177:.
6165:.
6161:.
6130:.
6120:.
6110:.
6102:.
6088:.
6084:.
6031:.
6021:.
6013:.
6001:.
5997:.
5970:.
5966:.
5943:.
5933:.
5921:.
5917:.
5890:.
5886:.
5852:.
5827:.
5813:.
5809:.
5786:.
5776:.
5766:15
5764:.
5760:.
5733:.
5719:58
5717:.
5713:.
5701:^
5619:.
5605:^
5557:.
5553:.
5523:.
5519:.
5489:.
5485:.
5474:^
5452:.
5441:^
5427:.
5413:.
5409:.
5362:.
5344:.
5332:55
5330:.
5326:.
5303:.
5293:.
5283:65
5281:.
5277:.
5254:.
5246:.
5234:38
5232:.
5228:.
5193:.
5171:.
5141:.
5137:.
5111:.
5105:.
5078:.
5072:.
5039:.
5008:.
4978:.
4926:.
4918:.
4908:12
4906:.
4902:.
4875:.
4871:.
4832:^
4788:.
4784:.
4753:.
4697:.
4667:.
4663:.
4607:.
4577:.
4573:.
4562:^
4544:.
4540:.
4509:.
4496:^
4474:.
4443:.
4439:.
4428:^
4410:.
4404:.
4373:.
4362:^
4340:.
4273:.
4263:.
4249:.
4245:.
4220:.
4203:.
4193:.
4181:.
4177:.
4134:.
4107:.
4103:.
4076:.
4045:.
4018:.
4014:.
3983:.
3953:.
3931:.
3921:.
3909:13
3907:.
3903:.
3880:.
3870:.
3858:.
3854:.
3823:.
3797:.
3793:.
3767:.
3763:.
3736:.
3732:.
3709:.
3699:.
3687:10
3685:.
3681:.
3648:.
3619:.
3589:.
3585:.
3562:.
3552:.
3542:.
3530:.
3526:.
3499:.
3493:.
3479:^
3451:.
3443:.
3429:.
3402:.
3396:.
3365::
3363:CH
3350:^
3336:.
3326:.
3314:.
3264:.
3256:.
3242:.
3238:.
3211:.
3207:.
3191:^
3173:.
3165:.
3161:.
3149:^
3135:.
3127:.
3113:.
3109:.
3081:.
3052:.
3048:.
3018:.
3005:^
2975:^
2953:.
2916:^
2898:.
2894:.
2882:^
2868:.
2856:.
2842:^
2828:.
2818:.
2806:.
2802:.
2786:^
2772:.
2764:.
2750:.
2746:.
2715:.
2685:.
2674:^
2498:1
2449:1
2412:?
2409:?
2403:?
2400:?
2379:2
2334:2
2289:5
2089:,
2055:,
2051:,
1958:".
1862:,
1858:,
1727:.
1600:3M
1545:.
1485:,
1481:,
1477:,
1316:.
1259:,
1247:.
1239:,
1235:,
980:.
951:,
939:.
919:.
911:,
907:,
845:.
784:.
694:.
211:,
14168:)
14166:*
13222:(
13168:e
13161:t
13154:v
12345:e
12338:t
12331:v
11525:e
11518:t
11511:v
11442:D
11365:.
11345::
11328:.
11314::
11306::
11285:.
11266:.
11242::
11236:5
11210:.
11186::
11159:.
11135::
11097:.
11066:.
11054::
11020:.
10989:.
10959:.
10929:.
10907::
10880:.
10854:.
10824:.
10802::
10775:.
10751::
10745:8
10724:.
10712::
10684:.
10660::
10652::
10646:6
10625:.
10603:.
10581::
10554:.
10534::
10507:.
10495::
10472:.
10451:.
10431::
10408:.
10396::
10369:.
10347::
10318:.
10271:.
10249::
10222:.
10200::
10192::
10165:.
10141::
10114:.
10094::
10071:.
10059::
10036:.
10014::
9987:.
9956:.
9929:.
9907::
9875:.
9844:.
9811:.
9791::
9768:.
9725::
9695:.
9669:.
9638:.
9612:.
9598::
9571:.
9545:.
9518:.
9488:.
9453:.
9423:.
9392:.
9362:.
9332:.
9302:.
9268:.
9235:.
9204:.
9174:.
9160::
9152::
9125:.
9094:.
9072::
9064::
9058:1
9037:.
9007:.
8993::
8966:.
8940:.
8907:.
8873:.
8837:.
8813::
8786:.
8764::
8734:.
8707:.
8673:.
8643:.
8607:.
8576:.
8543:.
8517:.
8483:.
8471::
8438:.
8408:.
8382:.
8345:.
8307:.
8277:.
8247:.
8217:.
8186:.
8156:.
8126:.
8099:.
8072:.
8040:.
8007:.
7976:.
7950:.
7919:.
7892:.
7862:.
7831:.
7800:.
7774:.
7743:.
7708:.
7673:.
7637:.
7604:.
7578:.
7551:.
7518:.
7485:.
7459:.
7426:.
7390:.
7358:.
7325:.
7289:.
7259:.
7235::
7208:.
7194::
7167:.
7131:.
7101:.
7047::
7020:.
6957:.
6924:.
6897:.
6867:.
6836:.
6822::
6795:.
6764:.
6730:.
6699:.
6668:.
6642:.
6611:.
6580:.
6550:.
6519:.
6488:.
6455:.
6425:.
6392:.
6355:.
6261:.
6228:.
6195:.
6173::
6138:.
6114::
6106::
6096::
6090:7
6069:.
6039:.
6017::
6009::
5982:.
5951:.
5929::
5902:.
5871:.
5835:.
5821::
5794:.
5772::
5745:.
5695:.
5668:.
5638:.
5599:.
5573:.
5539:.
5505:.
5468:.
5435:.
5421::
5394:.
5352:.
5338::
5311:.
5289::
5262:.
5240::
5213:.
5157:.
5123:.
5090:.
5057:.
5024:.
4994:.
4964:.
4938:.
4914::
4887:.
4856:.
4826:.
4800:.
4769:.
4739:.
4713:.
4683:.
4649:.
4623:.
4593:.
4556:.
4525:.
4490:.
4459:.
4422:.
4389:.
4356:.
4307:.
4281:.
4257::
4251:5
4211:.
4197::
4189::
4144::
4119:.
4088:.
4061:.
4030:.
3999:.
3969:.
3939:.
3915::
3888:.
3866::
3860:3
3839:.
3809:.
3779:.
3748:.
3717:.
3693::
3666:.
3634:.
3601:.
3570:.
3546::
3538::
3532:6
3511:.
3459:.
3447::
3414:.
3381:.
3344:.
3330::
3322::
3299:.
3272:.
3250::
3223:.
3185:.
3143:.
3121::
3064:.
3034:.
2999:.
2969:.
2939:.
2910:.
2876:.
2864::
2836:.
2814::
2780:.
2758::
2731:.
2701:.
2467:B
1806:(
1798:(
853:(
591:e
584:t
577:v
264:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
.jpg)
