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party, and only if the PvdA did not cooperate with the centre cabinet. Nevertheless, in consultation with Rutte, Lubbers published a statement immediately after the conversation with
Verhagen that VVD, PVV and CDA had to negotiate with each other about a tolerating cabinet without his presence. In the statement, Lubbers himself noted that the confidence and supply construction did not fall within his assignment, which led to criticism from a number of parliamentary leaders. The statement was published before all discussions with parliamentary leaders had been completed, to the dissatisfaction of the leaders who had been passed over.
812:
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797:. Koppejan said there that they wanted to expose Wilders and Wilders was made happy with a 'dead sparrow' because some agreements were contrary to international treaties. The next day Ferrier and Koppejan had to visit Verhagen, where they were asked whether they still supported the statement, which they confirmed. Rutte also contacted Koppejan by telephone. Verhagen reconfirmed the support of all CDA group members towards Rutte and Wilders, which Rutte and Wilders accepted. In the evening, Opstelten published his final report, in which he recommended appointing Rutte as formateur.
19:
692:, who demanded that they sign a statement to commit themselves to the announced CDA congress, which they refused. Ultimately, they agreed to a statement that stipulated that they would consider the outcome of the negotiations and the congress. Klink's letter had now been leaked and after a meeting the parliamentary group announced that there were "major objections", but that they could be removed "based on the content of the outcome of the negotiations". Klink stopped as a negotiator, but remained as a parliamentary group member.
701:
draw up a written statement stating that they would comply with a yes from the CDA congress. Even though Donner had previously demanded something similar, Verhagen indicated that he could not demand this for constitutional reasons. The next day, Wilders ended the discussions because he had no confidence in the CDA parliamentary group. On 4 September, Opstelten delivered his final report, in which he concluded that a stable cabinet of VVD and CDA with support from PVV had not proven possible.
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decision until after the party congress. At three o'clock in the morning the parliamentary group met again, which again degenerated into fits of crying and reproaches towards the dissidents. To prevent further escalation, Bleker ended the meeting. At a quarter to four in the morning, Verhagen spoke to the press to report that 'the vast majority' agreed, and that the entire parliamentary group would give the congress a heavy weight in the final decision.
440:
705:
announced that he would resign as a Member of
Parliament, because he said he could no longer function credibly in the parliamentary group. Verhagen confirmed after the parliamentary group meeting that "something has certainly changed due to the departure of Mr Klink", but it was still too early for Wilders to reopen negotiations. The next day, Wilders reversed his position after his party meeting and was prepared to negotiate with VVD and CDA.
249:
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informateurs and advice from the parliamentary leaders. That same evening, she therefore offered the position of informateur to Rutte for a test in accordance with previous advice. However, when Rutte refused, Tjeenk
Willink was again appointed informateur to "inform at the shortest possible time about the current situation and the steps that need to be taken". This decision was seen as too formal and a "penalty round".
684:, but Klink then continued as negotiator. On August 30, Klink informed Verhagen and Bleker that they would still stop as negotiators. During the night he sent them a letter explaining his struggle. During the day, Schinkelhoek announced that he would renounce his parliamentary seat and Ferrier and Koppejan wrote in a letter that a coalition with the support of the PVV was no longer an option for them.
560:, the parties acknowledged the "differences of opinion regarding the nature and character of Islam", but "accept each other's differences of opinion on this matter". That is why a cabinet with confidency and supply from the PVV was chosen. The confidence and supply agreement would be limited to topics on which the three could agree, while it was agreed that Wilders could not support
790:
PVV, Koppejan and
Ferrier felt supported by a large minority that was against governing. On 5 October, the CDA parliamentary group agreed to cabinet participation. Despite objections from parliamentary group members, it was explicitly stated that Ferrier and Koppejan would look critically at the elaboration of the agreements.
884:
PVV therefore supported the proposal to limit the role of the head of state in the formation process. This proposal was submitted by D66 and further supported by SP, PvdA, PvdD and GroenLinks. Since then, (in)formateurs are no longer appointed by the head of state and the head of state is only informed about the progress.
370:
596:
After discussions with her regular advisors on 4 August, the queen adopted the advice to appoint
Opstelten as informateur. His assignment was to "initiate research into the rapid establishment of a stable cabinet of VVD and CDA that, with the support of PVV, can count on fruitful cooperation with the
498:
On Monday it was concluded that the break had not brought any new insights. The next day, Pechtold commented to
Halsema: "Rutte is wearing a tie and a clean shirt and has no paper with him. He is ready to speak to the press." The informateurs attempted to bridge the differences, but at the end of the
430:
Tjeenk
Willink had written an appendix to his final report in a personal capacity. In it he wrote, among other things, about the integration of foreigners and about European cooperation in the field of police and justice. Wilders thought this was inappropriate for an informateur. He indicated that he
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suggested a coalition of PvdA, CDA, SP and GroenLinks, but this was rejected by the other leaders. After these failed attempts, Rosenthal sent his final report on 25 June in which he recommended appointing a VVD and a PvdA informateur to find options for a cabinet within the 'broad political centre'.
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Shortly after taking office in June, CDA party chairman Bleker had announced a conference where members could vote on government participation. On 2 October, the CDA formation congress agreed to government participation with 68% of the votes. Despite the large majority in favor of governing with the
539:
He again was not enthusiastic about a middle cabinet because it was 'not in the interest of the country'. Halsema also advised exploring a right-wing cabinet, but still hoped for a majority coalition without the PVV. Lubbers warned both Cohen and
Halsema that a right-wing cabinet could also succeed.
538:
In his conversation with
Lubbers, Rutte indicated that he preferred cooperation with CDA and PVV, if necessary with PVV only providing confidence and supply. Cohen believed that this right-wing cabinet should be investigated because the possibility made negotiations about purple-plus more difficult.
478:
were blocked by PvdA and VVD respectively, as a result of which negotiations stalled. There was also no agreement on the total cuts. Rutte had promised major cuts in his election manifesto and set a minimum of 18 billion in the negotiations, which was not achieved. On Friday 16 July, negotiators and
390:
The debate with former informateur
Rosenthal took place on 29 June. The subject of the debate was mainly why a cabinet with VVD, PVV and CDA had not proven possible. CDA had not ruled out governing with PVV in the campaign. Verhagen gave the reason for the refusal as "major differences in principle
700:
The negotiating party leaders met again on 2 September, after negotiations had come to a standstill due to the problems at CDA. Despite promises from Verhagen, Wilders doubted whether the CDA would provide all the necessary seats to the coalition. He demanded from Verhagen that the dissidents would
386:
as informateur with the task of informing her "at short notice about the steps that need to be taken to achieve the formation of a cabinet that can count on fruitful cooperation with the States General". On 28 June, Tjeenk Willink met with his predecessor Rosenthal and with the party leaders of the
296:
was appointed informateur. His assignment was, "partly in view of the difficult situation our country is in", to investigate in the short term the possibilities for a cabinet "of which the largest party and the biggest winner" are a part. Rosenthal and later informateurs were assisted by advisors -
883:
There was dissatisfaction about the role of Queen Beatrix during the formation. In particular the appointment of Lubbers on 21 July and the appointment of Tjeenk Willink in September. The PVV had the impression that these appointments were politically motivated and aimed against them. In 2012, the
704:
Immediately after the negotiations ended, Rutte nominated himself again as an informateur to write a draft for a coalition agreement. On 6 September, Rutte also asked whether the centre coalition of VVD, PvdA and CDA was an option, which Verhagen and Cohen were prepared to do. That same day, Klink
776:
arrived to reportedly calm Verhagen. Bijleveld, Bleker and party board member Tony de Bos occasionally visited the two dissidents to present new joint draft statements. Ferrier and Koppejan refused, but ultimately agreed to a statement in which they indicated that they would wait with their final
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Klink was more critical of cooperation than Verhagen and during the negotiations they clashed more often. This became known to the parliamentary when Klink said at the group meeting on 24 August that he was unhappy with the state of affairs. Verhagen had previously expressed satisfaction with the
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remained in office, to which Wilders agreed. Lubbers hoped that Hirsch Ballin would be able to tame Wilders. Verhagen advocated a centrecabinet, but was confronted by Lubbers that an option other than the right was not possible. Verhagen indicated that he would first have to discuss this with his
780:
The next morning, the three party leaders discussed the comments of their groups. Verhagen managed to remove Wilders' target of halving the influx of non-Western immigrants in the migration paragraph - which he called 'a shit paragraph'. After this consultation, the agreements were published and
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During the CDA meeting, the agreements were discussed in more detail. Ferrier and Koppejan ultimately voted against in the final vote. Verhagen, Bijleveld and Bleker then withdrew for consultation. Ferrier and Koppejan were left in a room for hours after another confrontation with Verhagen. They
717:
Tjeenk Willink held discussions with the party leaders on 8 and 9 September, in which VVD, PVV, CDA and SGP again argued for a coalition of VVD, PVV and CDA. Tjeenk Willink tried to get more guarantees about stability from the three parties, but did not receive these. The three party leaders had
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On 12 July, the informateurs spoke to the press and spoke of a "pleasant atmosphere" and a "remarkably good mutual understanding". Especially the atmosphere between contemporaries Rutte, Pechtold and Halsema was excellent and sometimes jolly, according to Halsema in her memoirs. The relationship
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On 14 June, Rosenthal received the parliamentary leaders. Rutte preferred a coalition of VVD, PVV and CDA, which was the only option for Wilders. Verhagen indicated that the CDA "beholds modesty" when it came to cabinet participation. Verhagen also wanted VVD and PVV to first negotiate the main
687:
Members of the party board and parliamentary group board threatened Klink that morning that he would be expelled from the group if he did not conform to the party line. At parliamentary group meeting that afternoon, this was repeated to the three dissident members and Bleker even read out the
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Rosenthal and Wallage had not formulated any advice for next steps. Rutte therefore proposed through the media to write a draft coalition agreement himself, to which other parties could subscribe. Verhagen supported such an assignment, but this plan was advised against by Speaker of the House
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Although it became clear during a debate on 7 September that there was a majority in favor of continuing the negotiations between VVD, CDA and PVV, the queen had already sought advice from the party leaders before Wilders' turn. She believed she could only base herself on final reports from
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by the queen. The twelve ministerial positions - four fewer than the previous cabinet - and eight state secretariats were divided equally between the VVD and the CDA. Rutte spoke with the proposed ministers between 8 and 13 October. Intended Minister for Immigration, Integration and Asylum
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confidence in a successful outcome of the negotiations, just like Opstelten, with whom Tjeenk Willink also spoke. On 13 September, Tjeenk Willink presented his final report. This took longer because on 11 September Wilders gave a speech at a demonstration against an Islamic center near
470:
then had to run the departments. Agreement was also reached on reforms to the tax system, labour dismissal law, the Dutch Unemployment Act and cuts in housing construction and defense. The differences also appeared to be bridgeable in the areas of immigration and integration.
524:. The queen was advised to make another round of visits from all parlementary leaders to explore the options. Tjeenk Willink did not consider himself suitable for this, due to Wilders' commotion regarding his appendix in the previous round. Former CDA Prime Minister and
575:
as informateur. Lubbers wanted to continue discussions with other parties, but stopped opposing after the weekend. On 3 August, Lubbers presented his final report to the queen with the recommendation that Opstelten be appointed informateur between the three parties.
551:
On 24 July, despite their objections, the CDA parliamentary group unanimously gave the green light for informal talks with Rutte and Wilders. From 26 July, the three parliamentary leaders consulted at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, where Verhagen was still
688:
dismissal procedure. This was experienced as intimidating by the three dissidents. The three stated at the party board the next day that they were prepared to wait for the outcome of the negotiations. The three also had to visit Minister of Social Affairs
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respectively for the negotiations as informateurs. D66 and GroenLinks advocated alternatives, but ultimately resigned themselves to these informateurs. However, the condition was that both informateurs would not be allowed to take a seat in a possible
155:
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In his final report, Tjeenk Willink recommended resuming negotiations with VVD, PVV and CDA under the leadership of informateur Opstelten, which was taken over by the queen the same day. The negotiations resumed under radio silence, this time with
655:. Hirsch Ballin even asked Halsema on 17 August for a coalition of VVD, CDA, GroenLinks and ChristenUnie, but despite Halsema's interest, his own party leadership did not agree. There was resistance within the VVD, including from former ministers
381:
Following Rosenthal's final report, the queen was advised on 25 June by the parliamentary leaders of 'the broad centre' (VVD, PvdA, CDA, D66, GroenLinks). This did not lead to a clear direction. That same evening, the queen appointed
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progress. Klink suggested a time-out, something he had discussed with Hirsch Ballin two days earlier, but received no support for this outside the Java Council. The next day, Klink was replaced once as second by Minister of Finance
344:, consisting of those parties plus VVD. Rutte was not in favor of this coalition due to "major programmatic differences" and concluded after two days of discussions "that there is no perspective for negotiations at the moment".
323:(SGP), all other parties considered participation in a cabinet with PVV unlikely or ruled it out. Because Verhagen persisted after two more conversations, Rosenthal concluded this information attempt with a report to the queen.
347:
Rutte's second preference, a middle coalition of VVD, PvdA and CDA, was then explored. Verhagen showed himself willing to participate in discussions "in the national interest", but the option was "undesirable" for PvdA leader
228:, became the largest party with 31 seats. The party was closely followed by the PvdA with 30 seats. The CDA - the largest party for the previous eight years - halved from 41 to 20 seats. Due to the major loss, Prime Minister
1847:
482:
That weekend, Rutte updated his party leadership about negotiations. He received support from the party leadership, despite the fact that 'purple-plus' was not their first preference. However, party prominents such as
121:. Within the CDA parliamentary group there were dissidents against cooperation with the PVV, which caused the PVV to stop the negotiations. Under Tjeenk Willink it was concluded that after the resignation of dissident
1582:
1451:
Van Kessel, Alexander (2016a). "'Doe dit onze partij niet aan, doe dit ons land niet aan'" ['Don't do this to our party, don't do this to our country']. In Van Baalen, Carla; Van Kessel, Alexander (eds.).
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Wilders also advocated a right-wing cabinet and now preferred the confidence and supply construction. Lubbers - known as a critic of Wilders - asked whether Wilders had any objections if Justice Minister
1747:
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125:, the PVV wanted to negotiate again. This was completed on 28 September under the mediation by Opstelten. The parliamentary groups agreed to the agreement, as did the CDA formation conference. Under
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When negotiating, individual MPs were taken into account in order to increase the chance of their support. For example, Koppejan was allowed to influence the formulation of the depoldering of the
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761:' with fifty officers. A number of SGP's wishes were met, because with a narrow majority in the House of Representatives and no majority in the Senate, they may be needed in the future.
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had to be limited in scope and leave room for "free issues", where parliamentary groups could choose for themselves. The cabinet would consist of eight ministers and be housed at the
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The queen took Tjeenk Willink's advice and appointed Rosenthal and Wallage as informateurs on 5 July. The negotiators agreed to maintain 'radio silence' towards the press and public.
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day both Rutte and Cohen reported that they no longer saw any prospects in the negotiations. A day later, Rosenthal and Wallage submitted their final report to the queen.
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split off. He did indicate that he would continue to support the cabinet. However, just over a month later, the cabinet fell. On 21 April 2012, Wilders withdrew from the
387:
broad centre. Tjeenk Willink's preference for a coalition of those five parties, with an not too detailed agreement and with party leaders in the House, was rejected.
410:. Rutte stated that he was willing to discuss this if Cohen lifted his blockade against the middle coalition. Cohen then lifted that blockade. The party leaders of
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also had to come for an interview with Wilders at the insistence of Verhagen, because he was in had been very critical of Wilders in the past. On 14 October, the
794:
431:
no longer wanted Tjeenk Willink as an informateur in the future and inquired whether Tjeenk Willink could be removed as vice-president of the Council of State.
722:. This speech was eagerly awaited in view of its possible role as a cabinet partner. Ultimately, this speech was milder than feared according to commentators.
875:. That same day, Wilders also indicated that his party would no longer provide confidence and supply. Two days later, the cabinet offered its resignation.
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637:
621:
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with regard to the democratic constitutional state". Verhagen reiterated that VVD and PVV first had to jointly agree on Wilders' positions such as "
632:, formed the basis of the "Java Council". This group has been meeting weekly since the appointment of informateur Lubbers. Sometimes candidate MP
750:
531:
was then asked to inform the queen "about the possibilities for the formation of a cabinet that can count on a fruitful collaboration with the
1971:
1945:
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met secretly at Tjeenk Willink's home on 1 and 2 July and concluded that the coalition was feasible. VVD and PvdA put forward Rosenthal and
1508:
864:
Lubbers later turned against this coalition. Behind the scenes, he encouraged Minister Leers to create a crisis to bring down the cabinet.
305:
571:
To the dissatisfaction of Lubbers, who would have liked to remain an informateur himself, the three leaders nominated VVD party chairman
269:
58:
302:
612:
During the negotiations, several CDA members had doubts about cooperation with the PVV. Within the parliamentary group these were MPs
292:
of the VVD to investigate a cabinet of VVD, PVV and CDA. On the recommendation of Rutte, VVD parliamentary group leader in the Senate
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764:
On 28 September, negotiators reached a final agreement, despite a disappointing calculation of the draft coalition agreement by the
902:
647:
Outside the Java Council, there was criticism within the CDA towards cooperation with the PVV, including by former Prime Ministers
1935:
1373:
1300:
1917:
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403:" before CDA joined. Rutte embraced this proposal and invited Wilders sevent times during the debate, but Wilders refused.
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After a new round of discussions with the five party leaders from the broad centre, Tjeenk Willink once again examined
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States General." In the negotiations, the party leaders were accompanied by members of the House of Representatives
1966:
1930:
747:
475:
356:). This option was not supported by Halsema and Pechtold. Cohen also withdrew the option within an hour. SP leader
117:
then explored a cabinet of VVD and CDA with confidence and supply from PVV. This was negotiated under informateur
768:. The agreements were presented to the groups the next morning. VVD and PVV agreed at the end of the afternoon.
281:
467:
1403:
Van Kessel, Alexander (2016b). "Volgens nieuwe regels". In Van Baalen, Carla; Van Kessel, Alexander (eds.).
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points before CDA could possibly join. Something that was rejected by Wilders in particular. Except for the
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352:. Cohen only wanted to participate in the discussion if D66 and GroenLinks joined (also known as the
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between the two informateurs, on the other hand, was worse and they were accused of poor direction.
320:
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765:
55:
43:
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cabinet. On 5 July Tjeenk Willink published his final report with the advice to negotiate about
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739:
70:
273:
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87:
66:
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informateurs noted that no progress had been made. It was decided to have a weekend break.
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8:
845:
806:
544:
459:
132:, VVD and CDA selected ministers and state secretaries, who were sworn in on 14 October.
51:
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who was already allowed to attend party meetings. The trio, together with candidate MPs
331:
1487:
1461:
1437:
1408:
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The cabinet had 76 seats in the House, but lost that majority on 20 March 2012 after
681:
561:
525:
73:
18:
689:
664:
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340:
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Rosenthal then entered into separate discussions with Rutte, Verhagen, PvdA-leader
91:
1305:
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907:
773:
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107:
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31:
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called their supporters Schinkelshoek, Van de Beeten and Hirsch Ballin, while
338:
to explore a coalition with their parties. PvdA, D66 and GroenLinks preferred
1960:
1475:
868:
732:
660:
648:
589:
572:
521:
495:. In the polls, the VVD dropped to 23 seats, while the PVV rose to 35 seats.
335:
310:
293:
277:
253:
237:
118:
99:
83:
1500:
652:
641:
528:
512:
488:
392:
357:
114:
23:
474:
However, further relaxation of the labour dismissal law and reform of the
1170:"CDA-dissidenten van toen: 'We hebben tien verloren jaren achter de rug'"
793:
That same evening, Koppejan and Ferrier were guests on the radio program
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80:
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In terms of content, a lot of progress was made at the beginning. The
836:
349:
327:
248:
126:
26:
of the ministers of the First Rutte Cabinet with in the middle queen
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602:
463:
288:. Most parliamentary leaders advised her a day later to appoint an
122:
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resigned as CDA party leader and was succeeded as party leader by
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Ministers and state secretaries of the first Rutte cabinet.
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Composition of the newly elected House of Representatives
1038:
951:
742:, which Koppejan was strongly against. The independent
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434:
264:
met with her permanent advisors; the chairmen of the
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987:
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939:
927:
901:Staal, Herman; Oranje, Joost van (10 June 2010).
708:
1958:
1407:(in Dutch). Amsterdam: Boom. pp. 511–512.
106:. Despite advanced talks led by Rosenthal and
1516:
671:, but this remained limited compared to CDA.
364:
79:The formation started with an exploration by
54:after 127 days. The cabinet consisted of the
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903:"Versnipperd land maakt de formatie complex"
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1460:] (in Dutch). Boom. pp. 319–348.
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1008:
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879:Role of the monarch in cabinet formations
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1301:"Statenlid hield de Hedwigepolder droog"
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855:
810:
583:
579:
506:
438:
368:
247:
243:
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59:People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
17:
1936:List of Dutch (in)formateurs and scouts
757:the coalition agreement announced the '
1959:
1431:
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969:
945:
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695:
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568:on parts of the coalition agreement.
50:. This led to the swearing in of the
1972:Cabinet formation in the Netherlands
1313:from the original on 26 October 2022
1182:from the original on 7 November 2022
1168:Aharouay, Lamyae (23 October 2020).
644:also took part in the discussions.
260:The day after the elections, queen
140:
13:
915:from the original on 5 August 2021
800:
435:Informateurs Rosenthal and Wallage
224:In the elections, the VVD, led by
158:throughout the cabinet formation:
14:
1988:
1432:Bukman, Bert (13 December 2012).
240:, which rose from 9 to 24 seats.
1941:
1940:
1931:List of Dutch cabinet formations
819:(left) receiving the key to the
781:explained by the group leaders.
667:and former Speaker of the House
476:home mortgage interest deduction
280:, and the vice president of the
236:. The big winner was the PVV of
90:. Negotiations took place for a
1396:
1385:from the original on 2021-06-06
1361:
1293:
1161:
40:general election of 9 June 2010
1480:Waarnemer, Adviseur, Beslisser
894:
873:discussions on the 2013 budget
753:talked about this. For PVV MP
709:Informateur Tjeenk Willink (2)
303:Government Information Service
110:, the talks ended on 20 July.
1:
1425:
823:from outgoing Prime Minister
674:
135:
1458:Cabinet formations 1977-2012
1309:(in Dutch). 10 August 2011.
887:
851:
7:
1454:Kabinetsformaties 1977-2012
1405:Kabinetsformaties 1977-2012
848:was sworn in by the queen.
147:2010 Dutch general election
63:Christian Democratic Appeal
10:
1993:
804:
365:Informateur Tjeenk Willink
301:- and the director of the
144:
1926:
1538:
726:Informateur Opstelten (2)
1532:Dutch cabinet formations
1436:(in Dutch). Meulenhoff.
447:(PvdA). Photo from 2011.
377:(PvdA). Photo from 2017.
321:Political Reformed Party
270:House of Representatives
1967:2010 in the Netherlands
1482:(in Dutch). Amsterdam:
1478:(2018). "Informateur".
766:Central Planning Bureau
592:(VVD). Photo from 2011.
515:(CDA). Photo from 2011.
256:(VVD). Photo from 2011.
861:
828:
785:CDA formation congress
740:Hertogin Hedwigepolder
735:as Verhagen's second.
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558:Declaration of 30 July
516:
448:
399:and the fight against
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334:and GroenLinks-leader
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221:
35:
859:
814:
795:Met het Oog op Morgen
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580:Informateur Opstelten
510:
442:
395:, the banning of the
384:Herman Tjeenk Willink
375:Herman Tjeenk Willink
372:
286:Herman Tjeenk Willink
251:
244:Informateur Rosenthal
154:
92:purple plus coalition
88:Herman Tjeenk Willink
67:confidence and supply
21:
1486:. pp. 347–370.
825:Jan Peter Balkenende
640:and former minister
230:Jan Peter Balkenende
56:conservative liberal
1334:, pp. 500–501.
1275:, pp. 496–497.
1263:, pp. 494–495.
1251:, pp. 492–493.
1215:, pp. 480–483.
1158:, pp. 474–478.
1146:, pp. 472–473.
1134:, pp. 468–470.
1059:, pp. 459–460.
1011:, pp. 355–356.
846:First Rutte cabinet
807:First Rutte cabinet
696:End of negotiations
545:Ernst Hirsch Ballin
503:Informateur Lubbers
460:coalition agreement
274:René van der Linden
94:consisting of VVD,
52:First Rutte cabinet
34:on 14 October 2010.
862:
829:
748:Provincial council
594:
562:motions of censure
517:
449:
379:
332:Alexander Pechtold
258:
222:
36:
1954:
1953:
1369:"Het gedoogdrama"
972:, pp. 66–67.
682:Jan Kees de Jager
638:Rob van de Beeten
622:Jan Schinkelshoek
620:and candidate MP
556:minister. In the
526:Minister of State
468:state secretaries
354:Rainbow Coalition
74:Party for Freedom
44:cabinet formation
1984:
1977:2010 in politics
1944:
1943:
1525:
1518:
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1471:
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1400:
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1356:Van Kessel 2016a
1353:
1347:
1344:Van Kessel 2016a
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1332:Van Kessel 2016a
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1297:
1291:
1288:Van Kessel 2016a
1285:
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1261:Van Kessel 2016a
1258:
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1234:
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1156:Van Kessel 2016a
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1123:
1120:Van Kessel 2016a
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1081:Van Kessel 2016a
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1057:Van Kessel 2016a
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1042:
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1021:Van Kessel 2016a
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690:Piet Hein Donner
665:Pieter Winsemius
614:Kathleen Ferrier
314:
282:Council of State
217:
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205:
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187:
181:
175:
169:
163:
141:Election results
1992:
1991:
1987:
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1982:
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1306:NRC Handelsblad
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1175:NRC Handelsblad
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908:NRC Handelsblad
899:
895:
890:
881:
854:
815:Prime Minister
809:
803:
801:Formateur Rutte
787:
774:Camiel Eurlings
728:
711:
698:
677:
657:Joris Voorhoeve
605:(CDA), and MEP
599:Edith Schippers
582:
505:
491:turned against
445:Jacques Wallage
437:
416:Jacques Wallage
367:
308:
299:Kajsa Ollongren
272:, respectively
246:
234:Maxime Verhagen
220:
219:
215:
213:
209:
207:
203:
201:
197:
195:
191:
189:
185:
183:
179:
177:
176: PvdA (30)
173:
171:
167:
165:
161:
149:
143:
138:
108:Jacques Wallage
12:
11:
5:
1990:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1938:
1933:
1927:
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1476:Rosenthal, Uri
1472:
1466:
1448:
1442:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1413:
1395:
1381:. 2021-02-08.
1360:
1358:, p. 507.
1348:
1346:, p. 500.
1336:
1324:
1292:
1290:, p. 498.
1277:
1265:
1253:
1241:
1239:, p. 491.
1229:
1227:, p. 485.
1217:
1205:
1203:, p. 481.
1193:
1160:
1148:
1136:
1124:
1122:, p. 467.
1109:
1107:, p. 464.
1097:
1085:
1083:, p. 463.
1073:
1071:, p. 462.
1061:
1049:
1047:, p. 357.
1045:Rosenthal 2018
1037:
1035:, p. 459.
1025:
1023:, p. 458.
1013:
1009:Rosenthal 2018
1001:
986:
974:
962:
960:, p. 349.
958:Rosenthal 2018
950:
938:
926:
892:
891:
889:
886:
880:
877:
853:
850:
835:was appointed
831:On 7 October,
805:Main article:
802:
799:
786:
783:
727:
724:
710:
707:
697:
694:
676:
673:
669:Frans Weisglas
626:Pieter Omtzigt
607:Barry Madlener
581:
578:
533:States General
504:
501:
436:
433:
366:
363:
245:
242:
218: PVV (24)
214:
212: CDA (21)
208:
202:
196:
194: VVD (31)
190:
188: D66 (10)
184:
178:
172:
170: PvdD (2)
166:
160:
159:
145:Main article:
142:
139:
137:
134:
61:(VVD) and the
46:took place in
32:Huis ten Bosch
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1989:
1978:
1975:
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1968:
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1503:
1495:
1493:9789044634730
1489:
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1473:
1469:
1467:9789461054661
1463:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1445:
1443:9789029088206
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1414:9789461054661
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1133:
1128:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1106:
1101:
1095:, p. 92.
1094:
1089:
1082:
1077:
1070:
1065:
1058:
1053:
1046:
1041:
1034:
1029:
1022:
1017:
1010:
1005:
999:, p. 68.
998:
993:
991:
984:, p. 67.
983:
978:
971:
966:
959:
954:
948:, p. 65.
947:
942:
936:, p. 63.
935:
930:
914:
910:
909:
904:
897:
893:
885:
876:
874:
870:
869:Hero Brinkman
865:
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847:
843:
838:
834:
826:
822:
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813:
808:
798:
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782:
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769:
767:
762:
760:
756:
752:
751:Johan Robesin
749:
745:
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736:
734:
733:Ank Bijleveld
723:
721:
715:
706:
702:
693:
691:
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683:
672:
670:
666:
662:
661:Gijs de Vries
658:
654:
650:
649:Dries van Agt
645:
643:
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631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
610:
608:
604:
600:
591:
590:Ivo Opstelten
586:
577:
574:
573:Ivo Opstelten
569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
549:
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536:
534:
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527:
523:
522:Gerdi Verbeet
514:
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469:
466:. The twelve
465:
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398:
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385:
376:
371:
362:
359:
355:
351:
345:
343:
342:
337:
336:Femke Halsema
333:
330:, D66-leader
329:
324:
322:
316:
312:
307:
304:
300:
295:
294:Uri Rosenthal
291:
287:
283:
279:
278:Gerdi Verbeet
275:
271:
267:
263:
255:
254:Uri Rosenthal
250:
241:
239:
238:Geert Wilders
235:
231:
227:
200: SGP (2)
182: GL (10)
164: SP (15)
157:
153:
148:
133:
131:
128:
124:
120:
119:Ivo Opstelten
116:
111:
109:
105:
101:
100:Democraten 66
97:
93:
89:
85:
84:Uri Rosenthal
82:
77:
75:
72:
71:radical right
68:
64:
60:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
33:
29:
25:
20:
16:
1897:
1848:Sep–Nov 1982
1843:May–Jun 1982
1748:May–Jun 1945
1588:May–Jun 1866
1583:Jan–Feb 1866
1479:
1457:
1453:
1434:Het slagveld
1433:
1404:
1398:
1387:. Retrieved
1372:
1363:
1351:
1339:
1327:
1315:. Retrieved
1304:
1295:
1268:
1256:
1244:
1232:
1220:
1208:
1196:
1184:. Retrieved
1178:(in Dutch).
1173:
1163:
1151:
1139:
1127:
1100:
1088:
1076:
1064:
1052:
1040:
1028:
1016:
1004:
977:
965:
953:
941:
929:
917:. Retrieved
906:
896:
882:
866:
863:
830:
792:
788:
779:
770:
763:
737:
729:
716:
712:
703:
699:
686:
678:
653:Piet de Jong
646:
642:Cees Veerman
611:
595:
588:Informateur
570:
557:
554:demissionary
550:
541:
537:
529:Ruud Lubbers
518:
513:Ruud Lubbers
511:Informateur
497:
492:
489:Henk Vonhoff
481:
473:
457:
453:
450:
443:Informateur
429:
424:
420:
411:
407:
405:
393:head rag tax
389:
380:
373:Informateur
358:Emile Roemer
353:
346:
339:
325:
317:
259:
252:Informateur
223:
206: CU (5)
115:Ruud Lubbers
113:Informateur
112:
96:Labour Party
78:
65:(CDA), with
37:
24:bordes scene
15:
1093:Bukman 2012
997:Bukman 2012
982:Bukman 2012
970:Bukman 2012
946:Bukman 2012
934:Bukman 2012
759:animal cops
720:Ground Zero
634:Jack Biskop
630:Hein Pieper
618:Ad Koppejan
493:purple-plus
485:Hans Wiegel
425:purple-plus
421:purple-plus
412:purple-plus
408:purple plus
341:purple plus
309: [
290:informateur
81:informateur
48:Netherlands
1961:Categories
1484:Prometheus
1426:References
1389:2021-06-05
1317:9 November
1186:9 November
842:Gerd Leers
833:Mark Rutte
817:Mark Rutte
755:Dion Graus
746:member of
675:Dissidents
636:, Senator
601:(VVD) and
306:Henk Brons
297:including
226:Mark Rutte
136:Background
130:Mark Rutte
104:GroenLinks
102:(D66) and
86:and later
38:After the
1918:2023–2024
1913:2021–2022
1893:2006–2007
1828:1972–1973
1793:1960–1961
1703:1925–1926
1693:1923–1924
1668:1907–1908
1598:1870–1871
1578:1861–1862
888:Citations
852:Aftermath
837:formateur
350:Job Cohen
328:Job Cohen
127:formateur
69:from the
1946:Category
1743:Feb 1945
1383:Archived
1311:Archived
1180:Archived
913:Archived
821:Torentje
603:Ab Klink
566:distrust
464:Catshuis
268:and the
123:Ab Klink
98:(PvdA),
1379:BNNVARA
827:(right)
744:Zeeland
609:(PVV).
262:Beatrix
76:(PVV).
28:Beatrix
1490:
1464:
1440:
1411:
919:6 June
266:Senate
216:
210:
204:
198:
192:
186:
180:
174:
168:
162:
1456:[
401:Islam
397:Koran
313:]
1908:2017
1903:2012
1898:2010
1888:2006
1883:2003
1878:2002
1873:1999
1868:1998
1863:1994
1858:1989
1853:1986
1838:1981
1833:1977
1823:1972
1818:1971
1813:1967
1808:1966
1803:1965
1798:1963
1788:1959
1783:1958
1778:1956
1773:1955
1768:1952
1763:1951
1758:1948
1753:1946
1738:1941
1733:1940
1728:1939
1723:1937
1718:1935
1713:1933
1708:1929
1698:1925
1688:1922
1683:1921
1678:1918
1673:1913
1663:1907
1658:1905
1653:1901
1648:1897
1643:1894
1638:1891
1633:1888
1628:1883
1623:1882
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1613:1877
1608:1874
1603:1872
1593:1868
1573:1861
1568:1860
1563:1858
1558:1856
1553:1853
1548:1849
1543:1848
1488:ISBN
1462:ISBN
1438:ISBN
1409:ISBN
1374:2Doc
1319:2022
1188:2022
921:2021
651:and
628:and
616:and
487:and
276:and
42:, a
22:The
564:or
535:".
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1963::
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1392:.
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