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during product recall and other crisis, removing restrictions on what brand of infant formula can be purchased using WIC. Typically, WIC vouchers can only be used to purchase one state-determined brand of infant formula, which encourages formula manufacturers to offer states large discount to secure a state's business. The House also passed H.R. 7790, called the Infant
Formula Supplemental Appropriations Act of 2022, a bill that provides $ 28 million in emergency funding to the FDA to address FDA-regulated infant formula, prevent future shortages, and prevent fraudulent products from entering the US market. House Minority Whip
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analysis firm
Datasembly. As of May 16, San Antonio, Texas, was the most affected place, with out-of-stock rates reaching 57%. Shortages were reportedly particularly acute in rural areas. Black and Hispanic parents were particularly affected; these groups typically receive less support for lactation, and were historically marketed to at higher rates by formula manufacturers, resulting in lower rates of breastfeeding. In addition, Black and Hispanic families are more likely to be reliant on WIC programs that limit formula purchasing options, and to live in areas where shortages were particularly acute.
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by companies to push all their reserve stocks into the market may also have distorted the data, creating a false sense of security. The White House’s
Domestic Policy Council and National Economic Council, which had been monitoring general supply chain concerns regarding formula, concluded that the recall by Abbott Nutrition did not warrant involvement by President Biden and his top staff, as President Biden was preoccupied with the
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266:(Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children) contracts help create monopolies that make it hard for other brands to break into the market. Davis stated that without WIC contracts, no player will be able to enter the industry. Davis stated that this kind of market concentration gives little flexibility if things go wrong, as one single plant will have a big impact on the industry.
520:(R-LA) urged Republicans to vote no on H.R. 7790, claiming that the legislation was proposed "in hopes of covering up the administration's ineptitude by throwing additional money at the FDA with no plan to actually fix the problem, all while failing to hold the FDA accountable." H.R. 7790 was passed with a partisan vote of 232-192, with twelve Republicans voting to pass the bill.
433:. Instances of online price gouging on resold formula were reported. Fox News reported that independent sellers were selling infant formula at double or triple the normal price. Some states, including Georgia, California, Colorado, New Jersey, and Oregon, and cities including New York City, invoked emergency measures to prevent retailers from price gouging.
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manufacturing decisions. The company also stated that it has upgraded its environmental monitoring program and auto sampling technology, and is allowing its electronic records of batches to be accessed in real-time by its testing and monitoring teams. Abbott stated that its product testing "already meets or exceeds regulatory requirements."
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bacterial contamination and plant closure. On May 17, the agreement was approved by a federal judge. The agreement will be valid for five years; if Abbott fails to comply with the agreement, the company will be subject to a fine of $ 30,000 for each day of violation, up to a maximum penalty of $ 5 million annually.
785:. The infant formula shortage was only acknowledged by Biden and his top staff in May after images of empty storage shelves began appearing on social media. The White House maintained that it had taken immediate action in April when the data showed that infant formula supplies had dropped across the country.
476:(D-CT) introduced a bill called The Infant Formula Supplemental Appropriations Act, aiming to provide $ 28 million in emergency funding to the FDA, to prevent further shortages, to boost inspections of domestic and international suppliers, and to prevent fraudulent products entering the US domestic market.
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A report by
Politico on June 9 reported that White House officials initially thought the crisis was under control when the Sturgis plant was closed, and the recall was issued in February. Biden officials acknowledge that they did not have complete data on retail stock rates for infant formula. A rush
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On the same day, the House of
Representatives passed two bills addressing the infant formula shortage. The House voted 414-9 to pass H.R. 7791, a measure that would allow low-income women to purchase more infant formula through the WIC program, by giving the Department of Agriculture more flexibility
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Other parents introduced cow's milk, almond or soy milk, juice, or solids before their children are developmentally ready. Doctors warned that giving cow's milk to babies under one year old is unhealthy, as cow's milk does not have enough iron to support brain development, and the heavier solute load
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bacteria from two patient samples, and found that the samples were not closely related to strains collected in the
Sturgis plant, or to each other. In a press release, Abbott cited the CDC report and stated, "there is no evidence to link our formulas to these infant illnesses". FDA officials disputed
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On May 16, the FDA and Abbott
Laboratories agreed on a consent decree on the steps needed to reopen the plant and restore production. The FDA expected Abbott to restore production in its Sturgis plant in two weeks. Under the decree, Abbott agreed to correct the unsanitary conditions that led to the
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were hospitalized. They had been eating EleCare, an Abbott product manufactured in the shut-down
Sturgis plant. In South Carolina, four infants were hospitalized, three due to poor reactions to new formulas and one due to mineral imbalances in a homemade formula. A hospital in Atlanta also reported
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outlined allegations of lax cleaning practices, improper training of employees, falsified records, and efforts by officials at the plant in 2019 to keep FDA inspectors from learning about serious issues related to the plant's system for checking for bacterial contaminants in the formula. The report
829:(R-TN) also claimed that a border patrol agent informed her that the Southern border facilities had a surplus of infant formula, and she suggested that the surplus should be sent to Texas and Tennessee. Criticizing Blackburn's plan, Dr. Steven Schooner, a professor of government procurement law at
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Google searches for homemade formula recipes increased by 2400%, and a formula recipe from the 1950s circulated online, as doctors warned of the dangers of trying to make formula at home, including possibilities for dangerous contamination, and nutrient and electrolyte imbalances which may lead to
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At the start of May, with shortages nationwide, the worst-hit states were
Tennessee, Texas, Iowa, North Dakota, and South Dakota, all with out-of-stock rates at or greater than 50%. A further twenty-five states and Washington, DC, had out-of-stock rates between 40% and 50%, according to the market
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benefits, which place limits on the brands, types, and sizes that may be purchased. About half of the infant formula consumed in the US is purchased with WIC. Federal agencies were tasked with finding ways to increase imports of formula, which typically account for 2% of US consumption. The White
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in the CDC database, making identification and comparison of strains difficult, and the high likelihood of missed detection of all strains at the plant using the procedures currently in place. The CEO of Abbott apologized for the voluntary recall on May 22, stating that their voluntary recall had
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to study whether market consolidation in the infant formula industry caused the shortage. According to Claire
Kelloway of the Open Markets Institute, manufacturers operate a relatively small number of formula factories to increase efficiency and to reduce cost. But this creates lots of risk if a
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that the Biden administration had ignored a crisis that was coming, as the administration had three months to resolve the potential crisis, but did not do much to resolve the crisis. Dai also stated that recent actions by Biden would help, but the effect would be limited as they did not address
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and the FDA. A 2018 survey found that twelve percent of surveyed mothers had donated milk informally, and seven percent had given their babies donated milk. Outcomes of babies given informally donated milk are not well researched. The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine encourages parents who are
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Abbott expected that it would take six to eight weeks after the restart of production in its Sturgis plant for the product to reach consumers. Abbott stated that it had implemented new technologies in its manufacturing process, including an augmented reality system to aid the company in making
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imposed new restrictions on imports of formula from Canada; the United States imported no baby formula from Canada in 2021. The FDA also prohibits the import (for commercial purposes) and sale of formula from Europe in the US, even though many European formulas meet or exceed FDA nutritional
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On June 10, the FDA stated that it was investigating reports that nine children died after consuming infant formula produced in the Sturgis plant, seven more than were previously acknowledged by the agency. In all nine reported fatalities, the agency was unable to identify the source of the
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in cow's milk makes the kidneys work harder. Feeding cow's milk to infants under a year old can also trigger allergies and intestinal bleeding. Doctors stated that, under extreme circumstances, babies older than six months can be given whole cow's milk for a few days.
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announced a shortage alert on formulas for babies that are at risk of severe allergic reactions. Health Canada stated that the shortage was related to the closing of the Abbott plant in Sturgis. The closed Sturgis plant had shipped hypoallergenic formula to Canada.
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On May 13, a group of GOP members criticized the Biden administration for the shortage of baby formula, blaming the White House for not moving fast enough to restock formula, as part of larger criticisms of supply chain problems and inflation. Republican Senator
599:(D-IL) contacted the four leading formula manufacturers in the US, which together control 90% of the market, to inquire into the causes of and responses to the shortage, and to urge those companies to do whatever they can to increase their production. On May 12,
657:) – were cited for operational issues similar to those reported at the Abbott plant, and in some cases were found to have instances of Cronobacter contamination. Cronobacter is a common environmental bacterium in soil, but can be very dangerous to infants.
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to use Department of Defense commercial aircraft to pick up overseas infant formula that meets American health and safety standards. The White House stated that the DoD would use its contracts with commercial air cargo lines to fly in the infant formula.
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President Biden rejected the idea that his administration moved too slowly, stating that it moved "as quickly as a problem become apparent to us". Biden said that he was moving with speed and caution, as the product needs to be a "first-rate product".
854:, who showed other photos he described as "pallets and pallets of baby formula for illegal immigrants and their families even as hardworking American families, we are now suffering a massive nationwide shortage." The Hannity photos showed boxes of
65:. Unlike other food products, infant formula often does not have an available and acceptable substitute as a source of nutrition for those who rely on it. In addition to infants, the formula recalls affected non-infant medical patients who require
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and the president of the border patrol union jointly characterized providing formula to migrants as "another one in a long line of reckless, out-of-touch priorities from the Biden administration." Cammack appeared on the program of Fox News host
720:, wrote that "many, if not most, infants will need at least some amount of formula supplementation to reach their optimal health", and "a variety of infections, medications and genetic conditions can take breastfeeding off the table entirely".
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as a "free" solution to the shortage, touting its documented health benefits, and in some cases stigmatizing formula use. In response, others stated reasons that breast milk is not a viable option for many parents, including the inability to
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considering using informally donated milk to talk to their pediatrician first; to interview potential donors about the use of medications or herbs, recreational drug use, and disease status; and to pasteurize donated milk whenever possible.
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to continuously search the web for formula available for online purchase. Some people used bots to resell the scarce product at a steep markup, while others set them up as a free service for parents struggling to find available products.
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and had pinholes, and that Abbott management had been aware of the issues seven years ahead of the outbreak. The allegations were sent to senior food safety officials in the FDA. The FDA did not inspect the plant until January 31, 2022.
127:, identifying these as still being (as of mid-May 2022) the leading cause. The shortage began in the early days of the pandemic, and worsened with subsequent labor shortages. By November 2021, 11% of popular brands were out of stock.
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Some politicians from the Republican Party alleged the Biden administration was prioritizing the needs of migrant children over those of American citizens by providing formula to children at the Southern border. Texas governor
773:(D-CT) characterized FDA's response to the incident as "sluggish", as it took four months to pull the product from the shelf. DeLauro asked Dr. Robert Califf, the head of FDA, whether the FDA should have " into action" sooner.
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On July 7, the Biden administration announced plans to maintain, through at least November, the relaxation of policy that has allowed foreign manufacturers to sell their products in the US, in order to ensure market diversity.
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to increase production of formula. The USDA also announced that they were working with states to relax rules on what products families can purchase with WIC benefits, though not all states adopted all flexibilities.
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children), underproduction (particularly if lactation is not started and continued from birth), expression of potentially harmful pharmaceuticals in breastmilk, various medical conditions in infants that result in
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On June 4, production at the Sturgis plant restarted under the conditions laid out in the consent decree. Abbott estimated that it would take six to eight weeks before the facility would be back to full capacity.
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plant is closed, as happened with the Sturgis plant. FDA Commissioner Robert Califf acknowledged that the market concentration in the industry deserves more scrutiny. David Davis, a professor of economics at the
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On May 22, the first flight of Operation Fly Formula arrived in the United States. 78,000 pounds (35,000 kg) of formula, including 1.5 million 8-ounce bottles, were transported using military planes from
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also wrote to the FDA, expressing his concern that the agency was not working quickly enough to investigate the contamination of the formula and to work to get more options onto the market. Minority Whip
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do not allow the sale of breastmilk. Informal sharing of breastmilk carries risks for contamination, disease transmission, and exposure to harmful drugs and medications, and is discouraged by the
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Conservative news outlets and pundits amplified Republican criticisms, including some who asserted the Cammack photo showed Biden was shipping "thousands" of pallets of baby formula to migrants.
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recall of several brands of formula due to possible bacterial contamination that may have caused at least two infant deaths. Abbott produces 40% of the formula sold in the US, mostly under the
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In October 2021, four months before the recall, a former employee of Abbott Nutrition in its Sturgis plant raised concerns about safety violations in the plant to senior FDA officials. The
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infection. Abbott Nutrition maintained that no causal relationship had been established between its products and any of the reported infant deaths. The report was brought to the light by a
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for parents who work outside the home. Breastfeeding newborns typically takes about thirty minutes, eight to twelve times a day. Rebekah Diamond, an assistant professor of pediatrics at
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On June 16, production at the Sturgis plant stopped again after severe storms in southwestern Michigan flooded areas in the plant, further delaying formula production for a few weeks.
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Ninety percent of the formula in United States is made by just four companies, including Abbott Nutrition. Abbott manufactures 43% of US infant formula. Transportation Secretary
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states that the normal out-of-stock rate is 10%, while other sources say that in the first half of 2021, out-of-stock rates were 2%-8%.) In many places, store shelves were bare.
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On May 14, nationwide out-of-stock rates were reported to be 43%, up from 31% two weeks prior; by May 22, they had surged to 70%, where they remained through the start of July. (
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formula, Gerber Good Start Extensive HA, from the Netherlands, and Alfamino from Switzerland. Both formulas can be used to feed babies that are allergic to cows milk protein.
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infants and those with certain high-risk health conditions. Where it can be purchased for healthy, full-term infants, it is often expensive, as high as $ 4 to $ 5 per ounce.
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825:(R-NY) also alleged that Joe Biden was sending pallets of baby formula to the Southern border; Stefanik's statement prompted criticism from Democratic politicians. Senator
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445:, an internationally adopted food standard for baby formula, to ensure that international standards are consistent with US standards to guide the importation of formula.
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821:. She also stated that the border agent who sent her the photo told her that the center was receiving "pallets" of formula. House Republican Conference Chairwoman
544:. Indianapolis was chosen because it is a Nestlé distribution hub. The shipment accounted for 15% of the domestic need for specialty medical grade infant formula.
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On May 12, the White House announced it was taking several regulatory steps to mitigate the effects of the shortage, particularly for lower-income parents. The
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to speed up domestic manufacturing of infant formula. Biden also launched "Operation Fly Formula" to fly in infant formula from overseas. Biden directed the
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announced plans to fly baby formula from Switzerland and Netherlands to alleviate the shortage in the United States. Nestlé would specifically import a
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meets the first shipment of baby formula transported from Europe by the military in Operation Fly Formula to Indianapolis, Indiana, on May 22, 2022.
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Children in several states were hospitalized as a result of the shortage. In Tennessee, two children requiring an amino-acid-based formula due to
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also reported that administration officials were struggling to explain how the use of Defense Production Act would alleviate the crisis.
3650:"Congress is investigating the baby formula shortage and demanding answers from the four companies who control almost 90% of the market"
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2831:"Biden is taking steps to address the worsening baby formula shortage — but it could be months before shelves are fully restocked"
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fact-checker characterized blaming Biden administration migrant policies for the formula shortage as "a ridiculous faux outrage."
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of 1993 that every administration has followed since its enactment and that "We also think it's morally the right thing to do".
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On May 17, the FDA announced that it would investigate the delay in dispatching investigators to the Sturgis plant in Michigan.
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House also stated that the FDA would soon announce steps to accelerate imports from Mexico, Chile, Ireland and the Netherlands.
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3848:"Other infant formula makers besides Abbott have faced Cronobacter contamination and operational deficiencies, documents show"
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429:, and some states, implemented limits on the number of containers of formula that could be purchased at one time, to mitigate
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warned that the shortage crisis could result in indictments, though she did not specify who might be indicted, and for what.
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alleged that some of the equipment in the Sturgis plant was "failing and in need of repair", as some product flow pipes were
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exacerbated the infant formula shortage in the US, while also stating that the voluntary recall was the "right thing to do."
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Republicans claimed that President Biden and the FDA were slow to respond to the shortage and stingy with information.
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607:(D-NJ) announced that a hearing with the FDA would be held on May 25, to "try to determine what they can do better."
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of FDA inspection reports dating back five years found that in that time, three other major formula manufacturers –
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2622:"National Baby Formula Shortage Hits Oregon, Prompting Action on Price Gouging From Governor and Attorney General"
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228:(TRQs). An item subject to TRQs has some imports subject to a tariff, and over-quota excess subject to a tariff
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4576:"Fox News Is Screaming About "Pallets" of Baby Formula Going to the Border. Too Bad Its "Evidence" Is Flawed"
4276:"Jen Psaki Says Biden Administration Providing Migrant Infants Baby Formula amid Shortage Is 'Morally Right'"
2563:"Colorado's baby formula supply sees squeeze from national shortage, forces purchase limits at select stores"
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Some parents watered down the formula to stretch their supply. Doctors warn that this practice can upset the
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298:, and testing of donated milk to ensure dangerous drugs and communicable diseases are not transmitted, and
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Benckiser, which makes Enfamil and has factories in the United States, increased their production by 30%.
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The informal sale or exchange of breastmilk in the US is both legal and unregulated. Some outlets such as
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On May 19, during a budget hearing over the FDA's handling of the infant formula crisis, Representative
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On May 18, after a bipartisan push by House members, President Biden announced that he would invoke the
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alleged that the industry's "enormous market concentration" may have exacerbated the problem. Senator
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4214:"Biden dismisses the idea that his administration should have acted sooner on baby formula shortage"
2898:"Biden dismisses the idea that his administration should have acted sooner on baby formula shortage"
2684:"N.J. issues state of emergency over baby formula shortage to avoid price gouging, Murphy announces"
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The baby formula shortage began in November 2021, when about 11% of popular brands were out of stock
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stated that addressing the infant formula shortage should supersede the Senate's push to codify the
4187:"Not 'a top-level crisis': What the White House initially missed about the infant formula shortage"
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On June 15, Abbott announced that it would import 686,350 cans of infant formula from its plant in
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reported a surge in demand for breast milk and breast milk donations in response to the shortage.
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3205:"Baby formula shortage bills pass House amid GOP claims Dems are 'covering up' the real problem"
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1249:"I'm a 28-year-old woman and have maple syrup urine disease. The formula shortage could kill me"
4545:"Yes, the U.S. government provides formula to migrant babies at the border, as required by law"
3624:"Baby formula production halted at Abbott's Michigan plant due to flooding after severe storms"
3512:"Judge signs off on steps troubled baby formula manufacturer must take to restart closed plant"
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Challenges in Supply, Market Competition, and Regulation of Infant Formula in the United States
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In July, the FDA commissioned an outside review of its food and tobacco programs, to be led by
500:
465:
2407:"Formula Shortage: South Carolina hospital reports babies hospitalized due to national crisis"
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1020:"Facing a National Shortage of Baby Formula, Trade Officials Opposed a Plan to Boost Imports"
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161:
3543:"Abbott reaches agreement with FDA to reopen baby formula plant to ease nationwide shortage"
3481:"Abbott reaches agreement with FDA to reopen baby formula plant to ease nationwide shortage"
2745:"Baby formula shortage: Mayor Adams declares NYC state of emergency to combat price gouging"
4384:"Democrats criticize Stefanik for calling for halt to baby formula sent to southern border"
4245:"Texas Gov. Greg Abbott, Rep. Beth Van Duyne, others blame Biden for baby formula shortage"
2533:"FACT SHEET: President Biden Announces Additional Steps to Address Infant Formula Shortage"
1854:"Baby formula crisis: Abbott enriched shareholders as factory needed repairs, records show"
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On May 11, 2022, Abbott stated that it hoped to resume production at Sturgis in two weeks.
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that shortages would continue into July. Effects of the shortage were also felt in Canada.
62:
4353:"Border Detention Center Receiving 'Pallets' of Baby Formula amid Shortage, Lawmaker Says"
4309:"PolitiFact - Providing baby formula for babies held at the border is a legal requirement"
2776:"Despite efforts to fight formula price-gouging, desperate families are paying top dollar"
858:, which is intended by its manufacturer to be consumed by infants more than one-year-old.
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brand, and the Sturgis facility is its largest. The bacterium which sickened the infants,
8:
4415:"Sen. Blackburn wants 'surplus' of baby formula at southern border shared with Tennessee"
1518:"From Garage Doors to Baby Formula, There Are Some Serious Supply Chain Issues Right Now"
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President Joe Biden invokes the Defense Production Act and launches Operation Fly Formula
147:, one of three major formula producers in the United States, shut down production at its
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1748:"Abbott CEO apologizes for the formula shortage as the first overseas shipment arrives"
1150:"Pediatricians warn parents against taking extreme measures amid baby formula shortage"
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milk to prevent contamination. However, milk from milk banks is typically reserved for
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4014:"'A matter of life or death': GOP lawmakers bash Joe Biden over baby formula shortage"
3266:"Baby formula shortage: Biden celebrates as 78,000 pounds of baby formula flown to US"
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opened a criminal investigation into the events leading to the Sturgis plant closure.
4483:"The faux outrage that Biden is stockpiling baby formula for undocumented immigrants"
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2867:"Biden under fire for FDA's delay in fixing baby formula shortage – The Boston Globe"
2653:"Amid baby formula shortage, mothers express fear, one receiving product from Mexico"
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guidelines, because their nutritional labeling does not conform to US requirements.
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3140:"Biden invokes Defense Production Act, 'Operation Fly Formula' to address shortage"
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2015:
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being retained, which could increase the risk of cardiac conductive abnormalities.
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4514:"Amid formula shortage, Texas governor blasts Biden for helping migrant families"
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and seizures. Doctors also warned that this practice can also result in too much
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1654:"FDA obliterates formula maker's defense of contamination linked to baby deaths"
3048:"Nestlé flies in emergency baby formula from Europe to help with U.S. shortage"
2958:"House Democrats set to take up a bill aimed at addressing baby formula crisis"
2714:"GA Attorney General Warns of Price Gouging/Scams During Baby Formula Shortage"
2181:"Doctors urge families to find healthy alternatives amid baby formula shortage"
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456:. States were urged to expand the formula products available for purchase with
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3786:"FDA to investigate delay in baby formula plant inspection, commissioner says"
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4449:"Republicans Wrongly Tie Biden Immigration Policies to Baby Formula Shortage"
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3947:"Bette Midler blasted online for breastfeeding comment amid formula shortage"
3913:"Amid a Worsening Formula Shortage, Mothers Are Asked: 'Why Not Breastfeed?'"
3755:"FDA to investigate delay responding to infant formula plant safety concerns"
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FloorSeattle, 1012 First AvenueFifth; Washington 98104-1008 (June 10, 2022).
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1363:"Baby Formula Shortage Stuns States Including Tennessee, Kansas and Delaware"
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3574:"Baby formula shortage: Changes Abbott made ahead of Michigan plant restart"
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3442:"F.D.A. and Abbott Reach Agreement on Baby Formula to Try to Ease Shortage"
3235:"Senate bill will help food aid recipients find baby formula amid shortage"
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Schneeman, Barbara O.; Cuff, Patricia; Delaney, Katherine M., eds. (2024).
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On May 11, House Republicans introduced a bill directing the FDA to review
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2801:"GOP pressures Biden on infant formula shortage with bill to ease imports"
1812:"U.S. representative livid about new information in infant formula crisis"
232:
additional duties, making it expensive to import. A provision of the 2020
4110:"Big Questions Remain About White House Plan to Speed Formula to Shelves"
3898:"Tainted formula: DOJ opens criminal probe on Abbott after infant deaths"
3411:"Abbott says two months for baby formula to hit shelves amid US shortage"
846:
814:
742:
733:
713:
687:
528:
457:
263:
218:
144:
3357:"Baby formula shortage: Abbott to import formula from Spain this summer"
1885:"Whistleblower warned FDA about formula plant months before baby deaths"
841:
buys is statistically the equivalent of zero in terms of market share."
414:
and other unfair market practices affecting the sale of infant formula.
4149:"Lawmakers Grill F.D.A. Chief on Baby Formula Oversight Amid Shortages"
1548:"Baby formula shortage has anxious parents stalking shelves nationwide"
833:, said he was "extremely confident that any volume of formula that the
418:
310:
283:
57:
after two babies allegedly died after consuming Abbott infant formula,
2338:"Pediatricians warn against using homemade baby formula amid shortage"
2242:"The Baby Formula Shortage and the Rise of Rational Disaster Preppers"
3817:"Amid infant formula disaster, Juul fiasco, FDA seeks outside review"
2469:"Baby Formula Shortage Worsened By Shopping Bots Buying Up Inventory"
2009:
Martin, Jacquelyn; Gomez Licon, Adriana; Tang, Terry (May 27, 2022).
1583:
798:
700:
692:
464:
On May 13, President Biden announced he was considering invoking the
422:
339:
87:
1687:"Parents and caregivers should not feed their baby recalled formula"
1456:"Some capital region stores ration baby formula sales amid shortage"
801:
said that providing migrants with baby formula was in line with the
481:
4108:
Shear, Michael D.; Jewett, Christina; Swanson, Ana (May 19, 2022).
2308:"Baby formula shortage: Experts urge parents not to make homebrews"
1979:
1552:
1316:
1185:"The baby formula shortage is getting worse; parents are desperate"
817:
shows shelves containing formula, which she asserted came from the
696:
116:
79:
42:
21:
2928:"USDA Continues Urgent Actions to Address Infant Formula Shortage"
2500:"Baby formula shelves dwindle as Health Canada announces shortage"
2043:"Breast milk banks see surge in demand amid baby formula shortage"
1778:"New documents show more claims of baby formula illness and death"
224:
noted that infant formula is subjected to high tariffs as well as
3296:"Military plane carrying 39 tons of baby formula arrives in U.S."
2438:"Infants Hospitalized Due To Nationwide Shortage Of Baby Formula"
2147:"Breast milk sales online are increasing but what are the risks?"
1945:"Baby Formula Shortage Shows Risk of U.S. Industry Concentration"
1809:
1620:"As baby formula shortage worsens, families take desperate steps"
1220:
654:
646:
477:
156:
3605:"Baby formula maker Abbott reopens Michigan plant amid shortage"
2211:"Doctors warn about social media 'tips' on formula replacements"
1393:"The Latest Numbers on Baby Formula. Out-Of-Stock is now at 43%"
1042:"Baby Formula Shortage Has an Aggravating Factor: Few Producers"
2369:"2 Children Have Been Hospitalized Because of Formula Shortage"
331:
83:
4607:"GOP's new midterm attack: Blaming Biden for formula shortage"
4307:
Washington, District of Columbia 1800 I. Street NW; Dc 20006.
3725:"Pelosi warns baby formula shortage could trigger indictments"
3171:"Senate passes Stabenow bill to address baby formula shortage"
1717:"Parents swap, sell baby formula as Biden focuses on shortage"
1332:"Baby-Formula Shortage Deepens, Defying Replenishment Efforts"
808:
191:
request by eFoodAlert, a website for food safety information.
4076:"Baby Formula Shortage Sparks Democratic Inquiry, GOP Attack"
4045:"Capitol Hill and White House seize on baby formula shortage"
3694:"Baby Formula Shortage Sparks Democratic Inquiry, GOP Attack"
3326:"Nestlé baby formula shipment lands in U.S. to ease shortage"
3109:"Baby formula shortage: Biden invokes Defense Production Act"
2988:"House Dems Propose $ 28 Million to Address Formula Shortage"
1487:"Why It's So Hard to Find Baby Formula in the U.S. Right Now"
3983:"Why breastfeeding isn't a solution to the formula shortage"
3870:"Justice Department investigating Abbott baby formula plant"
3018:"Global firms are boosting baby formula supplies in the US"
2274:"Alternatives to get you through the baby formula shortage"
745:
decision that ensured the legality of abortion nationwide.
314:
119:-related supply chain issues, with some sources, including
2682:
NJ.com, Matt Arco | NJ Advance Media for (May 17, 2022).
928:"What's Behind America's Shocking Baby-Formula Shortage?"
813:
An unverified photo tweeted by Republican representative
1313:"Baby formula shortage: Out-of-stock rates surge to 70%"
1216:"Infants not the only ones impacted by formula shortage"
1420:"Formula shortage won't end until July, FDA chief says"
629:, with initial findings to be reported in sixty days.
90:
were reported to be the hardest-hit states. On May 27,
1975:"Baby formula supplies dwindle amid widening shortage"
1280:"U.S. baby formula shortage leaves parents scrambling"
25:
Bare formula shelves with purchase limit notice, at a
3383:"U.S. Opens Baby Formula Market to Foreign Suppliers"
2589:"People Are Price Gouging Baby Formula Amid Shortage"
2085:"What Parents Need to Know About Sharing Breast Milk"
2011:"Baby formula shortage highlights racial disparities"
2008:
472:
On May 17, House Appropriations Committee Chairwoman
294:, which certifies that banks employ donor screening,
1078:
194:
401:
278:
178:this claim, citing the shortage of genetic data on
4107:
708:to breastmilk, and the logistical difficulties of
4043:Kaplan, Rebecca; Watson, Kathyrn (May 12, 2022).
3603:Pezenik, Sasha; Deliso, Meredith (June 4, 2022).
677:
4630:
3846:Pezenik, Sasha; Salzman, Sony (August 1, 2022).
2823:
1449:
1447:
1110:
1040:Creswell, Julie; Ngo, Madeleine (May 20, 2022).
723:
558:
41:In 2022, the United States experienced a severe
993:"Rock-a-Bye Trade Restrictions on Baby Formula"
766:production schedule and labor shortage issues.
334:balance in infants' bodies and cause dangerous
292:Human Milk Banking Association of North America
16:Shortage of infant formula in the United States
4306:
3845:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
1915:"How the U.S. got into this baby formula mess"
1278:Swenson, Kyle; Portnoy, Jenna (May 11, 2022).
1277:
1085:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
1035:
1033:
990:
586:
115:The initial cause of the formula shortage was
3602:
1444:
436:
4042:
3678:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2004:
2002:
1883:Evich, Helena Bottemiller (April 28, 2022).
130:
4337:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3381:Houghtaling, Ellie Quinlan (July 7, 2022).
3380:
3374:
2773:
2767:
2065:
1835:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1039:
1030:
809:Formula availability at the Southern border
367:treating infants affected by the shortage.
325:
4573:
4511:
4211:
3841:
3839:
3202:
2895:
2555:
1691:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1453:
991:Beaumont-Smith, Gabriella (May 10, 2022).
4442:
4440:
4212:Lee, MJ; Vazquez, Maegan (May 13, 2022).
2896:Lee, MJ; Vazquez, Maegan (May 13, 2022).
1999:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
956:
632:
406:On May 12, the White House called on the
4476:
4474:
4242:
3571:
3076:
2742:
1745:
1310:
1111:Schwiegershausen, Erica (May 16, 2022).
1106:
1104:
1102:
925:
522:
490:
134:
20:
4480:
4273:
4073:
3980:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3910:
3836:
3540:
3509:
3478:
3408:
3137:
3079:"Congress pushes Biden on baby formula"
2616:
2614:
2581:
2330:
2301:
2299:
2239:
2117:"Breast milk for sale: Risks and costs"
2082:
1647:
1645:
1580:"Baby formula shortage costing parents"
1411:
1356:
1354:
1246:
1240:
921:
919:
917:
915:
788:
505:Department of Health and Human Services
240:
4631:
4437:
4412:
4146:
4103:
4101:
4011:
3940:
3938:
3783:
3621:
3439:
3263:
2681:
2675:
2366:
2305:
1605:
1417:
1329:
1323:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1017:
986:
984:
212:
165:, was found at the Sturgis plant. The
110:
4604:
4574:Ecchavarri, Fernanda (May 13, 2022).
4471:
4381:
3354:
3323:
3198:
3196:
2864:
2860:
2858:
2650:
2527:
2525:
2429:
2178:
2174:
2172:
1882:
1848:
1846:
1484:
1360:
1271:
1213:
1207:
1099:
682:Some commentators, including actress
452:was directed to investigate cases of
410:and state attorneys to crack down on
383:
234:United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement
3969:
3944:
3904:
3814:
3808:
3722:
2889:
2706:
2611:
2497:
2435:
2399:
2296:
1967:
1651:
1642:
1515:
1351:
912:
660:
617:
151:plant in February 2022, following a
51:2021–2022 global supply chain crisis
4542:
4446:
4098:
3935:
3911:Pearson, Catherine (May 16, 2022).
3647:
3572:Genovese, Daniella (May 17, 2022).
2233:
2083:Pearson, Catherine (May 20, 2022).
1684:
1311:Genovese, Daniella (May 27, 2022).
1172:
1135:
1018:Vogell, Heather (August 21, 2024).
981:
950:
667:United States Department of Justice
601:House Energy and Commerce Committee
375:There were reports of people using
357:
13:
4659:Biden administration controversies
4147:Jewett, Christina (May 19, 2022).
3440:Jewett, Christina (May 16, 2022).
3241:. Associated Press. May 19, 2022.
3193:
2855:
2522:
2466:
2169:
1843:
1454:E. Harnett, Cindy (May 21, 2022).
1418:Weixel, Nathaniel (May 26, 2022).
69:or have certain other conditions.
14:
4680:
4613:from the original on May 15, 2022
4586:from the original on May 14, 2022
4555:from the original on May 14, 2022
4524:from the original on May 16, 2022
4512:M. Collins, Lois (May 13, 2022).
4493:from the original on May 14, 2022
4459:from the original on May 15, 2022
4425:from the original on May 19, 2022
4394:from the original on May 16, 2022
4363:from the original on May 16, 2022
4319:from the original on May 28, 2022
4288:from the original on May 23, 2022
4274:Etienne, Vanessa (May 16, 2022).
4255:from the original on May 16, 2022
4224:from the original on May 13, 2022
4167:from the original on May 20, 2022
4128:from the original on May 20, 2022
4086:from the original on May 12, 2022
4055:from the original on May 18, 2022
4024:from the original on May 18, 2022
3993:from the original on May 18, 2022
3981:Diamond, Rebekah (May 12, 2022).
3957:from the original on May 15, 2022
3923:from the original on May 16, 2022
3796:from the original on May 17, 2022
3765:from the original on May 20, 2022
3735:from the original on May 18, 2022
3704:from the original on May 12, 2022
3660:from the original on May 17, 2022
3648:Lalljee, Dominick Reuter, Jason.
3584:from the original on May 18, 2022
3553:from the original on May 17, 2022
3541:Kimball, Spencer (May 16, 2022).
3522:from the original on May 17, 2022
3491:from the original on May 17, 2022
3479:Kimball, Spencer (May 16, 2022).
3460:from the original on May 17, 2022
3421:from the original on May 14, 2022
3336:from the original on May 22, 2022
3305:from the original on May 23, 2022
3276:from the original on May 23, 2022
3245:from the original on May 20, 2022
3215:from the original on May 19, 2022
3181:from the original on May 20, 2022
3168:
3150:from the original on May 19, 2022
3119:from the original on May 19, 2022
3089:from the original on May 19, 2022
3077:Solender, Andrew (May 18, 2022).
3058:from the original on May 18, 2022
3028:from the original on May 18, 2022
2998:from the original on May 18, 2022
2968:from the original on May 18, 2022
2938:from the original on May 17, 2022
2908:from the original on May 13, 2022
2877:from the original on May 18, 2022
2843:from the original on May 16, 2022
2811:from the original on May 18, 2022
2774:Christensen, Jen (June 8, 2022).
2755:from the original on May 30, 2022
2724:from the original on May 17, 2022
2694:from the original on May 18, 2022
2663:from the original on May 19, 2022
2632:from the original on May 18, 2022
2599:from the original on May 18, 2022
2569:from the original on May 16, 2022
2543:from the original on May 17, 2022
2510:from the original on May 24, 2022
2479:from the original on May 15, 2022
2448:from the original on May 22, 2022
2417:from the original on May 23, 2022
2387:from the original on May 23, 2022
2348:from the original on May 20, 2022
2318:from the original on May 19, 2022
2284:from the original on May 14, 2022
2254:from the original on May 27, 2022
2240:Cummins, Eleanor (May 26, 2022).
2221:from the original on May 17, 2022
2191:from the original on May 17, 2022
2157:from the original on May 20, 2022
2127:from the original on May 16, 2022
2097:from the original on May 27, 2022
2053:from the original on May 15, 2022
2023:from the original on May 27, 2022
1987:from the original on May 16, 2022
1955:from the original on May 25, 2022
1925:from the original on May 21, 2022
1895:from the original on May 17, 2022
1864:from the original on June 1, 2022
1758:from the original on May 22, 2022
1727:from the original on May 15, 2022
1697:from the original on May 17, 2022
1666:from the original on May 18, 2022
1630:from the original on May 18, 2022
1590:from the original on May 19, 2022
1560:from the original on May 19, 2022
1528:from the original on May 12, 2022
1497:from the original on May 15, 2022
1466:from the original on May 24, 2022
1432:from the original on May 26, 2022
1399:from the original on June 1, 2022
1373:from the original on May 14, 2022
1361:Stamm, Stephanie (May 14, 2022).
1292:from the original on May 12, 2022
1259:from the original on June 1, 2022
1247:Marcoux, Heather (May 24, 2022).
1228:from the original on May 27, 2022
1195:from the original on May 11, 2022
1160:from the original on May 16, 2022
1123:from the original on May 18, 2022
1060:from the original on May 21, 2022
999:from the original on May 14, 2022
969:from the original on May 13, 2022
957:Leonhardt, David (May 13, 2022).
938:from the original on May 14, 2022
591:US Congressional Representatives
581:
195:Alleged problems at Sturgis plant
143:The problem was exacerbated when
4605:Weber, Paul KJ. (May 14, 2022).
4598:
4567:
4536:
4505:
4406:
4382:Vakil, Caroline (May 14, 2022).
4375:
4345:
4300:
4267:
4243:Caldwell, Emily (May 13, 2022).
4236:
4205:
4179:
4140:
4067:
4036:
4005:
3784:Shabad, Rebecca (May 16, 2022).
3510:Goodman, Brenda (May 16, 2022).
3409:Oladipo, Gloria (May 12, 2022).
3138:Singman, Brooke (May 18, 2022).
2498:Read, Mackenzie (May 21, 2022).
2306:Bailey, Chelsea (May 19, 2022).
1746:Sullivan, Becky (May 22, 2022).
926:Thompson, Derek (May 12, 2022).
890:Food safety in the United States
819:Ursula migrant processing center
402:Efforts to prevent price gouging
279:Sale and donation of breast milk
4481:Kessler, Glenn (May 12, 2022).
4074:Wilkins, Emily (May 11, 2022).
4012:Nzanga, Merdie (May 13, 2022).
3890:
3862:
3777:
3747:
3716:
3686:
3641:
3615:
3596:
3565:
3534:
3503:
3472:
3433:
3402:
3348:
3317:
3288:
3257:
3227:
3162:
3131:
3101:
3070:
3040:
3010:
2980:
2950:
2920:
2793:
2736:
2644:
2491:
2460:
2367:Morris, Amanda (May 17, 2022).
2360:
2266:
2203:
2139:
2109:
2035:
1937:
1907:
1876:
1803:
1770:
1739:
1709:
1678:
1572:
1540:
1509:
1478:
1385:
1330:Newman, Jesse (July 14, 2022).
1304:
1214:Lopez, Monique (May 26, 2022).
288:Milk banks in the US and Canada
4413:Glover, Erika (May 18, 2022).
3355:Dumas, Breck (June 14, 2022).
3203:O'Neil, Tyler (May 19, 2022).
2743:Sorensen, Mac (May 22, 2022).
1485:Barry, Eloise (May 13, 2022).
1072:
1011:
678:Breast milk vs. formula debate
319:American Academy of Pediatrics
1:
3945:Sung, Morgan (May 13, 2022).
3622:Martin, Ken (June 16, 2022).
3324:Saric, Ivana (May 22, 2022).
3264:Colton, Emma (May 22, 2022).
2651:Myers, Megan (May 18, 2022).
2179:Lally, Nicol (May 17, 2022).
905:
839:Customs and Border Protection
783:invasion of Ukraine by Russia
724:Criticism of federal response
672:
653:, and PBM Holdings (owned by
559:Efforts to restore production
260:South Dakota State University
3815:Mole, Beth (July 20, 2022).
3723:Wong, Scott (May 17, 2022).
1516:Hern, Daisy (May 11, 2022).
835:Homeland Security Department
831:George Washington University
797:White House press secretary
759:stated in an interview with
396:
370:
153:Food and Drug Administration
53:compounded by a large scale
7:
4543:Loe, Megan (May 13, 2022).
4447:Qiu, Linda (May 13, 2022).
2865:Sink, Justin; Edney, Anna.
1652:Mole, Beth (May 17, 2022).
868:
803:Flores Settlement Agreement
627:The Reagan-Udall Foundation
587:Congressional investigation
10:
4685:
3388:US News & World Report
437:Efforts to increase supply
417:Many retailers, including
269:
4649:2022 in the United States
959:"The Baby Formula Crisis"
875:2008 Chinese milk scandal
610:On May 17, House Speaker
509:Department of Agriculture
131:Recall and plant shutdown
105:
4654:2022 in economic history
753:Johns Hopkins University
450:Federal Trade Commission
408:Federal Trade Commission
326:Use of alternative foods
217:A trade analyst for the
4664:Presidency of Joe Biden
1460:Victoria Times Colonist
1337:The Wall Street Journal
1113:"Formula Is a Lifeline"
171:whole genome sequencing
100:Senate Health Committee
75:The Wall Street Journal
633:ABC News investigation
532:
527:Agriculture Secretary
501:Defense Production Act
496:
466:Defense Production Act
253:(D-IL) also urged the
140:
38:
3169:Burke, Melissa Nann.
885:2022–2023 food crises
757:Carey Business School
751:, a professor at the
526:
494:
162:Cronobacter sakazakii
138:
24:
4609:. Associated Press.
1685:CDC (May 12, 2022).
880:2013 Fonterra recall
789:White House response
665:In January 2023 the
637:An investigation by
551:, starting in June.
364:short bowel syndrome
290:are overseen by the
241:Market concentration
139:Similac baby formula
63:market concentration
4487:The Washington Post
3900:. January 23, 2023.
2962:Washington Examiner
2805:Washington Examiner
2123:. August 20, 2020.
1949:The Daily Chronicle
1367:Wall Street Journal
863:The Washington Post
718:Columbia University
597:Raja Krishnamoorthi
262:, has alleged that
213:Import restrictions
111:Supply chain issues
67:nasogastric feeding
59:import restrictions
49:as a result of the
4453:The New York Times
4153:The New York Times
4114:The New York Times
3917:The New York Times
3878:. January 21, 2023
3446:The New York Times
3113:FOX13 News Memphis
2373:The New York Times
2278:FOX13 News Memphis
2153:. April 27, 2017.
1046:The New York Times
995:. Cato Institute.
963:The New York Times
900:Swill milk scandal
895:Infant food safety
775:The New York Times
762:The New York Times
533:
497:
443:Codex Alimentarius
384:Shortage in Canada
226:tariff-rate quotas
141:
39:
31:Monroe, Washington
2593:Eat This Not That
2436:Sirianni, Maura.
1522:Popular Mechanics
1092:978-0-309-71896-7
661:DOJ investigation
618:FDA investigation
538:Ramstein Air Base
149:Sturgis, Michigan
125:Popular Mechanics
4676:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4618:
4602:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4571:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4540:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4529:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4478:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4444:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4359:. May 12, 2022.
4349:
4343:
4342:
4336:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4293:
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4260:
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4183:
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4172:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4105:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4009:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3978:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3942:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3875:Associated Press
3866:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3843:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3761:. May 17, 2022.
3751:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3700:. May 11, 2022.
3690:
3684:
3683:
3677:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3654:Business Insider
3645:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3569:
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3560:
3558:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3476:
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3321:
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3301:. May 23, 2022.
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3175:The Detroit News
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3115:. May 18, 2022.
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3024:. May 17, 2022.
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2994:. May 18, 2022.
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2964:. May 17, 2022.
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2807:. May 12, 2022.
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2720:. May 17, 2022.
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2595:. May 14, 2022.
2585:
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2565:. May 13, 2022.
2559:
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2550:
2548:
2539:. May 12, 2022.
2529:
2520:
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2517:
2515:
2495:
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2484:
2467:Debter, Lauren.
2464:
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2413:. May 23, 2022.
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2344:. May 13, 2022.
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2280:. May 14, 2022.
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2247:The New Republic
2237:
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2217:. May 17, 2022.
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2121:Food Safety News
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2080:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2049:. May 13, 2022.
2039:
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2016:Associated Press
2006:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1983:. May 11, 2022.
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1951:. May 20, 2022.
1941:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1911:
1905:
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1900:
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1871:
1869:
1860:. May 20, 2022.
1850:
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1816:Food Safety News
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1723:. May 12, 2022.
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1626:. May 13, 2022.
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1556:. May 12, 2022.
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1156:. May 14, 2022.
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923:
827:Marsha Blackburn
358:Hospitalizations
98:reported to the
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2047:www.cbsnews.com
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593:Carolyn Maloney
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251:Tammy Duckworth
243:
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12:
11:
5:
4682:
4672:
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4669:2022 in Canada
4666:
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4646:
4644:Infant formula
4641:
4625:
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4597:
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4535:
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4405:
4374:
4357:news.yahoo.com
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4193:. June 9, 2022
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4018:news.yahoo.com
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3759:www.jurist.org
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582:Investigations
580:
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549:Granada, Spain
540:in Germany to
486:hypoallergenic
438:
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359:
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336:brain swelling
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247:Pete Buttigieg
242:
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222:Cato Institute
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55:product recall
47:infant formula
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