Freedom of Information Act (United States)

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adjudication, (C) could reasonably be expected to constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy, (D) could reasonably be expected to disclose the identity of a confidential source, including a State, local, or foreign agency or authority or any private institution which furnished information on a confidential basis, and, in the case of a record or information compiled by a criminal law enforcement authority in the course of a criminal investigation or by an agency conducting a lawful national security intelligence investigation, information furnished by a confidential source, (E) would disclose techniques and procedures for law enforcement investigations or prosecutions, or would disclose guidelines for law enforcement investigations or prosecutions if such disclosure could reasonably be expected to risk circumvention of the law, or (F) could reasonably be expected to endanger the life or physical safety of any individual;

1827:. These agencies are required by several mandates to comply with public solicitation of information. Along with making public and accessible all bureaucratic and technical procedures for applying for documents from that agency, agencies are also subject to penalties for hindering the process of a petition for information. According to the act, if "agency personnel acted arbitrarily or capriciously with respect to the withholding, the Special Counsel shall promptly initiate a proceeding to determine whether disciplinary action is warranted against the officer or employee who was primarily responsible for the withholding." In this way, there is recourse for one seeking information to go to a federal court if suspicion of illegal tampering or delayed sending of records exists. However, nine exemptions address issues of sensitivity and personal rights. They are (as listed in 2660: 36: 1793:, § 552(a)(2). In addition, § 552(a)(3) requires every agency, "upon any request for records which ... reasonably describes such records" to make such records "promptly available to any person." By § 552(a)(4)(B) if an agency improperly withholds any documents, the district court has jurisdiction to order their production. Unlike the review of other agency action that must be upheld if supported by substantial evidence and not arbitrary or capricious, FOIA expressly places the burden "on the agency to sustain its action," and directs the district courts to "determine the matter de novo." 949: 2487: 2695:, which found that FOIA requests could be categorized into "simple" and "difficult" requests, and that although Open America's request was "difficult", the FBI had been using "due diligence" in responding to it. The court held that because there was no pressing urgency to Open America's request, its lawsuit did not move it to the head of the queue, and it would have to wait its turn. This legal reasoning and holding has been adopted by all other American circuits, though courts continue to complain that FOIA request delays are too long. In the 1983 case 2053:

to sue the government for violations of the statute including permitting others to see records unless specifically permitted by the Act." In conjunction with the FOIA, the Privacy Act is used to further the rights of an individual gaining access to information held by the government. The Justice Department's Office of Information and Privacy and federal district courts are the two channels of appeal available to seekers of information.

2149: 2629:, stating that the National Security Council was not truly an agency but a group of aides to the President and thus not subject to FOIA regulations. Under the Presidential Records Act, "FOIA requests for NSC not be filed until five years after the president ha left office ... or twelve years if the records classified." The Clinton administration won, and the National Security Archive was not granted a 4434: 4721:– Preserved collection of sites that deal with Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests and documents. This includes government sites that receive and distribute FOIA documents (aka "FOIA reading rooms") as well as non-profit organizations and government watchdogs that request large numbers of FOIA documents on specific topics like national security and civil rights. 2566:

remain anonymous in the court setting. "To the extent that the Government's proof may compromise legitimate interests, the Government still can attempt to meet its burden with in camera affidavits." The court thus remanded the case to the Circuit Courts and rejected the FBI's claim of confidentiality as being a valid reason to withhold information.

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and the CIA. Second, congressional funding for agency staff to handle FOIA requests is usually far less than the necessary amount to hire sufficient employees. As a result, parties who request information under FOIA often end up filing lawsuits in federal court seeking judicial orders forcing the agencies to comply with their FOIA requests.

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entities either directly or through a "representative". This means that for any FOIA request that by its nature appears as if it might have been made by or on behalf of a non-U.S. governmental entity, a covered agency may inquire into the particular circumstances of the requester in order to properly implement this new FOIA provision.

2569:"While most individual sources may expect confidentiality, the Government offers no explanation, other than administrative ease, why that expectation always should be presumed." Thus, when Theoharis and company were in the middle of fighting in court to obtain J. Edgar Hoover files, they may well have benefited from 2123:. Congress amended FOIA to address the fees charged by different categories of requesters and the scope of access to law enforcement and national security records. The amendments are not referenced in the congressional reports on the Act, so the floor statements provide an indication of Congressional intent. 2713:

this metric, it concluded that federal agencies are struggling to implement public disclosure rules. Using 2012 and 2013 data, the most recent years available, ten of the 15 did not earn satisfactory overall grades, scoring less than 70 out of a possible 100 points. Eight of the ten earned Ds, including the

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analyzed 15 federal agencies which receive the most FOIA requests in-depth. The organization used a scale considering three factors: the clarity of agency rules regarding FOIA requests, quality or 'friendliness' of an agency's FOIA webpage, and the timely, complete manner of processing requests. With

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The Freedom of Information Act nevertheless imposes on the courts the responsibility to ensure that agencies comply with their obligation to "make ... records promptly available to any person" who requests them unless a refusal to do so is justified by one of the Act's specific, exclusive exemptions.

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The act contains a provision legally requiring agencies to respond to FOIA requests within 20 days, but for two main reasons, many agencies rarely meet this requirement. First, the task of screening requests for sensitive or classified information is often arduous and lengthy at agencies like the FBI

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Those amendments to the FOIA regulate government control of documents that concern a citizen. They give one "(1) the right to see records about self, subject to the Privacy Act's exemptions, (2) the right to amend that record if it is inaccurate, irrelevant, untimely, or incomplete, and (3) the right

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and Congressional committees evaluation of the nation's classification system in the late 1950s. They determined that the misuse of government classification of documents was causing insiders to leak documents that were marked "confidential". The committee also determined that the lowest rung of the

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In defense, the FBI put forth a claim that the redacted sections of the documents requested were withheld in accordance with FOIA regulations protecting the identity of informants who gave information regarding case details. However, O'Connor ruled that those who supplied information had no need to

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issued executive directives (and amendments to the directives) that allowed the release of previously classified national security documents more than 25 years old and of historical interest, as part of the FOIA. This release of information allowed many previously publicly unknown details about the

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specifically exempted from disclosure by statute (other than section 552b of this title), provided that such statute (A) requires that the matters be withheld from the public in such a manner as to leave no discretion on the issue, or (B) establishes particular criteria for withholding or refers to

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In effect, this new language precluded any covered U.S. intelligence agency from disclosing records in response to FOIA requests made by foreign governments or international governmental organizations. By its terms, it prohibits disclosure in response to requests made by such non-U.S. governmental

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The Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments of 1996 (E-FOIA) stated that all agencies are required by statute to make certain types of records, created by the agency on or after November 1, 1996, available electronically. Agencies must also provide electronic reading rooms for citizens to

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records or information compiled for law enforcement purposes, but only to the extent that the production of such law enforcement records or information (A) could reasonably be expected to interfere with enforcement proceedings, (B) would deprive a person of a right to a fair trial or an impartial

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upon request. The act defines agency records subject to disclosure, outlines mandatory disclosure procedures, and includes nine exemptions that define categories of information not subject to disclosure. The act was intended to make U.S. government agencies' functions more transparent so that the

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Scalia remained highly critical of the 1974 amendments, writing years later that "It is the Taj Mahal of the Doctrine of Unanticipated Consequences, the Sistine Chapel of Cost-Benefit Analysis Ignored." Scalia particularly disliked the availability of judicial review, decrying that if "an agency

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It has often been observed that the central purpose of the FOIA is to "open … up the workings of government to public scrutiny." One of the premises of that objective is the belief that "an informed electorate is vital to the proper operation of a democracy." A more specific goal implicit in the

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A review of recent state laws by the Center for Election Innovation & Research found at least 13 states that have sought to protect election staff from the abuse of FOIA requests in several ways, such as creating publicly accessible databases that do not require staff assistance and giving

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uncovered several federal agencies where staff regularly used fictitious identities and secret or unlisted email accounts to conduct government business. The use of these email accounts stymied FOIA requests. In some cases, the government demanded exorbitant (greater than $ 1 million) fees for

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after it has been requested. That is, a request for information that meets the criteria for availability under FOIA can still be denied if the government determines that the information should have been classified, and unavailable. It also sets a timeline for automatic declassification of old

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Starting in 2012, the Federal government job title Government Information Specialist was established for professionals focused on FOIA or privacy matters. Agencies sometimes track or process FOIA requests on websites or systems shared across organizations, such as FOIAonline and eFOIA.

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in the Department of State, and "such other elements of any other department or agency as may be designated by the President, or designated jointly by the Director of Central Intelligence and the head of the department or agency concerned, as an element of the intelligence community".

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it recognizes electronic media specifically and defines "News Media" as "any person or entity that gathers information of potential interest to a segment of the public, uses its editorial skills to turn the raw materials into a distinct work, and distributes that work to an

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use to have access to records. Given the large volume of records and limited resources, the amendment also extended the agencies' required response time to FOIA requests. Formerly, the response time was ten days and the amendment extended it to twenty business days.

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and the National Security Council's purging of PROFS records. A Temporary Restraining Order was approved by Senior U.S. District Court Judge Barrington D. Parker. Suit was filed at District Court under Judge Richey, who upheld the injunction of PROFS records.

2478:(FBI) officers in charge of responding to FOIA requests "so heavily redacted the released records as to preclude needed research." This has also brought into question just how one can verify that they have been given complete records in response to a request. 394: 1967:

was enacted into positive law. For reasons now unclear but which may have had to do with the way the enactment of Title 5 changed how the law being amended was supposed to be cited, the original Freedom of Information Act was replaced. A new act in

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on these grounds. According to Scott Armstrong, taking into account labor and material costs, the three presidential administrations spent almost $ 9.3 million on contesting the National Security Archive FOIA requests for PROFS e-mail records.

356: 318: 1993:(originally H.R. 5357 in the 90th Congress), repealed the original and put in its place a substantively identical law. This statute was signed on June 5, 1967, and had the same effective date as the original statute: July 4, 1967. 2376:

it extends the 20-day deadline by allowing for up to 10 days between the FOIA office of the agency and the component of the agency holding the records and specifically allows for clarification of requests by the FOIA office (Effective

1811:'s opposition, Congress expanded Section 3 of the APA as a standalone measure in 1966 to further standardize the publication of government records, consistent with the belief that the people have the "right to know" about them. The 1779:(APA). Section 3 of the APA, as enacted in 1946, gave agencies broad discretion concerning the publication of governmental records. Following concerns that the provision had become more of a withholding than a disclosure mechanism, 3466:. United States of America, United States Department of Justice, and United States Department of State, Petitioners, v. Leslie R. Weatherhead, Respondent, in the Supreme Court of the United States. November 19, 1999. Archived from 489: 451: 793: 869: 2774:

attempting to disrupt the functioning of local and county election offices. Often unreasonably broad, repetitive, or based on misinformation, the high volume of requests has led to what a Colorado official said amounts to "a

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in 2004. However, on November 21, the lame-duck Congress overrode President Ford's veto, giving the United States the core Freedom of Information Act still in effect today, with judicial review of executive secrecy claims.

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earned an F. The State Department's score (37 percent) was dismal due to its extremely low processing score of 23 percent, which was completely out of line with any other agency's performance. Scores of five agencies, the

1839:(A) specifically authorized under criteria established by an Executive order to be kept secret in the interest of national defense or foreign policy and (B) are in fact properly classified pursuant to such Executive order; 660: 5136: 1128: 603: 413: 3211: 1888:

from disclosure of "information of a commercial nature, including trade secrets, whether or not obtained from a person outside the Postal Service, which under good business practice would not be publicly disclosed".

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allowed federal agencies to withhold enormous amounts of information under Exemption 1 (relating to national security information), claiming it would better protect the country and strengthen national security.

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The agencies affected by this amendment are those that are part of, or contain "an element of", the "intelligence community". As defined in the National Security Act of 1947 (as amended), they consist of the

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An Act to amend section 3 of the Administrative Procedure Act, chapter 324, of the Act of June 11, 1946 (60 Stat. 238), to clarify and protect the right of the public to information, and for other purposes

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83 (1963), by withholding material exculpatory evidence, he filed Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests with the FBI for information it had compiled in connection with the murder investigation."

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foregoing principles is to give citizens access to the information on the basis of which government agencies make their decisions, thereby equipping the populace to evaluate and criticize those decisions.

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contained in or related to examination, operating, or condition reports prepared by, on behalf of, or for the use of an agency responsible for the regulation or supervision of financial institutions; or

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on local government." Local election officials in Florida and Michigan have reported spending 25-70% of staff time in recent years on processing public records requests. In 2022, officials in

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With the ongoing stress on both constitutional and inherent rights of American citizens and the added assertion of government subservience to the individual, some, particularly representative

2347:, on December 31, 2007. This law, also known as the "OPEN Government Act of 2007", amended the federal FOIA statute in several ways. According to a White House press release, it does so by: 1800:, thought that it was necessary for government information to be available to the public. This push built on existing principles and protocols of government administration already in place. 5093: 1914:, who was chairman of the House Government Information Subcommittee. It took Moss 12 years to get the FOIA through Congress. Much of the desire for government transparency stemmed from the 641: 584: 565: 5318: 3269:. This means that while Title 5 existed before, it was merely a compilation of laws but not the law itself. Only about half of the U.S. Code is positive law, meaning the law itself. See 2228:

legislation were amendments to the FOIA (pertaining mainly to intelligence agencies) entitled "Prohibition on Compliance with Requests for Information Submitted by Foreign Governments":

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amended the section in 1966 as a standalone act to implement "a general philosophy of full agency disclosure." The amendment required agencies to publish their rules of procedure in the

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of financial companies, including "watch lists" they gathered about other companies, trading records of investment managers, and "trading algorithms" used by investment firms.

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had an accessible file which documented all the reports of this folder, the FBI and Office of Information and Privacy put forth "stony resistance" to the FOIA appeal process.

850: 774: 2443:(SEC) from requests under the Freedom of Information Act. The provisions were initially motivated out of concern that the FOIA would hinder SEC investigations that involved 1923:

adequately. The Moss Committee took it upon itself to reform confidentiality policy and implement punishments for the overuse of classification by officials and departments.

3220: 2436: 3298:"Veto Battle 30 Years Ago Set Freedom of Information Norms: Scalia, Rumsfeld, Cheney Opposed Open Government Bill; Congress Overrode President Ford's Veto of Court Review" 2613:, Armstrong's association for the preservation of government historical documents, obtained an injunction in Federal District Court against the head, John Fawcett, of the 3090: 4067: 2621:

Richey gave a further injunction to prevent a purging of the George H.W. Bush's administration's records as well. On counts of leaving the White House clean for the new

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Memorandum for President Ford from Ken Cole, "H.R. 12471, Amendments to the Freedom of Information Act", September 25, 1974 Source: Gerald R. Ford Library. Document 10.

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to provide for certain disclosures under section 552 of title 5, United States Code, (commonly referred to as the Freedom of Information Act), and for other purposes."

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Especially where, as here, an agency's responses to a request for information have been tardy and grudging, courts should be sure they do not abdicate their own duty.

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it establishes an Office of Government Information Services (OGIS) which will offer mediation services to resolve disputes as non-exclusive alternative to litigation.

4963: 4947: 2688: 2242:(E) An agency, or part of an agency, that is an element of the intelligence community (as that term is defined in section 3(4) of the National Security Act of 1947 ( 1179: 375: 3464:"Brief Amici Curiae of The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press and the Society of Professional Journalists in support of Leslie R. Weatherhead, Respondent" 3355: 2805: 908: 4015: 3921: 2554: 2536: 1489: 1325: 917: 897: 874: 855: 836: 817: 798: 779: 760: 741: 722: 703: 684: 665: 646: 627: 608: 589: 570: 551: 532: 513: 494: 475: 470: 456: 437: 418: 399: 380: 361: 342: 323: 304: 4283: 2919: 2111:

The outcry from the effect that the Reagan Order had on FOIA requests was a factor in leading President Clinton to dramatically alter the criteria in 1995.

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it requires agencies to assign tracking numbers to FOIA requests that take longer than 10 days, and to provide systems determining the status of a request.

1312: 1956:, but had an effective date of one year after the date of enactment, or July 4, 1967. The law set up the structure of FOIA as we know it today. President 5298: 3064: 1763:

for reporting purposes, though such uses make up less than 10% of all requests—which are more frequently made by businesses, law firms, and individuals.

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Administration were insulated. However, they were also backed up and transferred to paper memos. The National Security Council, on the eve of President

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it specifically addresses data sources used to generate reports; "shall make the raw statistical data used in its reports available electronically ..."

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denies a freedom of information request, shazam!—the full force of the Third Branch of the government is summoned to the wronged party's assistance."

5255: 2691:, and the court issued an order commanding the FBI to either immediately comply with or deny Open America's request. The government appealed to the 2454:

passed an act repealing those provisions. The act was introduced in the Senate on August 5, 2010 as S.3717 and given the name "A bill to amend the

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inter-agency or intra-agency memoranda or letters which would not be available by law to a party other than an agency in litigation with the agency;

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Freedom of Information Act requests have led to the release of information such as this letter by J. Edgar Hoover about surveillance of ex-Beatle

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asking them to lobby a particular White House staffer. President Ford was persuaded to veto the bill on October 17, 1974, according to documents

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it requires agencies to make recommendations personnel matters related to FOIA such as whether FOIA performance should be used as a merit factor.

1677: 207: 4746:. Enrolled Acts and Resolutions of Congress, compiled 1789–2008. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. July 4, 1966. Archived from 4931: 2307: 2303: 1089: 4343: 2474:

A major issue in released documentation is government "redaction" of certain passages deemed applicable to the Exemption section of the FOIA.

5239: 4607: 4408: 3157: 2771: 1501: 1455: 4041: 5263: 4734: 2734: 2687:. The FBI had over 5,000 pending FOIA requests at the time and did not respond within the statutory 20-day limit. Open America sued in the 2614: 2361: 1776: 1590: 1084: 142: 1858:

personnel and medical files and similar files the disclosure of which would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy;

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it calls for each agency to designate a FOIA Public Liaison, "who shall assist in the resolution of any disputes" (Effective 12/31/2008).

1740: 20: 2996: 2255:(i) any government entity, other than a State, territory, commonwealth, or district of the United States, or any subdivision thereof; or 5176: 5061: 4987: 3493: 1931:

The FOIA was initially introduced as the bill S. 1160 in the 89th Congress. When the two-page bill was signed into law, it became

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law that requires the full or partial disclosure of previously unreleased or uncirculated information and documents controlled by the

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reported one request that required nearly half the election office’s staff to spend four days sorting and scanning 20,000 documents.

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wrote the unanimous opinion. "In an effort to support his claim in subsequent state court proceedings that the prosecution violated

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165 (1993), involved what was alleged to be a felony murder committed during a group burglary by defendant Landano. Justice

2196:. Public access to presidential records was restored to the original extent of five years (12 for some records) outlined in the 977: 4444: 3766: 3086: 965: 4955: 4741: 4593: 4478: 3809: 1815:

was passed as a countervailing measure to ensure the security of government documents increasingly kept on private citizens.

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Related to information which would lead to financial speculation or endanger the stability of any financial institution, and

5208: 4655:"The Freedom of Information Act Reimagined: Lawmaking, Transparency, and National Security In Twenty-First-Century America" 1612: 1585: 1556: 1443: 1392: 1385: 1153: 1066: 1056: 4689: 4489: 3180: 1807:—believed that certain types of unclassified government information should nonetheless remain secret. Notwithstanding the 4777: 4365: 3340: 2738: 2315: 1915: 1670: 1546: 1300: 1295: 4459: 3787: 3568: 2770:

Since 2020, election officials across the U.S. have reported an overwhelming increase in records requests from apparent

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Administration, the Bush group appealed but was denied its request. Finally, the Clinton Administration appealed to the

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This trend of unwillingness to release records was especially evident in the process of making public the FBI files on

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it redefines the definition of an agency "record" to include information held for an agency by a government contractor.

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with explanatory entries on various aspects of FOIA, including caselaw, agency information, and recent FOIA decisions

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directing that required attorney fees be paid from an agency's own appropriation rather than from the Judgment Fund;

2290:(and certain other reconnaissance offices within the Department of Defense), the intelligence elements of the Army, 4793: 4007: 2531: 2235:(1) in subparagraph (A) by inserting "and except as provided in subparagraph (E)", after "of this subsection"; and 1467: 940: 717: 193: 4221: 4207: 3636: 3258: 2911: 2726: 2714: 2709: 2475: 2463: 2455: 1982: 1945: 1619: 1484: 1450: 1288: 123: 115: 4127: 5128: 5053: 4852: 4770: 4674: 4304: 2676: 2459: 2287: 2062: 1753: 1663: 1624: 1523: 1236: 1222: 1031: 256: 3056: 5303: 4817: 3181:"Lyndon B. Johnson: "Statement by the President Upon Signing the "Freedom of Information Act.", July 4, 1966" 2152:

An example of an E-FOIA request. This particular request concerns possible records the FBI might have on the

1907: 1563: 1352: 1041: 970: 4509: 4068:"While US Attorney General, Eric Holder Used Kareem Abdul-Jabbar's Birth Name as His Official Email Address" 3985: 2597:

computer communications software. With encryption designed for secure messaging, PROFS notes concerning the

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That law was initially repealed. During the period between the enactment of the act and its effective date,

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confidentiality ladder "confidential" should be removed. They deemed that "secret" and "top secret" covered

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trade secrets and commercial or financial information obtained from a person and privileged or confidential;

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Your Right to Federal Records: Questions and Answers on the Freedom of Information Act and the Privacy Act

2514:, most notably one entire folder entitled the "White House Security Survey". Despite finding out that the 2344: 2221: 5184: 5112: 4876: 2634: 2510:. Of the 164 files and about eighteen thousand pages collected by the FBI, two-thirds were withheld from 2279: 2120: 2037: 1534: 1370: 990: 262: 85: 5120: 4890: 4858: 4196: 4160: 3870: 3620: 3245: 2332: 2209: 2019: 1969: 1932: 1421: 1046: 1756:

to address them. The FOIA has been changed repeatedly by both the legislative and executive branches.

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This article is about the U.S. federal law. For freedom of information in the fifty U.S. states, see

2577:'s assertions of the government's need for "greater openness" and "discretionary releases" in 1993. 108: 4257: 3120: 2780: 2776: 2311: 2275: 2197: 2193: 2104: 1649: 1568: 1530: 1433: 1375: 1331: 1206: 1061: 1036: 982: 4416: 3629: 3149: 3057:"Michael Smith's Law Blog: Why Wells?: Exploring the Freedom of Information Act's Ninth Exemption" 2341: 2218: 1748:

American public could more easily identify problems in government functioning and put pressure on

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and the FBI requesting copies of all their documents relating to the role of former FBI Director

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prohibiting an agency from assessing certain fees if it fails to comply with FOIA deadlines; and

4920: 4822: 4622:(Editor's Note: I have added links to those articles I located that were available at no cost.) 2825: 2598: 2544: 2295: 1780: 1749: 1201: 2992: 4979: 4724: 3925: 3489: 3427: 3038:; American Civil Liberties Union Foundation pamphlet written by Allan Robert Adler, pp. 3–5, 2626: 2558: 2540: 2419: 2171: 1775:, the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) was moved from its original home in Section 3 of the 1230: 1211: 1103: 921: 901: 878: 859: 840: 821: 802: 783: 764: 745: 726: 707: 688: 669: 650: 631: 612: 593: 574: 555: 536: 517: 498: 479: 460: 441: 422: 403: 384: 365: 346: 327: 308: 2422:, which allows the government to classify certain specific types of information relevant to 948: 35: 5200: 5019: 4492:. The American Presidency Project. University of California – Santa Barbara. Archived from 3710:"Public Law 110-175 OPENNESS PROMOTES EFFECTIVENESS IN OUR NATIONAL GOVERNMENT ACT OF 2007" 3219:. 4th International Conference of Information Commissioners. pp. 54–74. Archived from 1270: 3840: 3467: 3297: 913: 893: 8: 5003: 4440: 3903: 3677: 3270: 2810: 2750: 2175: 2015: 1885: 1812: 1257: 1193: 831: 250: 4382: 3841:"Legislative Proposals to Address Concerns Over the SEC's New Confidentiality Provision" 3595: 2976: 4553: 4545: 4284:"Insight: Pro-Trump activists swamp election officials with sprawling records requests" 2630: 2511: 1881: 1283: 1166: 936: 881: 862: 843: 824: 812: 805: 767: 756:

Bibles, Oregon Director, Bureau of Land Management v. Oregon Natural Desert Association

748: 729: 710: 691: 672: 653: 596: 558: 520: 501: 482: 463: 444: 425: 406: 387: 368: 349: 330: 159: 4042:"'Secret' Email Accounts Raise More Questions, Concerns About Government Transparency" 3928: 3659: 3649: 3547: 2882: 2849: 2439:, signed into law in July 2010, included provisions in section 929I that shielded the 577: 539: 5069: 4971: 4589: 4573: 4557: 4520:(Mentions inadequacy of government response to FOIA requests, e.g. around 22 min. in) 4474: 4298: 4229: 3431: 3420: 3039: 2684: 2606: 2549: 2423: 2386:

it codifies and defines annual reporting requirements for each agency's FOIA program.

2079: 2007: 1957: 1920: 1804: 1186: 1161: 786: 634: 615: 311: 232: 3695: 2850:"To Suspend the Rules and Pass S. 1160, A Bill … – House Vote #277 – Jun 20, 1966" 2248: 4883: 4762: 4747: 4581: 4537: 3544: 3254: 2943:"John Moss and the Roots of the Freedom of Information Act: Worldwide Implications" 2647: 2331:

signed the Openness Promotes Effectiveness in our National Government Act of 2007,

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In 2002, Congress passed the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2003,

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Related to investigatory records where the information would harm the proceedings,

1978: 1868:

geological and geophysical information and data, including maps, concerning wells.

5192: 5160: 4896: 4832: 4662: 4608:"Features – A Selected Bibliography on the Freedom of Information Act, 1980–2004" 4369: 4350: 4203: 4167: 3770: 3763: 3742: 3415: 3277: 2815: 2787:

election staff the authority to deny unreasonable or clearly frivolous requests.

2680: 2507: 2190: 2101: 2065:, Exemption 3 of the FOIA was amended so that several exemptions were specified: 2022: 1892:

A federal court has concisely described the vital role of the FOIA in democracy:

1744: 1144: 1094: 4629: 4585: 4344:

OPM establishes a new occupational series for FOIA and Privacy Act professionals

2427:

information that is not specifically identified as requiring continued secrecy.

1832: 1736: 5077: 4913: 4678: 4493: 3598:. United States Department of Justice Office of Information and Privacy. 2002. 3188: 2515: 2451: 2328: 2179: 2033: 2011: 189: 4362: 3783: 3560: 5292: 4718: 4666: 4574:"Towards More Open Democracies: The Expansion of Freedom of Information Laws" 4233: 2602: 2409: 3380: 2401:

it requires agencies to specify the specific exemption for each deletion or

2182:

on November 1, 2001, restricted access to the records of former presidents.

4807: 4654: 4572:

Cain, Bruce E.; Dalton, Russell J.; Scarrow, Susan E. (December 18, 2003).

2622: 2594: 2444: 2430: 2415: 2225: 2203: 2186: 2143: 2132: 2041: 1797: 4490:"Statement by the President Upon Signing the 'Freedom of Information Act'" 3519: 2114: 1842:

related solely to the internal personnel rules and practices of an agency;

3640: 3518:. Illinois Institute of Technology Paul V. Galvin Library. Archived from 2590: 2491: 2026: 1808: 1760: 16:

1967 US statute regarding access to information held by the US government

4363:

Position Classification Flysheet for Government Information Series, 0306

2360:

establishing an Office of Government Information Services (OGIS) in the

737:

United States Department of Defense v. Federal Labor Relations Authority

4812: 4222:"Trump backers flood election offices with requests as 2022 vote nears" 3262: 2574: 2495: 1949: 1911: 1772: 127: 4549: 4525: 3422:

A Culture of Secrecy: The Government Versus the People's Right to Know

1986: 2402: 2258:(ii) a representative of a government entity described in clause (i). 642:

Department of Justice v. Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press

271:

The Intelligence Authorization Act of 2002, PL 107-306, 116 Stat 2383

4541: 4409:"Want to Obtain FBI Records a Little Quicker? Try New eFOIA System" 2830: 2137: 1216: 197: 3213:

The Presidential Executive Order on the Freedom of Information Act

2651:

records that appeals showed should be available for minimal cost.

2351:

establishing a definition of "a representative of the news media;"

395:

Federal Open Market Committee of Federal Reserve System v. Merrill

4526:"The Early Years of the Freedom of Information Act. 1955 to 1974" 4098:"DEA wants $ 1.4 million before it will begin processing request" 4008:"US officials found to be using secret government email accounts" 2185:

This order was revoked on January 21, 2009, as part of President

2056: 1823:

The act explicitly applies only to government agencies under the

51: 4258:"Election Officials & the Misuse of Public Records Requests" 2521: 2502:, eventually resulted in the release of documents like this one. 2252:)) shall not make any record available under this paragraph to— 2148: 4715:– The National Security Archive at George Washington University 4180: 4178: 4176: 3899: 2029:

were concerned about leaks. Assistant Attorney General for the

357:

National Labor Relations Board v. Robbins Tire & Rubber Co.

4673: 4487: 3741:. National Archives and Records Administration. Archived from 3490:"FOIA Reform Legislation Enacted: FOIA Update Vol. VII, No. 4" 3178: 2893: 2891: 2232:

Section 552(a)(3) of title 5, United States Code, is amended—

2036:

advised the bill was unconstitutional and even telephoned the

1709: 775:

Department of Interior v. Klamath Water Users Protective Assn.

4727:– compiled by the Law Librarians' Society of Washington, D.C. 4515:

Reflections on the U.S. Treasury Department in the Late 1990s

4173: 3934: 3896:

Bill Summary & Status- 111th Congress (2009–2010) S.3717

3280:

for background on positive law codifiation of the U.S. Code.

3087:"USPS: ZIP Codes are "Commercially Sensitive" Trade Secrets" 2762:, the SEC, the DOJ, and the EPA, even decreased marginally. 2587:

Scott Armstrong v. Executive Office of the President, et al.

5319:

United States federal government administration legislation

4612: 3596:"FOIA Post: FOIA Amended by Intelligence Authorization Act" 2888: 2499: 2091:

Related to the agency's participation in legal proceedings.

2078:

Related to information where disclosure would constitute a

1715: 319:

Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration v. Robertson

4508: 4461:

US Gov't Sets Record for Failures to Find Files When Asked

4319:"Lawmakers eye more exemptions to target "abuse'" of FOIA" 3036:

Step-by-Step Guide to using the Freedom of Information Act

2912:"Who files the most FOIA requests? It's not who you think" 2699:

the District of Columbia Circuit Court of Appeals stated:

2675:, in which Open America had filed a FOIA request with the 2641: 2410:

2009 Executive Order permitting retroactive classification

4964:

Bi-Metallic Investment Co. v. State Board of Equalization

4443:

from judicial opinions or other documents created by the

3810:"House holds hearing on controversial SEC FOIA exemption" 3266: 2437:

Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act

2271: 2166: 2095: 2072:

Related solely to internal personnel rules and practices,

1990: 1953: 1712: 4706: 3958: 3946: 2806:

Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy

2790: 2431:

2010 repeal of FOIA amendments in Wall Street reform act

2204:

Intelligence Authorization Act of 2002 amending the FOIA

2144:

Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments of 1996

2119:

The FOIA amendments were a small part of the bipartisan

794:

National Archives & Records Administration v. Favish

490:

United States Department of State v. Washington Post Co.

452:

Consumer Product Safety Commission v. GTE Sylvania, Inc.

5309:

Freedom of information legislation in the United States

4679:"Access to Government Information in the United States" 4473:(2nd ed.). St. Paul, Minnesota: Foundation Press. 3244:

The enactment of Title 5 into positive law was done by

2609:'s inauguration, planned to destroy these records. The 2498:

based on FOIA, with the assistance of lawyers from the

2115:

1986 Omnibus Anti-Drug Abuse Act amendments to the FOIA

4197:

Making the Grade: Access to Information Scorecard 2015

909:

United States Fish and Wildlife Service v. Sierra Club

870:

Schindler Elevator Corp. v. United States ex rel. Kirk

274:

OPEN Government Act of 2007, PL 110-175, 121 Stat 2524

1724: 1706: 4792: 4730: 4709:– U.S. Department of Justice FOIA complete reference 4469:

Hickman, Kristen E.; Pierce, Richard J. Jr. (2014).

4220:

Gardner, Amy; Marley, Patrick (September 13, 2022).

2865:

Who Owns Information?: From Privacy To Public Access

2671:

The first major case of this type was the 1976 case

2140:

and other historical events to be discussed openly.

2014:

wanted to sign FOIA-strengthening amendments in the

1960:, despite his misgivings, signed the FOIA into law. 4157:

Open America v. Watergate Special Prosecution Force

2673:

Open America v. Watergate Special Prosecution Force

1996: 1906:The law came about because of the determination of 1703: 661:

United States Department of Justice v. Tax Analysts

3982:"TOP OBAMA APPOINTEES USING SECRET EMAIL ACCOUNTS" 3871:"Schapiro explains why some info should be secret" 3621: 3419: 3246: 2333: 2210: 1970: 1933: 4571: 4488:Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T (July 4, 1966). 4262:The Center for Election Innovation & Research 3712:. Government Printing Office. December 31, 2007. 2100:Between 1982 and 1995, President Ronald Reagan's 2001: 604:Church of Scientology v. Internal Revenue Service 414:Kissinger v. Reporters Comm. for Freedom of Press 5290: 4044:. Chilling Effects Clearinghouse. Archived from 2689:U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia 1759:The FOIA is commonly known for being invoked by 4471:Federal Administrative Law: Cases and Materials 3733: 3731: 3561:"Executive Order 13489 on Presidential Records" 3541:Executive Order no. 13489, Presidential Records 3385:. Electronic Privacy Information Center. 1992. 3341:"The Freedom of Information Act Has No Clothes" 300:Renegotiation Board v. Bannercraft Clothing Co. 153:5 U.S.C.: Government Organization and Employees 4035: 4033: 3426:. Kansas: University Press of Kansas. p. 2322: 2057:1976 Government in the Sunshine Act amendments 889:Food Marketing Institute v. Argus Leader Media 4778: 4468: 4219: 4184: 3975: 3973: 3139:. New York, NY: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark. 3110: 3108: 2897: 2580: 1671: 268:Electronic Freedom of Information Act of 1996 4735:Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press 3728: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 2735:United States Department of Veterans Affairs 2615:National Archives and Records Administration 2362:National Archives and Records Administration 1846:particular types of matters to be withheld; 1085:Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs 4464:, March 18, 2016 – via New York Times 4030: 2987: 2985: 2314:, the Department of Homeland Security, the 509:Federal Bureau of Investigation v. Abramson 21:Freedom of information in the United States 5299:Freedom of Information Act (United States) 5062:Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe 4988:Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth 4785: 4771: 3970: 3450:Exec. Order No. 12356, 3 C.F.R. 166 (1983) 3105: 3089:. The WebLaws.org Blog. November 6, 2013. 2693:U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit 1678: 1664: 4605: 4523: 3964: 3952: 3940: 3918:United States Dep't of Justice v. Landano 3458: 3456: 3414: 3334: 3332: 3011: 2862: 2765: 2069:Information relating to national defense, 4652: 4627: 3839:Schapiro, Mary L. (September 16, 2010). 3838: 3209: 2982: 2909: 2723:United States Department of the Treasury 2658: 2485: 2238:(2) by adding at the end the following: 2147: 2075:Related to accusing a person of a crime, 699:United States Department of State v. Ray 528:Federal Trade Commission v. Grolier Inc. 5248:Bowen v. Georgetown University Hospital 4128:"The Pentagon's $ 660 million FOIA fee" 4039: 3508: 3160:from the original on September 27, 2013 3131: 3129: 2760:Department of Health and Human Services 2756:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 2747:Department of Health and Human Services 2663:U.S. Department of Justice headquarters 2642:Secret e-mail accounts and abusive fees 5291: 4695:from the original on December 4, 2021. 4445:federal judiciary of the United States 4108:from the original on February 17, 2016 4078:from the original on February 26, 2016 4014:. The Associated Press. June 4, 2013. 3984:. The Associated Press. Archived from 3979: 3877:from the original on February 25, 2021 3764:President Bush Signs S. 2488 into Law 3590: 3588: 3586: 3453: 3361:from the original on February 22, 2016 3338: 3329: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 2999:from the original on February 14, 2007 2364:to review agency compliance with FOIA. 2167:2001 Executive Order limiting the FOIA 2096:1982 Executive Order limiting the FOIA 1901: 1803:Others, though—most notably President 4766: 4606:Ravnitzky, Michael (March 15, 2004). 4281: 4252: 4250: 3913: 3911: 3851:from the original on January 11, 2023 3790:from the original on November 8, 2015 3786:. Federation of American Scientists. 3716:from the original on January 11, 2009 3571:from the original on January 26, 2016 3093:from the original on November 7, 2013 3054: 2940: 2791:Implementation by government agencies 547:United States v. Weber Aircraft Corp. 5209:Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo 4725:Freedom of Information Act Resources 4653:Phillips, Matthew F. (May 1, 2017). 4630:"The myth of freedom of information" 3602:from the original on August 24, 2007 3492:. U.S. Department of Justice. 1986. 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3210:Metcalfe, Daniel J. (May 23, 2006). 3179:Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley. 3126: 2126: 1926: 4415:. November 30, 2015. Archived from 3583: 3516:"Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)" 3496:from the original on August 6, 2007 3283: 2922:from the original on April 10, 2022 2739:United States Department of Defense 2316:Bureau of Intelligence and Research 2284:National Imagery and Mapping Agency 585:Central Intelligence Agency v. Sims 566:Department of Justice v. Provenzano 13: 4530:PS: Political Science and Politics 4452: 4389:from the original on July 19, 2019 4247: 4138:from the original on March 4, 2016 3908: 3626:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 3389:from the original on June 17, 2004 3308:from the original on July 13, 2007 3251:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 3067:from the original on July 31, 2020 2965: 2953:from the original on July 19, 2019 2743:Securities and Exchange Commission 2654: 2481: 2441:Securities and Exchange Commission 2338:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 2215:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 1975:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 1938:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 947: 212:Committee on Government Operations 14: 5330: 4700: 4018:from the original on May 15, 2016 3773:FAS Project on Government Secrecy 3401: 3373: 2910:Schouten, Cory (March 17, 2017). 2856: 2731:United States Department of Labor 2131:Between 1995 and 1999, President 1965:Title 5 of the United States Code 1027:National Environmental Policy Act 680:John Doe Agency v. John Doe Corp. 219:on October 13, 1965 (passed) 188:in the Senate as S. 1160 by 5314:Privacy law in the United States 4794:United States administrative law 4524:Archibald, Sam (December 1993). 4432: 4353:, April 23, 2012, at justice.gov 4282:Layne, Nathan (August 3, 2022). 3302:Electronic Briefing Book No. 142 3055:Smith, Michael (April 1, 2014). 2532:Department of Justice v. Landano 2529:A murder trial decided in 1993, 2523:Department of Justice v. Landano 2494:. A 25-year battle by historian 2469: 2414:On December 29, 2009, President 1997:Amendments and executive actions 1699: 1117:Judicial review of agency action 718:Department of Justice v. Landano 34: 4719:Stanford Libraries FOIA archive 4600:Chapter In book, PDF Available 4401: 4375: 4356: 4337: 4311: 4275: 4213: 4208:Center for Effective Government 4190: 4150: 4120: 4090: 4060: 4000: 3889: 3863: 3832: 3802: 3776: 3757: 3702: 3684: 3666: 3614: 3553: 3534: 3482: 3444: 3320: 3238: 3203: 3185:The American Presidency Project 3172: 3142: 3079: 3048: 2727:Environmental Protection Agency 2715:Department of Homeland Security 2710:Center for Effective Government 2476:Federal Bureau of Investigation 2464:Investment Advisers Act of 1940 2456:Securities Exchange Act of 1934 2368:Changes include the following: 1739:, is the United States federal 1365:Regulated fields (and agencies) 623:Department of Justice v. Julian 338:Department of Air Force v. Rose 73:Public Information Availability 5129:Universal Camera Corp. v. NLRB 5054:Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner 4853:Government in the Sunshine Act 4675:Congressional Research Service 4628:Chenault, John (Spring 2014). 4040:Woolery, Liz (June 14, 2013). 3339:Scalia, Antonin (March 1982). 2941:Jones, Nate (April 17, 2018). 2934: 2903: 2871: 2842: 2601:(arms-for-hostages) under the 2460:Investment Company Act of 1940 2288:National Reconnaissance Office 2063:Government in the Sunshine Act 2002:Privacy Act Amendments of 1974 1162:Committed to agency discretion 1032:Government in the Sunshine Act 277:Wall Street Reform Act of 2010 257:Government in the Sunshine Act 70:Public Information Act of 1966 1: 3980:Gillum, Jack (June 4, 2013). 3154:The National Security Archive 2836: 2725:(Treasury) (68 percent), the 1908:U.S. House of Representatives 1766: 971:Notice of proposed rulemaking 225:on June 20, 1966 (306–0) 5169:Christensen v. Harris County 5028:Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co. 4841:Administrative Procedure Act 4618:Law Library Resource Xchange 2719:Department of Transportation 1777:Administrative Procedure Act 1752:, agency officials, and the 1067:Federal Vacancies Reform Act 1057:Unfunded Mandates Reform Act 1017:Administrative Procedure Act 851:Milner v. Department of Navy 280:FOIA Improvement Act of 2016 143:Administrative Procedure Act 7: 5185:United States v. Mead Corp. 5121:Skidmore v. Swift & Co. 5113:NLRB v. Hearst Publications 4877:Code of Federal Regulations 4586:10.1093/0199264996.003.0006 4185:Hickman & Pierce (2014) 3873:. CNN. September 16, 2010. 3769:September 24, 2015, at the 3643:, § 312 (to be codified at 2898:Hickman & Pierce (2014) 2799: 2323:OPEN Government Act of 2007 2280:Defense Intelligence Agency 2121:Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 991:Code of Federal Regulations 288:United States Supreme Court 263:Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 86:89th United States Congress 10: 5335: 4891:Emergency Federal Register 4859:Regulatory Flexibility Act 4847:Freedom of Information Act 4743:Freedom of Information Act 4510:Mariano-Florentino Cuéllar 4439:This article incorporates 4303:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 3150:"FOIA Legislative History" 3137:Freedom of Information Act 3135:Gold, Susan Dudley. 2012. 3123: (D.C. Cir. 1983). 2916:Columbia Journalism Review 2581:Iran–Contra affair e-mails 2304:Department of the Treasury 2020:White House Chief of Staff 1692:Freedom of Information Act 1047:Regulatory Flexibility Act 1022:Freedom of Information Act 265:, PL 99–570, 100 Stat 3207 208:Committee on the Judiciary 29:Freedom of Information Act 18: 5223: 5104: 5045: 5038: 4939: 4930: 4905: 4868: 4831: 4800: 4210:, retrieved 21 March 2016 2821:FOIA Exemption 3 Statutes 2611:National Security Archive 1874:Postal Reorganization Act 1848:FOIA Exemption 3 Statutes 1371:Antitrust and competition 1090:Administrative Conference 294: 286: 259:, PL 94–409, 90 Stat 1241 253:, PL 93–579, 88 Stat 1896 247: 242: 181: 176: 158: 148: 138: 133: 114: 104: 99: 91: 80: 63: 50: 42: 33: 4713:FOIA Legislative History 4202:August 11, 2019, at the 3061:Michael Smith's Law Blog 2863:Branscomb, Anne (1994). 2781:Maricopa County, Arizona 2777:denial-of-service attack 2729:(EPA) (67 percent), the 2276:National Security Agency 2198:Presidential Records Act 2178:and issued by President 2061:In 1976, as part of the 1818: 1650:Statutory interpretation 1332:Unitary executive theory 1123:Arbitrary and capricious 1062:Congressional Review Act 1037:National Emergencies Act 983:Administrative law judge 4932:Supreme Court decisions 4686:The Library of Congress 3784:"Executive Order 13526" 3678:§ 552(a)(3)(E)(ii) 3276:April 21, 2021, at the 2450:In September 2010, the 2405:in disclosed documents. 2031:Office of Legal Counsel 1910:member John E. Moss of 1279:Congressional oversight 1079:Regulatory coordination 1052:Paperwork Reduction Act 376:Chrysler Corp. v. Brown 204:Committee consideration 5012:Vermont Yankee v. NRDC 4996:United States v. FECRC 4921:Foreign Affairs Manual 4823:Nondelegation doctrine 4578:Democracy Transformed? 4441:public domain material 4368:July 31, 2020, at the 4349:July 19, 2019, at the 4206:March 2015, 80 pages, 2977:§ 552(a)(4)(F)(i) 2826:Mosaic theory (US law) 2766:Abuse of FOIA requests 2706: 2664: 2503: 2263: 2159: 1899: 1741:freedom of information 952: 4980:Richardson v. Perales 4733:– wiki maintained by 4166:July 7, 2019, at the 4134:. February 26, 2016. 4074:. February 25, 2016. 3820:on September 19, 2010 3121:697 F.2d 1095 2701: 2677:U.S. Attorney General 2662: 2627:U.S. Court of Appeals 2489: 2420:Executive Order 13526 2230: 2172:Executive Order 13233 2151: 1916:Department of Defense 1894: 1212:Nationwide injunction 1104:Executive Order 12866 1100:Cost–benefit analysis 1042:Inspector General Act 951: 5304:1966 in American law 5201:West Virginia v. EPA 5020:Califano v. Yamasaki 4906:Policies and manuals 4750:on February 22, 2014 4512:(January 12, 2016). 4419:on December 8, 2015. 4104:. February 5, 2015. 2308:Department of Energy 1771:As indicated by its 1313:Independent agencies 1252:Separation of powers 832:FCC v. AT&T Inc. 200:) on October 4, 1965 170:ch. 5, subch. II 5004:Mathews v. Eldridge 4833:Federal legislation 3943:, pp. 151–152. 3904:Library of Congress 3745:on November 5, 2018 3660:§ 552(a)(3)(E) 3650:§ 552(a)(3)(A) 3226:on October 18, 2011 2883:§ 552(a)(4)(F) 2811:Federal Records Act 2751:Department of State 2545:Sandra Day O'Connor 2176:Alberto R. Gonzales 2016:Privacy Act of 1974 1902:Legislative history 1886:U.S. Postal Service 1813:Privacy Act of 1974 1319:Humphrey's Executor 1306:Senate confirmation 1258:Appointments Clause 1011:Statutory framework 471:Baldrige v. Shapiro 251:Privacy Act of 1974 177:Legislative history 30: 5137:MVMA v. State Farm 5094:Corner Post v. FRB 4956:Londoner v. Denver 4948:CMSPR v. Minnesota 4634:Kentucky Libraries 4496:on August 22, 2018 4383:"About FOIAonline" 3988:on October 7, 2013 3550:(January 21, 2009) 3191:on August 22, 2018 2745:(61 percent). The 2741:(61 percent), the 2737:(64 percent), the 2733:(63 percent), the 2665: 2631:writ of certiorari 2599:Iran–Contra affair 2512:Athan G. Theoharis 2504: 2160: 1761:news organizations 1645:Constitutional law 953: 937:Administrative law 813:Taylor v. Sturgell 28: 5286: 5285: 5282: 5281: 5219: 5218: 5070:Heckler v. Chaney 4972:Goldberg v. Kelly 4677:(June 13, 2007). 4595:978-0-19-926499-5 4480:978-1-60930-337-2 4170:(D.C. Cir. 1976). 3267:September 6, 1966 2685:Watergate scandal 2607:George H. W. Bush 2550:Brady v. Maryland 2424:national security 2127:1995–99 expansion 2080:breach of privacy 2008:Watergate scandal 1958:Lyndon B. Johnson 1927:Initial enactment 1921:national security 1805:Lyndon B. Johnson 1688: 1687: 931: 930: 433:Forsham v. Harris 233:Lyndon B. Johnson 217:Passed the Senate 117:Statutes at Large 5326: 5043: 5042: 4937: 4936: 4884:Federal Register 4787: 4780: 4773: 4764: 4763: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4696: 4694: 4683: 4670: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4624: 4602: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4519: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4484: 4465: 4436: 4435: 4421: 4420: 4405: 4399: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4379: 4373: 4360: 4354: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4302: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4279: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4254: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4217: 4211: 4194: 4188: 4182: 4171: 4154: 4148: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4064: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4048:on July 20, 2013 4037: 4028: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3977: 3968: 3965:Theoharis (1998) 3962: 3956: 3953:Theoharis (1998) 3950: 3944: 3941:Theoharis (1998) 3938: 3932: 3915: 3906: 3893: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3836: 3830: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3816:. Archived from 3806: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3780: 3774: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3739:"OGIS Home Page" 3735: 3726: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3706: 3700: 3698: 3688: 3682: 3680: 3670: 3664: 3662: 3652: 3627: 3623: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3592: 3581: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3557: 3551: 3538: 3532: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3460: 3451: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3425: 3416:Theoharis, Athan 3412: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3377: 3371: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3360: 3345: 3336: 3327: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3294: 3281: 3271:uscode.house.gov 3268: 3252: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3225: 3218: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3187:. Archived from 3176: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3146: 3140: 3133: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3103: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3052: 3046: 3032: 3009: 3008: 3006: 3004: 2989: 2980: 2979: 2969: 2963: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2938: 2932: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2907: 2901: 2895: 2886: 2885: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2846: 2772:election deniers 2648:Associated Press 2339: 2335: 2251: 2216: 2212: 1992: 1976: 1972: 1955: 1939: 1935: 1882:§ 410(c)(2) 1825:executive branch 1791:Federal Register 1786:Federal Register 1727: 1722: 1721: 1718: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1680: 1673: 1666: 1339:Legislative veto 1095:Executive orders 998:Federal Register 933: 932: 243:Major amendments 223:Passed the House 162:sections created 118: 56: 38: 31: 27: 5334: 5333: 5329: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5324: 5323: 5289: 5288: 5287: 5278: 5272:NCTA v. Brand X 5215: 5193:Kisor v. Wilkie 5161:Auer v. Robbins 5153:Chevron v. NRDC 5100: 5039:Judicial Review 5034: 4926: 4901: 4897:Regulations.gov 4864: 4827: 4796: 4791: 4753: 4751: 4740: 4703: 4692: 4681: 4663:Lewiston, Maine 4643: 4641: 4596: 4562: 4560: 4499: 4497: 4481: 4458: 4455: 4453:Further reading 4433: 4424: 4407: 4406: 4402: 4392: 4390: 4381: 4380: 4376: 4370:Wayback Machine 4361: 4357: 4351:Wayback Machine 4342: 4338: 4328: 4326: 4317: 4316: 4312: 4296: 4295: 4288: 4286: 4280: 4276: 4266: 4264: 4256: 4255: 4248: 4238: 4236: 4226:Washington Post 4218: 4214: 4204:Wayback Machine 4195: 4191: 4183: 4174: 4168:Wayback Machine 4155: 4151: 4141: 4139: 4126: 4125: 4121: 4111: 4109: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4081: 4079: 4066: 4065: 4061: 4051: 4049: 4038: 4031: 4021: 4019: 4006: 4005: 4001: 3991: 3989: 3978: 3971: 3963: 3959: 3951: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3916: 3909: 3894: 3890: 3880: 3878: 3869: 3868: 3864: 3854: 3852: 3837: 3833: 3823: 3821: 3808: 3807: 3803: 3793: 3791: 3782: 3781: 3777: 3771:Wayback Machine 3762: 3758: 3748: 3746: 3737: 3736: 3729: 3719: 3717: 3708: 3707: 3703: 3690: 3689: 3685: 3672: 3671: 3667: 3654: 3644: 3625: 3619: 3615: 3605: 3603: 3594: 3593: 3584: 3574: 3572: 3559: 3558: 3554: 3539: 3535: 3525: 3523: 3522:on June 2, 2002 3514: 3513: 3509: 3499: 3497: 3488: 3487: 3483: 3473: 3471: 3470:on June 9, 2007 3462: 3461: 3454: 3449: 3445: 3438: 3413: 3402: 3392: 3390: 3379: 3378: 3374: 3364: 3362: 3358: 3343: 3337: 3330: 3325: 3321: 3311: 3309: 3296: 3295: 3284: 3278:Wayback Machine 3250: 3243: 3239: 3229: 3227: 3223: 3216: 3208: 3204: 3194: 3192: 3177: 3173: 3163: 3161: 3148: 3147: 3143: 3134: 3127: 3114: 3113: 3106: 3096: 3094: 3085: 3084: 3080: 3070: 3068: 3053: 3049: 3033: 3012: 3002: 3000: 2991: 2990: 2983: 2971: 2970: 2966: 2956: 2954: 2939: 2935: 2925: 2923: 2908: 2904: 2896: 2889: 2877: 2876: 2872: 2861: 2857: 2848: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2816:Glomar response 2802: 2793: 2768: 2681:L. Patrick Gray 2657: 2655:Processing time 2644: 2585:In the case of 2583: 2527: 2508:J. Edgar Hoover 2484: 2482:J. Edgar Hoover 2472: 2433: 2412: 2337: 2325: 2302:, the FBI, the 2243: 2214: 2206: 2191:Executive Order 2169: 2146: 2129: 2117: 2102:Executive Order 2098: 2059: 2023:Donald Rumsfeld 2004: 1999: 1974: 1937: 1929: 1904: 1821: 1769: 1745:U.S. government 1725: 1702: 1698: 1684: 1655: 1654: 1640: 1632: 1631: 1620:Social Security 1366: 1358: 1357: 1289:Organic statute 1253: 1245: 1244: 1207:Major questions 1118: 1110: 1109: 1080: 1072: 1071: 1012: 1004: 1003: 961: 927: 238: 235:on July 4, 1966 229:Signed into law 116: 81:Enacted by 76: 54: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5332: 5322: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5284: 5283: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5276: 5268: 5264:Whitman v. ATA 5260: 5252: 5244: 5236: 5227: 5225: 5221: 5220: 5217: 5216: 5214: 5213: 5205: 5197: 5189: 5181: 5173: 5165: 5157: 5149: 5141: 5133: 5125: 5117: 5108: 5106: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5098: 5090: 5086:Norton v. SUWA 5082: 5078:Webster v. Doe 5074: 5066: 5058: 5049: 5047: 5040: 5036: 5035: 5033: 5032: 5024: 5016: 5008: 5000: 4992: 4984: 4976: 4968: 4960: 4952: 4943: 4941: 4934: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4924: 4917: 4914:Justice Manual 4909: 4907: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4899: 4894: 4887: 4880: 4872: 4870: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4862: 4856: 4850: 4844: 4837: 4835: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4804: 4802: 4798: 4797: 4790: 4789: 4782: 4775: 4767: 4761: 4760: 4738: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4710: 4702: 4701:External links 4699: 4698: 4697: 4671: 4650: 4625: 4603: 4594: 4569: 4542:10.2307/419539 4536:(4): 726–731. 4521: 4506: 4485: 4479: 4466: 4454: 4451: 4450: 4449: 4429: 4428: 4423: 4422: 4400: 4374: 4355: 4336: 4325:. June 9, 2021 4310: 4274: 4246: 4212: 4189: 4187:, p. 123. 4172: 4149: 4119: 4089: 4059: 4029: 3999: 3969: 3967:, p. 159. 3957: 3955:, p. 156. 3945: 3933: 3907: 3888: 3862: 3831: 3801: 3775: 3756: 3727: 3701: 3696:§ 401a(4) 3683: 3665: 3630:107–306 (text) 3613: 3582: 3552: 3533: 3507: 3481: 3452: 3443: 3436: 3400: 3372: 3328: 3319: 3282: 3237: 3202: 3171: 3141: 3125: 3116:McGehee v. CIA 3104: 3078: 3047: 3010: 2981: 2964: 2933: 2902: 2900:, p. 122. 2887: 2870: 2855: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2834: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2801: 2798: 2792: 2789: 2767: 2764: 2721:(68 percent), 2717:(69 percent), 2697:McGehee v. CIA 2656: 2653: 2643: 2640: 2582: 2579: 2526: 2520: 2516:Truman Library 2483: 2480: 2471: 2468: 2452:111th Congress 2432: 2429: 2411: 2408: 2407: 2406: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2374: 2366: 2365: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2342:110–175 (text) 2329:George W. Bush 2324: 2321: 2262: 2261: 2260: 2259: 2256: 2249:§ 401a(4) 2224:. Within this 2219:107–306 (text) 2205: 2202: 2180:George W. Bush 2168: 2165: 2145: 2142: 2128: 2125: 2116: 2113: 2097: 2094: 2093: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2058: 2055: 2034:Antonin Scalia 2012:Gerald R. Ford 2006:Following the 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1928: 1925: 1903: 1900: 1884:) exempts the 1878:39 U.S.C. 1870: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1843: 1840: 1820: 1817: 1768: 1765: 1686: 1685: 1683: 1682: 1675: 1668: 1660: 1657: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1647: 1641: 1639:Related topics 1638: 1637: 1634: 1633: 1630: 1629: 1628: 1627: 1617: 1616: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1598:Transportation 1595: 1594: 1593: 1588: 1578: 1577: 1576: 1571: 1561: 1560: 1559: 1554: 1544: 1543: 1542: 1528: 1527: 1526: 1521: 1511: 1510: 1509: 1504: 1494: 1493: 1492: 1482: 1481: 1480: 1475: 1465: 1464: 1463: 1458: 1448: 1447: 1446: 1441: 1431: 1430: 1429: 1419: 1418: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1406: 1405: 1390: 1389: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1367: 1364: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1356: 1355: 1350: 1349: 1348: 1336: 1335: 1334: 1329: 1322: 1310: 1309: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1292: 1291: 1276: 1275: 1274: 1267: 1254: 1251: 1250: 1247: 1246: 1243: 1242: 1241: 1240: 1228: 1227: 1226: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1198: 1197: 1190: 1183: 1176: 1164: 1159: 1158: 1157: 1150: 1134: 1133: 1132: 1119: 1116: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1081: 1078: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1006: 1005: 1002: 1001: 994: 987: 986: 985: 975: 974: 973: 962: 959: 958: 955: 954: 944: 943: 929: 928: 926: 925: 924:___ (2021) 905: 904:___ (2019) 885: 866: 847: 828: 809: 790: 771: 752: 733: 714: 695: 676: 657: 638: 619: 600: 581: 562: 543: 524: 505: 486: 467: 448: 429: 410: 391: 372: 353: 334: 315: 295: 292: 291: 284: 283: 282: 281: 278: 275: 272: 269: 266: 260: 254: 245: 244: 240: 239: 237: 236: 226: 220: 214: 201: 182: 179: 178: 174: 173: 163: 156: 155: 150: 149:Titles amended 146: 145: 140: 136: 135: 131: 130: 120: 112: 111: 106: 102: 101: 97: 96: 93: 89: 88: 82: 78: 77: 75: 74: 71: 67: 65: 61: 60: 57: 48: 47: 44: 40: 39: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5331: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5296: 5294: 5274: 5273: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5261: 5258: 5257: 5256:Gade v. NSWMA 5253: 5250: 5249: 5245: 5242: 5241: 5240:CFTC v. Schor 5237: 5234: 5233: 5232:INS v. Chadha 5229: 5228: 5226: 5224:Agency Action 5222: 5211: 5210: 5206: 5203: 5202: 5198: 5195: 5194: 5190: 5187: 5186: 5182: 5179: 5178: 5174: 5171: 5170: 5166: 5163: 5162: 5158: 5155: 5154: 5150: 5147: 5146: 5142: 5139: 5138: 5134: 5131: 5130: 5126: 5123: 5122: 5118: 5115: 5114: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5103: 5096: 5095: 5091: 5088: 5087: 5083: 5080: 5079: 5075: 5072: 5071: 5067: 5064: 5063: 5059: 5056: 5055: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5046:Reviewability 5044: 5041: 5037: 5030: 5029: 5025: 5022: 5021: 5017: 5014: 5013: 5009: 5006: 5005: 5001: 4998: 4997: 4993: 4990: 4989: 4985: 4982: 4981: 4977: 4974: 4973: 4969: 4966: 4965: 4961: 4958: 4957: 4953: 4950: 4949: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4918: 4916: 4915: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4904: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4892: 4888: 4886: 4885: 4881: 4879: 4878: 4874: 4873: 4871: 4867: 4860: 4857: 4854: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4830: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4788: 4783: 4781: 4776: 4774: 4769: 4768: 4765: 4749: 4745: 4744: 4739: 4736: 4732: 4729: 4726: 4723: 4720: 4717: 4714: 4711: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4691: 4687: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4667:Bates College 4664: 4660: 4659:Honors Theses 4656: 4651: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4626: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4601: 4597: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4570: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4516: 4511: 4507: 4495: 4491: 4486: 4482: 4476: 4472: 4467: 4463: 4462: 4457: 4456: 4448: 4446: 4442: 4431: 4430: 4426: 4425: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4404: 4388: 4384: 4378: 4371: 4367: 4364: 4359: 4352: 4348: 4345: 4340: 4324: 4320: 4314: 4306: 4300: 4285: 4278: 4263: 4259: 4253: 4251: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4216: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4198: 4193: 4186: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4169: 4165: 4162: 4158: 4153: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4123: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4093: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4063: 4052:September 24, 4047: 4043: 4036: 4034: 4022:September 24, 4017: 4013: 4009: 4003: 3992:September 24, 3987: 3983: 3976: 3974: 3966: 3961: 3954: 3949: 3942: 3937: 3930: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3912: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3892: 3876: 3872: 3866: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3835: 3824:September 25, 3819: 3815: 3811: 3805: 3789: 3785: 3779: 3772: 3768: 3765: 3760: 3744: 3740: 3734: 3732: 3715: 3711: 3705: 3697: 3693: 3687: 3679: 3675: 3669: 3661: 3657: 3651: 3647: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3631: 3624: 3617: 3601: 3597: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3556: 3549: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3521: 3517: 3511: 3495: 3491: 3485: 3469: 3465: 3459: 3457: 3447: 3439: 3437:9780700608805 3433: 3429: 3424: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3388: 3384: 3383: 3376: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3342: 3335: 3333: 3323: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3279: 3275: 3272: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3249: 3241: 3222: 3215: 3214: 3206: 3195:September 24, 3190: 3186: 3182: 3175: 3164:September 24, 3159: 3155: 3151: 3145: 3138: 3132: 3130: 3122: 3117: 3111: 3109: 3092: 3088: 3082: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3051: 3045: 3044:0-86566-062-X 3041: 3037: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 2998: 2994: 2988: 2986: 2978: 2974: 2968: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2937: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2906: 2899: 2894: 2892: 2884: 2880: 2874: 2867:. BasicBooks. 2866: 2859: 2851: 2845: 2841: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2803: 2797: 2788: 2784: 2782: 2778: 2773: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2708:In 2015, the 2705: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2661: 2652: 2649: 2646:In 2013, the 2639: 2636: 2635:Supreme Court 2632: 2628: 2624: 2619: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2578: 2576: 2572: 2567: 2563: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2551: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2533: 2524: 2519: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2479: 2477: 2470:Notable cases 2467: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2448: 2446: 2445:trade secrets 2442: 2438: 2428: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2404: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2370: 2369: 2363: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2349: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2336: 2330: 2320: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2267: 2257: 2254: 2253: 2250: 2246: 2241: 2240: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2220: 2213: 2201: 2199: 2195: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2174:, drafted by 2173: 2164: 2158:urban legend. 2157: 2156: 2150: 2141: 2139: 2134: 2124: 2122: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2067: 2066: 2064: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 1994: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1973: 1966: 1961: 1959: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1936: 1924: 1922: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1898: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1867: 1864: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1837: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1829:5 U.S.C. 1826: 1816: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1799: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1787: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1764: 1762: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1733:5 U.S.C. 1730: 1729: 1720: 1697: 1693: 1681: 1676: 1674: 1669: 1667: 1662: 1661: 1659: 1658: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1636: 1635: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1621: 1618: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1582: 1579: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1566: 1565: 1562: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1549: 1548: 1545: 1541: 1538: 1537: 1536: 1532: 1529: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1516: 1515: 1512: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1498: 1495: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1486: 1483: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1469: 1466: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1452: 1449: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1423: 1422:Communication 1420: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1399: 1396: 1395: 1394: 1391: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1373: 1372: 1369: 1368: 1362: 1361: 1354: 1353:Nondelegation 1351: 1347: 1346: 1342: 1341: 1340: 1337: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1327: 1323: 1321: 1320: 1316: 1315: 1314: 1311: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1296:Appropriation 1294: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1285: 1284:Authorization 1282: 1281: 1280: 1277: 1273: 1272: 1268: 1266: 1265: 1261: 1260: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1249: 1248: 1239: 1238: 1234: 1233: 1232: 1229: 1225: 1224: 1220: 1219: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1196: 1195: 1191: 1189: 1188: 1184: 1182: 1181: 1177: 1175: 1174: 1170: 1169: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1156: 1155: 1151: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1142: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1130: 1126: 1125: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1114: 1113: 1105: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1076: 1075: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1008: 1007: 1000: 999: 995: 993: 992: 988: 984: 981: 980: 979: 976: 972: 969: 968: 967: 964: 963: 957: 956: 950: 946: 945: 942: 941:United States 938: 935: 934: 923: 919: 915: 911: 910: 906: 903: 899: 895: 891: 890: 886: 883: 880: 876: 872: 871: 867: 864: 861: 857: 853: 852: 848: 845: 842: 838: 834: 833: 829: 826: 823: 819: 815: 814: 810: 807: 804: 800: 796: 795: 791: 788: 785: 781: 777: 776: 772: 769: 766: 762: 758: 757: 753: 750: 747: 743: 739: 738: 734: 731: 728: 724: 720: 719: 715: 712: 709: 705: 701: 700: 696: 693: 690: 686: 682: 681: 677: 674: 671: 667: 663: 662: 658: 655: 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