336:
508:
78:
456:, it became known as the 28 cm Kanone. When the Mantel Ring Kanone, or MRK version of the gun was developed, the original became known as the 28 cm Ring Kanone. The 28 cm Ring Kanone L/22 got its final name in 1885, when the German Navy issued a renaming order for its artillery. The gun which had been known as 28 cm Ring Kanone became the 28 cm Ring Kanone L/22 abbreviated 28 cm RK L/22.
25:
495:
angle of only 1.2 degrees at 2,500 m. The long grenade (lang
Granate) c/76 was also fired with an charge of 58 kg. This attained a velocity of 494 m/s. With an elevation of 22.1 degrees, this reached to a distance of 9,000 m. At that distance it hit at an angle of 30 degrees and required a 9.4 by 55 m target to have a 50% chance to hit.
301:(artillery test commission) had attended part of these Russian tests. On 15 September 1868, he noted that the Russian 28 cm fired the 225 kg shot with a velocity of 397 m/s, and that it would penetrate iron armor of 330 mm or an armored hull of 254 mm iron with wooden backing. While it was known that the
459:
In its final design the 28 cm Ring Kanone had a caliber of 283 mm. Measured in the grooves, this was 287 mm. It was 6,100 mm long. The rifling consisted of 36 parallel grooves which were 2 mm deep and 20.2 mm wide. The parts (fields) between the grooves were 4.5 mm
343:
After Krupp had submitted several designs, the first 28 cm gun barrel was ordered in July 1869. It was made to fire shot with a twist rate (distance at which the shot makes a complete turn around its axis) of 69.8 caliber and to use a charge of 40 kg. This first 28 cm gun was ready in
421:
After several more tests, the charge was set at 58 kg of PP c/75. Meanwhile, the
Allgemeines Kriegs Departement ordered 20 28 cm barrels. The navy, for which 9 barrels with 70 caliber twist rate had been completed in 1870, now decided to let these be bored up to 283 mm with retention
271:
in the 1830s, artillery manufacturers strove to increase the charge that was used in their cannon. Krupp made its own variant of the built-up gun, the so-called Ring Kanone. For naval use, it concentrated its efforts on 21 and 24 cm guns. In 1868 Prussia noted that the 24 cm gun would not
494:
The 28 cm RK L/22 shot a 28 cm hardened (hartguss) grenade c/76 with a charge of 58 kg of prismatice gunpowder. This grenade attained a velocity of 473 m/s. With an elevation of 11.1 degrees, this reached to a distance of 6,000 m. The grenade was meant to hit the target at
425:
The 28 cm gun barrel No. 8 was subjected to a durability test. It fired 515 shot, about 200 of these with a charge of 58–60 kg. The effect was that the powder chamber was significantly enlarged at some points, but that was all the damage that it suffered. After these shots, the gun was
384:) grooves and a twist rate of 50 calibers. The charge was increased to 47.5 kg of Prismatic Pulver c/75, and a velocity of 462 m/s was attained. These early tests also showed that with the available machinery, the 28 cm caliber was the largest that a crew could effectively handle.
468:
The regular coastal gun mount for the 28 cm Ring Kanone supposed that it would be behind a 2 m high wall. Krupp made a carriage that mounted the gun at a height of 2.465 m. It enabled the gun to decline 5 degrees and to elevate to 24 degrees. This carriage weighed 16,500 kg,
326:
The
Prussian artillery test commission then issued a report about the required caliber system for the coastal artillery. It advised to use guns of 15 cm, 21 cm, and 27 cm caliber, as well as a 21 cm mortar. The Allgemeines Kriegsdepartement and the Navy Ministry approved the
434:
The Mantel Ring Kanone type of built-up gun would become the successor of the Ring Kanone. The difference in construction was that the strong inner gun tube was surrounded by another tube and mantle, before the rings (hoops) were applied. The made the gun barrel stronger, because the inner was
281:
Imperial Russia was an important early customer for Krupp guns. In 1865 Krupp made a 21 cm Ring Kanone for Russia. In 1866, a 23 cm gun which was later changed to a Ring Kanone. In 1864, Russia had ordered a single muzzle-loading 11-inch gun at Krupp. It was cast as a massive barrel.
322:
The delegate of the artillery test commission who attended the durability test of the
Russian 28 cm gun at the Krupp facilities advised to test the Russian gun. The reasons were that it was much more powerful than the 24 cm K L/20, but still light enough to be moved by the available
387:
The next steps were the rifling of the part of the barrel in which the shot were placed; the introduction of shot that used copper rings to attain twist; and the introduction of charges of 52.5-57.5 kg. In early 1876, tests were conducted on the new artillery range at
438:
In 1877 the German admiralty had Krupp change two 28 cm RK L/22 to the mantle ring construction. Krupp expected that with 50 kg of gunpowder, the 28 cm MRK L/22 would attain the same velocity as the previous 28 cm RK L/22.
351:
In the Summer of 1872 and in May 1873, the gun was tested against a mock up armored hull. With 40 kg of gunpowder it fired with a velocity of 427 m/s. Somewhat later 47.5 kg of gunpowder was used, which increased velocity to 440 m/s.
289:
In 1868 the
Russian 28 cm Ring Kanone was delivered to the Russian government. The Russian government then subjected it to a durability test at the Krupp factory headed by General Nikolai V. Mayevski (known for his work on the
418:). Decreasing the depth of the grooves was achieved by increasing the (ungrooved) caliber of the gun to 283 mm. The advantage of boring up the gun was that existing guns could be changed to use copper driving bands.
498:
Later shot fired by the 28 cm RK L/22 were: the 28 cm
Hartgussgranate L/2,5 previously known as 28 cm Hartgussgranate C/76; and the 28 cm Granate L/2,5, previously known as 28 cm Granate C/76.
305:, which was then being tested near Berlin, did not suffice to penetrate the strongest ship armor, a higher caliber gun was needed. This would become even more urgent when more ships would get
544:
After tests in 1872/73, the German navy concluded that for the coastal artillery, the 28 cm caliber would not be heavy enough in the near future. This led to the development of the
323:
machinery. He also added a drawing of the gun to his message. In
October 1868, the Allgemeines Kriegsdepartement then approved the acquisition of a 28 cm gun and carriage.
486:. This carriage was made by Gruson, and allowed an elevation from -3 degrees to + 15 degrees. It used a hydraulic system for aiming. This carriage weighed 27,970 kg.
469:
including floor parts. There was also an older version of the carriage, which mounted the gun at a height of 2.330 m. Both versions used cog wheels for aiming.
359:
and led to lower atmospheric pressure in the barrel. With 57 kg of
Prismatic Pulver c/75 the 28 cm gun fired shot with a velocity of 466 m/s.
46:
355:
The development of the
Prismatic Pulver c/75 (PP c/75) was essential to improve the capabilities of the 28 cm gun. This kind of gunpowder had a higher
1116:
422:
of the twist rate. Nine more guns, which were not yet completely finished, got the same twist rate as the second test gun, i.e. 50 calibers twist rate.
327:
advice, but changed the 27 cm caliber to a 28 cm caliber. This caliber was really 27.94 cm, i.e. 11 inch rounded to 28 cm.
400:
The 28 cm gun got its final inner construction when the
Artillery test commission decided to change the barrel to resemble the lighter
272:
suffice as highest caliber. On board ships it would resort to a 26 cm gun. For the navy it would profit from Krupp's work for Russia.
556:
armored gunboats. Developments in artillery then changed from increasing the caliber to lengthening the gun barrel and the shot. With the
33:
1106:
1057:"Zusammenstellung der in der Marine-Artllerie vorhandenen gezogenen und glatten Geschüssrohre in Bezug auf Bennenung un Schreibweise"
452:
The 28 cm Ring Kanone L/22 was first known as the 28 cm or 11 inch gun. When the German Navy officially adopted the
294:). This durability test was about shooting with massive shot of 225 kg and with an explosive charge of 37.5 kg.
1111:
367:
The further development of the lone 28 cm gun was delayed by the much more urgent tests of the 17 cm and
298:
282:
Shortly before being finished, it was changed to breechloading with a simple Krupp horizontal sliding wedge and a
1101:
335:
1121:
259:
with a Krupp cylindroprismatic sliding breech. For some time it was the heaviest German naval gun.
507:
412:
on the projectiles. The 36 wedged grooves were changed to wider, but shallower parallel grooves (
372:
38:
291:
210:
256:
125:
8:
553:
435:
already put under pressure by the mantle. Inside the barrel, the rifled part was longer.
345:
77:
1048:
Entwicklung der Kanonen-Fabrikation in der Gussstahl-Fabrik von Friedrich Krupp in Essen
483:
107:
482:
carriage', which allowed to aim the gun from behind the smallest possible embrasure /
94:
522:
The 28 cm RK L/22 was also used in the armored gun turrets on the mouth of the
549:
392:. With a charge of 55 kg of PP c/75, a velocity of 470 m/s was reached.
1080:
1069:
1056:
1046:
1034:
545:
356:
220:
564:, the German Navy again opted for the 28 cm caliber for its heaviest guns.
378:
In early 1874, a second 28 cm gun entered into the tests. It had 36 wedge (
561:
557:
460:
wide. The gun weight 27,500 kg, including the 1,020 kg breech block.
283:
276:
1095:
1071:
Die Entwickelung der preußischen Küsten- und Schiffs-Artillerie von 1860-1878
453:
401:
368:
1085:
Türkisch-Deutsche Beziehungen.: Perspektiven aus Vergangenheit und Gegenwart
527:
512:
409:
405:
302:
268:
252:
389:
536:
In 1874, Portugal ordered 6 28 cm RK L/22 for its coastal defence.
519:
The 28 cm RK L/22 was used at multiple places on the German coast.
533:
In 1873, Turkey ordered 12 28 cm RK L/22 for its coastal defence.
306:
864:
862:
847:
479:
952:
859:
200:
24:
472:
For more elaborate fortifications or gun turrets, there was a
523:
143:
1081:"Deutsche Waffenlieferungen in die Türkei von 1871 bis 1914"
942:
940:
903:
901:
753:
751:
1087:, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co, Berlin, pp. 171–191
726:
724:
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874:
835:
823:
811:
799:
787:
775:
763:
748:
736:
530:
II, where it was mounted on the minimalscharte carriage.
721:
709:
624:
607:
588:
573:
690:
678:
639:
1055:
1033:
1000:
988:
958:
868:
853:
1041:. Kriegs Ministerium, Berlin. 1871. pp. 194–197.
1035:"Kaliber Bezeichnung der Geschutze nach der Metermas"
666:
526:. It is known to have been used in the gun turret of
429:
82:
Early (279 mm) version of the 28 cm K L/22
976:
286:, and was ringed, i.e. changed to a built-up gun.
1093:
426:still reliable and serviceable in January 1878.
317:
447:
330:
473:
413:
379:
251:was a 28 cm caliber Krupp Ring Kanone (
339:Early version of the 28 cm Ring Kanone L/22
1117:Military equipment introduced in the 1870s
1067:
1018:
970:
946:
931:
919:
907:
892:
880:
841:
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781:
769:
757:
742:
730:
715:
703:
684:
660:
648:
633:
618:
601:
582:
1063:. Kaiserlichen Admiralität, Berlin. 1885.
348:it was then placed in a coastal battery.
1045:
1006:
994:
672:
506:
334:
49:of all important aspects of the article.
1051:, Fried.-Krupp-Aktiengesellschaft, 1875
539:
396:The final 28 cm RK L/22 (283 mm) design
362:
1094:
45:Please consider expanding the lead to
255:) used for coastal defence. It was a
1078:
982:
18:
16:1870 German Navy coastal defence gun
13:
442:
404:gun. This was done to switch from
371:guns. These guns were used on the
14:
1133:
430:The 28 cm Mantel Ring Kanone L/22
1107:Naval guns of the Ottoman Empire
230:Effective firing range
76:
23:
344:the Summer of 1870. Due to the
37:may be too short to adequately
552:, which ended up on board the
312:
238:Maximum firing range
47:provide an accessible overview
1:
1027:
299:Artillerie Prüfungskommission
262:
1068:Von Müller, Hermann (1879),
318:Adopting the 11 inch caliber
7:
959:Marineverordnungsblatt 1885
869:Marineverordnungsblatt 1885
854:Armee Verordnungsblatt 1871
463:
297:A delegate of the Prussian
267:After the invention of the
10:
1138:
1074:, Robert Oppenheim, Berlin
448:The 28 cm Ring Kanone L/22
331:The first German 28 cm gun
274:
1112:World War I naval weapons
237:
229:
219:
209:
199:
194:
186:
178:
173:
165:
157:
149:
139:
134:
118:
113:
104:Place of origin
103:
87:
75:
68:
567:
373:Preussen-class ironclads
215:horizontal sliding wedge
489:
70:28 cm Ring Kanone L/22
1061:Marineverordnungsblatt
1039:Armee Verordnungsblatt
516:
502:
475:Minimalscharte Lafette
474:
414:
380:
340:
1102:Naval guns of Germany
510:
338:
292:ballistic coefficient
1079:Türk, Fahri (2012),
540:Further developments
363:The second 28 cm gun
257:rifled breech loader
221:Muzzle velocity
126:Imperial German Navy
346:Franco-Prussian War
517:
341:
249:28 cm RK L/22
190:6.10 m (L/22)
135:Production history
108:Kingdom of Prussia
663:, p. 88, 93.
245:
244:
95:Coastal Artillery
64:
63:
1129:
1122:Krupp naval guns
1088:
1075:
1064:
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1042:
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670:
664:
658:
652:
646:
637:
631:
622:
616:
605:
599:
586:
580:
550:30.5 cm MRK L/22
511:Fortress island
477:
417:
383:
80:
71:
66:
65:
59:
56:
50:
27:
19:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1092:
1091:
1030:
1025:
1019:Von Müller 1879
1017:
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1005:
1001:
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989:
981:
977:
971:Von Müller 1879
969:
965:
957:
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947:Von Müller 1879
945:
938:
932:Von Müller 1879
930:
926:
920:Von Müller 1879
918:
914:
908:Von Müller 1879
906:
899:
893:Von Müller 1879
891:
887:
881:Von Müller 1879
879:
875:
867:
860:
852:
848:
842:Von Müller 1879
840:
836:
830:Von Müller 1879
828:
824:
818:Von Müller 1879
816:
812:
806:Von Müller 1879
804:
800:
794:Von Müller 1879
792:
788:
782:Von Müller 1879
780:
776:
770:Von Müller 1879
768:
764:
758:Von Müller 1879
756:
749:
743:Von Müller 1879
741:
737:
731:Von Müller 1879
729:
722:
716:Von Müller 1879
714:
710:
704:Von Müller 1879
702:
691:
685:Von Müller 1879
683:
679:
671:
667:
661:Von Müller 1879
659:
655:
649:Von Müller 1879
647:
640:
634:Von Müller 1879
632:
625:
619:Von Müller 1879
617:
608:
602:Von Müller 1879
600:
589:
583:Von Müller 1879
581:
574:
570:
546:30.5 cm RK L/22
542:
505:
492:
466:
450:
445:
443:Characteristics
432:
398:
365:
357:specific weight
333:
320:
315:
279:
265:
195:
130:
114:Service history
99:
83:
69:
60:
54:
51:
44:
32:This article's
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1135:
1125:
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1114:
1109:
1104:
1090:
1089:
1076:
1065:
1053:
1043:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1021:, p. 172.
1011:
999:
987:
985:, p. 185.
975:
973:, p. 200.
963:
951:
949:, p. 299.
936:
934:, p. 199.
924:
922:, p. 195.
912:
910:, p. 292.
897:
895:, p. 191.
885:
883:, p. 188.
873:
858:
856:, p. 196.
846:
844:, p. 263.
834:
832:, p. 259.
822:
820:, p. 184.
810:
808:, p. 165.
798:
796:, p. 162.
786:
784:, p. 167.
774:
772:, p. 166.
762:
760:, p. 163.
747:
745:, p. 150.
735:
720:
708:
689:
677:
665:
653:
638:
636:, p. 296.
623:
621:, p. 297.
606:
604:, p. 288.
587:
585:, p. 164.
571:
569:
566:
562:28 cm MRK L/40
558:28 cm MRK L/35
548:and later the
541:
538:
504:
501:
491:
488:
465:
462:
449:
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428:
397:
394:
364:
361:
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284:Broadwell ring
277:28 cm L/20 M67
275:Main article:
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182:27,500 kg
180:
176:
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174:Specifications
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41:the key points
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1020:
1015:
1009:, p. 49.
1008:
1007:Krupp AG 1875
1003:
997:, p. 48.
996:
995:Krupp AG 1875
991:
984:
979:
972:
967:
961:, p. 30.
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718:, p. 90.
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706:, p. 89.
705:
700:
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694:
687:, p. 88.
686:
681:
675:, p. 39.
674:
673:Krupp AG 1875
669:
662:
657:
651:, p. 92.
650:
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461:
457:
455:
454:metric system
440:
436:
427:
423:
419:
416:
411:
410:driving bands
407:
403:
402:26 cm RK L/22
393:
391:
385:
382:
376:
374:
370:
369:26 cm RK L/22
360:
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293:
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250:
241:9,000 m.
240:
236:
233:6,000 m.
232:
228:
225:494 m/s.
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55:December 2023
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871:, p. 6.
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478:or 'minimal
471:
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433:
424:
420:
415:Parallelzüge
399:
386:
377:
366:
354:
350:
342:
325:
321:
303:24 cm K L/20
296:
288:
280:
269:built-up gun
266:
253:built-up gun
248:
246:
158:Manufacturer
119:Used by
52:
36:
34:lead section
554:Wespe class
390:Kummersdorf
313:Development
307:gun turrets
205:283 mm
1096:Categories
1028:References
528:Langlütjen
513:Langlütjen
408:to copper
263:Background
983:Türk 2012
480:embrasure
153:1867-1876
39:summarize
484:loophole
464:Carriage
166:Produced
150:Designed
140:Designer
201:Caliber
211:Breech
187:Length
568:Notes
524:Weser
161:Krupp
144:Krupp
560:and
490:Shot
406:lead
381:keil
247:The
179:Mass
169:1870
88:Type
503:Use
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1037:.
939:^
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723:^
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641:^
626:^
609:^
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515:II
375:.
309:.
57:)
53:(
43:.
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