221:
subdivision of the players the normal procedure for such divisi passages is that the "outside" player of the desk (the one closer to the audience) takes the upper part, the "inside" player the lower, but it is also possible to divide by alternating desks, the favored method in threefold divisi. The "inside" player typically turns the pages of the part, while the "outside" player continues playing. In cases where a page turn occurs during an essential musical part, modern performers may photocopy some of the music to enable the page turn to take place during a less important place in the music.
182:(leader in the UK); each of the other string sections also has a principal player (principal second violin, principal viola, principal cello, and principal bass) who play the orchestral solos for the section, lead entrances and, in some cases, determine the bowings for the section (the concertmaster/leader may set the bowings for all strings, or just for the upper strings). The principal string players sit at the front of their section, closest to the conductor and on the row of performers which is closest to the audience.
93:
420:
1781:
161:
36:
1809:
225:
to the large width of the instrument, it is found easier for each player to have their own stand. There are not usually as many basses as cellos, so they are either in one row, or for a larger section, in two rows, with the second row behind the first. In some orchestras, some or all of the string sections may be placed on wooden risers, which are platforms that elevate the performers.
224:
There are more variations of set-up with the double bass section, depending on the size of the section and the size of the stage. The basses are commonly arranged in an arc behind the cellos, either standing or sitting on high stools, usually with two players sharing a stand; though occasionally, due
294:
era, the bass and cello would typically play from the same part, labelled "Bassi". Given the pitch range of the instruments, this means that if a double bassist and a cellist read the same part, the double bass player would be doubling the cello part an octave lower. While passages for cellos alone
220:
In a typical stage set-up, the first and second violins, violas and cellos are seated by twos, a pair of performers sharing a stand being called a "desk", Each principal (or section leader) is usually on the "outside" of the first desk, that is, closest to the audience. When the music calls for
324:, the music to which God tells the newly created beasts to be fruitful and multiply achieves a rich, dark tone by its setting for divided viola and cello sections with violins omitted. Famous works without violins include the 6th of the
233:
The size of a string section may be expressed with a formula of the type (for example) 10–10–8–10–6, designating the number of first violins, second violins, violas, cellos, and basses. The numbers can vary widely: Wagner in
185:
In the 19th century it was standard to have the first and second violins on opposite sides (violin I, cello, viola, violin II), rendering obvious the crossing of their parts in, for example, the opening of the finale to
277:
The music for a string section is not necessarily written in five parts; besides the variants discussed below, in classical orchestras the 'quintet' is often called a 'quartet', with basses and cellos playing together.
194:. If space or numbers are limited, cellos and basses can be put in the middle, violins and violas on the left (thus facing the audience) and winds to the right; this is the usual arrangement in
386:
were without violin parts, there being parts for 1st and 2nd viola, and for 1st and 2nd cello; though optional violin parts were added later by publishers. Some orchestral works by
140:
of a musical work, the phrase "the strings" or "and strings" is used to indicate a string section as just defined. An orchestra consisting solely of a string section is called a
212:
string sections, one on each side of the stage. In some cases, due to space constraints (as with an opera pit orchestra) or other issues, a different layout may be used.
597:
164:
One possible seating arrangement for an orchestra. First violins are labelled "Vln I"; second violins are "Vln II"; violas are "Vla"; and double basses (in German
301:) are common in Mozart and Haydn, independent parts for both instruments become frequent in Beethoven and Rossini and common in later works of Verdi and Wagner.
262:
period (ca. 1800–1910), string sections were significantly enlarged to produce a louder, fuller string sound that could match the loudness of the large
174:
The most common seating arrangement in the 2000s is with first violins, second violins, violas, and cello sections arrayed clockwise around the
531:
music. In this context the size and composition of the string section is less standardised, and usually smaller, than a classical complement.
671:
1444:
204:
1204:
693:
581:
783:
621:(1768), however, has a figure showing second violins facing the audience and principals facing the singers, reflecting the
100:
performing with a jazz group. The string sections are at the front of the orchestra, arrayed in a semicircle around the
1839:
1369:
718:
79:
61:
46:
1756:
1683:
1241:
645:(University of California Press, 1981) weighs the various merits in the chapter "Platform planning", pp. 49ff
496:
258:
period (ca. 1720–1800) used (and is often played in the modern era with) smaller string sections. During the
1688:
675:
270:
era, some composers requested smaller string sections. In some regional orchestras, amateur orchestras and
267:
191:
602:
1197:
1799:
274:, the string sections may be relatively small, due to the challenges of finding enough string players.
97:
17:
679:
431:
776:
291:
1834:
1829:
1419:
845:
706:
382:
57:
403:
246:
1813:
1785:
1190:
500:
356:
255:
1479:
1761:
1709:
1345:
346:
329:
325:
1612:
320:
8:
1521:
1394:
835:
769:
351:
53:
1246:
1113:
1048:
909:
820:
455:
333:
556:
described the cellos-on-the-right arrangement as part of a 20th-century "sea change" (
515:"String section" is also used to describe a group of bowed string instruments used in
376:
1516:
825:
714:
626:
574:
553:
504:
461:
175:
144:. Smaller string sections are sometimes used in jazz, pop, and rock music and in the
1729:
1704:
1658:
1592:
1454:
1256:
1083:
1038:
949:
914:
899:
830:
366:
290:
section evolved considerably during the 19th century. In orchestral works from the
263:
199:
141:
371:
92:
1668:
1597:
1506:
1317:
1312:
1251:
1236:
1108:
850:
608:
481:
476:
450:
387:
341:
337:
271:
149:
1719:
1632:
1607:
1602:
1572:
1562:
1544:
1424:
1327:
1279:
1103:
761:
749:
638:
487:
398:
259:
241:
178:, with basses behind the cellos on the right. The first violins are led by the
160:
236:
1823:
1617:
1577:
1429:
1284:
1213:
1145:
1133:
1093:
1088:
1043:
974:
904:
876:
840:
622:
547:
251:
195:
179:
145:
137:
113:
1766:
1746:
1627:
1622:
1582:
1289:
1261:
815:
796:
492:
361:
315:
1736:
1678:
1663:
1567:
1511:
1462:
1414:
1382:
1337:
1307:
1157:
1123:
1011:
959:
287:
187:
129:
578:
419:
1648:
1538:
1467:
1434:
1409:
1162:
991:
871:
866:
585:
524:
516:
101:
1714:
1533:
1526:
1473:
1439:
1140:
810:
792:
520:
209:
133:
64:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
1724:
1501:
1489:
1399:
1387:
1377:
1355:
1128:
969:
614:
730:
1653:
1494:
1484:
1350:
1322:
1167:
1118:
1098:
1068:
986:
964:
954:
731:"The String Section – studio strings or online session musicians"
1182:
1673:
1404:
1228:
996:
528:
507:, are notable examples of the violins being divided threefold.
266:
sections used in orchestral music from this period. During the
117:
27:
Section of a symphony orchestra composed of string instruments
1741:
1299:
1271:
1073:
1006:
1001:
939:
125:
121:
1751:
1152:
1078:
981:
944:
410:
198:. The seating may also be specified by the composer, as in
750:"Size of the String Section in Popular Music Recordings"
1797:
112:is composed of bowed instruments belonging to the
697:, online edition, article "Orchestra", section 6.
309:
1821:
791:
713:(London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd, 1992): 104.
393:
132:. It is the most numerous group in the standard
659:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 290.
240:specifies 16–16–12–12–8; the band orchestra in
215:
747:
1198:
777:
296:
723:
657:The New Grove Guide to Wagner and his Operas
390:omit violins, using only the lower strings.
165:
669:
116:. It normally consists of first and second
1205:
1191:
784:
770:
654:
510:
228:
250:is 1–1–0–1–1. In general, music from the
205:Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
411:String section without violins or violas
159:
91:
1031:
694:Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
14:
1822:
281:
155:
1186:
765:
468:has no parts for violins or violas.
466:Concerto for Bassoon and Low Strings
459:has no parts for violins or violas.
414:
29:
24:
613:(Karlsruhe, Ch. Th. Groos, 1844).
25:
1851:
1212:
1807:
1780:
1779:
471:
418:
34:
741:
254:period (ca. 1600–1750) and the
700:
686:
663:
648:
632:
591:
563:
552:, p. 56 (Prentice-Hall 1986).
540:
310:String section without violins
13:
1:
534:
394:String section without violas
676:Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra
560:, p. 342 (McGraw-Hill 1989).
374:'s original versions of his
7:
304:
60:the claims made and adding
10:
1856:
655:Millington, Barry (2006).
340:, the opening movement of
98:Chicago Symphony Orchestra
1840:Sections of the orchestra
1775:
1697:
1641:
1553:
1453:
1368:
1336:
1298:
1270:
1227:
1220:
1061:
1024:
932:
892:
885:
859:
803:
407:has no parts for violas.
1541:(changing string tuning)
643:Anatomy of the Orchestra
491:, the third movement of
136:. In discussions of the
846:Conductorless orchestra
748:F. G. J. Absil (2010).
735:www.stringsection.co.uk
619:Dictionnaire de musique
569:(1948). "Orchestra" in
511:In other musical genres
383:Cantique de Jean Racine
229:Numbers and proportions
610:Dirigent und Ripienist
598:Ferdinand Simon GaĂźner
571:Encyclopedia Americana
297:
171:
166:
105:
1762:Violin musical styles
1710:History of the violin
1346:Electric upright bass
347:Ein deutsches Requiem
163:
95:
1613:Double bass concerto
670:Svend Brown (2006).
404:La crèation du monde
326:Brandenburg Concerti
247:La création du monde
1642:Related instruments
1556:and genres of music
1522:Finger substitution
836:Percussion ensemble
558:Lectionary of Music
352:Andrew Lloyd Webber
282:Double bass section
156:Seating arrangement
1247:Five-string violin
1114:Baritone saxophone
625:'s former role as
505:coronation anthems
456:Symphony of Psalms
430:. You can help by
216:"Desks" and divisi
172:
106:
45:possibly contains
1795:
1794:
1364:
1363:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1057:
1056:
1020:
1019:
928:
927:
826:Chamber orchestra
554:Nicolas Slonimsky
448:
447:
90:
89:
82:
47:original research
16:(Redirected from
1847:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1803:
1783:
1782:
1705:Violin acoustics
1659:Hardanger fiddle
1593:String orchestra
1257:Alexander violin
1225:
1224:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1184:
1183:
1059:
1058:
1029:
1028:
930:
929:
890:
889:
831:String orchestra
786:
779:
772:
763:
762:
757:
756:
754:
745:
739:
738:
727:
721:
704:
698:
690:
684:
683:
678:. Archived from
667:
661:
660:
652:
646:
636:
630:
606:
595:
589:
567:
561:
544:
443:
440:
422:
415:
300:
286:The role of the
272:youth orchestras
169:
142:string orchestra
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
62:inline citations
38:
37:
30:
21:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1814:Classical music
1808:
1806:
1798:
1796:
1791:
1771:
1757:Violin lutherie
1693:
1669:Lira da braccio
1637:
1598:Violin concerto
1555:
1549:
1449:
1360:
1332:
1318:Cello da spalla
1313:Baritone violin
1294:
1266:
1252:Violino piccolo
1237:Electric violin
1216:
1211:
1181:
1172:
1109:Tenor saxophone
1053:
1016:
924:
881:
855:
851:Radio orchestra
799:
790:
760:
752:
746:
742:
729:
728:
724:
705:
701:
691:
687:
672:"Program notes"
668:
664:
653:
649:
637:
633:
600:
596:
592:
568:
564:
545:
541:
537:
513:
477:Richard Strauss
474:
460:
444:
438:
435:
428:needs expansion
413:
396:
388:Giacinto Scelsi
334:Second Serenade
312:
307:
284:
231:
218:
158:
150:musical theatre
138:instrumentation
86:
75:
69:
66:
51:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1853:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1835:Musical groups
1832:
1830:String section
1817:
1816:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1720:Bass amplifier
1712:
1707:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1633:Carnatic music
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1608:Cello concerto
1605:
1603:Viola concerto
1600:
1595:
1590:
1588:String section
1585:
1580:
1575:
1573:String quintet
1570:
1565:
1563:String quartet
1559:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1536:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1470:
1459:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1380:
1374:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1342:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1328:Electric cello
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1304:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1280:Vertical viola
1276:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1210:
1209:
1202:
1195:
1187:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1104:Alto saxophone
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1065:
1063:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1035:
1033:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
978:
977:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
936:
934:
926:
925:
923:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
896:
894:
887:
883:
882:
880:
879:
874:
869:
863:
861:
857:
856:
854:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
807:
805:
801:
800:
789:
788:
781:
774:
766:
759:
758:
740:
722:
707:Paul Griffiths
699:
685:
682:on 2006-10-01.
662:
647:
639:Norman Del Mar
631:
590:
562:
550:'s Music Guide
538:
536:
533:
512:
509:
497:Symphony No. 5
488:Josephslegende
473:
470:
446:
445:
425:
423:
412:
409:
399:Darius Milhaud
395:
392:
311:
308:
306:
303:
283:
280:
242:Darius Milhaud
230:
227:
217:
214:
196:orchestra pits
192:Sixth Symphony
157:
154:
146:pit orchestras
110:string section
88:
87:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1852:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1815:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1788:
1787:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1618:Violin sonata
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1578:String sextet
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1430:Shoulder rest
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1285:Viola pomposa
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1214:Violin family
1208:
1203:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1146:Baritone horn
1144:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1134:Bass trombone
1132:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1094:Bass clarinet
1092:
1090:
1089:Alto clarinet
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
976:
975:Bass trombone
973:
972:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
937:
935:
931:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
897:
895:
891:
888:
884:
878:
877:Concertmaster
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
864:
862:
858:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
841:Pit orchestra
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
808:
806:
802:
798:
797:Concert bands
794:
787:
782:
780:
775:
773:
768:
767:
764:
751:
744:
736:
732:
726:
720:
719:9780460860635
716:
712:
708:
703:
696:
695:
689:
681:
677:
673:
666:
658:
651:
644:
640:
635:
628:
624:
623:concertmaster
620:
616:
612:
611:
604:
599:
594:
587:
583:
580:
576:
572:
566:
559:
555:
551:
549:
548:Stanley Sadie
543:
539:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
489:
484:
483:
478:
472:Third violins
469:
467:
463:
458:
457:
452:
442:
439:December 2017
433:
429:
426:This section
424:
421:
417:
416:
408:
406:
405:
400:
391:
389:
385:
384:
379:
378:
373:
369:
368:
363:
359:
358:
353:
349:
348:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
322:
317:
302:
299:
293:
289:
279:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
248:
243:
239:
238:
226:
222:
213:
211:
208:, which uses
207:
206:
201:
197:
193:
189:
183:
181:
180:concertmaster
177:
168:
162:
153:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
130:double basses
127:
123:
119:
115:
114:violin family
111:
103:
99:
94:
84:
81:
73:
70:December 2017
63:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
32:
31:
19:
1784:
1767:Violin octet
1747:Stradivarius
1628:Cello sonata
1623:Viola sonata
1587:
1583:String octet
1472:
1290:Tenor violin
1262:Stroh violin
1025:Concert band
919:
816:Concert band
743:
734:
725:
710:
702:
692:
688:
680:the original
665:
656:
650:
642:
634:
618:
609:
593:
570:
565:
557:
546:
542:
514:
499:and some of
493:Shostakovich
486:
480:
475:
465:
454:
449:
436:
432:adding to it
427:
402:
397:
381:
375:
365:
362:Philip Glass
355:
345:
321:The Creation
319:
318:'s oratorio
313:
285:
276:
245:
235:
232:
223:
219:
203:
184:
173:
109:
107:
76:
67:
44:
1737:Jazz violin
1679:Nyckelharpa
1664:Hurdy-gurdy
1568:String trio
1512:Double stop
1415:Fingerboard
1338:Double bass
1308:Bass violin
1221:Instruments
1158:Double bass
1124:French horn
1062:Instruments
1012:Double bass
960:French horn
933:Instruments
601: [
485:(1909) and
462:Gubaidulina
298:senza bassi
288:double bass
237:Die WalkĂĽre
200:BĂ©la BartĂłk
188:Tchaikovsky
170:) are "Kb".
167:Kontrabässe
102:conductor's
1824:Categories
1649:Arpeggione
1539:Scordatura
1468:Bow stroke
1455:Techniques
1445:Tuning peg
1435:Sound post
1163:Percussion
1049:Percussion
992:Percussion
910:Percussion
872:Bandmaster
821:Brass band
793:Orchestras
711:Stravinsky
586:B00M99G7V6
535:References
529:commercial
451:Stravinsky
210:antiphonal
54:improve it
18:2nd violin
1730:Slap bass
1715:Jazz bass
1554:Ensembles
1534:Pizzicato
1527:Bariolage
1517:Fingering
1507:Harmonics
1474:Col legno
1440:Tailpiece
1141:Euphonium
886:Orchestra
867:Conductor
811:Orchestra
804:Ensembles
627:conductor
364:'s opera
292:classical
256:Classical
176:conductor
134:orchestra
58:verifying
1786:Category
1725:Big band
1684:Pochette
1502:Arpeggio
1490:Spiccato
1400:Chinrest
1378:Bass bar
1356:Octobass
1242:Pochette
1129:Trombone
1084:Clarinet
1039:Woodwind
1032:Sections
970:Trombone
950:Clarinet
915:Keyboard
900:Woodwind
893:Sections
615:Rousseau
367:Akhnaten
305:Variants
295:(marked
260:Romantic
1689:Quinton
1654:Baryton
1545:Vibrato
1495:Tremolo
1485:Portato
1480:Martelé
1351:Violone
1323:Cellone
1168:Timpani
1119:Trumpet
1099:Bassoon
1069:Piccolo
987:Timpani
965:Trumpet
955:Bassoon
860:Leaders
579:1653189
482:Elektra
377:Requiem
357:Requiem
252:Baroque
118:violins
104:podium.
52:Please
1800:Portal
1674:Lirone
1463:Bowing
1425:Scroll
1410:F-hole
1405:Endpin
1395:Bridge
1229:Violin
997:Violin
920:String
717:
584:
577:
501:Handel
360:, and
342:Brahms
338:Brahms
268:modern
128:, and
126:cellos
122:violas
1742:Rosin
1698:Other
1370:Parts
1300:Cello
1272:Viola
1074:Flute
1044:Brass
1007:Cello
1002:Viola
940:Flute
905:Brass
753:(PDF)
605:]
372:Fauré
316:Haydn
264:brass
1752:Viol
1388:Frog
1153:Tuba
1079:Oboe
982:Tuba
945:Oboe
795:and
715:ISBN
582:ASIN
575:OCLC
527:and
525:jazz
517:rock
380:and
330:Bach
108:The
96:The
1420:Nut
1383:Bow
617:'s
521:pop
503:'s
495:'s
464:'s
453:'s
434:.
401:'s
354:'s
344:'s
336:of
328:by
314:In
244:'s
202:'s
190:'s
148:of
56:by
1826::
733:.
709:,
674:.
641::
607:,
603:de
573:,
523:,
519:,
479:'
370:.
350:,
332:,
152:.
124:,
120:,
1802::
1206:e
1199:t
1192:v
785:e
778:t
771:v
755:.
737:.
629:.
588:.
441:)
437:(
83:)
77:(
72:)
68:(
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
