3D film - Knowledge

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see-through spots and made them resemble alabaster sculptures. To adapt to this appearance, several films featured Pierrot or other white clowns, while some films were probably hand-coloured. Although Alabastra was well received by the press, Messter produced few titles, hardly promoted them and abandoned it altogether a few years later. He believed the system to be uneconomical due to its need for special theatres instead of the widely available movie screens, and he did not like that it seemed only suitable for stage productions and not for "natural" films. Nonetheless, there were numerous imitators in Germany and Messter and Engelsmann still teamed with American swindler Frank J. Goldsoll set up a short-lived variant named "Fantomo" in 1914.

1722:. The origin of "Space-Vision 3D" goes back to Colonel Robert Vincent Bernier, a forgotten innovator in the history of stereoscopic motion pictures. His Trioptiscope Space-Vision lens was the gold standard for the production and exhibition of 3-D films for nearly 30 years. "Space-Vision 3D" stereoscopic films were printed with two images, one above the other, in a single academy ratio frame, on a single strip, and needed only one projector fitted with a special lens. This so-called "over and under" technique eliminated the need for dual projector set-ups, and produced widescreen, but darker, less vivid, polarized 3D images. Unlike earlier dual system, it could stay in perfect synchronization, unless improperly spliced in repair. 3376:. The viewer wears low-cost glasses which also contain a pair of polarizing filters oriented differently (clockwise/counterclockwise with circular polarization or at 90 degree angles, usually 45 and 135 degrees, with linear polarization). As each filter passes only that light which is similarly polarized and blocks the light polarized differently, each eye sees a different image. This is used to produce a three-dimensional effect by projecting the same scene into both eyes, but depicted from slightly different perspectives. Since no head tracking is involved, the entire audience can view the stereoscopic images at the same time. 1768:(self-rated X, but later re-rated R by the MPAA). The film cost US$ 100,000 to produce, and ran for months in several markets. eventually earning $ 27 million in North America, alone ($ 140 million in constant-2010 dollars) in fewer than 800 theaters, becoming the most profitable 3-Dimensional film to date, and in purely relative terms, one of the most profitable films ever. It was later released in 70 mm 3D. Some 36 films worldwide were made with Stereovision over 25 years, using either a widescreen (above-below), anamorphic (side by side) or 70 mm 3D formats. In 2009 211:, an instrument maker who already marketed Plateau's Fantascope as well as the stereoscopes of Wheatstone and Brewster. In November 1852, Duboscq added the concept of his "Stéréoscope-fantascope, ou Bïoscope" to his stereoscope patent. Production of images proved very difficult, since the photographic sequence had to be carefully constructed from separate still images. The bioscope was no success and the only extant disc, without apparatus, is found in the Joseph Plateau collection of the University of Ghent. The disc contains 12 albumen image pairs of a machine in motion. 311:

only this, but the life size photograph itself shall move and gesticulate precisely as he did when making the speech, the words and gestures corresponding as in real life." Dr. Phipson, a correspondent for British news in a French photography magazine, relayed the concept, but renamed the device "Kinétiscope" to reflect the viewing purpose rather than the recording option. This was picked up in the United States and discussed in an interview with Edison later in the year. Neither Donisthorpe's or Edison's later moving picture results were stereoscopic.

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screen filters causing the image to fade and for each eye to see the opposite frame more easily. For circular polarization, the polarizing effect works regardless of how the viewer's head is aligned with the screen such as tilted sideways, or even upside down. The left eye will still only see the image intended for it, and vice versa, without fading or crosstalk. Nonetheless, 3D cinema films are made to be viewed without head tilt, and any significant head tilt will result in incorrect parallax and prevent binocular fusion.

2756:. During the two-week festival, over 30 of the 50 "golden era" stereoscopic features (as well as shorts) were screened, many coming from the collection of film historian and archivist Robert Furmanek, who had spent the previous 15 years painstakingly tracking down and preserving each film to its original glory. In attendance were many stars from each film, respectively, and some were moved to tears by the sold-out seating with audiences of film buffs from all over the world who came to remember their previous glories. 471: 3556:

between the eyes gives the viewer a more relaxed "feel" as the light energy and color balance is nearly 50-50. Like the Dolby system, the Omega system can be used with white or silver screens. But it can be used with either film or digital projectors, unlike the Dolby filters that are only used on a digital system with a color correcting processor provided by Dolby. The Omega/Panavision system also claims that their glasses are cheaper to manufacture than those used by Dolby. In June 2012 the Omega 3D/

3458: 1952:, 1985). A key point was that this production, as with all subsequent IMAX productions, emphasized mathematical correctness of the 3D rendition and thus largely eliminated the eye fatigue and pain that resulted from the approximate geometries of previous 3D incarnations. In addition, and in contrast to previous 35mm-based 3D presentations, the very large field of view provided by IMAX allowed a much broader 3D "stage", arguably as important in 3D film as it is theatre. 9655: 463: 9665: 262:, a device that exhibited "stereoscopic pictures as to make them represent objects in motion". In his application he stated: "This has frequently been done with plane pictures but has never been, with stereoscopic pictures". He used three sets of stereoscopic photographs in a sequence with some duplicates to regulate the flow of a simple repetitive motion, but also described a system for very large series of pictures of complicated motion. 102: 3267: 3860: 3705:, the many impressive things he saw in the film had nothing to do with 3D. Kermode has been an outspoken critic of 3D film describing the effect as a "nonsense" and recommends using two right or left lenses from the 3D glasses to cut out the "pointy, pointy 3D stereoscopic vision", although this technique still does not improve the huge brightness loss from a 3D film. Versions of these "2-D glasses" are being marketed. 3359: 455: 1600:, is considered by aficionados of 3D to be one of the best examples of the process. Although available in 3D in 1954, there are no known playdates in 3D, since Warner Bros. had just instated a simultaneous 3D/2D release policy. The film's screening in 3D in February 1980 at the York Theater in San Francisco did so well that Warner Bros. re-released the film in 3D in February 1982. The film is now available on 3309:, although the latter types offer bright and accurate color rendering, particularly in the red component, which is muted, or desaturated with even the best color anaglyphs. A compensating technique, commonly known as Anachrome, uses a slightly more transparent cyan filter in the patented glasses associated with the technique. Process reconfigures the typical anaglyph image to have less 3449:

darker. This darkening can be compensated by increasing the brightness of the projector light source. If the initial polarization filter is inserted between the lamp and the image generation element, the light intensity striking the image element is not any higher than normal without the polarizing filter, and overall image contrast transmitted to the screen is not affected.

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Performers were brightly dressed and brightly lit while filmed against a black background, mostly miming their singing or musical skills or dancing to the circa four-minute pre-recorded phonographs. The film recordings would be projected from below, to appear as circa 30 inch figures on a glass pane in front of a small stage, in a setup very similar to the

3630:, in addition to other health concerns, are more easily induced by 3D presentations. One published study shows that of those who watch 3D films, nearly 55% experience varying levels of headaches, nausea and disorientation. Glasses designed to eliminate eyestrain by converting 3D images back into 2D have been developed. 3320:, a patented anaglyph system which was invented in order to present an anaglyph image in conjunction with the NTSC television standard, in which the red channel is often compromised. ColorCode uses the complementary colors of yellow and dark blue on-screen, and the colors of the glasses' lenses are amber and dark blue. 1286:. Anamorphic films needed only a single print, so synchronization was not an issue. Cinerama was also a competitor from the start and had better quality control than 3D because it was owned by one company that focused on quality control. However, most of the 3D features past the summer of 1953 were released in the flat 809:. The film was shot in "Natural Vision", a process that was co-created and controlled by M. L. Gunzberg. Gunzberg, who built the rig with his brother, Julian, and two other associates, shopped it without success to various studios before Oboler used it for this feature, which went into production with the title, 3633:

There are two primary effects of 3D film that are unnatural for human vision: crosstalk between the eyes, caused by imperfect image separation, and the mismatch between convergence and accommodation, caused by the difference between an object's perceived position in front of, or behind the screen and

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However, conversion to 3D has problems. Information is unavailable as 2D does not have information for a perspective view. Some TVs have a 3D engine to convert 2D content to 3D. Usually, on high frame rate content (and on some slower processors even normal frame rate) the processor is not fast enough

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3D systems have continued to dominate the scene, though during the 1960s and 1970s some classic films which were converted to anaglyph for theaters not equipped for polarization, and were even shown in 3D on television. In the years following the mid-1980s, some films were made with short segments in

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Because the features utilized two projectors, the capacity limit of film being loaded onto each projector (about 6,000 feet (1,800 m), or an hour's worth of film) meant that an intermission was necessary for every feature-length film. Quite often, intermission points were written into the script

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were alternately projected, each pair being shown three times to suppress flicker. Viewing devices attached to the armrests of the theater seats had rotary shutters that operated synchronously with the projector shutters, producing a clean and clear stereoscopic result. The only theater known to have

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repeatedly criticized 3D film as being "too dim", sometimes distracting or even nausea-inducing, and argued that it is an expensive technology that adds nothing of value to the film-going experience (since 2-D films already provide a sufficient illusion of 3D). While Ebert was "not opposed to 3-D as

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Most of the cues required to provide humans with relative depth information are already present in traditional 2D films. For example, closer objects occlude further ones, distant objects are desaturated and hazy relative to near ones, and the brain subconsciously "knows" the distance of many objects

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Both images are projected onto a high-gain, corrugated screen which reflects light at acute angles. In order to see the stereoscopic image, the viewer must sit within a very narrow angle that is nearly perpendicular to the screen, limiting the size of the audience. Lenticular was used for theatrical

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Liquid crystal light valves work by rotating light between two polarizing filters. Due to these internal polarizers, LCD shutter-glasses darken the display image of any LCD, plasma, or projector image source, which has the result that images appear dimmer and contrast is lower than for normal non-3D

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Optical attachments can be added to traditional 35mm projectors to adapt them for projecting film in the "over-and-under" format, in which each pair of images is stacked within one frame of film. The two images are projected through different polarizers and superimposed on the screen. This is a very

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side-to-side but this is problematic in many ways. The only real option is to invest in new stereoscopic cameras. Moreover, some cinematographic tricks that are simple with a 2D camera become impossible when filming in 3D. This means those otherwise cheap tricks need to be replaced by expensive CGI.

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from those who wished to see it in 2D but were denied the opportunity. In July 2017, IMAX announced that they would begin to focus on screening more Hollywood tentpole movies in 2D (even if there's a 3D version) and have fewer 3D screenings of movies in North America, citing that moviegoers in North

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in their 3D versions. Conflicting reasons are respectively offered by studios and exhibitors: whereas the former blame more expensive 3D ticket prices, the latter argue that the quality of films in general is at fault. However, despite the perceived decline of 3D in the U.S. market, studio chiefs in

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Alabastra and Kinoplastikon were often advertised as stereoscopic and screenless. Although in reality the effect was heavily dependent on glass screen projection and the films were not stereoscopic, the shows seemed truly three-dimensional as the figures were clearly separate from the background and

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of his Biophon system since 1903, but the films were losing money by the end of the decade and Messter would stop Tonbild production in 1913. Producers and exhibitors were looking into new film attractions and invested for instance in colorful imagery. The development of stereoscopic cinema seemed a

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published an article about his Stereophoroskop. His first idea to create 3D animation involved sticking pins in a stroboscopic disc to create a sequence that would show one pin moving further into the cardboard and back. He also designed a device that would feed the image pairs from two stroboscopic

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technologies involve imposing two (or more) images on the same sheet, in narrow, alternating strips, and using a screen that either blocks one of the two images' strips (in the case of parallax barriers) or uses equally narrow lenses to bend the strips of image and make it appear to fill the entire

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system was discontinued by DPVO Theatrical, who marketed it on behalf of Panavision, citing "challenging global economic and 3D market conditions". Although DPVO dissolved its business operations, Omega Optical continues promoting and selling 3D systems to non-theatrical markets. Omega Optical's 3D

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in 1952, though early Imax presentations were done using the eclipse system and in the 1960s and 1970s classic 3D films were sometimes converted to anaglyph for special presentations. The polarization system has better color fidelity and less ghosting than the anaglyph system. In the post-'50s era,

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The standard for shooting live-action films in 3D involves using two cameras mounted so that their lenses are about as far apart from each other as the average pair of human eyes, recording two separate images for both the left eye and the right eye. In principle, two normal 2D cameras could be put

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According to the Motion Picture Association of America, despite a record total of 47 3D films being released in 2011, the overall domestic box office receipts were down 18% to $ 1.8 billion from $ 2.2 billion in 2010. Although revenues as a whole increased during 2012, the bulk has so far come from

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was released as IMAX's first full-length, animated 3D feature. It was released in 3,584 theaters in 2D, and only 66 IMAX locations. The return from those few 3D theaters was about 25% of the total. The 3D version earned about 14 times as much per screen as the 2D version. This pattern continued and

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had created a well-designed "Tell-Tale Filter Kit" for the purpose of recognizing and adjusting out of sync and phase 3D, exhibitors still felt uncomfortable with the system and turned their focus instead to processes such as CinemaScope. The last 3D feature to be released in that format during the

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that he would advance that conception: "By combining the phonograph with the kinesigraph I will undertake not only to produce a talking picture of Mr. Gladstone which, with motionless lips and unchanged expression shall positively recite his latest anti-Turkish speech in his own voice and tone. Not

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in London. It could "exhibit drawings, models, single or stereoscopic photographs, so as to animate animal movements, or that of machinery, showing various other illusions." Desvignes "employed models, insects and other objects, instead of pictures, with perfect success." The horizontal slits (like

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claimed to have created a stereoscope that showed people in motion. The device initially only showed two phases, but during the next two years, Claudet worked on a camera that would record stereoscopic pairs for four different poses (patented in 1853). Claudet found that the stereoscopic effect did

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inches. The depth perception this affords is only noticeable near to the head – at about arms length. It is only useful for such tasks as threading a needle. It follows that in films portraying real life, where nothing is ever shown so close to the camera, the 3D effect is not noticeable and is

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It has recently been discovered that each of the rods and cones in animal eyes can measure the distance to the point on the object that is in focus at the particular rod or cone. Each rod or cone can act as a passive LIDAR (Light Detection And Ranging). The lens selects the point on the object for

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systems. A drawback of this method is the need for each person viewing to wear expensive, electronic glasses that must be synchronized with the display system using a wireless signal or attached wire. The shutter-glasses are heavier than most polarized glasses, though lighter models are no heavier

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All types of polarization will result in a darkening of the displayed image and poorer contrast compared to non-3D images. Light from lamps is normally emitted as a random collection of polarizations, while a polarization filter only passes a fraction of the light. As a result, the screen image is

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illusion that offered a popular stage trick technique since the 1860s. The glass pane was not visible to the audience and the projected figures seemed able to move around freely across the stage in their virtual tangible and lifelike appearance. The brightness of the figures was necessary to avoid

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3D film-making addresses accurate presentation of stereopsis but not of accommodation, and therefore is insufficient in providing a complete 3D illusion. However, promising results from research aimed at overcoming this shortcoming were presented at the 2010 Stereoscopic Displays and Applications

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Circular polarization has an advantage over linear polarization, in that the viewer does not need to have their head upright and aligned with the screen for the polarization to work properly. With linear polarization, turning the glasses sideways causes the filters to go out of alignment with the

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regain interest in 3D film. There was more 3D exhibition equipment, and more dramatic films being shot in 3D format. One incentive is that the technology is more mature. Shooting in 3D format is less limited, and the result is more stable. Another incentive was the fact that while 2D ticket sales

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system also uses this technology, though with a wider spectrum and more "teeth" to the "comb" (5 for each eye in the Omega/Panavision system). The use of more spectral bands per eye eliminates the need to color process the image, required by the Dolby system. Evenly dividing the visible spectrum

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uses specific wavelengths of red, green, and blue for the right eye, and different wavelengths of red, green, and blue for the left eye. Glasses which filter out the very specific wavelengths allow the wearer to see a 3D image. This technology eliminates the expensive silver screens required for

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Eventually, longer (multi-reel) films with story arcs proved to be the way out of the crisis in the movie market and supplanted the previously popular short films that mostly aimed to amuse people with tricks, gags or other brief variety and novelty attractions. Sound film, stereoscopic film and

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Rather in agreement with Messter or not, Karl Juhasz and Franz Haushofer opened a Kinoplastikon theatre in Vienna in 1911. Their patented system was very similar to Alabaster, but projected life-size figures from the wings of the stage. With much higher ticket prices than standard cinema, it was

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worn by viewers. They have existed in some form since 1915, but had been largely relegated to a niche in the motion picture industry because of the costly hardware and processes required to produce and display a 3D film, and the lack of a standardized format for all segments of the entertainment

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It is believed that approximately 12% of people are unable to properly see 3D images, due to a variety of medical conditions. According to another experiment up to 30% of people have very weak stereoscopic vision preventing them from depth perception based on stereo disparity. This nullifies or

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Robert F. Elder. It was filmed dual-strip in black and white, and single strip color anaglyphic release prints were produced using a color film invented and patented by Harry K. Fairall. A single projector could be used to display the movie but anaglyph glasses were used for viewing. The camera

187:. A combination of these elements into animated stereoscopic photography may have been conceived early on, but for decades it did not become possible to capture motion in real-time photographic recordings due to the long exposure times necessary for the light-sensitive emulsions that were used. 422:

targeted at middle-class audiences to fill the gap between low-brow films and high-class theatre. Audiences reacted enthusiastically and by 1913 there reportedly were 250 theatres outside Austria, in France, Italy, United Kingdom, Russia and North America. However, the first Kinoplastikon in

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In 1909, German civil engineer August Engelsmann patented a process that projected filmed performances within a physical decor on an actual stage. Soon after, Messter obtained patents for a very similar process, probably by agreement with Engelsmann, and started marketing it as "Alabastra".

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were major releases that achieved similar percentages: 43% and 40% respectively. In view of this trend, there has been box office analysis concluding the implementation of 3D presentation is apparently backfiring by discouraging people from going to film theatres at all. As Brandon Gray of

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Among others, Christopher Nolan has criticized the huge brightness loss: "You're not that aware of it because once you're 'in that world,' your eye compensates, but having struggled for years to get theaters up to the proper brightness, we're not sticking polarized filters in everything."

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concluded: "It is already possible, by ingenious optical contrivances, to throw stereoscopic photographs of people on screens in full view of an audience. Add the talking phonograph to counterfeit their voices and it would be difficult to carry the illusion of real presence much further".

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introduced his stereoscope with lenses in 1849. Wheatstone also approached Joseph Plateau with the suggestion to combine the stereoscope with the fantascope. In 1849, Plateau published about this concept in an article about several improvements made to his fantascope and suggested a

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was the hill over which 3D had to pass to survive. MGM tested it in six theaters: three in 3D and three-flat. According to trade ads of the time, the 3D version was so well-received that the film quickly went into a wide stereoscopic release. However, most publications, including

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were not stereoscopic, but in 1898 Muybridge claimed that he had (privately) viewed the pictures in two synchronized zoetropes with Wheatstone's reflecting stereoscope as a "very satisfactory reproduction of an apparently solid miniature horse trotting, and of another galloping".

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system contains projection filters and 3D glasses. In addition to the passive stereoscopic 3D system, Omega Optical has produced enhanced anaglyph 3D glasses. The Omega's red/cyan anaglyph glasses use complex metal oxide thin film coatings and high quality annealed glass optics.

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by the public at large, mostly because of non-theatrical 3D media such as comic books and 3D television broadcasts, where polarization is not practical. They were made popular because of the ease of their production and exhibition. The first anaglyph film was invented in 1915 by

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told the press he was involved in patenting a 3D cinema system that did not need glasses, based on plasma screens. A computer splits each film-frame, and then projects the two split images onto the screen at differing angles, to be picked up by tiny angled ridges on the screen.

1714:(1961). The film was shot in 2-D, but to enhance the bizarre qualities of the dream-world that is induced when the main character puts on a cursed tribal mask, these scenes went to anaglyph 3D. These scenes were printed by Technicolor on their first run in red/green anaglyph. 1483:/RKO production. The film became notorious for being released without an MPAA seal of approval after several suggestive lyrics were included, as well as one of Ms. Russell's particularly revealing costumes. Playing up her sex appeal, one tagline for the film was, "It'll knock 762:

and was created specifically for the Chrysler Motors Pavilion. In it, a full 1939 Chrysler Plymouth is magically put together, set to music. Originally in black and white, the film was so popular that it was re-shot in color for the following year at the fair, under the title

1449:, was brought to the screen with the original cast. Although it was merely a filmed stage production, the idea was that every audience member would feel they would have the best seat in the house through color photography and 3D. Although the film was shot and edited in 3D, 1221:

The necessary silver projection screen was very directional and caused sideline seating to be unusable with both 3D and regular films, due to the angular darkening of these screens. Later films that opened in wider-seated venues often premiered flat for that reason (such as

2927:, a noted detractor of 3D, has surmised that there is an emerging policy of distributors to limit the availability of 2D versions, thus "railroading" the 3D format into cinemas whether the paying filmgoer likes it or not. This was especially prevalent during the release of 1252:

and was to be distributed by RKO. Unfortunately, because of financial difficulties and the general loss of interest in 3D, Lesser canceled the project during the summer of 1953, making it the first 3D film to be aborted in production. Two of the three shorts were shot:

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In the wake of its initial popularity and corresponding increase in the number of screens, more films were being released in the 3D format, yet fewer people were choosing to see them in such a way. For instance, only 45% of the premiere weekend box office earnings of

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Anaglyph is also used in printed materials and in 3D television broadcasts where polarization is not practical. 3D polarized televisions and other displays only became available from several manufacturers in 2008; these generate polarization on the receiving end.

2763:. Along with the favorites of the previous exposition were newly discovered features and shorts, and like the previous Expo, guests from each film. Expo II was announced as being the locale for the world premiere of several films never before seen in 3D, including 2657:

has gone on to be one of the most expensive films of all time, with a budget at $ 237 million; it is also the highest-grossing film of all time. The main technologies used to exhibit these films, and many others released around the time and up to the present, are

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received British patent no. 537 for 28 monocular and stereoscopic variations of cylindrical stroboscopic devices. This included a version that used an endless band of pictures running between two spools that was intermittently lit by an electric spark. Desvignes'

1130:. The film was allegedly scribed in an hour by screenwriter Wyott Ordung and filmed in a period of two weeks on a shoestring budget. Despite these shortcomings and the fact that the crew had no previous experience with the newly built camera rig, luck was on the 438:. Theodore Brown, the licensee in the U.K. also patented a variant with front and back projection and reflected decor, and Goldsoll applied for a very similar patent only 10 days later. Further development and exploitation was probably haltered by World War I. 3433:

first applied it to motion pictures. The so-called "3-D movie craze" in the years 1952 through 1955 was almost entirely offered in theaters using linear polarizing projection and glasses. Only a minute amount of the total 3D films shown in the period used the

6368: 1762:, developed a different 35 mm single-strip format, which printed two images squeezed side by side and used an anamorphic lens to widen the pictures through Polaroid filters. Louis K. Sher (Sherpix) and Stereovision released the softcore sex comedy 659:(1941). Unlike its predecessors, this short was shot with a studio-built camera rig. Prints were by Technicolor in red-and-blue anaglyph. The short is notable for being one of the few live-action appearances of the Frankenstein Monster as conceived by 501:

system and special color release print film all received U.S Patent No. 1,784,515 on December 9, 1930. After a preview for exhibitors and press in New York City, the film dropped out of sight, apparently not booked by exhibitors, and is now considered

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The technology originated with the Eclipse Method, in which the projector alternates between left and right images, and opens and closes the shutters in the glasses or viewer in synchronization with the images on the screen. This was the basis of the

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standard 196M. As of 2012, there is no official standard for 3D brightness. According to the industry de facto standard, however, the "acceptable brightness range" goes as low as 3.5 fL (12 cd/m) – just 25% of the standard 2D brightness.

3033:(2009) was shot in a 3D process that is based on how the human eye looks at an image. It was an improvement to the existing 3D camera system. Many 3D camera rigs still in use simply pair two cameras side by side, while newer rigs are paired with a 3682:

when the height is known (e.g. a human figure subtending only a small amount of the screen is more likely to be 2 m tall and far away than 10 cm tall and close). In fact, only two of these depth cues are not already present in 2D films:

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cost-effective way to convert a theater for 3-D as all that is needed are the attachments and a non-depolarizing screen surface, rather than a conversion to digital 3-D projection. Thomson Technicolor currently produces an adapter of this type. A

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In contrast, computer-animated films for which the original computer models are still available can be rendered in 3D easily, as the depth information is still available and does not need to be inferred or approximated. This has been done with

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was sometimes used prior to 1948, during the early "Golden Era" of 3D cinematography of the 1950s the polarization system was used for every single feature-length film in the United States, and all but one short film. In the 21st century,

4545: 1751:, but audiences flocked to see it, and it became financially sound enough to promote the use of the system to other studios, particularly independents, who did not have the money for expensive dual-strip prints of their productions. 3767:

Most 3D systems will cut down the brightness of the picture considerably – the light loss can be as high as 88%. Some of this loss may be compensated by running the projector's bulb at higher power or using more powerful bulbs.

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pictures of Stanford's horse Occident running at full speed. He eventually managed to shoot the proposed sequences of running horses in June 1878, with stereoscopic cameras. The published result and animated versions for his

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has criticised the notion that traditional film does not allow depth perception, saying "I think it's a misnomer to call it 3D versus 2D. The whole point of cinematic imagery is it's three dimensional... You know 95% of our

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each pixel to which the distance is measured; that is, humans can see in 3D separately with each eye. If the brain uses this ability in addition to the stereoscopic effect and other cues no stereoscopic system can present a

3664:, there were 10 really bad CG movies because everybody thought the success of that film was CG and not great characters that were beautifully designed and heartwarming. Now, you've got people quickly converting movies from 1707:

Stereoscopic films largely remained dormant for the first part of the 1960s, with those that were released usually being anaglyph exploitation films. One film of notoriety was the Beaver-Champion/Warner Bros. production,

1453:, the distributor, felt the production was uneconomical in stereoscopic form and released the film flat on January 27, 1954. It remains one of two "Golden era" 3D features, along with another United Artists feature, 747:). The Italian film was made with the Gualtierotti camera; the two German productions with the Zeiss camera and the Vierling shooting system. All of these films were the first exhibited using Polaroid filters. The 6376: 1717:

Although 3D films appeared sparsely during the early 1960s, the true second wave of 3D cinema was set into motion by Arch Oboler, the producer who had started the craze of the 1950s. Using a new technology called

1564:. Although arguably the most famous 3D film, it was typically seen in 3D only in large urban theaters and shown flat in the many smaller neighborhood theaters. It was the only 3D feature that spawned a 3D sequel, 3184:(2008) was actually the first animated film created for 3D and released exclusively in 3D in digital theaters around the world. No other animation films have released solely in 3D since. The first 3D feature by 3225:, Walt Disney Pictures scanned each original frame and manipulated them to produce left-eye and right-eye versions. Dozens of films have now been converted from 2D to 3D. There are several approaches used for 813:. The critically panned film was nevertheless highly successful with audiences due to the novelty of 3D, which increased Hollywood interest in 3D during a period that had seen declining box-office admissions. 2906:, a producer of 3D films and one of the leading proponents of the format, blames oversaturation of the market with inferior films, especially ones photographed conventionally and then digitally processed in 3595:

Though its use in theatrical presentations has been rather limited, lenticular has been widely used for a variety of novelty items and has even been used in amateur 3D photography. Recent use includes the

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Studios are also using 3D to generate additional income from films that are already commercially successful. Such re-releases usually involve a conversion from 2D. For example, Disney has reissued both

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or both camera lenses built into one unit. While Digital Cinema cameras are not a requirement for 3D they are the predominant medium for most of what is photographed. Film options include IMAX 3D and

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formats ranging from 1.66:1 to 1.85:1. In early studio advertisements and articles about widescreen and 3D formats, widescreen systems were referred to as "3D", causing some confusion among scholars.

974:). The success of these two films proved that major studios now had a method of getting filmgoers back into theaters and away from television sets, which were causing a steady decline in attendance. 4085: 3798:

It is not known how many theaters actually achieve such light levels with current technology. Prototype laser projection systems have reached 14 fL (48 cd/m) for 3D on a cinema screen.

1917:

were released on the now defunct Video Disc (VHD) format in Japan as part of a system that used shutter glasses. Most of these have been unofficially transferred to DVD and are available on the

2986:

Stereoscopic motion pictures can be produced through a variety of different methods. Over the years the popularity of systems being widely employed in film theaters has waxed and waned. Though

2306:, competition from DVDs and other media, digital projection, digital video capture, and the use of sophisticated IMAX 70mm film projectors, created an opportunity for another wave of 3D films. 3708:

As pointed out in the article "Virtual Space – the movies of the future" in real life the 3D effect, or stereoscopic vision, depends on the distance between the eyes, which is only about

3362:

cardboard 3D linear polarized glasses from the 1980s similar to those used in the 1950s. Though some were plain white, they often had the name of the theatre and/or graphics from the film

1121:, which premiered on June 19, 1953. The film was directed by Ireland, who sued Broder for his salary. Broder counter-sued, claiming that Ireland went over production costs with the film. 716:

Using Polaroid filters meant an entirely new form of projection, however. Two prints, each carrying either the right or left eye view, had to be synced up in projection using an external

6161:

Comparison of Ranging Capability of Eye and an Electronic Camera" by P. Kornreicch and B. Farell, 2013 Photonics North SPIE Symposium paper No. BIO-MED-4-P-1, June 2013 Ottawa ON, Canada

3402:

filter which can switch polarity 144 times per second is placed in front of the projector lens. Only one projector is needed, as the left and right eye images are displayed alternately.

917:, which was composed mostly of test footage. Unlike all of the other Lippert shorts, which were available in both dual-strip and anaglyph, this production was released in anaglyph only. 1239:

Because projection booth operators were at many times careless, even at preview screenings of 3D films, trade and newspaper critics claimed that certain films were "hard on the eyes."

1089:

was optimistic about the possibilities of 3D as applied to slapstick (with pies and other projectiles aimed at the audience), but only two of his stereoscopic shorts were shown in 3D.

3445:, competition from DVDs and other media, digital projection, and the use of sophisticated IMAX 70mm film projectors, have created an opportunity for a new wave of polarized 3D films. 2002:, 1990) was the first IMAX film to be presented using alternate-eye shutterglass technology, a development required because the dome screen precluded the use of polarized technology. 1688:

3D's final decline was in the late spring of 1954, for the same reasons as the previous lull, as well as the further success of widescreen formats with theater operators. Even though

512:

color system, cashed in on the growing interest in 3D films started by Fairall's demonstration and shot footage with a camera system of his own design. Kelley then struck a deal with

3584:

image (in the case of lenticular prints). To produce the stereoscopic effect, the person must be positioned so that one eye sees one of the two images and the other sees the other.

6201: 1787:

The quality of the 1970s 3D films was not much more inventive, as many were either softcore and even hardcore adult films, horror films, or a combination of both. Paul Morrisey's

788:. Produced by John Norling, it was filmed by Jacob Leventhal using his own rig. It consisted of shots of various views that could be seen from the Pennsylvania Railroad's trains. 5215: 3668:, which is not what we did. They're expecting the same result, when in fact they will probably work against the adoption of 3D because they'll be putting out an inferior product. 2467:

existing 2D images for 3D presentation have existed. Few have been effective or survived. The combination of digital and digitized source material with relatively cost-effective

3735:

come from occlusion, resolution, color and so forth, so the idea of calling a 2D movie a '2D movie' is a little misleading." Nolan also criticised that shooting on the required

2851:

notes, "In each case, 3D's more-money-from-fewer-people approach has simply led to less money from even fewer people." Parallel, the number of televisions sold with support for

776: 713:. The reaction was enthusiastic, and he followed it up with an installation at the New York Museum of Science. It is unknown what film was run for audiences at this exhibition. 2495:

films in 3D based on a conversion process from the company In-Three. Later on in 2011, it was announced that Lucas was working with the company Prime Focus on this conversion.

702:

as a commercial product. While his original intention was to create a filter for reducing glare from car headlights, Land did not underestimate the utility of his newly dubbed

5655: 75:

in December 2009, after which 3D films again decreased in popularity. Certain directors have also taken more experimental approaches to 3D filmmaking, most notably celebrated

2933:

in 2012, where only 30% of prints for theatrical exhibition (at least in the UK) were in 2D. His suspicions were later reinforced by a substantial number of complaints about

3795:

standards body issued a "recommended practice" calling for a 3D projection brightness of 7 fL (24 cd/m), with an acceptable range of 5–9 fL (17–31 cd/m).

751:

in Germany manufactured glasses on a commercial basis commencing in 1936; they were also independently made around the same time in Germany by E. Käsemann and by J. Mahler.

5265: 5904: 3649:

The French National Research Agency (ANR) has sponsored multidisciplinary research in order to understand the effects of 3D film viewing, its grammar, and its acceptance.

2568: 3174:

was the first stereoscopic 3D CGI-animated feature film. The 3D version was solely released in IMAX theaters. In November 2005, Walt Disney Studio Entertainment released

2328:. This camera system used the latest HD video cameras, not film, and was built for Cameron by Vince Pace, to his specifications. The same camera system was used to film 61:

business. Nonetheless, 3D films were prominently featured in the 1950s in American cinema, and later experienced a worldwide resurgence in the 1980s and 1990s driven by

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on white paper. Glasses with colored filters in each eye separate the appropriate images by canceling the filter color out and rendering the complementary color black.

548:

installed Teleview was the Selwyn Theater in New York City, and only one show was ever presented with it: a group of short films, an exhibition of live 3D shadows, and

670:

While many of these films were printed by color systems, none of them was actually in color, and the use of the color printing was only to achieve an anaglyph effect.

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system, which had been shown to the trade and press in October. Teleview was the first alternating-frame 3D system seen by the public. Using left-eye and right-eye

3021: 2574: 5815: 4614: 3149:

From the late 1950s until the mid-2000s almost no animation was produced for 3D display in theaters. Although several films used 3D backgrounds. One exception is

5124: 6489: 3541:, which is the most common 3D display system in theaters. It does, however, require much more expensive glasses than the polarized systems. It is also known as 277:

to produce sequences of photographs of a running horse with 12 stereoscopic cameras. Muybridge had much experience with stereo photography and had already made

5625: 4891: 1218:

When either prints or shutters became out of sync, even for a single frame, the picture became virtually unwatchable and accounted for headaches and eyestrain.

2996:

anaglyph 3D. The following are some of the technical details and methodologies employed in some of the more notable 3D film systems that have been developed.

2752:

In September 2003, Sabucat Productions organized the first World 3-D Exposition, celebrating the 50th anniversary of the original craze. The Expo was held at

1857:

but not nearly the same box office success, causing the craze to fade quickly through spring 1983. Other sci-fi/fantasy films were released as well including

6140: 4714: 791:

In the 1940s, World War II prioritized military applications of stereoscopic photography and it once again went on the back burner in most producers' minds.

1812:

was released it was billed as the first horror film to come out in 3D in over 20 years. Horror films and reissues of 1950s 3D classics (such as Hitchcock's

577:

in the red-and-blue anaglyph format. Ives and Leventhal then went on to produce the following stereoscopic shorts in the "Stereoscopiks Series" released by

5803: 2910:. He claims that such films have led audiences to conclude that the format is not worth the often much higher ticket price. Daniel Engber, a columnist for 5323: 297:

on November 29, 1877, after previous announcements of the device for recording and replaying sound had been published earlier in the year. An article in

3780: 3074:

In the early to mid-1950s, only half of the major Animation film studios operation experimented with creating traditional 3D animated short subjects.

4688: 2836: 2376: 1842:, which emphasized the screen effects to the point of being annoying at times, especially when flashlights were shone into the eyes of the audience. 1248: 3438:

method. Linear polarization was likewise used with consumer level stereo projectors. Polarization was also used during the 3D revival of the 1980s.

6525: 5680: 3283:. Though the earliest theatrical presentations were done with this system, most 3D films from the 1950s and 1980s were originally shown polarized. 3270:

The traditional 3D glasses, with modern red and cyan color filters, similar to the red/green and red/blue lenses used to view early anaglyph films.

3832:. However, Cameron has said that quality 2D to 3D conversions can be done if they take the time they need and the director is involved. Cameron's 5010: 4166: 2404:

In June 2005, the Mann's Chinese 6 theatre in Hollywood became the first commercial film theatre to be equipped with the Digital 3D format. Both

2005:

From 1990 onward, numerous films were produced by all three parties to satisfy the demands of their various high-profile special attractions and

1509:(billed as Bart Roberts) as his renegade brother. Originally released flat through Universal-International. It was directed by the great stylist 198:

pairs for the stereoscope and received the first results in October 1840. Only a few more experimental stereoscopic photographs were made before

3202:

to create more realistic animated 3D images. InTru3D is not used to exhibit 3D films in theaters; they are shown in either RealD 3D or IMAX 3D.

3828:

was created mostly in 3D from the ground up, with some portions of the film created in 2D, and is largely credited with the revival of 3D) and

3180:

in digital 3D format, being Disney's first CGI-animated film in 3D. The film was converted from 2D into 3D in post production. nWave Pictures'

2342: 1487:

of your eyes out!" The film was later cut and approved by the MPAA for a general flat release, despite having a wide and profitable 3D release.

1305: 5408: 1847: 9473: 3475:

In this technology, a mechanism is used to block light from each appropriate eye when the converse eye's image is projected on the screen.

6193: 3334:

anaglyph has been used instead of polarization in feature presentations where only part of the film is in 3D such as in the 3D segment of

3216:

In the case of 2D CGI animated films that were generated from 3D models, it is possible to return to the models to generate a 3D version.

1513:, and his striking visual sense made the film a huge success when it was "re-premiered" in 3D in 2006 at the Second 3D Expo in Hollywood. 1462:

A string of successful films filmed in 3D followed the second wave, but many were widely or exclusively shown flat. Some highlights are:

6583: 5528: 5205: 9689: 4476: 647: 3799: 1830:, was released very successfully. Apparently saying "part 3 in 3D" was considered too cumbersome so it was shortened in the titles of 163:

in 1832 and published in 1833 in the form of a stroboscopic disc, which he later called the fantascope and became better known as the

8221: 4302: 2414:

were tested in the Digital 3D format over the course of several months. In November 2005, Walt Disney Studio Entertainment released

9009: 5788: 5364: 1859: 3494:

that will let light through in synchronization with the images on the cinema, television or computer screen, using the concept of

3418:

images (2048×1080 resolution) on top of each other at the same time, a special lens attachment polarizes and projects the images.

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Resembling sunglasses, RealD circular polarized glasses are now the standard for theatrical releases and theme park attractions.

1235:

A mandatory intermission was needed to properly prepare the theater's projectors for the showing of the second half of the film.

653:

With the success of the two Audioscopiks films, MGM produced one more short in anaglyph 3D, another Pete Smith Specialty called

8408: 7083: 6002:"Are There Side Effects to Watching 3D Movies? A Prospective Crossover Observational Study on Visually Induced Motion Sickness" 4211: 1198:

expressed little interest in stereoscopic systems, and at that point was preparing to premiere the new widescreen film system,

6109: 5028: 1664:

released by RKO in 1954 featuring Allen's trademarks of an all-star cast facing a disaster (a forest fire). Bosley Crowther's

799:

What aficionados consider the "golden era" of 3D began in late 1952 with the release of the first color stereoscopic feature,

615:

shot footage with his stereoscopic camera in September 1933. The following March he exhibited a remake of his 1895 short film

69:-themed venues. 3D films became increasingly successful throughout the 2000s, peaking with the success of 3D presentations of 7116: 6626: 5550: 4808: 4749: 4592: 4516: 4363: 4312: 4191: 3515:

viewing. This is not necessarily a usage problem; for some types of displays which are already very bright with poor grayish

3336: 3067: 207:

technique that would involve a series of photographs of purpose-made plaster statuettes in different poses. The idea reached

6288: 2872:

2012 were optimistic of better receipts internationally, where there still appeared to be a strong appetite for the format.

569:

and Jacob Leventhal began releasing their first stereoscopic shorts made over a three-year period. The first film, entitled

9704: 7869: 7658: 6227: 2693: 785: 5877: 4939: 4256: 1725:

Arch Oboler once again had the vision for the system that no one else would touch, and put it to use on his film entitled

1205:

The first decline in the theatrical 3D craze started in August and September 1953. The factors causing this decline were:

1047:. Castle would later specialize in various technical in-theater gimmicks for such Columbia and Allied Artists features as 159:

The basic components of 3D film were introduced separately between 1833 and 1839. Stroboscopic animation was developed by

6430: 4658: 3889: 1911:

has seen a 3D DVD release in the United Kingdom). Most of the 1980s 3D films and some of the classic 1950s films such as

956:

as a horror star as well as the "King of 3-D" after he became the actor to star in the most 3D features (the others were

709:

In February 1936, Land gave the first public demonstration of Polaroid filters in conjunction with 3D photography at the

474:

Audience wearing special glasses watch a 3D "stereoscopic film" at the Telekinema on the South Bank in London during the

5978: 9734: 9456: 8226: 5819: 5431: 4618: 3372:

To present a stereoscopic motion picture, two images are projected superimposed onto the same screen through different

2842: 2601:. It was released to 1,033 3D screens, the most ever for this format, and 1,501 regular screens. Another R-rated film, 6341: 6252: 5852: 5160: 5128: 2972:. Other 3D media shot in 8K with a 180-degree view was also made available under the moniker "Apple Immersive Video." 4858: 2281: 1276:

Although it was more expensive to install, the major competing realism process was wide-screen, but two-dimensional,

550: 331:

to converge the two images. Because of the obtrusive mechanics behind this method, theatrical use was not practical.

141: 5296: 4888: 4353: 6947: 3884: 3219:

For all other 2D films, different techniques must be employed. For example, for the 3D re-release of the 1993 film

2884: 327:

for a 3D film process. In his patent, two films were projected side by side on screen. The viewer looked through a

4718: 8573: 7653: 6723: 3055: 2699: 2687: 446:

other novel techniques were relatively cumbersome to combine with multiple reels and were abandoned for a while.

3426:

is necessary for these systems as reflection from non-metallic surfaces destroys the polarization of the light.

3274:

Anaglyph images were the earliest method of presenting theatrical 3D, and the one most commonly associated with

1869:, which was widely criticized for poor editing and plot holes, but did feature some truly spectacular closeups. 9719: 9436: 7782: 7593: 6272: 5331: 3221: 3151: 2551:

opened at the Cannes Film Market. It was the first US-produced 3D full-length feature film to be completed in

2526: 1884: 1699:, on February 23, 1955. Ironically, the film had a wide release in 3D and was well received at the box office. 1548: 1180:, shares the spot for being the actress to appear in the most 3D features with Patricia Medina, who starred in 952:) the first time many American audiences heard recorded stereophonic sound; it was also the film that typecast 489: 400:

By 1909, the German film market suffered much from overproduction and too much competition. German film tycoon

123: 4692: 4242: 698:

from Harvard to set up a lab and by 1929 had invented and patented a polarizing sheet. In 1932, he introduced

9192: 8919: 8536: 7844: 7388: 7211: 6889: 3075: 3010: 2753: 2643: 2151: 1977: 1789: 1531: 1316:

In December 1953, 3D made a comeback with the release of several important 3D films, including MGM's musical

886:

James Mage was also an early pioneer in the 3D craze. Using his 16 mm 3D Bolex system, he premiered his

864: 759: 484: 247: 6404: 5576: 9709: 9575: 8807: 8782: 7633: 7613: 6899: 2067: 30:

This article is about motion pictures that give an illusion of depth. For 2D motion pictures created using

6312: 5598: 358:

and William E. Waddell presented tests to an audience at the Astor Theater in New York City. In red-green

214:

Most of the other early attempts to create motion pictures also aimed to include the stereoscopic effect.

9337: 8909: 8462: 8327: 8016: 7344: 5386: 3814:

Another major criticism is that many of the films in the 21st century to date were not filmed in 3D, but

3589: 3080: 2445: 2110: 2078: 2014: 1865: 1820: 1572: 1459:(with John Ireland and Joanne Dru), that are currently considered lost (although flat versions survive). 1170: 660: 6172:"Project 3D_COMFORT&ACCEPTANCE (3D Comfort and Acceptance) - ANR - Agence Nationale de la Recherche" 5656:"Disney+ on Apple Vision Pro Ushers in a New Era of Storytelling Innovation and Immersive Entertainment" 3751:

an option", he opposed it as a replacement for traditional film, and preferred 2-D technologies such as

2759:

In May 2006, the second World 3-D Exposition was announced for September of that year, presented by the

9347: 8954: 8797: 7442: 7052: 3934: 3792: 3495: 3176: 2760: 2416: 2231: 2117: 1684:, and was not released until 1955, at which time it went out flat, converted to the SuperScope process. 631: 372: 35: 6511: 5741: 5007: 2566:

was released; it was the first live-action digital 3D film. In the same year others 3D films included

251:

in Czermak's Stereophoroskop) allowed a much improved view, with both eyes, of the opposite pictures.

9357: 8914: 8869: 8777: 8155: 7598: 7558: 7109: 6914: 6909: 6673: 6619: 3528: 3119: 2350: 1518: 1408: 720:

motor. Furthermore, polarized light would be largely depolarized by a matte white screen, and only a

17: 6171: 5952: 3588:

presentation of numerous shorts in Russia from 1940 to 1948 and in 1946 for the feature-length film

2779:. Other "re-premieres" of films not seen since their original release in stereoscopic form included 492:

Theater in Los Angeles on September 27, 1922. The camera rig was a product of the film's producer,

9739: 8859: 7879: 7874: 7742: 7583: 7206: 7010: 6904: 6741: 5775:

Amazing 3D by Hal Morgan and Dan Symmes Little, Broawn & Company (Canada) Limited, pp. 165–169.

4390:

Norling, John A. "Basic Principles of 3D Photography and Projection". New Screen Techniques, p. 48.

4102: 3776: 3597: 3470: 3170: 3114: 2968: 2861: 2396: 2009:'s expanding 3D network. Films of special note during this period include the extremely successful 1913: 1826: 1541: 1497: 982: 936: 655: 377: 119: 8924: 5480: 4982: 4401: 4226: 1246:

with a new showcase, this time five shorts that he himself produced. The project was to be called

828:

glasses made of cardboard were mainly used for comic books, two shorts by exploitation specialist

9724: 8849: 8727: 8179: 7983: 7186: 7157: 6982: 6977: 6826: 5840:

Amazing 3D by Hal Morgan and Dan Symmes Little, Broawn & Company (Canada) Limited, pp. 15–16.

3944: 3342: 2508: 2468: 2424: 2330: 2166: 2088: 2042: 1955: 1695: 1566: 1553: 1373:

Several other features that helped put 3D back on the map that month were the John Wayne feature

1335:, state that the film did much better as a "regular" release. The film, adapted from the popular 1266: 112: 53: 9121: 9069: 8934: 8655: 8447: 8256: 8128: 7961: 7864: 7849: 7643: 7531: 6874: 6869: 6678: 5436: 5301: 3796: 3605: 3604:

display that was released in 2009. Other examples for this technology include autostereoscopic

2929: 2593: 2406: 1727: 1561: 1429: 986:, on May 27, 1953, with stereophonic sound. That was followed by Paramount's first 3D feature, 303: 278: 238: 226: 5716:

Amazing 3D by Hal Morgan and Dan Symmes Little, Brown & Company (Canada) Limited, page 163

2916:, comes to a similar conclusion: "What happened to 3-D? It may have died from a case of acute 2559:

in several countries around the world, including Russia where it opened in 3D on 295 screens.

1680:, Lili St. Cyr, and Vincent Price. The film was shelved after Hughes ran into difficulty with 362:, the audience was presented three reels of tests, which included rural scenes, test shots of 9305: 8864: 8506: 8396: 8053: 6456: 3396: 3234: 3162: 2637: 2631: 2603: 2460:

were in an overall state of decline, revenues from 3D tickets continued to grow at the time.

2325: 1987: 1851:

was the most expensive 3D film made up to that point with production costs about the same as

1293:

There was no single instance of combining CinemaScope with 3D until 1960, with a film called

1229: 1144: 1055: 781: 710: 442:

virtually appeared inside the real, three-dimensional stage area without any visible screen.

320: 9342: 4907:

Cohen, Stanley. "Proper Tools a 3-D 'Must'." International Projectionist, February 1954, 12.

4640: 4480: 2369:. One of two versions of the album contained a DVD featuring a 3D short film for the track " 9714: 9658: 9555: 9451: 9114: 8817: 8682: 8494: 8428: 7839: 7776: 7771: 7648: 7462: 7415: 7297: 7248: 7147: 7102: 6766: 6698: 6612: 6013: 3621: 3185: 3026: 2992: 2859:

2D presentations as exemplified by little over 50% of filmgoers opting to see the likes of

2737: 2520: 2514: 1969: 1925: 1808: 1800:

Between 1981 and 1983 there was a new Hollywood 3D craze started by the spaghetti western

1732: 1710: 1689: 1622: 1491: 1442: 1100: 821: 703: 691: 574: 566: 513: 334: 31: 6482:"Christopher Nolan, Not a Fan of 3D for Inception, Will Start Shooting Batman 3 Next Year" 6342:"Christopher Nolan Tested 3D Conversion For 'Inception,' Might Use Process For 'Batman 3'" 4543:, Harry, Fairall, "Binocular nonstop-motion-picture camera", issued 1925-11-21 2709: 1124:

Another famous entry in the golden era of 3D was the 3 Dimensional Pictures production of

836:. However, even the Lippert shorts were available in the dual-strip format alternatively. 8: 9729: 9699: 9161: 9034: 9019: 8884: 8787: 8722: 8418: 8379: 8251: 8236: 8063: 7822: 7628: 7603: 7568: 7521: 6854: 6806: 6801: 6718: 6713: 5354: 4335: 4060: 3894: 3834: 3815: 3809: 3687: 3665: 3507:

than some sunglasses or deluxe polarized glasses. However these systems do not require a

3487: 3367: 3299: 3226: 3211: 3129: 3090: 2890: 2824: 2732: 2619: 2464: 2316: 2100: 2024: 1628: 1381: 1318: 1224: 1160: 1024: 868: 833: 724:

or screen made of other reflective material would correctly reflect the separate images.

622:

In 1936, Leventhal and John Norling were hired based on their test footage to film MGM's

475: 470: 84: 6552: 6017: 5785: 5704:

Amazing 3D by and Dan Symmes Little, Brown & Company (Canada) Limited, pp. 165–168.

9565: 9485: 9409: 9295: 9285: 9187: 9079: 9059: 8959: 8939: 8707: 8635: 8541: 8526: 8457: 8162: 8098: 7956: 7936: 7827: 7477: 7398: 7332: 7322: 7285: 6836: 6831: 6796: 6036: 6001: 5243: 4285: 4016: 3959: 3929: 3824: 3739:

does not offer a high enough quality image and that 3D cameras cannot be equipped with

3442: 3190: 3096: 2903: 2741: 2649: 2607:, was released later that year in August on even more screens. It was the first of its 2382: 2360: 2336: 2303: 1982: 1636: 1420: 1077: 1071: 1008: 941: 679: 255: 168: 71: 6085: 4087:

Bulletins de l'Académie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique

1958:

also began more prominent use of 3D films in special venues to impress audiences with

1212:

The prints had to remain exactly alike after repair, or synchronization would be lost.

611:

The late 1920s to early 1930s saw little interest in stereoscopic pictures. In Paris,

222:

not work properly in this device, but believed the illusion of motion was successful.

175:, but he did not really make it public before June 1838. The first practical forms of 9694: 9664: 9615: 9404: 9327: 9177: 9131: 9104: 9099: 9089: 9004: 8964: 8742: 8630: 8620: 8546: 8474: 8354: 8199: 8194: 8123: 8078: 8041: 7978: 7966: 7884: 7832: 7766: 7761: 7737: 7705: 7437: 7432: 7181: 6972: 6879: 6693: 6683: 6658: 6041: 5458: 5155: 4921: 4814: 4804: 4755: 4745: 4522: 4512: 4359: 4308: 4187: 4114: 3756: 3727: 3373: 3305:

Anaglyph images are much easier to view than either parallel sighting or crossed eye

3295: 3143: 3050: 2894:

has also been modified for 3D, and there are also plans to similarly present all six

2867: 2608: 2437: 2401:

prompted a greatly intensified interest in 3D and 3D presentation of animated films.

2355: 1907:

have been officially released on VHS and/or DVD in 3D in the United States (although

1814: 1660: 1652:. The only stereoscopic feature shot in Britain, released flat in both the UK and US. 1649: 1580: 1455: 1437: 1359: 1066: 1033: 977: 964: 921: 758:, the first commercial 3D film using Polaroid in the US. This short premiered at the 664: 414: 270: 8839: 4207: 3053:

made several cartoons with extensive stereoscopic 3D backgrounds, including several

57: 9635: 9625: 9535: 9463: 9446: 9441: 9362: 9290: 9156: 9151: 9141: 9136: 9084: 9024: 8994: 8949: 8812: 8712: 8625: 8588: 8293: 8241: 8167: 8108: 8021: 7817: 7810: 7700: 7573: 7425: 7410: 7374: 7359: 7292: 7263: 7243: 7152: 7037: 7030: 6791: 6776: 6688: 6668: 6663: 6141:"Understanding Requirements for High-Quality 3D Video: A Test in Stereo Perception" 6031: 6021: 5681:"Watch Apple Immersive Video and 3D movies in the Apple TV app on Apple Vision Pro" 3899: 3732: 3701:

argued that 3D adds "not that much" value to a film, and said that, while he liked

3580: 3133: 2912: 2580: 2499: 2481: 2253: 2095: 2049: 2028: 2019: 1853: 1802: 1764: 1585: 1536: 1339: 1328: 1195: 1155: 1093:

was released as a conventional, "flat" motion picture. (Columbia has since printed

958: 695: 493: 337:

patented his stereo camera rig in 1900. The camera had two lenses coupled together

191: 184: 39: 5506: 4540: 3818:

after filming. Filmmakers who have criticized the quality of this process include

2485:

including 20 minutes of 3D images converted from the 2D original digital footage.

1758:, a new entity founded by director/inventor Allan Silliphant and optical designer 9585: 9510: 9500: 9495: 9480: 9389: 9332: 9231: 9126: 9044: 9039: 8969: 8904: 8824: 8697: 8692: 8665: 8561: 8359: 8322: 8268: 8261: 8214: 8088: 8058: 7971: 7931: 7926: 7859: 7805: 7790: 7710: 7685: 7680: 7618: 7536: 7526: 7487: 7403: 7327: 7253: 6894: 6781: 6756: 6703: 6588: 6295: 6026: 5856: 5792: 5359: 5238: 5014: 4895: 4011: 3909: 3627: 3626:

Some viewers have complained of headaches and eyestrain after watching 3D films.

3601: 3576: 3570: 2963: 2907: 2848: 2818: 2810: 2772: 2723: 2613: 2199: 1973: 1593: 1527: 1467: 1391: 1347: 1295: 1282: 1190: 1139: 1131: 1108: 988: 926: 540: 524: 497: 431: 355: 274: 218: 164: 79: 49: 9219: 6223: 6194:"Michael Bay And James Cameron Skeptical Of 3D Conversions: "The Jury Is Out" –" 4208:"Medals and Honourable Mentions Awarded by the International Juries: With a ..." 9570: 9540: 9520: 9382: 9367: 9312: 9270: 9109: 9064: 9054: 9029: 8984: 8974: 8752: 8732: 8702: 8687: 8645: 8610: 8568: 8556: 8551: 8344: 8315: 8204: 8189: 8133: 7988: 7946: 7457: 7273: 7164: 7020: 6751: 6653: 5881: 5755: 5182: 4947: 4588: 4329: 3979: 3949: 3939: 3879: 3874: 3491: 3435: 3415: 3411: 3399: 3291: 3280: 3161:

films can be rendered as stereoscopic 3D version by using two virtual cameras.

3105: 2987: 2707:

film started shooting. The pre-production of the first 3D film shot in France,

2671: 2625: 2456: 2433: 1959: 1838: 1740: 1736: 1677: 1476: 1450: 1363: 1165: 1134:'s side, as many find the 3D photography in the film is well shot and aligned. 1044: 993: 860: 851:

in Chicago. Lesser acquired the rights to five dual-strip shorts. Two of them,

687: 558:. The show ran for several weeks, apparently doing good business as a novelty ( 435: 434:

directed 10 films for the U.K. Kinoplastikon, presumably in collaboration with

359: 199: 180: 160: 9426: 9224: 8516: 5726: 4925: 4818: 4666: 4462: 4243:"Chambers's Encyclopaedia: A Dictionary of Universal Knowledge for the People" 1604:, marking the first time it was released on home video in its 3D presentation. 1022:'s Fantasyland Theater in 1957 as part of a program with Disney's other short 9683: 9545: 9525: 9074: 9014: 8999: 8889: 8834: 8829: 8802: 8772: 8737: 8578: 8531: 8521: 8484: 8452: 8442: 8433: 8403: 8273: 8209: 8150: 8145: 8083: 8048: 7993: 7951: 7921: 7911: 7904: 7720: 7668: 7638: 7623: 7578: 7563: 7482: 7349: 7302: 7268: 7228: 7196: 7169: 7078: 7042: 6967: 6942: 6864: 6859: 6604: 6289:"Two D's Better Than Three: Hank Green Finds a Place in Hollywood's Excesses" 4759: 4526: 4118: 3919: 3819: 3736: 3557: 3552: 3508: 3430: 3423: 3407: 3317: 3246: 3138: 3034: 2944: 2878: 2852: 2727: 2679: 2659: 2598: 2552: 2370: 2365: 2321: 2299:

By 2004, 54% of IMAX theaters (133 of 248) were capable of showing 3D films.

2176: 2156: 2132: 2122: 1999: 1949: 1944:

began producing non-fiction films for its nascent 3D business, starting with

1672: 1480: 1386: 1176: 1126: 970: 953: 748: 721: 683: 619:, this time in anaglyphic 3D, at a meeting of the French Academy of Science. 612: 602: 536: 528: 401: 381: 367: 290: 283: 259: 208: 8854: 6060: 3457: 3165:

3D films are photographed with two cameras similar to live action 3D films.

9416: 9399: 9352: 9202: 9146: 8677: 8672: 8603: 8479: 8423: 8374: 8349: 8337: 8068: 7800: 7795: 7732: 7695: 7673: 7663: 7541: 7472: 7452: 7354: 7312: 7218: 7201: 7025: 6932: 6268: 6248: 6045: 5849: 5269: 4560: 4228:

Handbook to the industrial department of the International exhibition, 1862

4031: 3772: 3752: 3698: 3609: 3608:

on monitors, notebooks, TVs, mobile phones and gaming devices, such as the

3392: 3287: 3158: 3078:

produced two traditional animation short for stereoscopic 3D, for cinemas.

2955: 2924: 2486: 2476: 1924:

Stereoscopic movies were also popular in other parts of the world, such as

1777: 1759: 1755: 1510: 1472: 1446: 1375: 1258: 1149: 931: 555: 385: 5784:

Make Your own Stereo Pictures Julius B. Kaiser The Macmillan Company 1955

5626:"Imax to Screen More Hollywood Tentpoles in 2D, Citing "Clear Preference"" 5059: 4866: 3327:

has been the standard for theatrical presentations since it was used for

2950:

became available to home media for the first time, with the launch of the

2685:

March and April 2010 saw three major 3D releases clustered together, with

2678:. The success of the film also led to electronics manufacturers releasing 404:

had initially gained much financial success with the Tonbild synchronized

9668: 9630: 9610: 9605: 9590: 9580: 9560: 9490: 9468: 9394: 9300: 9241: 9236: 9094: 8899: 8879: 8844: 8593: 8489: 8246: 8231: 8172: 8138: 7916: 7889: 7854: 7725: 7715: 7588: 7548: 7516: 7467: 7383: 7364: 7337: 7233: 7191: 7142: 7057: 6884: 6816: 6746: 6635: 6400: 3904: 3865: 3838:

was converted into 3D in 2012, taking 60 weeks and costing $ 18 million.

3829: 3747: 3575:

In this method, glasses are not necessary to see the stereoscopic image.

3516: 3329: 3306: 3275: 3261: 3085: 2981: 2954:

operating system offering two services to access movies in such formats:

2718: 2547: 2441: 2292: 2268: 2246: 2236: 2204: 2192: 1918: 1655: 1597: 1589: 1557: 1523: 1502: 1400: 1396: 1355: 1343: 1336: 1199: 1112: 1086: 1061: 1040: 997: 825: 806: 801: 627: 328: 204: 176: 172: 5084: 4889:"An In-Depth Look at Creature from the Black Lagoon" (3dfilmarchive.com) 909:

Another early 3D film during the boom was the Lippert Productions short

246:, received an Honourable Mention "for ingenuity of construction" at the 230:

discs into one lenticular stereoscope and a vertical predecessor of the

9620: 9600: 9550: 9530: 9515: 9505: 9421: 9372: 9182: 8989: 8929: 8747: 8640: 8583: 8511: 8469: 8300: 8118: 8103: 8073: 8031: 8000: 7690: 7553: 7317: 7258: 7238: 7128: 6962: 6957: 6821: 6811: 6786: 6771: 6761: 6708: 6639: 3954: 3914: 3740: 3683: 3250: 3101: 3061: 3025:

became the first live-action feature film to be shot with the earliest

2556: 2429: 2258: 2217: 2054: 1994:

in Vancouver, was the first IMAX presentation using polarized glasses.

1964: 1645: 1608: 1601: 1506: 1424: 1367: 1351: 1287: 1280:, first utilized by Fox with CinemaScope and its September premiere in 1277: 1215:

It sometimes required two projectionists to keep sync working properly.

1117: 1104: 1065:. Columbia also produced the only slapstick comedies conceived for 3D. 1019: 914: 844: 829: 544: 427: 426:

started in January 1914 and the premiere in New York took place in the

405: 363: 294: 126: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4103:"The Quest for Stereoscopic Movement: Was the First Film ever in 3-D?" 3410:, which shows both circular polarized images simultaneously: A single 3316:

An alternative to the usual red and cyan filter system of anaglyph is

2324:

was released as the first full-length 3D IMAX feature filmed with the

1772:

was remastered by Chris Condon and director Ed Meyer, releasing it in

462: 449: 380:

that year, but not in 3D), Oriental dancers, and a reel of footage of

9431: 9377: 9275: 9214: 9207: 9049: 8944: 8894: 8615: 8501: 8364: 8310: 8113: 8036: 8026: 7899: 7894: 7509: 7504: 7494: 7420: 7393: 7369: 7307: 7280: 7223: 5327: 5210: 4355:

Industry, Liberty, and a Vision: Wordsworth Donisthorpe's Kinesigraph

3844: 3660: 2896: 2776: 2730:

in the United States. Released in the United States on May 21, 2010,

2588: 2491: 1929: 1613: 1049: 774:

Another early short that utilized the Polaroid 3D process was 1940's

605: 502: 482:

The earliest confirmed 3D film shown to an out-of-house audience was

390:

The Public Is Never Wrong: My 50 Years in the Motion Picture Industry

8093: 5409:"Led by families, interest in 3D is plummeting among U.S. consumers" 1818:) dominated the 3D releases that followed. The second sequel in the 1370:. The film also prominently promoted its use of stereophonic sound. 1299:, and even then, that was a blow-up from a non-anamorphic negative. 101: 9317: 8979: 8874: 8660: 8650: 8598: 8288: 7747: 7499: 7176: 7062: 7047: 7005: 7000: 6526:"'Titanic 3D': How James Cameron Became a Convert to 3D Conversion" 6409: 6316: 6275: 6256: 4444: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3533: 3499: 3480: 3462: 3310: 3266: 3194:, followed in 2009 and used a new digital rendering process called 3124: 3038: 2959: 2951: 2667: 2663: 2539: 2531: 2449: 1832: 1781: 1773: 1142:. The film was released June 24, 1953, and went out with the short 949: 532: 516:

to premiere the first in his series of "Plasticon" shorts entitled

231: 195: 5953:"3D no better than 2D and gives filmgoers headaches, claims study" 5867:"Seeing is believing""; Cinema Technology, Vol 24, No.1 March 2011 3429:

Polarized stereoscopic pictures have been around since 1936, when

2597:, the first horror film and first R-rated film to be projected in 578: 508:

Early in December 1922, William Van Doren Kelley, inventor of the

9640: 9322: 8283: 7015: 6952: 5941:

Son of Nimslo, John Dennis, Stereo World May/June 1989 pp. 34–36.

5037: 4662: 3984: 3924: 3643: 3195: 3029:

released in Digital 3D and was later followed by several others.

2704: 2675: 2359:(Ty Granoroli), was in 3D. In August of the same year, rap group 1991: 1014: 4214:

from the original on July 24, 2020 – via Internet Archive.

3358: 454: 9595: 8792: 8717: 8369: 8305: 8278: 7941: 7754: 7608: 3638:

greatly decreases immersion effects of digital stereo to them.

3109: 2917: 2830: 2444:

was released on June 23, 2008. The film was shot at the former

1932:

film which was shot with stereoscopic 3D and released in 1984.

1416: 816:

As with practically all of the features made during this boom,

717: 509: 324: 76: 66: 7094: 4245:. W. and R. Chambers. April 10, 1868 – via Google Books. 3519:, LCD shutter glasses may actually improve the image quality. 3465:

films. The thick frames conceal the electronics and batteries.

3094:(1953). Warner Brothers only produced a single cartoon in 3D: 2834:

opening weekend gross consisted of only 37% from 3D theatres.

2811:

Audience decline in theaters & 3D streaming (2011–present)

2463:

Through the entire history of 3D presentations, techniques to

38:. For motion pictures created using stereophotogrammetry, see 9280: 8413: 8391: 8384: 8184: 4744:. Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky. p. 152. 3538: 3199: 2947: 2935: 2569:

Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus: Best of Both Worlds Concert

2563: 2535: 2471:

has spawned a new wave of conversion products. In June 2006,

1702: 562:

itself got poor reviews), but Teleview was never seen again.

423: 5297:"Box Office Preview: Can 'Transformers' Reverse 3D Decline?" 4742:

Stereoscopic cinema & the origins of 3-D film, 1838-1952

4509:

Stereoscopic cinema & the origins of 3-D film, 1838-1952

2703:

on April 2, 2010. On May 13 of the same year, China's first

409:

logical step to lure visitors back into the movie theatres.

8332: 7125: 5183:"Fact: Post-Conversion 3D Sucks... and So Does Prime Focus" 5089: 3503: 3403: 2472: 2387: 2006: 1941: 1526:

and Patricia Medina, produced by Warner Bros. and based on

630:

in the red-and-green anaglyph format, and were narrated by

62: 4183:

Stereoscopic Cinema and the Origins of 3-D Film, 1838-1952

2855:

has dropped, let alone those sold with actual 3D goggles.

2611:

to be released in HD 3D. Major 3D films in 2009 included

2034:

Other stereoscopic films produced in this period include:

1620:

trilogy dealing with realistic science fiction (following

1505:

in the title role, Barbara Rush as the love interest, and

392:, nothing was produced in this process after these tests. 5602: 4801:

3-D revolution: the history of modern stereoscopic cinema

3989: 2888:, with plans to add some of its other well-known titles. 1265:, a sports short directed by famed set designer/director 867:. The other three films were produced in Britain for The 794: 395: 3379: 3294:

setting through two filters, one red and one cyan. In a

1138:

also has a notable score by then up-and-coming composer

5432:"Box Office Mid-Year Report: What's Worrying Hollywood" 4583: 4581: 4402:"'It Came from Outer Space' -- but is 3D here to stay?" 3486:

A newer implementation of the Eclipse Method came with

2744:) used the Real D 3D system, also released in IMAX 3D. 2455:

Ben Walters suggested in 2009 that both filmmakers and

5979:"Science's health concerns over 3D films – Phone News" 5932:

Julius B. Kaiser The Macmillan Company 1955 pp. 12–13.

4032:"animation | History, Movies, Television, & Facts" 3237:

is possible. This can lead to strange visual effects.

2822:

in 2011 came from 3D screenings as opposed to 60% for

27:

Film that gives an illusion of three-dimensional depth

5551:"Four theories on the death of 3-D. – Slate Magazine" 5206:"Why Avatar's big screen success couldn't save 3D TV" 4980: 4920:. Little, Brown and Company. 1983. pp. 104–105. 4107:

International Journal on Stereo & Immersive Media

1012:, which accompanied the first 3D western, Columbia's 4578: 3855: 2309: 890:

program on February 10, 1953, with his four shorts:

646:

was nominated for the Academy Award in the category

6224:"Stereoscopic Displays and Applications XXI (2010)" 5266:"KFP 2" Stumbles in US, Audiences Avoid 3D Version" 4381:

Limbacher, James L. Four Aspects of the Film. 1968.

2726:film released through major cable broadcasters for 1797:) was a superlative example of such a combination. 450:

Early systems of stereoscopic filmmaking (pre-1952)

6108: 5459:"Disney to Re-Release 4 Hit Animated Movies in 3D" 4785:Gunzberg, M.L. (1953). "What is Natural Vision?", 2713:, began in May 2010 and was released in mid-2011. 1309:, which was actually shot in 1954 under the title 1039:Columbia released several 3D westerns produced by 1018:at its Los Angeles opening. It was later shown at 920:April 1953 saw two groundbreaking features in 3D: 6413:, May 10, 2010 (published online April 29, 2010). 5905:"The ASC: Ray Zone and the "Tyranny of Flatness"" 5060:"World Premiere of IMAX® 3D Film Hidden Universe" 4831:"Lesser Acquires Rights to British Tri-Opticon", 3522: 1676:, another RKO/Howard Hughes production, starring 847:quickly premiered the dual-strip showcase called 9681: 6187: 6185: 5529:"Poll: 3D movies – Have you had enough of them?" 5008:A look at Disney and Pixar's 3D movie technology 4772:Weber, Frank A., M.Sc. (1953). "3-D in Europe", 4511:. Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky. 4426:Denig, Lynde. "Stereoscopic Pictures Screened". 3298:setting, the two images are printed in the same 2452:'s prototype Kernercam stereoscopic camera rig. 1976:) being notable examples. In the same year, the 3414:projector (4096×2160 resolution) displays both 2803:(both 1953) and William Van Doren Kelley's two 2682:and caused 3D films to increase in popularity. 6634: 5698: 5125:"George Lucas Updates Star Wars 3D Conversion" 4910: 3529:Anaglyph 3D § Interference filter systems 2343:The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3-D 1303:also went out with the last dual-strip short, 1209:Two prints had to be projected simultaneously. 306:announced in the January 24, 1878, edition of 7110: 6620: 6369:"Christopher Nolan and Emma Thomas Interview" 6182: 5808: 5712: 5710: 5324:"About.com 3D: 3D Ticket Sales by Percentage" 4968:IMAX Corporation Annual Report, 2004, page 7. 4887:Furmanek, Bob and Kintz, Greg. (circa 2012). 4210:Her Majesty's Commissioners. April 10, 1862. 3634:the real origin of that light on the screen. 2837:Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 1848:Spacehunter: Adventures in the Forbidden Zone 1403:. Paramount also released the cartoon shorts 1006:entered 3D with its May 28, 1953, release of 6474: 6336: 6334: 6061:"2D Glasses: Watch 3D movies without the 3D" 5834: 5002: 5000: 4589:""The Chopper", article by Daniel L. Symmes" 4445:"Tangible Specters: 3-D cinema in the 1910s" 4377: 4375: 3686:(or parallax) and the focus of the eyeball ( 2353:which included two films. One of the films, 1935: 1872:3D releases after the second craze included 1257:, a burlesque number starring exotic dancer 871:in 1951 by Raymond Spottiswoode. These were 824:. During the 1950s, the familiar disposable 6448: 3461:A pair of LCD shutter glasses used to view 2017:, 1995) and the first IMAX 3D fiction film 1888:, whose plot seemed to borrow heavily from 1433:filmed on actual Korean locations in 1953. 673: 7117: 7103: 6627: 6613: 6544: 6360: 6313:"Virtual Space - The Movies Of The Future" 5771: 5769: 5707: 5429: 5294: 4976: 4974: 4641:"Silent Era: Progressive Silent Film List" 4301:Muybridge, Eadweard (September 24, 2012). 4283: 1703:Revival (1960–1984) in single strip format 1379:(distributed by Warner Bros.), Columbia's 1342:musical, starred the MGM songbird team of 731:appeared in Italy, followed in Germany by 314: 6396: 6394: 6366: 6331: 6058: 6035: 6025: 6000:Solimini, Angelo G. (February 13, 2013). 5719: 5461:. Mashable Entertainment. October 5, 2011 4997: 4981:All Things Considered (January 4, 2010). 4587: 4372: 4300: 167:. Around the very same time (1832/1833), 142:Learn how and when to remove this message 6106: 5999: 5623: 5236: 5110:Walters, Ben. "The Great Leap Forward". 5026: 4983:"Movie Ticket Sales Surpass DVD Numbers" 4100: 4009: 3771:The 2D brightness cinema standard is 14 3456: 3378: 3357: 3265: 2747: 2375: 1860:Metalstorm: The Destruction of Jared-Syn 1618:Office of Scientific Investigation (OSI) 853:Now is the Time (to Put On Your Glasses) 520:at the Rivoli Theater in New York City. 469: 461: 453: 319:In the late 1890s, British film pioneer 6287:Browning, Skylar (June 16 – 23, 2011). 6191: 5766: 5739: 4971: 4438: 4436: 4351: 4327: 4164: 3755:that improve image area/resolution and 3483:system which was used briefly in 1922. 3353: 2940:America prefer 2D films over 3D films. 2795:. Also shown were the long-lost shorts 2489:announced that he would re-release his 1668:review mentions that it was shown flat. 1081:; dialect comic Harry Mimmo starred in 14: 9682: 7084:Stereoscopic Displays and Applications 6550: 6455:Cohen, David S. (September 16, 2010). 6391: 6204:from the original on November 12, 2010 5902: 5742:"Effects Corner: 2D to 3D Conversions" 5185:. Bloody-disgusting.com. April 5, 2010 4691:. Americanheritage.com. Archived from 4595:from the original on November 30, 2006 4334:. Macmillan Journals Limited. p. 3762: 3240: 3205: 2828:in 2010. In addition, the premiere of 2691:hitting US theaters on March 5, 2010, 2518:, were released in analog 3D in 2006. 1544:, distributed flat and 3D through Fox. 597:(December 17). On September 22, 1924, 396:1909–1915: Alabastra and Kinoplastikon 258:received US patent No. 35,317 for the 7098: 6608: 6454: 6405:"Why I Hate 3-D (And You Should Too)" 6143:. 3droundabout.com. December 19, 2011 6121:from the original on January 12, 2022 6059:Bettinger, Brendan (April 20, 2011). 5950: 5031:3-D not an alien concept in Hollywood 4539: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4058: 3723:soon forgotten as the film proceeds. 3498:. This is the method used by nVidia, 2999: 767:. In 1953, it was reissued by RKO as 6512:"Art of stereo conversion: 2D to 3D" 6457:"3D requires the best and brightest" 6253:"Come in Number 3D, your time is up" 6230:from the original on October 9, 2010 6107:Beaumont, Claudine (July 13, 2010). 5430:McClintock, Pamela (July 11, 2012). 5295:McClintock, Pamela (June 27, 2011). 5203: 4798: 4739: 4506: 4442: 4433: 4224: 4179: 4101:Pellerin, Denis (October 13, 2017). 4054: 4052: 3229:, most notably depth-based methods. 1148:, which starred nightclub comedian, 805:, produced, written and directed by 786:Golden Gate International Exposition 739:), and again in 1939 with Germany's 124:adding citations to reliable sources 95: 6367:Weintraub, Steve (March 25, 2010). 5935: 5804:Sony Digital Cinema 3D presentation 5507:"Star Wars Saga Getting Re-Release" 5017:. 2008.04.09. Downloaded 2009.06.07 4399: 4059:Mills, Virginia (August 13, 2018). 3286:In an anaglyph, the two images are 2722:was the first-ever stereoscopic 3D 2349:In 2004, Las Vegas Hilton released 2302:Shortly thereafter, higher quality 2185:(Al Giddings and David Clark, 1999) 1269:, who also directed the 3D feature 843:During Christmas of 1952, producer 179:were introduced in January 1839 by 56:solidity, usually with the help of 24: 9457:List of American independent films 6584:"How They Make Movies Leap at You" 6551:Murphy, Mekado (October 1, 2009). 5367:from the original on July 10, 2011 5218:from the original on July 20, 2016 5159:. January 11, 2009. Archived from 4558: 4495: 3803: 3564: 3547:wavelength multiplex visualization 3337:Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare 3022:Journey to the Center of the Earth 2962:. Some films were also offered in 2843:Captain America: The First Avenger 2575:Journey to the Center of the Earth 2373:", shot in high-definition video. 2363:released their ninth studio album 2173:Siegfried & Roy: The Magic Box 1640:(released in the United States as 1540:, a Panoramic Production starring 1242:Sol Lesser attempted to follow up 638:, premiered January 11, 1936, and 370:playing a number of passages from 25: 9751: 9690:Audiovisual introductions in 1915 6574: 5818:. Technicolor.com. Archived from 5740:Squires, Scott (August 4, 2011). 5636:from the original on May 19, 2021 5387:"3D Movies decline at Box Office" 5027:Anderson, John (March 26, 2009). 4049: 3615: 3551:The recently introduced Omega 3D/ 3452: 3142:(1953), which was distributed by 3108:produced two cartoons in 3D, the 2555:. It has been the #1 film at the 2310:Mainstream resurgence (2003–2010) 351:inches (4.45 centimeters) apart. 269:newspaper announced a project by 9663: 9654: 9653: 6553:"Buzz and Woody Add a Dimension" 6518: 6504: 6416: 6305: 6281: 6262: 6242: 6216: 6192:Fleming, Mike (March 23, 2010). 5850:see specs, 1.27oz with batteries 5624:Vlessing, Etan (July 26, 2017). 5509:. ScreenRant. September 29, 2010 5352: 5237:Goldberg, Matt (April 6, 2018). 5204:Goss, Patrick (April 15, 2016). 4443:Loew, Katharina (January 2013). 4186:. University Press of Kentucky. 4010:Goldberg, Matt (April 6, 2018). 3858: 2225:Cirque du Soleil: Journey of Man 2189:Encounter in the Third Dimension 1632:). Most theaters showed it flat. 1570:, which was in turn followed by 906:. This show is considered lost. 745:Six Girls Drive Into the Weekend 741:Sechs Mädel rollen ins Wochenend 573:, was distributed nationally by 190:Charles Wheatstone got inventor 100: 7124: 6724:Vergence-accommodation conflict 6488:. June 14, 2010. Archived from 6164: 6155: 6133: 6100: 6078: 6052: 5993: 5971: 5944: 5923: 5896: 5870: 5861: 5843: 5797: 5778: 5748: 5733: 5673: 5648: 5617: 5591: 5569: 5543: 5521: 5499: 5473: 5451: 5423: 5411:. Digital Trends. July 14, 2012 5401: 5379: 5346: 5316: 5288: 5258: 5230: 5197: 5175: 5143: 5117: 5104: 5077: 5052: 5020: 4962: 4932: 4901: 4881: 4851: 4838: 4825: 4792: 4779: 4766: 4733: 4707: 4681: 4651: 4633: 4607: 4552: 4533: 4479:. silentera.com. Archived from 4469: 4455: 4420: 4393: 4384: 4345: 4321: 4294: 4277: 4249: 4235: 4218: 4200: 4173: 3890:List of 3D films (2005–present) 2920:—too much crap in the system." 1331:'s classic film reference book 1168:. Fleming, who also starred in 980:released its first 3D feature, 832:, and three shorts produced by 820:was projected dual-strip, with 706:in stereoscopic presentations. 686:conceived the idea of reducing 111:needs additional citations for 5981:. PC Authority. April 20, 2010 5951:Child, Ben (August 11, 2011). 4898:. Retrieved November 19, 2013. 4180:Zone, Ray (February 3, 2014). 4158: 4146: 4137: 4125: 4094: 4078: 4024: 4003: 3523:Interference filter technology 3222:The Nightmare Before Christmas 3152:Starchaser: The Legend of Orin 3004: 2527:The Nightmare Before Christmas 1885:Starchaser: The Legend of Orin 1549:Creature from the Black Lagoon 1158:produced its only 3D feature, 727:Later that year, the feature, 154: 13: 1: 6890:Stereo photography techniques 6176:agence-nationale-recherche.fr 5930:Make Your own Stereo Pictures 5903:Bailey, John (May 18, 2012). 5085:"The Butler's in Love (2008)" 4290:. Harvard University. Harper. 3996: 3694:conference in San Jose, U.S. 3406:features a new system called 3011:Stereo photography techniques 2975: 2152:T-Rex: Back to the Cretaceous 2050:Jim Henson's Muppet*Vision 3D 1978:National Film Board of Canada 1532:The Murders in the Rue Morgue 1032:. The show was hosted by the 865:National Film Board of Canada 777:Magic Movies: Thrills For You 248:1862 International Exhibition 6900:Stereoscopic depth rendition 6027:10.1371/journal.pone.0056160 4940:"The Bubble - 3dfilmarchive" 4859:"Cease Fire - 3dfilmarchive" 4328:Lockyer, Sir Norman (1878). 4287:How Motion Pictures are Made 3885:List of 3D films (1914–2004) 3652: 3049:In the 1930s and 1940s, the 3044: 2446:Industrial Light & Magic 2068:Honey, I Shrunk the Audience 1921:through sites such as eBay. 940:, the first 3D feature with 795:The "golden era" (1952–1954) 642:premiered January 15, 1938. 52:made to give an illusion of 7: 9705:Motion picture film formats 6110:"Daily Telegraph Newspaper" 5727:"Why 3D Will Fail... Again" 3851: 3255: 3081:Adventures in Music: Melody 2793:Those Redheads From Seattle 2135:and Peter Stephenson, 1997) 1882:and the 1985 animated film 1866:Treasure of the Four Crowns 1573:The Creature Walks Among Us 1350:as the leads, supported by 1311:The Adventures of Sam Space 1171:Those Redheads From Seattle 1097:in 3D for film festivals.) 754:In 1939, John Norling shot 648:Best Short Subject, Novelty 626:series. The prints were by 254:In 1861, American engineer 10: 9756: 9348:Classical Hollywood cinema 8537:Commedia sexy all'italiana 7445:Exploitation film template 7389:Commedia sexy all'italiana 6424:"3D light losses examined" 5791:February 26, 2011, at the 5355:"June Sees Box Office Dip" 4463:"The Power of Love (1922)" 3935:3-D Film Preservation Fund 3807: 3619: 3568: 3537:polarized systems such as 3526: 3496:alternate-frame sequencing 3468: 3365: 3259: 3244: 3209: 3008: 2979: 2761:3-D Film Preservation Fund 2754:Grauman's Egyptian Theatre 2644:Disney's A Christmas Carol 2118:T2 3-D: Battle Across Time 1795:Andy Warhol's Frankenstein 1409:Casper, the Friendly Ghost 760:1939 New York World's Fair 667:outside of their company. 388:in his 1953 autobiography 91: 36:Computer-generated imagery 29: 9735:Film and video technology 9649: 9252: 9170: 8915:German underground horror 8870:Documentary Film Movement 8778:American eccentric cinema 8763: 8009: 7135: 7071: 6991: 6923: 6915:Stereoscopic video coding 6910:Stereoscopic spectroscopy 6845: 6732: 6674:Convergence insufficiency 6646: 5756:"Why 3D Will Fail… Again" 5114:, 19.3. (2009) pp. 38–41. 4465:– via www.imdb.com. 4430:, June 26, 1915, p. 2072. 4352:Herbert, Stephen (1998). 4196:– via Google Books. 4090:(in French). Hayez. 1849. 3198:, which was developed by 3120:Casper the Friendly Ghost 2767:and the Universal short, 2351:Star Trek: The Experience 1936:Rebirth of 3D (1985–2003) 1845:The science fiction film 1519:Phantom of the Rue Morgue 1186:Phantom of the Rue Morgue 488:, which premiered at the 384:. However, according to 7011:Fujifilm FinePix Real 3D 6948:3D-enabled mobile phones 6905:Stereoscopic rangefinder 6742:Active shutter 3D system 4918:Amazing 3D Texte imprimé 4591:. 3dmovingpictures.com. 4541:US patent US1784515A 3777:candela per square metre 3598:Fujifilm FinePix Real 3D 3471:Active shutter 3D system 3115:Popeye, the Ace of Space 2969:Avatar: The Way of Water 2807:shorts (1922 and 1923). 2694:How to Train Your Dragon 2071:(Daniel Rustuccio, 1994) 1905:Friday the 13th Part III 1875:The Man Who Wasn't There 1827:Friday the 13th Part III 983:It Came from Outer Space 674:Introduction of Polaroid 656:Third Dimensional Murder 430:in March 1915. In 1913, 265:On August 11, 1877, the 8850:Cinema of Transgression 7984:Cinema of Transgression 6983:Virtual reality headset 6978:Stereoscopic video game 6827:Virtual retinal display 6302:, Vol. 22, No. 24, p.8. 5013:August 6, 2011, at the 4848:, February 7, 1953: 12. 4835:, October 25, 1952: 21. 4615:"SEZIONI99-REDISC-TECN" 4307:. Courier Corporation. 3945:Stereoscopic video game 3791:In September 2012, the 3741:prime (non-zoom) lenses 3543:spectral comb filtering 3343:Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over 3340:and the 3D segments of 2697:on March 26, 2010, and 2469:digital post-processing 2331:Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over 2107:L5, First City in Space 1956:The Walt Disney Company 1696:Revenge of the Creature 1567:Revenge of the Creature 1441:, based on the popular 1267:William Cameron Menzies 1004:The Walt Disney Studios 978:Universal-International 840:at a major plot point. 737:You Can Nearly Touch It 601:was re-released in the 527:(later inventor of the 523:Also in December 1922, 315:Early patents and tests 9070:The Prague film school 8935:Hollywood on the Tiber 6875:Multiview Video Coding 6870:Computer stereo vision 6679:Correspondence problem 5630:The Hollywood Reporter 5437:The Hollywood Reporter 5302:The Hollywood Reporter 4894:April 2, 2019, at the 4358:. The Projection Box. 3679: 3676:director James Cameron 3646:picture to the brain. 3511:for projected images. 3466: 3384: 3363: 3325:polarization 3D system 3271: 2594:My Bloody Valentine 3D 2420:in digital 3D format. 2391: 2285:(Munro Ferguson, 2003) 2085:Across the Sea of Time 1790:Flesh For Frankenstein 1612:, the last episode in 608:sound-on-film system. 514:Samuel "Roxy" Rothafel 479: 467: 459: 304:Wordsworth Donisthorpe 239:Peter Hubert Desvignes 237:On February 27, 1860, 227:Johann Nepomuk Czermak 65:high-end theaters and 9720:1950s fads and trends 8925:Grupo Cine Liberación 8865:Czechoslovak New Wave 8860:Commedia all'italiana 7207:Commedia all'italiana 6294:July 1, 2017, at the 5855:May 11, 2011, at the 5577:"Prometheus: 2D v 3D" 4787:New Screen Techniques 4774:New Screen Techniques 4621:on September 27, 2007 4225:Hunt, Robert (1862). 4167:"Das Stereophoroskop" 3656: 3490:. Glasses containing 3460: 3436:anaglyph color filter 3397:circularly polarizing 3382: 3361: 3269: 3245:Further information: 2980:Further information: 2943:In 2024, 3D films in 2748:World 3-D Expositions 2638:The Final Destination 2632:X Games 3D: The Movie 2604:The Final Destination 2587:On January 16, 2009, 2562:On January 19, 2008, 2380:Shooting of the film 2379: 2326:Reality Camera System 2282:Falling in Love Again 1747:, the critics panned 1230:Radio City Music Hall 1145:Stardust in Your Eyes 1056:House on Haunted Hill 782:Pennsylvania Railroad 756:In Tune With Tomorrow 711:Waldorf-Astoria Hotel 473: 465: 457: 321:William Friese-Greene 9452:Guerrilla filmmaking 9115:Kitchen sink realism 9000:New French Extremity 8910:German Expressionist 8818:Kitchen sink realism 8683:Contemporary Western 8463:Environmental issues 7994:New French Extremity 7952:New French Extremity 7777:Softcore pornography 7772:Hardcore pornography 7639:New French Extremity 6767:Head-mounted display 6699:Kinetic depth effect 6300:Missoula Independent 6259:, December 23, 2009. 6226:. Stereoscopic.org. 5599:"3D: Alive or Dead?" 5557:. September 15, 2011 5334:on November 18, 2012 5239:"3D Is Dead (Again)" 4715:"Edwin Herbert Land" 4565:3dmovingpictures.com 4483:on December 31, 2010 4428:Moving Picture World 4012:"3D Is Dead (Again)" 3622:Health effects of 3D 3354:Polarization systems 3300:complementary colors 3186:DreamWorks Animation 3163:Stop-motion animated 3027:Fusion Camera System 2885:Beauty and the Beast 2801:A Day in the Country 2785:Taza, Son of Cochise 2738:DreamWorks Animation 2425:The Butler's in Love 2227:(Keith Melton, 2000) 2163:Mark Twain's America 2145:The Hidden Dimension 2023:(1996), by director 1970:Francis Ford Coppola 1946:We Are Born of Stars 1926:My Dear Kuttichathan 1623:The Magnetic Monster 1495:, a sequel to 1950s 1492:Taza, Son of Cochise 1413:Popeye, Ace of Space 1273:for Allied Artists. 1164:, in 1953, starring 911:A Day in the Country 904:This is Bolex Stereo 640:The New Audioscopiks 575:Educational Pictures 567:Frederic Eugene Ives 554:, the only Teleview 539:and two interlocked 518:Movies of the Future 378:Famous Players–Lasky 376:(a film released by 335:Frederic Eugene Ives 120:improve this article 32:3D modeling software 9710:Special-venue films 9188:Children and family 9162:Yugoslav Black Wave 9035:Nuevo Cine Mexicano 8920:Nigerian Golden Age 8885:European art cinema 8788:Australian New Wave 6855:2D to 3D conversion 6807:Specular holography 6802:Polarized 3D system 6719:Stereoscopic acuity 6714:Stereopsis recovery 6592:: 97–99. April 1953 6514:. January 11, 2011. 6278:, January 15, 2010. 6115:The Daily Telegraph 6018:2013PLoSO...856160S 5579:. BBC Kermode Uncut 5481:"Titanic 3D review" 5163:on February 2, 2009 5131:on October 20, 2011 4950:on October 18, 2019 4695:on January 13, 2010 4284:Homer Croy (1918). 3895:2D to 3D conversion 3810:2D to 3D conversion 3763:Brightness concerns 3488:LCD shutter glasses 3368:Polarized 3D system 3241:Displaying 3D films 3227:2D to 3D conversion 3212:2D to 3D conversion 3206:2D to 3D conversion 3130:Walter Lantz Studio 3091:Working for Peanuts 2825:Shrek Forever After 2733:Shrek Forever After 2716:On October 1, 2010 2700:Clash of the Titans 2688:Alice in Wonderland 2620:Monsters vs. Aliens 2407:Singin' in the Rain 2317:Ghosts of the Abyss 2289:Misadventures in 3D 2221:(Hugh Murray, 2000) 2101:Jean-Jacques Annaud 2063:(John Weiley, 1993) 2025:Jean-Jacques Annaud 1629:Riders to the Stars 1382:Miss Sadie Thompson 1366:, Kurt Kasznar and 1025:Working for Peanuts 873:A Solid Explanation 869:Festival of Britain 859:, were directed by 834:Lippert Productions 476:Festival of Britain 466:Fairall's 3D camera 299:Scientific American 85:Goodbye to Language 9486:Major film studios 9080:Pure Film Movement 9060:Polish Film School 8960:Italian neorealist 8940:Hong Kong New Wave 8542:Mexican sex comedy 7599:German underground 6837:Wiggle stereoscopy 6832:Volumetric display 6797:Parallax scrolling 6557:The New York Times 4844:"Just Like 1927", 4799:Zone, Ray (2012). 4740:Zone, Ray (2007). 4559:Symmes, Daniel L. 4507:Zone, Ray (2007). 4143:British patent 711 3960:Disney Digital 3-D 3930:Volumetric display 3816:converted into 3-D 3467: 3443:computer animation 3385: 3374:polarizing filters 3364: 3272: 3191:Monsters vs Aliens 3182:Fly Me to the Moon 3097:Lumber Jack-Rabbit 3076:Walt Disney Studio 3000:Producing 3D films 2904:Jeffrey Katzenberg 2765:The Diamond Wizard 2742:Paramount Pictures 2394:In November 2004, 2392: 2383:Hidden Universe 3D 2361:Insane Clown Posse 2337:Aliens of the Deep 2304:computer animation 2027:, about the pilot 1940:In the mid-1980s, 1644:), a 1954 British 1642:The Diamond Wizard 1421:Paramount Pictures 1389:, and Paramount's 1078:Pardon My Backfire 1036:and was in color. 942:stereophonic sound 680:Harvard University 634:. The first film, 617:L'Arrivée du Train 593:(December 17) and 480: 468: 460: 354:On June 10, 1915, 256:Coleman Sellers II 217:In November 1851, 169:Charles Wheatstone 9677: 9676: 9616:Socialist realist 9328:Behind-the-scenes 9105:Socialist realist 9100:Spaghetti Western 9090:Romanian New Wave 8965:Japanese New Wave 8631:Sword and sorcery 8547:Nazi exploitation 8129:Mumbai underworld 7885:Planetary romance 7092: 7091: 7053:Sharp Actius RD3D 6973:Stereo microscope 6880:Parallax scanning 6694:Epipolar geometry 6684:Peripheral vision 6659:Binocular rivalry 6436:on April 24, 2014 6379:on March 27, 2010 5822:on March 27, 2010 5660:Disney Plus Press 5389:. Studio Briefing 5156:Los Angeles Times 5112:Sight & Sound 5064:ESO Press Release 4944:3dfilmarchive.com 4869:on August 8, 2019 4863:3dfilmarchive.com 4810:978-0-8131-3612-7 4751:978-0-8131-7271-2 4689:"Instant History" 4518:978-0-8131-7271-2 4365:978-0-9523941-3-6 4314:978-0-486-12999-0 4304:Animals in Motion 4193:978-0-8131-4589-1 4134:November 16, 1851 4061:"180 years of 3D" 3779:), as set by the 3757:frames per second 3746:Late film critic 3728:Christopher Nolan 3296:subtractive light 3171:The Polar Express 3056:Popeye the Sailor 3051:Fleischer Studios 2966:(48fps), such as 2865:and 32% choosing 2789:Wings of the Hawk 2710:Derrière les murs 2542:systems in 2006. 2530:were released on 2438:Elizabeth Berkley 2412:The Polar Express 2397:The Polar Express 2356:Borg Invasion 4-D 2340:IMAX (2005), and 1996:Echoes of the Sun 1972:, 1986, starring 1815:Dial M for Murder 1693:"Golden era" was 1661:Dangerous Mission 1581:Dial M for Murder 1456:Southwest Passage 1417:Popeye the Sailor 1333:Behind the Screen 1244:Stereo Techniques 1115:color production 1067:The Three Stooges 965:Dangerous Mission 849:Stereo Techniques 811:The Lions of Gulu 665:Universal Studios 591:The Run-Away Taxi 543:, left and right 485:The Power of Love 293:demonstrated his 271:Eadward Muybridge 152: 151: 144: 54:three-dimensional 16:(Redirected from 9747: 9667: 9657: 9656: 9636:Vulgar auteurism 9464:Interstitial art 9442:Hyperlink cinema 9157:Vulgar auteurism 9152:Toronto New Wave 9142:Telefoni Bianchi 9137:Sword-and-sandal 8955:Italian futurist 8950:Iranian New Wave 8813:British New Wave 8626:Sword-and-sandal 8507:Rape and revenge 8448:Mouth of Garbage 8294:Tentacle erotica 8242:Goona-goona epic 8222:Extraterrestrial 8109:Heroic bloodshed 7743:Occult detective 7574:Christmas horror 7426:Sword-and-sandal 7158:Hong Kong action 7153:Heroic bloodshed 7119: 7112: 7105: 7096: 7095: 7038:Nvidia 3D Vision 6792:Parallax barrier 6777:Integral imaging 6689:Depth perception 6669:Chromostereopsis 6664:Binocular vision 6629: 6622: 6615: 6606: 6605: 6601: 6599: 6597: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6563: 6548: 6542: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6522: 6516: 6515: 6508: 6502: 6501: 6499: 6497: 6478: 6472: 6471: 6469: 6467: 6452: 6446: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6435: 6429:. Archived from 6428: 6420: 6414: 6398: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6384: 6375:. Archived from 6364: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6353: 6338: 6329: 6328: 6326: 6324: 6315:. Archived from 6309: 6303: 6285: 6279: 6266: 6260: 6246: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6235: 6220: 6214: 6213: 6211: 6209: 6189: 6180: 6179: 6168: 6162: 6159: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6137: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6112: 6104: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6082: 6076: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6056: 6050: 6049: 6039: 6029: 5997: 5991: 5990: 5988: 5986: 5975: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5948: 5942: 5939: 5933: 5927: 5921: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5907:. Archived from 5900: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5884:on April 7, 2012 5880:. Archived from 5874: 5868: 5865: 5859: 5847: 5841: 5838: 5832: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5816:"Technicolor 3D" 5812: 5806: 5801: 5795: 5782: 5776: 5773: 5764: 5763: 5752: 5746: 5745: 5737: 5731: 5730: 5723: 5717: 5714: 5705: 5702: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5677: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5652: 5646: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5621: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5595: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5573: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5503: 5497: 5496: 5494: 5492: 5477: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5466: 5455: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5427: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5394: 5383: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5353:Gray, Branddon. 5350: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5330:. Archived from 5320: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5309: 5292: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5272:. Archived from 5262: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5234: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5201: 5195: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5179: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5147: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5127:. Archived from 5121: 5115: 5108: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5081: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5056: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5024: 5018: 5006:Manjoo, Farhad. 5004: 4995: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4978: 4969: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4946:. Archived from 4936: 4930: 4929: 4914: 4908: 4905: 4899: 4885: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4865:. Archived from 4855: 4849: 4842: 4836: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4803:. pp. 7–8. 4796: 4790: 4783: 4777: 4770: 4764: 4763: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4721:on June 22, 2006 4717:. Archived from 4711: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4685: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4665:. Archived from 4655: 4649: 4648: 4637: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4617:. Archived from 4611: 4605: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4585: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4556: 4550: 4549: 4548: 4544: 4537: 4531: 4530: 4504: 4493: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4440: 4431: 4424: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4400:Hodgson, Laura. 4397: 4391: 4388: 4382: 4379: 4370: 4369: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4261: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4177: 4171: 4170: 4165:Czermak (1855). 4162: 4156: 4150: 4144: 4141: 4135: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4056: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4028: 4022: 4021: 4007: 3900:Depth perception 3868: 3863: 3862: 3861: 3848:, among others. 3721: 3720: 3716: 3713: 3677: 3602:autostereoscopic 3581:parallax barrier 3134:Woody Woodpecker 3118:(1953), and the 3100:(1953) starring 3084:(1953), and the 2545:On May 19, 2007 2500:Steven Spielberg 2482:Superman Returns 2275:Ocean Wonderland 2254:Space Station 3D 2129:Paint Misbehavin 2096:Wings of Courage 2039:The Last Buffalo 2029:Henri Guillaumet 2020:Wings of Courage 1770:The Stewardesses 1765:The Stewardesses 1731:, which starred 1586:Alfred Hitchcock 1542:Cameron Mitchell 1537:Gorilla at Large 1501:, which starred 1329:Kenneth Macgowan 1196:Darryl F. Zanuck 1156:20th Century Fox 1043:and directed by 959:The Mad Magician 948:was (outside of 892:Sunday In Stereo 863:in 1951 for the 857:Around is Around 822:Polaroid filters 780:produced by the 704:Polaroid filters 700:Polaroid J Sheet 696:leave of absence 692:polarizing light 678:While attending 531:) premiered his 494:Harry K. Fairall 490:Ambassador Hotel 350: 349: 345: 342: 194:to produce some 192:Henry Fox Talbot 185:Henry Fox Talbot 147: 140: 136: 133: 127: 104: 96: 40:Volumetric video 21: 9755: 9754: 9750: 9749: 9748: 9746: 9745: 9744: 9740:Film production 9680: 9679: 9678: 9673: 9645: 9586:Semidocumentary 9511:Minimalist film 9501:Message picture 9496:Maximalist film 9390:Database cinema 9373:Computer screen 9333:Black-and-white 9258: 9256: 9254: 9248: 9166: 9122:Soviet parallel 9045:Parallel cinema 9040:Pan-Indian film 8970:Kammerspielfilm 8905:French New Wave 8825:Budapest school 8808:Brighton School 8783:New Objectivity 8765: 8759: 8728:Science fiction 8360:Bruceploitation 8269:Girls with guns 8215:Turksploitation 8089:Gentleman thief 8005: 7840:Science fiction 7686:Minimalist film 7681:Maximalist film 7659:Science fiction 7619:Japanese horror 7416:Social guidance 7131: 7123: 7093: 7088: 7067: 6993: 6987: 6925: 6919: 6895:Stereoautograph 6847: 6841: 6782:Lenticular lens 6757:Autostereoscopy 6734: 6728: 6704:Stereoblindness 6642: 6633: 6595: 6593: 6589:Popular Science 6582: 6577: 6572: 6571: 6561: 6559: 6549: 6545: 6535: 6533: 6532:. April 9, 2012 6524: 6523: 6519: 6510: 6509: 6505: 6495: 6493: 6492:on May 18, 2012 6480: 6479: 6475: 6465: 6463: 6453: 6449: 6439: 6437: 6433: 6426: 6422: 6421: 6417: 6399: 6392: 6382: 6380: 6365: 6361: 6351: 6349: 6348:. June 14, 2010 6340: 6339: 6332: 6322: 6320: 6319:on May 17, 2013 6311: 6310: 6306: 6296:Wayback Machine 6286: 6282: 6267: 6263: 6247: 6243: 6233: 6231: 6222: 6221: 6217: 6207: 6205: 6190: 6183: 6170: 6169: 6165: 6160: 6156: 6146: 6144: 6139: 6138: 6134: 6124: 6122: 6105: 6101: 6091: 6089: 6088:. Eyecare Trust 6086:"Eyecare Trust" 6084: 6083: 6079: 6069: 6067: 6057: 6053: 5998: 5994: 5984: 5982: 5977: 5976: 5972: 5962: 5960: 5949: 5945: 5940: 5936: 5928: 5924: 5914: 5912: 5911:on May 15, 2012 5901: 5897: 5887: 5885: 5876: 5875: 5871: 5866: 5862: 5857:Wayback Machine 5848: 5844: 5839: 5835: 5825: 5823: 5814: 5813: 5809: 5802: 5798: 5793:Wayback Machine 5783: 5779: 5774: 5767: 5754: 5753: 5749: 5738: 5734: 5729:. June 9, 2012. 5725: 5724: 5720: 5715: 5708: 5703: 5699: 5689: 5687: 5679: 5678: 5674: 5664: 5662: 5654: 5653: 5649: 5639: 5637: 5622: 5618: 5608: 5606: 5605:: Kermode Uncut 5597: 5596: 5592: 5582: 5580: 5575: 5574: 5570: 5560: 5558: 5549: 5548: 5544: 5534: 5532: 5527: 5526: 5522: 5512: 5510: 5505: 5504: 5500: 5490: 5488: 5487:. April 5, 2012 5479: 5478: 5474: 5464: 5462: 5457: 5456: 5452: 5442: 5440: 5428: 5424: 5414: 5412: 5407: 5406: 5402: 5392: 5390: 5385: 5384: 5380: 5370: 5368: 5360:Box Office Mojo 5351: 5347: 5337: 5335: 5322: 5321: 5317: 5307: 5305: 5293: 5289: 5279: 5277: 5276:on June 3, 2011 5264: 5263: 5259: 5249: 5247: 5235: 5231: 5221: 5219: 5202: 5198: 5188: 5186: 5181: 5180: 5176: 5166: 5164: 5149: 5148: 5144: 5134: 5132: 5123: 5122: 5118: 5109: 5105: 5095: 5093: 5083: 5082: 5078: 5068: 5066: 5058: 5057: 5053: 5043: 5041: 5025: 5021: 5015:Wayback Machine 5005: 4998: 4988: 4986: 4979: 4972: 4967: 4963: 4953: 4951: 4938: 4937: 4933: 4916: 4915: 4911: 4906: 4902: 4896:Wayback Machine 4886: 4882: 4872: 4870: 4857: 4856: 4852: 4843: 4839: 4830: 4826: 4811: 4797: 4793: 4784: 4780: 4771: 4767: 4752: 4738: 4734: 4724: 4722: 4713: 4712: 4708: 4698: 4696: 4687: 4686: 4682: 4672: 4670: 4669:on May 26, 2015 4657: 4656: 4652: 4639: 4638: 4634: 4624: 4622: 4613: 4612: 4608: 4598: 4596: 4586: 4579: 4569: 4567: 4557: 4553: 4546: 4538: 4534: 4519: 4505: 4496: 4486: 4484: 4477:"silentera.com" 4475: 4474: 4470: 4461: 4460: 4456: 4441: 4434: 4425: 4421: 4411: 4409: 4406:edition.cnn.com 4398: 4394: 4389: 4385: 4380: 4373: 4366: 4350: 4346: 4326: 4322: 4315: 4299: 4295: 4282: 4278: 4268: 4266: 4264:docs.google.com 4259: 4255: 4254: 4250: 4241: 4240: 4236: 4223: 4219: 4206: 4205: 4201: 4194: 4178: 4174: 4163: 4159: 4155:October 3, 1852 4151: 4147: 4142: 4138: 4130: 4126: 4099: 4095: 4084: 4083: 4079: 4069: 4067: 4057: 4050: 4040: 4038: 4030: 4029: 4025: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3910:Autostereoscopy 3864: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3812: 3806: 3804:Post-conversion 3765: 3718: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3678: 3672: 3655: 3628:Motion sickness 3624: 3618: 3590:Robinson Crusoe 3577:Lenticular lens 3573: 3571:Autostereoscopy 3567: 3565:Autostereoscopy 3531: 3525: 3473: 3455: 3424:metallic screen 3391:In the case of 3370: 3356: 3264: 3258: 3253: 3243: 3214: 3208: 3047: 3013: 3007: 3002: 2984: 2978: 2964:high frame rate 2908:post-production 2849:Box Office Mojo 2819:Kung Fu Panda 2 2813: 2773:Mamie Van Doren 2769:Hawaiian Nights 2750: 2724:Video-on-demand 2506:Animated films 2457:film exhibitors 2312: 2200:Alien Adventure 2139:IMAX Nutcracker 2111:Graeme Ferguson 2079:Graeme Ferguson 2015:Graeme Ferguson 1990:), created for 1974:Michael Jackson 1938: 1821:Friday the 13th 1720:Space-Vision 3D 1705: 1682:The French Line 1594:Robert Cummings 1554:Richard Carlson 1528:Edgar Allan Poe 1516:Two ape films: 1468:The French Line 1392:Money From Home 1348:Kathryn Grayson 1301:September Storm 1296:September Storm 1249:The 3-D Follies 1191:Drums of Tahiti 1140:Elmer Bernstein 1132:cinematographer 1111:starred in the 1109:Macdonald Carey 927:Man in the Dark 797: 733:Zum Greifen nah 729:Nozze Vagabonde 676: 525:Laurens Hammond 498:cinematographer 458:Fairall in 1922 452: 432:Walter R. Booth 398: 366:, a segment of 356:Edwin S. Porter 347: 343: 340: 338: 317: 275:Leland Stanford 219:Antoine Claudet 157: 148: 137: 131: 128: 117: 105: 94: 80:Jean-Luc Godard 58:special glasses 50:motion pictures 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9753: 9743: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9725:Cinematography 9722: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9675: 9674: 9672: 9671: 9661: 9650: 9647: 9646: 9644: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9603: 9598: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9573: 9571:Reverse motion 9568: 9563: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9521:Modernist film 9518: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9477: 9476: 9466: 9461: 9460: 9459: 9454: 9444: 9439: 9434: 9429: 9424: 9419: 9414: 9413: 9412: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9386: 9385: 9383:midnight movie 9375: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9309: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9273: 9268: 9262: 9260: 9250: 9249: 9247: 9246: 9245: 9244: 9239: 9229: 9228: 9227: 9222: 9212: 9211: 9210: 9205: 9197: 9196: 9195: 9185: 9180: 9174: 9172: 9171:By demographic 9168: 9167: 9165: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9118: 9117: 9110:Social realist 9107: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9067: 9065:Poliziotteschi 9062: 9057: 9055:Poetic realist 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9010:New generation 9007: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8985:Modernist film 8982: 8977: 8975:L.A. Rebellion 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8840:Cinéma du look 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8821: 8820: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8769: 8767: 8761: 8760: 8758: 8757: 8756: 8755: 8753:Zapata Western 8750: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8733:Singing cowboy 8730: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8688:Dacoit Western 8685: 8680: 8670: 8669: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8607: 8606: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8569:Shoshimin-eiga 8566: 8565: 8564: 8559: 8557:Nunsploitation 8554: 8552:Pornochanchada 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8498: 8497: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8466: 8465: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8439: 8438: 8437: 8436: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8401: 8400: 8399: 8389: 8388: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8341: 8340: 8335: 8325: 8320: 8319: 8318: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8297: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8265: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8227:Food and drink 8224: 8219: 8218: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8205:Blaxploitation 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8176: 8175: 8170: 8160: 8159: 8158: 8148: 8143: 8142: 8141: 8136: 8134:Poliziotteschi 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8045: 8044: 8039: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8013: 8011: 8007: 8006: 8004: 8003: 7998: 7997: 7996: 7991: 7989:Extreme cinema 7986: 7976: 7975: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7908: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7837: 7836: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7814: 7813: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7787: 7786: 7779: 7774: 7764: 7759: 7758: 7757: 7752: 7751: 7750: 7745: 7730: 7729: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7677: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7569:Chinese horror 7566: 7561: 7556: 7546: 7545: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7514: 7513: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7492: 7491: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7450: 7449: 7448: 7435: 7430: 7429: 7428: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7407: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7381: 7380: 7379: 7378: 7377: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7342: 7341: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7290: 7289: 7288: 7278: 7277: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7215: 7214: 7204: 7199: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7173: 7172: 7162: 7161: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7139: 7137: 7133: 7132: 7122: 7121: 7114: 7107: 7099: 7090: 7089: 7087: 7086: 7081: 7075: 7073: 7069: 7068: 7066: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7034: 7033: 7023: 7021:MasterImage 3D 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6997: 6995: 6989: 6988: 6986: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6929: 6927: 6921: 6920: 6918: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6851: 6849: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6812:Stereo display 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6752:Autostereogram 6749: 6744: 6738: 6736: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6654:3D stereo view 6650: 6648: 6644: 6643: 6632: 6631: 6624: 6617: 6609: 6603: 6602: 6576: 6575:External links 6573: 6570: 6569: 6543: 6517: 6503: 6473: 6447: 6415: 6390: 6359: 6330: 6304: 6280: 6261: 6241: 6215: 6181: 6163: 6154: 6132: 6099: 6077: 6051: 5992: 5970: 5943: 5934: 5922: 5895: 5869: 5860: 5842: 5833: 5807: 5796: 5777: 5765: 5747: 5732: 5718: 5706: 5697: 5672: 5647: 5616: 5590: 5568: 5542: 5520: 5498: 5472: 5450: 5422: 5400: 5378: 5345: 5315: 5287: 5257: 5229: 5196: 5174: 5142: 5116: 5103: 5076: 5051: 5019: 4996: 4970: 4961: 4931: 4909: 4900: 4880: 4850: 4837: 4824: 4809: 4791: 4778: 4765: 4750: 4732: 4706: 4680: 4650: 4632: 4606: 4577: 4551: 4532: 4517: 4494: 4468: 4454: 4449:Film Criticism 4432: 4419: 4392: 4383: 4371: 4364: 4344: 4320: 4313: 4293: 4276: 4248: 4234: 4217: 4199: 4192: 4172: 4157: 4145: 4136: 4124: 4093: 4077: 4048: 4023: 4001: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3980:MasterImage 3D 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3950:Surround sound 3947: 3942: 3940:Motion capture 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3880:Digital cinema 3877: 3875:Cinematography 3871: 3870: 3869: 3853: 3850: 3808:Main article: 3805: 3802: 3764: 3761: 3670: 3654: 3651: 3620:Main article: 3617: 3616:Health effects 3614: 3569:Main article: 3566: 3563: 3527:Main article: 3524: 3521: 3502:, and earlier 3492:liquid crystal 3469:Main article: 3454: 3453:Active shutter 3451: 3441:In the 2000s, 3400:liquid crystal 3366:Main article: 3355: 3352: 3292:additive light 3281:Edwin S Porter 3260:Main article: 3257: 3254: 3242: 3239: 3210:Main article: 3207: 3204: 3177:Chicken Little 3106:Famous Studios 3046: 3043: 3009:Main article: 3006: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2977: 2974: 2812: 2809: 2749: 2746: 2728:3D televisions 2680:3D televisions 2672:MasterImage 3D 2498:In late 2005, 2448:studios using 2434:David Arquette 2417:Chicken Little 2311: 2308: 2297: 2296: 2286: 2278: 2272: 2262: 2250: 2240: 2232:Haunted Castle 2228: 2222: 2214: 2208: 2196: 2186: 2180: 2170: 2160: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2126: 2114: 2104: 2092: 2082: 2072: 2064: 2058: 2046: 1960:Magic Journeys 1937: 1934: 1880:Silent Madness 1839:Amityville 3-D 1741:Johnny Desmond 1737:Deborah Walley 1704: 1701: 1686: 1685: 1678:Dale Robertson 1669: 1666:New York Times 1653: 1650:Dennis O'Keefe 1633: 1605: 1584:, directed by 1577: 1560:, directed by 1545: 1514: 1488: 1477:Gilbert Roland 1451:United Artists 1423:released a 3D 1364:James Whitmore 1263:Fun in the Sun 1237: 1236: 1233: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1166:Rhonda Fleming 1095:Down the Hatch 1091:Down the Hatch 1083:Down the Hatch 1045:William Castle 994:Fernando Lamas 913:, narrated by 881:The Black Swan 861:Norman McLaren 796: 793: 765:New Dimensions 675: 672: 451: 448: 436:Cecil Hepworth 415:Pepper's ghost 397: 394: 373:Jim the Penman 316: 313: 200:David Brewster 181:Louis Daguerre 171:developed the 165:phénakisticope 161:Joseph Plateau 156: 153: 150: 149: 108: 106: 99: 93: 90: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9752: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9687: 9685: 9670: 9666: 9662: 9660: 9652: 9651: 9648: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9566:Postmodernist 9564: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9556:Participatory 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9526:Musical short 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9475: 9472: 9471: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9449: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9437:Found footage 9435: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9411: 9408: 9407: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9384: 9381: 9380: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9343:Cinéma vérité 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9278: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9263: 9261: 9259:or production 9251: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9234: 9233: 9230: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9217: 9216: 9213: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9200: 9198: 9194: 9191: 9190: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9175: 9173: 9169: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9116: 9113: 9112: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9075:Prussian film 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9020:New Nollywood 9018: 9016: 9015:New Hollywood 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8835:Cannibal boom 8833: 8831: 8830:Calligrafismo 8828: 8826: 8823: 8819: 8816: 8815: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8798:Berlin School 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8770: 8768: 8762: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8748:Weird Western 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8675: 8674: 8671: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8653: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8605: 8602: 8601: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8579:Slice of life 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8532:Bavarian porn 8530: 8529: 8528: 8527:Sexploitation 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8496: 8493: 8492: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8485:Partisan film 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8464: 8461: 8460: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8453:Muslim social 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8435: 8434:Zombie comedy 8432: 8431: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8409:Giant monster 8407: 8406: 8405: 8402: 8398: 8395: 8394: 8393: 8390: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8357: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8330: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8317: 8314: 8313: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8281: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8249: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8210:Mexploitation 8208: 8206: 8203: 8202: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8165: 8164: 8161: 8157: 8154: 8153: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8076: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8064:Coming-of-age 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8034: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8014: 8012: 8008: 8002: 7999: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7981: 7980: 7979:Transgressive 7977: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7962:Psychological 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7924: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7912:Slice of life 7910: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7842: 7841: 7838: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7812: 7809: 7808: 7807: 7804: 7803: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7784: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7769: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7756: 7753: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7740: 7739: 7736: 7735: 7734: 7731: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7698: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7649:Psychological 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7624:Korean horror 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7594:Found footage 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7551: 7550: 7547: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7519: 7518: 7515: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7497: 7496: 7493: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7483:Magic realism 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7455: 7454: 7451: 7447: 7446: 7441: 7440: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7427: 7424: 7423: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7399:Sexploitation 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7386: 7385: 7382: 7376: 7373: 7372: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7350:Calligrafismo 7348: 7347: 7346: 7343: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7303:City symphony 7301: 7299: 7296: 7295: 7294: 7291: 7287: 7284: 7283: 7282: 7279: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7213: 7210: 7209: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7194: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7171: 7168: 7167: 7166: 7163: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7145: 7144: 7141: 7140: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7127: 7120: 7115: 7113: 7108: 7106: 7101: 7100: 7097: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7079:Stereographer 7077: 7076: 7074: 7070: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7043:Panavision 3D 7041: 7039: 7036: 7032: 7029: 7028: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6998: 6996: 6990: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6968:Stereo camera 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6943:3D television 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6930: 6928: 6922: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6865:2D-plus-depth 6863: 6861: 6860:2D plus Delta 6858: 6856: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6844: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6739: 6737: 6731: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6630: 6625: 6623: 6618: 6616: 6611: 6610: 6607: 6591: 6590: 6585: 6581: 6580: 6579: 6558: 6554: 6547: 6531: 6527: 6521: 6513: 6507: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6477: 6462: 6458: 6451: 6432: 6425: 6419: 6412: 6411: 6406: 6402: 6397: 6395: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6363: 6347: 6343: 6337: 6335: 6323:September 25, 6318: 6314: 6308: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6290: 6284: 6277: 6273: 6270: 6265: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6245: 6229: 6225: 6219: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6188: 6186: 6177: 6173: 6167: 6158: 6142: 6136: 6120: 6116: 6111: 6103: 6087: 6081: 6066: 6062: 6055: 6047: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6012:(2): e56160. 6011: 6007: 6003: 5996: 5980: 5974: 5958: 5954: 5947: 5938: 5931: 5926: 5910: 5906: 5899: 5883: 5879: 5873: 5864: 5858: 5854: 5851: 5846: 5837: 5821: 5817: 5811: 5805: 5800: 5794: 5790: 5787: 5781: 5772: 5770: 5761: 5757: 5751: 5743: 5736: 5728: 5722: 5713: 5711: 5701: 5686: 5685:Apple Support 5682: 5676: 5661: 5657: 5651: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5620: 5609:September 21, 5604: 5600: 5594: 5578: 5572: 5556: 5552: 5546: 5531:. Digital Spy 5530: 5524: 5508: 5502: 5486: 5485:Rolling Stone 5482: 5476: 5460: 5454: 5439: 5438: 5433: 5426: 5410: 5404: 5388: 5382: 5366: 5362: 5361: 5356: 5349: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5319: 5304: 5303: 5298: 5291: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5261: 5246: 5245: 5240: 5233: 5217: 5213: 5212: 5207: 5200: 5184: 5178: 5162: 5158: 5157: 5152: 5146: 5130: 5126: 5120: 5113: 5107: 5092: 5091: 5086: 5080: 5065: 5061: 5055: 5040: 5039: 5034: 5032: 5023: 5016: 5012: 5009: 5003: 5001: 4984: 4977: 4975: 4965: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4935: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4913: 4904: 4897: 4893: 4890: 4884: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4854: 4847: 4841: 4834: 4828: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4806: 4802: 4795: 4788: 4782: 4775: 4769: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4747: 4743: 4736: 4720: 4716: 4710: 4694: 4690: 4684: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4654: 4646: 4645:silentera.com 4642: 4636: 4620: 4616: 4610: 4594: 4590: 4584: 4582: 4566: 4562: 4555: 4542: 4536: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4514: 4510: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4482: 4478: 4472: 4464: 4458: 4450: 4446: 4439: 4437: 4429: 4423: 4407: 4403: 4396: 4387: 4378: 4376: 4367: 4361: 4357: 4356: 4348: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4332: 4324: 4316: 4310: 4306: 4305: 4297: 4289: 4288: 4280: 4265: 4258: 4257:"US31357.pdf" 4252: 4244: 4238: 4230: 4229: 4221: 4213: 4209: 4203: 4195: 4189: 4185: 4184: 4176: 4168: 4161: 4154: 4149: 4140: 4133: 4128: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4097: 4089: 4088: 4081: 4066: 4065:Royal Society 4062: 4055: 4053: 4037: 4033: 4027: 4019: 4018: 4013: 4006: 4002: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3920:3D television 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3872: 3867: 3856: 3849: 3847: 3846: 3839: 3837: 3836: 3831: 3827: 3826: 3821: 3820:James Cameron 3817: 3811: 3801: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3789: 3785: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3773:foot-lamberts 3769: 3760: 3758: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3742: 3738: 3737:digital video 3734: 3729: 3724: 3706: 3704: 3700: 3695: 3691: 3689: 3688:accommodation 3685: 3675: 3669: 3667: 3663: 3662: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3629: 3623: 3613: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3593: 3591: 3585: 3582: 3578: 3572: 3562: 3559: 3558:Panavision 3D 3554: 3553:Panavision 3D 3549: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3520: 3518: 3512: 3510: 3509:silver screen 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3484: 3482: 3476: 3472: 3464: 3459: 3450: 3446: 3444: 3439: 3437: 3432: 3431:Edwin H. Land 3427: 3425: 3419: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3398: 3394: 3389: 3381: 3377: 3375: 3369: 3360: 3351: 3347: 3345: 3344: 3339: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3319: 3318:ColorCode 3-D 3314: 3312: 3308: 3303: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3284: 3282: 3277: 3268: 3263: 3252: 3248: 3247:3D television 3238: 3236: 3230: 3228: 3224: 3223: 3217: 3213: 3203: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3192: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3178: 3173: 3172: 3166: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3154: 3153: 3147: 3145: 3141: 3140: 3139:Hypnotic Hick 3135: 3132:produced the 3131: 3127: 3126: 3121: 3117: 3116: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3098: 3093: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3070: 3069: 3064: 3063: 3058: 3057: 3052: 3042: 3040: 3036: 3035:beam splitter 3032: 3028: 3024: 3023: 3017: 3012: 2997: 2994: 2989: 2983: 2973: 2971: 2970: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2946: 2941: 2938: 2937: 2932: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2919: 2915: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2899: 2898: 2893: 2892: 2887: 2886: 2881: 2880: 2879:The Lion King 2873: 2870: 2869: 2864: 2863: 2856: 2854: 2853:3D television 2850: 2845: 2844: 2839: 2838: 2833: 2832: 2827: 2826: 2821: 2820: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2755: 2745: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2734: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2720: 2714: 2712: 2711: 2706: 2702: 2701: 2696: 2695: 2690: 2689: 2683: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2656: 2652: 2651: 2646: 2645: 2640: 2639: 2634: 2633: 2628: 2627: 2622: 2621: 2616: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2605: 2600: 2596: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2583: 2582: 2577: 2576: 2571: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2549: 2543: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2528: 2523: 2522: 2521:Monster House 2517: 2516: 2515:The Ant Bully 2511: 2510: 2504: 2501: 2496: 2494: 2493: 2488: 2484: 2483: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2458: 2453: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2436:and starring 2435: 2431: 2427: 2426: 2421: 2419: 2418: 2413: 2409: 2408: 2402: 2399: 2398: 2389: 2385: 2384: 2378: 2374: 2372: 2371:Bowling Balls 2368: 2367: 2362: 2358: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2345: 2344: 2339: 2338: 2333: 2332: 2327: 2323: 2322:James Cameron 2319: 2318: 2307: 2305: 2300: 2294: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2283: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2256: 2255: 2251: 2248: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2234: 2233: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2219: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2202: 2201: 2197: 2194: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2177:Brett Leonard 2174: 2171: 2168: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2157:Brett Leonard 2154: 2153: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2133:Roman Kroitor 2130: 2127: 2124: 2123:James Cameron 2120: 2119: 2115: 2112: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2098: 2097: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2076: 2075:Into the Deep 2073: 2070: 2069: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2052: 2051: 2047: 2044: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2021: 2016: 2012: 2011:Into the Deep 2008: 2003: 2001: 2000:Roman Kroitor 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1984: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1966: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1951: 1950:Roman Kroitor 1947: 1943: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1920: 1916: 1915: 1910: 1909:Amityville 3D 1906: 1902: 1898: 1897:Comin' At Ya! 1893: 1891: 1887: 1886: 1881: 1877: 1876: 1870: 1868: 1867: 1862: 1861: 1856: 1855: 1850: 1849: 1843: 1841: 1840: 1835: 1834: 1829: 1828: 1823: 1822: 1817: 1816: 1811: 1810: 1805: 1804: 1803:Comin' at Ya! 1798: 1796: 1792: 1791: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1766: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1729: 1723: 1721: 1715: 1713: 1712: 1700: 1698: 1697: 1691: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1674: 1673:Son of Sinbad 1670: 1667: 1663: 1662: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1638: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1625: 1624: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1610: 1606: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1588:and starring 1587: 1583: 1582: 1578: 1575: 1574: 1569: 1568: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1550: 1546: 1543: 1539: 1538: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1520: 1515: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1499: 1494: 1493: 1489: 1486: 1482: 1481:Howard Hughes 1478: 1474: 1470: 1469: 1465: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1457: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1443:stage musical 1440: 1439: 1434: 1432: 1431: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1393: 1388: 1387:Rita Hayworth 1384: 1383: 1378: 1377: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1325: 1321: 1320: 1319:Kiss Me, Kate 1314: 1312: 1308: 1307: 1302: 1298: 1297: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1251: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1234: 1231: 1227: 1226: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1192: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1178: 1173: 1172: 1167: 1163: 1162: 1157: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1146: 1141: 1137: 1136:Robot Monster 1133: 1129: 1128: 1127:Robot Monster 1122: 1120: 1119: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1079: 1074: 1073: 1068: 1064: 1063: 1058: 1057: 1052: 1051: 1046: 1042: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1026: 1021: 1017: 1016: 1011: 1010: 1005: 1001: 999: 995: 991: 990: 985: 984: 979: 975: 973: 972: 971:Son of Sinbad 967: 966: 961: 960: 955: 954:Vincent Price 951: 947: 943: 939: 938: 933: 929: 928: 923: 918: 916: 912: 907: 905: 901: 900:American Life 897: 896:Indian Summer 893: 889: 884: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 841: 837: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 814: 812: 808: 804: 803: 792: 789: 787: 783: 779: 778: 772: 770: 766: 761: 757: 752: 750: 749:Zeiss Company 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 725: 723: 722:silver screen 719: 714: 712: 707: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 684:Edwin H. Land 681: 671: 668: 666: 662: 658: 657: 651: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 620: 618: 614: 613:Louis Lumiere 609: 607: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 563: 561: 557: 553: 552: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 529:Hammond organ 526: 521: 519: 515: 511: 506: 504: 499: 495: 491: 487: 486: 477: 472: 464: 456: 447: 443: 439: 437: 433: 429: 425: 419: 416: 410: 407: 403: 402:Oskar Messter 393: 391: 387: 383: 382:Niagara Falls 379: 375: 374: 369: 365: 361: 357: 352: 336: 332: 330: 326: 322: 312: 309: 305: 300: 296: 292: 291:Thomas Edison 288: 285: 284:zoopraxiscope 280: 279:instantaneous 276: 272: 268: 263: 261: 260:kinematoscope 257: 252: 249: 245: 240: 235: 233: 228: 223: 220: 215: 212: 210: 209:Jules Duboscq 206: 201: 197: 193: 188: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 146: 143: 135: 132:December 2009 125: 121: 115: 114: 109:This section 107: 103: 98: 97: 89: 87: 86: 81: 78: 74: 73: 68: 64: 59: 55: 51: 47: 41: 37: 33: 19: 9405:Experimental 9400:Ethnofiction 9265: 9147:Third Cinema 9050:Persian Film 8793:Auteur films 8764:By movement 8621:Swashbuckler 8480:Ozploitation 8475:Outlaw biker 8355:Martial arts 8350:Magical girl 8200:Exploitation 8195:Ethnographic 8124:Mafia comedy 7767:Pornographic 7644:Psycho-biddy 7629:Lovecraftian 7463:Contemporary 7444: 7438:Exploitation 7433:Experimental 7313:Mockumentary 7182:Biographical 7026:Nintendo 3DS 6937: 6933:3D camcorder 6848:technologies 6735:technologies 6596:December 23, 6594:. Retrieved 6587: 6578: 6562:February 18, 6560:. Retrieved 6556: 6546: 6534:. Retrieved 6529: 6520: 6506: 6494:. Retrieved 6490:the original 6485: 6476: 6466:December 12, 6464:. Retrieved 6460: 6450: 6440:December 12, 6438:. Retrieved 6431:the original 6418: 6408: 6381:. Retrieved 6377:the original 6372: 6362: 6350:. Retrieved 6346:The Playlist 6345: 6321:. Retrieved 6317:the original 6307: 6299: 6283: 6269:Mark Kermode 6264: 6249:Mark Kermode 6244: 6232:. Retrieved 6218: 6206:. Retrieved 6198:Deadline.com 6197: 6175: 6166: 6157: 6145:. Retrieved 6135: 6123:. Retrieved 6114: 6102: 6090:. Retrieved 6080: 6068:. Retrieved 6064: 6054: 6009: 6005: 5995: 5983:. Retrieved 5973: 5961:. Retrieved 5957:The Guardian 5956: 5946: 5937: 5929: 5925: 5913:. Retrieved 5909:the original 5898: 5886:. Retrieved 5882:the original 5872: 5863: 5845: 5836: 5824:. Retrieved 5820:the original 5810: 5799: 5780: 5759: 5750: 5735: 5721: 5700: 5688:. Retrieved 5684: 5675: 5663:. Retrieved 5659: 5650: 5638:. 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