456:) was required to fire the gun, which was normally mounted on a traversing gun carriage. On board a ship the gun crew could be doubled to 18 men who needed to traverse the gun carriage by hand, using hand spikes and rope tackles. The extra crew was because sailing ships usually only fired their cannon from one side of the deck. In the unlikely event of both sides being in action at once, nine men would be detached to man the gun opposite. In both cases the gun was elevated using wooden wedges driven under the breech of the barrel by brute force. It was aimed using an advanced hexagonal sighting mechanism marked with the elevation on one face and the gun's range (according to different weights of cartridge charges) on the other five faces.
661:
531:
385:
51:
428:
586:. Although the Armstrong guns represented a new direction in artillery, the breech loading mechanism meant that they were unable to withstand the explosion of a heavy cartridge. Smaller cartridge charges were therefore required and the gun's muzzle velocity suffered as a result. Ironically the Armstrong Guns were therefore incapable of penetrating the armour fitted to the
393:
often encased in wadding. The gun was primed (using a metal spike inserted through the vent that pierced the charge), and fired using a percussion cap (which ignited the charge and forced the projectile out of the barrel). The estimated rate of fire of this weapon was between 55 and 70 seconds, though loading speed could be expected to fall off as crew became fatigued.
686:. With a 10 lb (4.5 kg) powder charge they could fire an 80 lb (36 kg) projectile at a muzzle velocity of 1,240 feet per second (380 m/s). They were deployed as coast defence and garrison artillery around the British Empire and remained in service until eventually declared obsolete in 1921.
639:
they proposed with the 68-pounder cannon and costed for them accordingly. The introduction of the
Armstrong gun initially led many to think that weapon would be used instead, but whilst the forts were being built, the Armstrong gun's weaknesses were exposed and the military reverted to using muzzle
392:
The gun was a traditional muzzleloader; it needed to be loaded from the front end of the barrel. Before it could be loaded the bore of the barrel was cleaned with a sponge, after which a propellant charge (gunpowder in a cloth bag) was rammed down into the breech. This was followed by a projectile,
677:
patented a method of boring out the gun barrel and inserting a wrought iron rifled liner. This allowed rifled shot and shells to be fired from old smoothbore cannon and experiments revealed that it made them even more powerful than they had been before. Introduced in 1872, 68-pounders adapted in
396:
The 68-pounder had an effective range of approximately 3,000 yd (2,700 m), however at its maximum elevation of 15 degrees it had a maximum range of 3,620 yd (3,310 m), a distance that the projectile would cover in 15 seconds. With a 16 lb (7.3 kg) powder charge (the
300:
gun manufactured in several weights, the most common being 95 long cwt (4,800 kg), and fired projectiles of 68 lb (31 kg). Colonel
William Dundas designed the 112 cwt version in 1841 and it was cast the following year. The most common variant, weighing 95 cwt, dates from
435:
The official weight of the shot was listed at 68 lbs but in reality this varied according to the material of the shot itself; cast iron shot weighed 67 lb (30 kg), wrought iron shot and steel shot weighed 72 lb (33 kg), and chilled steel weighed 68 lb 8 oz
672:
The introduction of rifled muzzle loaders (also classed as RMLs) rendered smoothbore guns largely obsolete. However, the 68-pounder and other smoothbores still existed in large numbers and various attempts were made to adapt the guns to fire new projectiles. Eventually
Captain
335:
made all smoothbore muzzle-loading guns obsolete. However, the large surplus stocks of 68-pounders were given new life when converted to take rifled projectiles; the cannon remained in service and was not declared obsolete until 1921.
444:
in 1849. The gun crew still had to gauge the best length of fuse for the range they were firing – ideally the shell should explode just before hitting its target. To prevent the shell exploding in the barrel it was fitted with a
773:
This is the velocity and range recorded by Andrew
Lambert but there are alternatives records of the 68-pounder's velocity. Winton records it as 1,280 ft/s (390 m/s) and Hogg as 1,425 ft/s (434 m/s) The 1865
375:
estimated that each cannon cost approximately £167.(2010 : £12,645). Over 2000 were cast before 1861 and its exceptional durability, range and accuracy earned it a reputation as the finest smoothbore cannon ever made.
436:(31.1 kg). It was estimated that one 68-pound shot had the destructive power equivalent to five 32-pound shot. The explosive shells were primed with 4 lb (1.8 kg) of gunpowder. They were fitted with simple
689:
At least two 68 pounders were converted to 7 in (18 cm) 6.55 long tons (6.66 t; 7.34 short tons) RML guns, firing a 115 lb (52 kg) or 150 lb (68 kg) double shot.
571:, but this specification changed during their building and they were finally equipped with twenty-six 68-pounders (13 on each side). Alongside these, the ships were equipped with new
397:"far" charge, although the gun was proofed to 25 lb charges) the cannon fired a 68 lb (31 kg) solid shot at a muzzle velocity of 1,579 ft/s (481 m/s).
1425:
509:
324:
guns were beginning to make their mark on artillery. At first the 68-pounder's reliability and power meant that it was retained even on new warships such as
372:
1905:
1527:
1522:
1545:
424:
gap of 0.1 in (0.25 cm) around the projectile; enough to aid the loading process, but not enough to seriously diffuse the propellant gasses.
420:). Although the cannon's barrel bore was 8.12 inches (20.6 cm), both shot and shells were 7.92 inches (20.1 cm) in diameter. This allowed a
1418:
1504:
348:
improved. Colonel
William Dundas, the government's Inspector of Artillery between 1839 and 1852, designed the cannon in 1846. It was cast by the
778:
recorded a maximum mean velocity of 2,040 ft/s (620 m/s), but both range and velocity were heavily influenced by the gun's elevation.
1411:
440:
that were ignited by the flash of the charge – early wooden fuses were eventually replaced by more reliable fuses designed by
Captain
1890:
1895:
520:, from where they regularly bombarded Russian positions for the next year. The cannon was also fitted in large numbers to the
1155:
1086:
611:
On land the 68-pounder was used extensively in
British coastal defences constructed during the 1850s - notably at forts like
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590:-class ships, while the 68-pounder (with its high muzzle velocity) could. As late as 1867 it was planned to fit the new
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was an artillery piece designed and used by the
British Armed Forces in the mid-19th century. The cannon was a
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28:
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Treatise on the
Construction and Manufacture of Ordnance in the British Service. Royal Gun Factory, 1877
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and "Martins Liquid Iron Shell" (thin walled shells filled with molten iron, intended to serve as
1800:
798:
Complete cost for 95 cwt gun including carriage, slide and appurtenances. Douglas, 1860, page 339
562:
1398:
Handbook for the 80-pr rifled M.L. converted gun of 5 tons on sliding carriage Land service 1883
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1303:"A Treatise on Naval Gunnery". Fifth edition, revised. published by John Murray, London, 1860
313:. Over 2,000 were made and it gained a reputation as the finest smoothbore cannon ever made.
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they were taken from their ship mountings and dragged up to siege batteries by the
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345:
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Treatise on
Manufacture of Ordnance in the British Service, 1877, Table VI page 73
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The cannon was designed in response to the need for heavier weaponry as armour on
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Treatise on Manufacture of Ordnance in the British Service, 1877, Table V page 72
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The cannon was put to use both on land and at sea. It was fitted to numerous
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756:- a gun of the same weight and calibre, featuring an early design of rifling.
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this way had a calibre of 6.29 inches (16.0 cm) and were known as a
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construction were retained, leading to a new design of artillery piece –
624:
567:. Originally it was intended to fit forty 68-pounders, primarily on one
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310:
114:
1079:
The Sail and Steam Navy List: All the Ships of the Royal Navy 1815–1889
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A muzzle-loaded cannon: 1) projectile (shot), 2) powder charge, 3) vent
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Send a Gunboat The Victorian Navy and Supremacy at Sea, 1854-1904
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A typical land based traversing carriage. This is actually a
664:
RML 80-pounder 55 long tons (5.1 t; 5.6 short tons) at
452:
On land a minimum crew of nine men (usually commanded by a
727:
Two guns at Port Fairy, Victoria, Australia - from Flickr
600:
with 68-pounders, but they were instead completed with a
1250:"7 inch 158 pounder Bow Chaser (Palliser Conversion)"
655:
504:
where the 68-pounder was used extensively during the
373:
Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom
1172:"The Palmerston Forts Society - Fortlog data sheets"
197:
112 cwt: 10 feet 10 inches (3,302 mm)
371:. The cannon was relatively cheap to produce – the
1350:
1287:. Isle of Wight County Council Cultural Services.
1142:
1226:Treatise on Construction of Service Ordnance 1879
743:Daylesford Botanical Gardens, Victoria Australia.
635:. The 1859 Royal Commission envisaged arming the
309:and saw active service with both arms during the
193:88 cwt: 9 feet 6 inches (2,896 mm)
27:"68-pounder" redirects here. For other uses, see
1882:
865:. The Warrior Preservation Trust. Archived from
500:. Several of these ships saw action during the
527:, although these had little impact on the war.
449:to ensure the fuse faced away from the charge.
1313:Coast Defences of England and Wales, 1856–1956
546:Most notably the 68-pounder was fitted to the
356:in 1847 and entered service soon after. Like
1419:
1332:Warrior: Restoring the World's First Ironclad
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640:loaded weapons. However, the advantages of
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1374:An Illustrated History of the Royal Navy
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1036:. New York: D Van Nostrand. p. 532.
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275:Approximately 3,000 yards (2,700 m)
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468:warships of different sizes such as
267:1,579 feet per second (481 m/s)
301:1846. It entered service with the
24:
1315:. Vancouver: David & Charles.
1067:
656:Conversion to rifled muzzle loader
525:-class ironclad floating batteries
388:A 68-pounder on a replica carriage
25:
1917:
1391:
1033:A Treatise on Ordnance and Armour
619:defending Portsmouth, and Forts
1891:Naval guns of the United Kingdom
1229:. Harrison and Sons. p. 94.
536:64-pounder rifled muzzle-loading
272:Effective firing range
49:
1896:Artillery of the United Kingdom
1353:Warrior, The First and the Last
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1150:. Conway Maritime. p. 69.
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1077:Winfield, R.; Lyon, D. (2004).
1058:
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1023:
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1005:
776:Treatise on Ordnance and Armour
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195:95 cwt: 10 feet (3,048 mm)
1081:. London: Chatham Publishing.
914:
855:
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280:Maximum firing range
160:
13:
1:
785:
668:, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
43:68-pounder smoothbore cannon
1400:at State Library of Victoria
1376:. London: Salamander Books.
1357:. Cornwall: Maritime Books.
1301:General Sir Howard Douglas,
1223:Owen, John Fletcher (1879).
379:
7:
747:
717:, Sydney Harbour, Australia
711:, Royal Amouries Collection
247:8.12 inches (20.62 cm)
29:68-pounder (disambiguation)
10:
1922:
1283:Cantwell, Anthony (1985).
1030:Holley, Alexander (1865).
459:
283:3,620 yards (3,310 m)
55:Replica 68-pounder aboard
26:
1860:
1829:
1806:QF 12-pounder 12 cwt Mk I
1781:
1707:
1634:
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606:RML 64 pounder 64 cwt gun
358:numerous cannon before it
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237:68 pounds (30.84 kg)
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82:Place of origin
81:
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41:
1603:68-pounder Lancaster gun
1330:Lambert, Andrew (1987).
1285:Fort Victoria: 1852–1969
863:"HMS Warrior - Armament"
843:(Interpretation Board).
760:
754:68-pounder Lancaster gun
734:, NSW, Sydney, Australia
498:-class ships of the line
454:non-commissioned officer
1801:QF 6-pounder Nordenfelt
1592:Rifled muzzle-loaders (
841:Guns of the Crimean War
682:, or officially as the
1796:QF 6-pounder Hotchkiss
1791:QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss
1743:BL 9.2-inch Mk I – VII
1583:RBL 7-inch 110-pounder
1372:Winton, John (2001) .
1146:; Major, John (2007).
845:Fort Nelson, Hampshire
732:Garden Island Dockyard
709:Fort Nelson, Hampshire
669:
543:
432:
400:The cannon could fire
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1852:1-inch Nordenfelt gun
1758:BL 12-inch Mk I – VII
1654:RML 64-pounder 64 cwt
1636:Rifled muzzle-loaders
1626:RML 64-pounder 71 cwt
1613:Rifled muzzle-loaders
1437:naval weapons of the
1349:Winton, John (1987).
1112:Winton (2001), p. 112
663:
650:rifled muzzle loaders
573:rifled breech loading
538:cannon, displayed at
533:
430:
387:
333:rifled muzzle loaders
331:, but eventually new
1733:BL 6-inch Mk II – VI
1728:BL 6-inch 80-pounder
1561:Rifled breechloaders
1064:Cantwell, pp. 21, 28
1055:Winton (1987), p. 33
1046:Winton (1987), p. 29
974:Winton (1987), p. 30
704:Carrickfergus Castle
684:RML 80-pounder 5 ton
644:and the Armstrong's
263:Muzzle velocity
1748:BL 9.2-inch Mk VIII
1649:RML 9-pounder 8 cwt
1124:Winton (1987), p. 6
721:Flagstaff Hill Fort
506:Siege of Sevastopol
350:Low Moor Iron Works
1763:BL 12-inch Mk VIII
1689:RML 12-inch 35-ton
1684:RML 12-inch 25-ton
1528:13-inch Blomefield
1523:10-inch Blomefield
1334:. London: Conway.
1002:Lambert, pp. 86–87
693:Surviving examples
670:
637:numerous new forts
629:Freshwater Redoubt
544:
433:
390:
166:In excess of 2,000
138:Low Moor Ironworks
121:Production history
1901:Coastal artillery
1878:
1877:
1870:Whitehead torpedo
1783:Quick-firing guns
1551:24-pounder Millar
1546:12-pounder Millar
1466:32-pounder 55 cwt
1157:978-0-85177-923-2
1088:978-1-86176-032-6
346:ships of the line
291:68-pounder cannon
287:
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76:Coast Defence gun
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666:Smiths Hill Fort
406:explosive shells
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680:RML 68-pounder
657:
654:
631:defending the
602:RML 7 inch gun
578:of two types;
576:Armstrong guns
514:Lancaster guns
508:. Along with
461:
458:
381:
378:
341:
338:
322:breech loading
298:muzzle-loading
285:
284:
281:
277:
276:
273:
269:
268:
265:
259:
258:
257:0 – 15 degrees
255:
249:
248:
245:
239:
238:
235:
228:
227:
218:
212:
211:
207:
206:
203:
199:
198:
191:
184:
183:
179:88, 95 or 112
177:
173:
172:
171:Specifications
168:
167:
164:
157:
156:
153:
149:
148:
145:
144:Unit cost
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
129:William Dundas
127:
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122:
118:
117:
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108:
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106:United Kingdom
104:
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96:
92:
91:
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85:United Kingdom
83:
79:
78:
69:
65:
64:
54:
46:
45:
35:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1918:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
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1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1871:
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1863:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1830:Light weapons
1828:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1773:BL 16.25-inch
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
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1736:
1734:
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1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:(new pattern)
1710:
1706:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1694:RML 12.5-inch
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
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1667:
1665:
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1604:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1595:
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1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:RBL 9 pounder
1568:
1567:
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1562:
1558:
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1444:
1440:
1439:Victorian era
1436:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1385:
1383:1-84065-218-7
1379:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1364:0-907771-34-3
1360:
1355:
1354:
1347:
1343:
1341:0-85177-411-3
1337:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1322:0-7153-6353-0
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1294:0-906328-32-2
1290:
1286:
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1275:
1255:
1251:
1245:
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1228:
1227:
1219:
1210:
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1190:
1188:
1173:
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1149:
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1080:
1073:
1071:
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987:
985:
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961:
959:
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943:
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929:
927:
917:
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906:
896:
894:
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890:
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886:
884:
869:on 2010-03-31
868:
864:
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842:
836:
834:
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830:
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807:
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791:
777:
770:
766:
755:
752:
751:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
715:Bradleys Head
713:
710:
707:
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690:
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685:
681:
676:
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565:
560:
559:
555:
552:
550:
541:
537:
532:
528:
526:
524:
519:
518:Naval Brigade
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
497:
492:
491:
486:
485:
480:
479:
474:
473:
467:
457:
455:
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403:
398:
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119:
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109:
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101:
97:
93:
88:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70:
66:
61:
60:
52:
47:
40:
34:
30:
19:
1768:BL 13.5-inch
1475:
1373:
1352:
1331:
1312:
1284:
1272:Bibliography
1257:. Retrieved
1254:cerberus.com
1253:
1244:
1239:Hogg, p. 248
1235:
1225:
1218:
1213:Hogg, p. 248
1209:
1200:
1175:. Retrieved
1166:
1147:
1138:
1129:
1078:
1060:
1051:
1042:
1032:
1025:
1016:
1007:
916:
871:. Retrieved
867:the original
857:
840:
817:
794:
775:
769:
688:
683:
679:
671:
646:wrought iron
610:
592:
587:
564:Black Prince
563:
557:
548:
545:
522:
495:
489:
483:
477:
471:
463:
451:
442:Edward Boxer
434:
399:
395:
391:
343:
327:
315:
290:
288:
190: length
134:Manufacturer
103:Used by
58:
33:
1842:Gardner gun
1837:Gatling gun
1816:QF 4.7-inch
1699:RML 16-inch
1679:RML 11-inch
1674:RML 10-inch
1563:(Armstrong)
1259:December 5,
1204:Hogg, p. 40
1020:Hogg, p. 41
911:Hogg, p. 25
899:Hogg, p. 37
584:40 pounders
540:Fort Nelson
510:32-pounders
502:Crimean War
418:heated shot
360:, it was a
311:Crimean War
163: built
115:Crimean War
1885:Categories
1753:BL 10-inch
1669:RML 9-inch
1664:RML 8-inch
1659:RML 7-inch
1493:shell guns
1476:68-pounder
1461:24-pounder
1456:18-pounder
1195:Hogg, p.39
1177:2010-05-08
873:2010-05-08
786:References
598:gunvessels
466:Royal Navy
402:solid shot
365:smoothbore
307:Royal Navy
295:smoothbore
221:Solid Shot
18:68 pounder
1862:Torpedoes
1821:QF 6-inch
1811:QF 4-inch
1738:BL 8-inch
1723:BL 5-inch
1718:BL 4-inch
1617:converted
1594:Lancaster
1538:Howitzers
1309:Hogg, Ian
554:ironclads
496:Conqueror
470:HMS
414:case shot
410:grapeshot
380:Operation
362:cast iron
253:Elevation
155:1841–1861
98:1846–1921
72:Naval gun
57:HMS
36:Naval gun
1640:Woolwich
1311:(1974).
1097:52620555
748:See also
740:, Canada
621:Victoria
569:gun deck
493:and the
354:Bradford
305:and the
152:Produced
126:Designer
1515:Mortars
1449:cannons
642:rifling
588:Warrior
558:Warrior
549:Warrior
460:Service
422:windage
367:loaded
328:Warrior
243:Calibre
59:Warrior
1500:8-inch
1380:
1361:
1338:
1319:
1291:
1154:
1095:
1085:
625:Albert
604:and a
595:-class
593:Plover
580:7 inch
551:-class
340:Design
318:rifled
234:weight
205:9 – 18
188:Barrel
761:Notes
617:Elson
613:Gomer
523:Aetna
490:Sepoy
472:Queen
447:sabot
438:fuses
232:Shell
216:Shell
147:£225
1378:ISBN
1359:ISBN
1336:ISBN
1317:ISBN
1289:ISBN
1261:2014
1152:ISBN
1093:OCLC
1083:ISBN
627:and
615:and
582:and
561:and
512:and
478:Odin
326:HMS
320:and
289:The
202:Crew
176:Mass
111:Wars
68:Type
352:in
181:cwt
161:No.
1887::
1252:.
1186:^
1117:^
1105:^
1091:.
1069:^
995:^
979:^
951:^
937:^
925:^
904:^
882:^
847::
826:^
803:^
652:.
623:,
608:.
487:,
481:,
475:,
412:,
408:,
404:,
1642:)
1638:(
1619:)
1615:(
1596:)
1427:e
1420:t
1413:v
1386:.
1367:.
1344:.
1325:.
1297:.
1263:.
1180:.
1160:.
1099:.
876:.
851:.
542:.
62:.
31:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
