691:
not hinder the
Italian build-up, and they soon retook Capuzzo and engaged in their own reconnaissance efforts. While more of the division's tank units were initially moved forward, it was decided to avoid mechanical attrition and the majority were pulled back to the Mersa Matruh area. This left one tank regiment along with the 1st KRRC, joined by two additional infantry battalions, and several batteries from the division's artillery to monitor a 60 mi (97 km) section of the border. Their instructions were to harass any Italian probes and to attempt to delay, but not become seriously engaged with, any offensive move. The 11th Hussars were allowed to continue their long-range efforts into Italian territory. Between 11 June and 9 September, 3,500 Italian casualties were inflicted for the loss of 150 of the division's personnel. The tank strength of the division had also rose to 85 cruisers by September, although 15 were being repaired and wear and tear issues impacted the rest.
404:, which stated that the majority of the British military were to be confined to the canal zone except in emergencies. In the case of the latter, troops could be deployed across Egypt. This saw the increased importance of Mersa Matruh, as it became the location from which the defense of Egypt would be conducted if Italy attacked. A joint declaration on 2 January 1937, by Italy and Britain, to maintain the status quo around the Mediterranean, momentarily eased the situation between both countries. However, tensions quickly mounted and in early 1938 the garrison in Egypt was authorised to be brought up from its peace time to its wartime establishment. It was envisioned that behind the Mersa Matruh position, a force of one mobile and two infantry
1367:
1283:
1191:
806:
933:
616:
219:
513:
714:. They halted to improve the infrastructure behind them and constructed a series of fortified camps. The 7th Armoured Division regrouped at Mersa Matruh, then spent the following two months reconnoitering the Italian positions. Towards the end of August, and prior to the Italian invasion, reinforcements and supplies were dispatched to Egypt from the UK. This included artillery, spare parts, and around 100 tanks for the division; a mix of light tanks and cruisers split between two armoured regiments. Their arrival in early October doubled the 7th Armoured Division's strength.
1112:
598:, the Inspector of the Royal Armoured Corps, was given command of the division on 4 December 1939 as Hobart's replacement. Two months later, on 16 February 1940, further nomenclature changes took place. The formation was renamed as the 7th Armoured Division, the Heavy Armoured Brigade (Egypt) became the 4th Heavy Armoured Brigade, and the Light Armoured Brigade (Egypt) was redesignated as the 7th Light Armoured Brigade. The two armoured brigades dropped the heavy and light descriptives on 14 April. During April 1940, the
42:
1478:
92:
74:
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months, before the first desert exercises were conducted in March 1939. Field training was limited by vehicle shortages and tanks restricted on how many miles they could traverse due to the same issues that the Mobile Force had encountered six months prior. With desert training concluded, the formation returned to Cairo where indoor exercises were held over the summer, while the higher ranks examined and refined the division's administration and logistical issues and explored
231:
695:
1302:". There is almost no doubt that the division was suffering from collective and cumulative battle fatigue. As Lloyd-Verney put it, with some prescience: "There is no doubt that familiarity with war does not make one more courageous. One becomes cunning and from cunning to cowardice is but a short step." This was not an isolated incident: the
384:, the Middle East and the canal gained further importance as oil production expanded, in addition to the development of aerial links between Britain and British India. In 1935, British policy shifted to view Italy as the principal threat towards British interests in the Middle East, following the Italian military build-up and
1022:, with 'B' Squadron of the 11th Hussars being first into the city on the afternoon of 7 May, followed closely by the 22nd Armoured Brigade and the 131st Brigade. The fighting in North Africa came to an end just days later, with almost 250,000 Axis soldiers surrendering to the Allies and becoming POWs.
639:
highlighted that pink variations may have existed. The design was used on vehicles from its inception, but there is no evidence that it was worn on uniforms until at least 1943. Then, only a single photograph depicts such and it is of the commanding officer. It is believed that the insignia was worn
590:
and who oversaw Wilson) and ordered back to the UK. Hobart's biography suggested that the dismissal was the result of long held animosities between Hobart and the upper echelons of the
British Army; and noted that while Wavell may not have held direct issues with Hobart, he would have been motivated
1540:
These figures represent the war establishment, the paper strength, of an armoured division. In 1939, an armoured division was to have 9,442 men, close to 400 guns, 351 tanks and about 3,000 vehicles. By 1944, a division was supposed to have 14,964 men, 126 guns, 366 tanks and around 4,000 vehicles.
690:
were quickly taken, and various small unit actions inflicted the loss of 24 armoured cars and several hundred casualties on the
Italians. The first tank-on-tank clash for the division occurred on 16 June, when a force of 12 Italian light tanks were engaged and destroyed. However, these actions did
602:
set out an organisation for armoured divisions that stated such formations should have 340 tanks. During this period, the 7th
Armoured Division had just 65 cruiser tanks, with eight not equipped with their required anti-tank weapons. The same month, the division started to return to Mersa Matruh.
563:
When tensions in Europe reached a boiling point, in late August and just prior to the outbreak of the Second World War in
September, the division was again deployed into the Western Desert. In December, with Italy having not joined the war, the formation returned to Cairo to resume training. The
1322:
on 6 September. The division then took part in the advance to and securing of the River Maas, where the division, now commanded by Major-General Lewis Lyne, a highly experienced commander, was slightly reorganized, with many experienced men who had been overseas with the division for five years
527:
was reassigned from being the
Director of Military Training and ordered to Egypt to form an armoured formation. He joined the Mobile Force after its arrival in Cairo in October, and it was used as the nucleus of the new division. Theoretical and organisational work took place over the following
1624:
Len
Burritt, who was a divisional headquarters wireless operator in 1940, alleged that he coined the nickname desert rats, talked Creagh out of applying the name Jerboa Division, and was presented with the first handmade insignia in 1940 after being dubbed "the first Desert Rat" by
1261:
The division's performance in
Normandy and the rest of France has been called into question and it has been claimed they did not match those of its earlier campaigns. In early August 1944, Major General George Erskine, who had commanded the division since January 1943, Brigadier
1606:
Cruiser tanks were intended to be faster moving and more heavily armoured than a light tank. They were equipped with a machine gun and a gun that was effective against other tanks. Their primary role was to engage and destroy opposing armoured forces. The main weapon was a
1274:
is of the opinion that the battle's result provided an excuse and that the sackings took place to "demonstrate that the army command was doing something to counteract the poor public opinion of the conduct of the campaign". Historian and former
British Army officer
775:" after him. After this, the tanks of the 7th Armoured Division, after eight months of fighting, needed a complete overhaul and the division was withdrawn to Cairo and temporarily ceased to be available as a fighting formation being replaced in the line by the
484:
that the force had, lacked spare parts and the tank tracks had reached the end of their potential mileage capacity. For example, the 1st
Battalion, Royal Tank Corps, had 63 light tanks but were quickly reduced to nine serviceable models. However, the historian
1405:
During the summer of 1945, the BAOR reorganised and disbanded its corps headquarters. These were replaced by new formations based around a divisional headquarters. This resulted in the creation of the 7th Armoured Division District, which was headquartered at
721:. The division protected the flank of the initial attack, then provided more direct support over the following days and assisted in the capture of a large number of Italian troops. They then pursued the Italians into Libya and took up position between
373:, Britain intended to maintain a garrison to protect the canal. However, military commitments had to be balanced with economic and geopolitical conditions. From a peak of 400,000 men in 1919, the garrison was reduced to 20,000 by 1921 and included the
1297:
The replacement of Erskine in August did not change the performance of the division. In November 1944, Lloyd-Verney was relieved by Major General Lyne, after he "was unable to cure the division's bad habits well enough to satisfy Montgomery and
5445:
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5435:
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and several other veteran formations Montgomery had brought back from the Mediterranean experienced similar difficulties, although not the 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division, which performed well throughout the Normandy Campaign.
1081:, and had been in continuous combat since 9 September. The assembly of six battalions of a single regiment has since been considered a unique moment in the regiment's history. The 169th Brigade was commanded at the time by Brigadier
5388:
1462:
5531:
643:
Most sources concur that the jerboa design was created during Creagh's tenure; that he felt something representative was needed to be added to the white circle and chose the desert rat. His wife then went to the
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at the time, claimed in his memoir that he and Hobart conversed about his pet jerboa. When he informed Hobart that they were called desert rats, Hobart decided to use that as the nickname for the division.
535:
During 1939, the Mobile Division (Egypt) was renamed as the Armoured Division (Egypt), while the Cairo Cavalry Brigade became the Light Armoured Brigade (Egypt). The 7th Hussars were re-equipped with the
5618:
710:. In accordance with their instructions, the division's forward elements engaged and harassed the Italians while falling back to avoid prolonged engagements. By 16 September, the Italians had reached
579:(Commander-in-Chief British Troops in Egypt), O'Connor's superior. An exercise in October, however, resulted in a public reprimand for Hobart due to errors made. In November, Hobart was dismissed by
400:. Due to rain and sandstorms, vehicles became stuck or were stricken by mechanical issues resulting in the moniker "Mobile Farce" being applied. The crisis also saw the UK and Egypt negotiate the
1279:
has commented approvingly of the 7th Armoured Division's institution of a flexible combined arms structure, which other British armoured divisions did not adopt until after Operation Goodwood.
5506:
5393:
1187:. Each troop now had three 75 mm gun Cromwells and a 17-pounder gun Firefly. The Desert Rats were the only British armoured division to use the Cromwell as their main battle tank.
493:, contended that it "might well have prevailed had the Italians" invaded Egypt, due to the armoured cars being in good working order and the Italian opposition consisting largely of
1266:, commanding the 22nd Armoured Brigade, and up to 100 other officers of the division were removed from their positions and reassigned. Erskine was replaced as GOC by Major General
5383:
5603:
5378:
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439:
1410:. The division was reformed when Hannover District became the 7th Armoured Division. The division remained part of the BAOR until April 1958, when it was redesignated as the
1558:
Mechanisation of this brigade started in 1935, with an intent to have one regiment equipped with light tanks, one with armoured cars, and the third to be motorized cavalry.
540:, and handed over their old tanks to the 8th Hussars. Additional armoured cars were delivered to the 11th Hussars, while the divisional artillery was provided with modern
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There could not have been a greater contrast to the desert. We struggled forward, blown bridges and muddy vineyards causing more delay than opposition from the enemy.
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1226:. During Perch, the division was to spearhead one arm of a pincer attack to capture the city. Due to a change in plan, elements of the division engaged tanks of the
661:, who edited the memoir, included a contradictory note that disputed Leakey's version of events and explained the story surrounding Creagh and his wife at the zoo.
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and its nomenclature colloquially changed; each unit dropped the word battalion from their names, although this was not officially adopted until September 1945.
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1148:
1179:
In November 1943, the division left Italy for the United Kingdom, with the last units arriving on 7 January 1944. The division was re-equipped with the new
4776:
2775:
848:, aware that the 7th Armoured Division was down to 200 tanks, decided on caution. During the wait, in the early afternoon of 22 November, Rommel attacked
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Mobile Division was the initial terminology used, by the British Army, to describe a tank-based force. They would later be known as an armoured division.
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Various organisational changes were introduced throughout the war that changed the composition of armoured divisions. More information can be found at
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On the wishes of the British Eighth Army commander, General Montgomery, the 7th Armoured Division was recalled to the United Kingdom, along with the
2350:
The Tanks: The History of the Royal Tank Regiment and its Predecessors, Heavy Branch, Machine-Gun Corps, Tank Corps, and Royal Tank Corps, 1914–1945
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829:. However, this Allied push failed, and the 7th Armoured Division was forced to withdraw on the third day of fighting. On 18 November, as part of
678:. In response, the 1st KRRC, the 7th, and the 11th Hussars patrolled the border and then crossed into Italian territory the next day and took 70
3889:
1501:
1120:
1065:(Operation Avalanche). Shortly after landing on the 18th the 131st (Queen's) Infantry Brigade (which consisted of the 1/5th, 1/6th and 1/7th
631:
during the First World War: A white circle, but on a red background rather than the First World War-era black background. In early 1940, the
1270:. Historians largely agree that this was a consequence of the "failure" at Villers-Bocage and had been planned since that battle. Historian
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194:
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stated that due to a miscommunication the design was more akin to a kangaroo rather than intended, and permission was refused to update it.
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of armoured cars, towed artillery and infantry, which completed the trip in 30 hours, that cut off the Italian retreat and destroyed the
1359:
in Fallingbostel, which was the first prisoner-of-war camp to be liberated. The 7th Armoured Division's last action of the war was the
852:
with the 21st Panzer and captured the airfield. Fighting was desperate and gallant: for his actions during these two days of fighting,
374:
4161:
1491:
1670:, 300 tons of spare parts and other required equipment, tens of thousands of artillery rounds, and one million rounds of ammunition.
564:
training conducted over the course of the year earned Hobart, and the division, the praise of his immediate superior, Major-General
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4717:
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4414:
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4081:
1542:
1393:. Among the many witnesses of the parade were British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, who was particularly fond of the division,
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and a concern that Italy could invade Egypt, the Cairo Cavalry Brigade was ordered to Mersa Matruh. The brigade consisted of the
47:
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A map of the Western Desert, detailing they key battles and movements between 13 September 1940–30 May 1941 (Click to enlarge).
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825:, having received new tanks and additional personnel. In the attack plan for Battleaxe, the 7th force was divided between the
388:. This crisis prompted the deployment an ad hoc formation called the Mobile Force, based around the Cairo Cavalry Brigade, to
5501:
5409:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5085:
4673:
4409:
4389:
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553:
370:
316:
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369:, and the British presence in Egypt was reinforced. Following the conclusion of hostilities and the British victory in the
186:
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50 Div in Normandy: A Critical Analysis of the British 50th (Northumbrian) Division on D-Day and in the Battle of Normandy
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medium bombers during a two-hour raid near Mersa Matruh, Egypt. Over 359 troops were killed and 560 others were wounded.
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1242:, which was intended to keep the German forces pinned to the British front away from the Americans who were launching
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with Germany, British forces moved to Mersa Matruh and authorization was provided to form a mobile division in Egypt.
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2007:, Chapter 3: Stroke and Counter-Stroke: The Italian Invasion of Egypt and Operation Compass June 1940–December 1940.
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was formed to command all mechanised cavalry and the battalions of the Royal Tank Corps. The latter was renamed the
1062:
273:'s interests. In February 1940, the formation was renamed as the 7th Armoured Division. During its early years, the
5176:
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1414:. While the division ceased to exist, its traditions and iconic nickname were maintained by 7th Armoured Brigade.
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4374:
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1250:, an attack to support the American break-out and intercept German reinforcements moving to stop it. After the
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1615:. This meant cruiser tanks were ineffective against entrenched infantry or for suppressing hostile artillery.
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could be assembled in the event of war. During the same year, the political situation in Europe escalated as
401:
265:. This was part of an effort to reinforce and maintain the British strategic presence in Egypt to defend the
552:), Royal Tank Corps, were assigned to the division's newly formed Heavy Armoured Brigade (Egypt) (later the
5151:
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5121:
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3179:. History of the Second World War. Vol. I Rearmament Policy. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
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1254:, which saw most of the German Army in Normandy destroyed, the 7th Armoured Division then took part in the
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902:
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the whole of the 7th Armoured Division was concentrated on breaking through. They faced only the weakened
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737:. In February, with Italian forces in retreat across Libya, the division crossed the desert south of the
506:
423:
20:
5111:
1444:
1374:
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in March. In late April, towards the end of the campaign, the 7th Armoured Division was transferred to
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385:
3350:. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. London: Naval & Military Press.
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where a victory parade was held, with the 7th Armoured Division taking part. Among the witnesses was
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Mk VI light tanks and lorries of the 8th Hussars, assembled prior to a desert exercise, 5 June 1940.
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to ensure that there was good working relationship between the various commanders that he oversaw.
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1972:
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545:
469:
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141:
867:. However, the 21st Panzer, despite being considerably weaker in armour, proved superior in its
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until it was disbanded in the 1950s. The division's history and insignia was carried on by the
3377:, United Kingdom Military Series (reprint ed.). East Sussex: Naval & Military Press.
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1159:. The 7th Armoured, handing over its battered vehicles and equipment to the recently arrived
849:
810:
749:. On 7 February, as the tanks were unable to travel fast enough, the manoeuvre was led by an
615:
604:
576:
572:), who stated it was the best trained formation he had ever seen. Similar plaudits came from
512:
366:
218:
3371:
The Mediterranean and Middle East Volume 2: The Germans Come to the Help of Their Ally, 1941
1932:
1214:
by the end of 7 June, a day after the initial landings. 7th Armoured initially took part in
1077:, (consisting of 2/5th, 2/6th and 2/7th Queen's, all formed in 1939), which was part of the
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The Mediterranean and Middle East Volume 1: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941)
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was adopted as the mascot and divisional insignia giving rise to the nickname Desert Rats.
153:
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1709:
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British doctrine initially defined light tanks as reconnaissance vehicles armed only with
1310:
Following the advance across France, the division took part in the Allied advance through
8:
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3417:
The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume 4: The Destruction of the Axis Forces in Africa
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The History of the British 7th Armoured Division, plus the 4th and 7th Armoured Brigades
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480:, medical, and logistical units and became known as the Mobile Force. The assortment of
292:. It was then withdrawn from Italy and dispatched to the United Kingdom, to prepare for
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1340:
1147:, all of which had seen extensive service alongside the 7th Armoured Division in the
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tactics, pushing the 7th Armoured back with a further 50 tanks lost (mainly from the
718:
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145:
3509:. Australian Army Campaigns Series – 2 (2nd ed.). Canberra: Army History Unit.
3394:
The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume 3: British Fortunes Reach Their Lowest Ebb
3296:
first published by BAOR in 1945, reprinted in 2001 by DP & G for the Tank Museum
1339:. The division had a short rest for training in late February. This was followed by
607:
on the Egypt-Libyan border, where they started reconnaissance of Italian positions.
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1418:
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Alan Brooke, the Chief of the Imperial General Staff and Field Marshal Montgomery.
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Craftsmen of the Army: The Story of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers
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XII Corps was disbanded in June 1945, followed by I, VIII, and XXX Corps in July.
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1407:
1243:
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The 22nd Armoured Brigade embarked on 4 June, and most of the division landed on
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679:
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commonly on uniforms starting in 1944, and after the division arrived in the UK.
486:
358:
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3155:
Raising Churchill's Army: The British Army and the War Against Germany 1919–1945
2169:
1463:
To War With Whitaker: The Wartime Diaries of the Countess of Ranfurly, 1939–1945
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returning home. In January 1945 the division, with the 8th Armoured Brigade and
1085:, who would later command the 7th Armoured Division from November 1944 onwards.
878:
On 27 June 1942, elements of the 7th Armoured Division, along with units of the
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Churchill's Desert Rats: From Normandy to Berlin with the 7th Armoured Division
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1014:. The attack was successful, with the 7th Armoured Division competing with the
991:
968:
864:
635:(also known as a desert rat) was added to the design. While primarily red, the
603:
Training continued for the majority, while the 11th Hussars moved close to the
529:
362:
342:
332:
270:
198:
190:
79:
2761:
1355:
and advanced northeast. On 16 April 1945, the 7th Armoured Division liberated
349:. In addition, it held economic and prestigious importance. To maintain this,
5597:
3535:
3326:. Vol. IX: 1938–1948. Chatham, England: Institution of Royal Engineers.
3213:
3062:
3045:
2961:. Military Monograph 303 (5th ed.). Bennington, Vermont: Merriam Press.
2196:
1655:
1441:
1370:
1336:
1299:
1180:
1105:
1093:
1092:. Used to fighting in the desert, the division had to adjust to the confined
1058:
1011:
929:
in October/November 1942, which turned the tide of the war in North Africa).
883:
868:
707:
346:
2988:
2890:
1888:
1886:
1238:
and were repulsed. Following the capture of Caen, the division took part in
3704:
3438:
3331:
3263:
3131:
2656:. History of the Second World War. H.M. Stationery Office. pp. 123–27.
2139:"Binfield man who was world's first Desert Rat honoured on trip to Germany"
1842:
1276:
791:
787:
783:
711:
683:
658:
557:
524:
461:
409:
389:
354:
254:
182:
174:
97:
3005:
2321:
909:. The 7th Armoured Division took part in most of the major battles of the
501:
on 30 September, the force moved to Cairo where it was joined by is first
3392:
Playfair, I.S.O.; Flynn, F. C.; Molony, C. J. C.; Gleave, T. P. (2004) .
3172:
2762:"FREE! Prisoners of war released by the "Desert Rats" Stalag XIB and 357"
2252:
2208:
2070:
1883:
1806:
1577:
1511:
1506:
1378:
1356:
1315:
922:
772:
453:
445:
419:
262:
3423:: United Kingdom Military Series. Uckfield: Naval & Military Press.
3400:: United Kingdom Military Series. Uckfield: Naval & Military Press.
3365:
Playfair, I.S.O.; Flynn, F.C.; Molony, C. J. C.; Toomer, S. E. (2004) .
1777:
319:, until the brigade was disbanded in 2014, and is now maintained by the
3271:
1658:, 48 anti-tank guns, 20 light anti-tank guns, 48 artillery pieces, 250
1652:
1211:
1116:
1082:
914:
649:
599:
460:
outfitted with trucks with the intent to be motorised cavalry, and the
397:
338:
266:
261:
on 27 September 1938, after increased tensions between Britain and the
202:
3588:"The Sharpshooters", the County of London Yeomanry Association website
345:
linking Britain with its colonial possessions in the east, especially
3576:
3530:(MMAS). Fort Leavenworth KS: Army Command and General Staff College.
3305:
A History of the Royal Armoured Corps and Its Predecessors, 1914–1975
994:
after Harding was severely injured in January, next took part in the
742:
473:
412:
5619:
Military units and formations of the British Empire in World War II
3587:
3466:
Biographical Dictionary of British Generals of the Second World War
1168:
1124:
951:
The 7th Armoured Division, now consisting of the 22nd Armoured and
936:
746:
645:
502:
494:
230:
226:
Second design, adopted prior to the division's deployment to Italy.
41:
2288:
Operations in the Middle East from 7th February to 15th July 1941
1311:
1164:
1054:
821:
On 7 June, the division was again prepared for battle as part of
753:
305:
3082:
Churchill's Desert Rats in North Africa, Burma, Sicily and Italy
674:
On 10 June 1940, Italy entered the Second World War against the
1348:
1089:
944:
799:
726:
722:
694:
632:
444:
In September 1938, due to the tensions between Britain and the
274:
2034:
440:
List of orders of battle for the British 7th Armoured Division
3597:
2913:"Desert Rats embark upon final fundraising push for memorial"
2776:"16 April 1945: The first POW camp liberated – Fallingbostel"
2386:
pp. 238–239 (New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace, Javanovich, 1953)
2273:, pp. 260–261, 267, 269–271, 278, 284 287–288, 356, 358.
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1651:
The convoy also included an armoured regiment outfitted with
1352:
1344:
1319:
1199:
1039:
1019:
50:
since early 1940. This variant was adopted in late 1943. The
2464:
905:
which, from August 1942 was commanded by Lieutenant-General
1035:
301:
3488:
The Desert Rats: the 7th Armoured Division in World War II
3338:
3294:
History of the 7th Armoured Division June 1943 – July 1945
3196:
Allenby and British Strategy in the Middle East, 1917–1919
2567:"Fifth Canadian Armoured Division: Introduction to Battle"
2270:
2258:
2242:
2226:
2214:
2202:
2190:
2163:
2076:
1892:
1854:
1848:
1812:
1783:
1417:
A monument to commemorate the 7th Armoured was erected at
341:, located in Egypt, was seen as a vital throughway of the
3391:
3364:
3136:
Desert Rats At War: North Africa, Italy, Northwest Europe
2847:
2327:
967:
in December. By January 1943 the Eighth Army had reached
2581:
2569:. Canadian Military History. 23 January 2012. p. 44
2520:
1986:
1915:
1913:
1818:
1389:
In July 1945 the 7th Armoured Division took part in the
280:
The division fought in most of the major battles of the
3040:. Civil Affairs and Military Government. London: HMSO.
2859:
5604:
Armoured divisions of the British Army in World War II
3055:
British and Commonwealth Armoured Formations (1919–46)
2871:
2094:
16:
Division of the British Army, active from 1938 to 1958
3057:. AFV/Weapons Series. Windsor: Profile Publications.
2542:
Countdown to Cassino: The Battle of Mignano Gap, 1943
2082:
1980:"The Monthly Army List, August 1939 Security Edition"
1910:
1741:
619:
The first divisional insignia to use a jerboa, c.1940
296:. In June 1944, it landed in France and subsequently
2653:
Victory in the West Volume II: The Defeat of Germany
2106:
2010:
1898:
1830:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1765:
1729:
1473:
288:, and this was followed by the participation in the
3239:. Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval and Military Press.
3036:Donnison, F. S. V. (1961). Butler, J. R. M. (ed.).
2046:
1547:
British armoured formations of the Second World War
1057:, on 15 September 1943, to help repel heavy German
560:tanks in October 1939 to replace the medium tanks.
3278:. Cheltenham, Gloucestershire: The History Press.
3218:The British Army and the Crisis of Empire, 1918–22
2058:
1753:
1108:in southern Italy, constructing a pontoon bridge.
489:, a member of the Royal Armoured Corps during the
19:"Desert Rats" redirects here. For other uses, see
5614:Military units and formations established in 1938
3702:
3638:
2981:Second to none; the Royal Scots Greys – 1919–1945
2486:. The Queen's Royal Surrey Regimental Association
1789:
1046:, but did participate in the early stages of the
5595:
3554:. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books.
1982:. National Library of Scotland. pp. 247–50.
1163:, left Italy in late December 1943, arriving in
886:incidents when they were attacked by a group of
779:. Compass ultimately captured 130,000 Italians.
544:. The 1st Battalion (Mk VI light tanks) and the
468:. Once there, the brigade was reinforced by the
31:Mobile Division (Egypt) / Mobile Division, Egypt
3552:Armored Champion: The Top Tanks of World War II
3276:Leakey's Luck: A Tank Commander With Nine Lives
706:with a force of five divisions supplemented by
2303:(Supplement). 2 July 1946. pp. 3423–3444.
813:being manned by members of the 2nd Battalion,
214:First insignia to use a jerboa, adopted c.1940
3890:Multi-National Division (South-West) (Bosnia)
3688:
3624:
3600:Autobiography of former Desert Rat Ted Rogers
3449:(reprint ed.). New York: Da Capo Press.
3237:Orders of Battle: Second World War, 1939–1945
2759:
2342:
1502:British Army Order of Battle (September 1939)
1447:- initially 11th Hussars, later staff officer
1030:The division was not an assault force in the
990:The division, now commanded by Major General
4612:British deception formations in World War II
3307:. Beaminster, Dorset: Newtown Publications.
2722:. London: William Collins Sons. p. 286.
2363:"CHAPTER 7 – A disastrous Beginning - NZETC"
2031:, Creagh, Major General Sir Michael O’Moore.
1975:. National Library of Scotland. p. 136.
1634:The 1KRRC were joined by the 3rd Battalion,
4159:
3895:Multi-National Division (South-East) (Iraq)
3490:. Havertown, Pennsylvania: Greenhill Book.
3220:. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
3198:. Hoboken, New Jersey: Taylor and Francis.
2699:
2683:
2681:
2316:(Supplement). 13 January 1948. p. 310.
1497:British Armoured formations of World War II
1425:where the division trained prior to D-day.
1018:of the First Army in a race to the city of
5529:
5317:
4715:
3695:
3681:
3631:
3617:
3138:. Location not identified: Air Sea Media.
2983:. Glasgow: Royal scot Greys/McCorquodale.
2934:
2714:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2249:, The Italians Stall and the British Plan.
2004:
802:were cut off by the Germans and Italians.
40:
3076:
2939:(ebook ed.). Stroud: History Press.
2804:
2587:
2526:
2470:
2428:"The Struggle for North Africa 1940-1943"
2339:Playfair, Volume II, pp. 1–2, 32, 163–164
1710:"Badge, formation, 7th Armoured Division"
1492:List of British divisions in World War II
1222:, two operations that formed part of the
1053:The 7th Armoured Division came ashore at
897:The Western Desert Force later became HQ
357:was subsequently established. During the
3796:
3523:
3414:
3035:
3012:
2995:
2865:
2678:
2306:
2293:
2100:
1931:
1904:
1543:British Army during the Second World War
1365:
1343:: the 7th Armoured Division crossed the
1281:
1189:
1110:
931:
815:Rifle Brigade (The Prince Consort's Own)
804:
794:, as reinforcements. In April 1941, the
717:On 9 December, the Western Desert Force
693:
614:
511:
321:7th Light Mechanised Brigade Combat Team
3504:
3324:History of the Corps of Royal Engineers
3299:
3253:
3212:
2959:The History of the 4th Armoured Brigade
2877:
2593:
2506:"Major-General Lewis Owen Lyne CB, DSO"
2276:
2246:
1919:
1747:
1073:) relieved its 'sister' duplicate, the
5596:
5467:
3549:
3482:
3468:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military.
3437:
3321:
3270:
3234:
3193:
3152:
3015:British Battle Insignia (2): 1939–1940
2975:
2953:
2853:
2808:The Fourth Reich and Operation Eclipse
2538:
2408:. Imperial War Museum. 4 February 1943
2282:
2238:
2178:
2136:
2124:
2088:
2052:
2040:
2016:
1992:
1955:
1951:
1877:
1836:
1771:
1759:
1735:
1289:carrying troops of the 9th Battalion,
1256:Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine
1127:at Grazzanise, Italy, 17 October 1943.
959:, fought in many major battles of the
418:and then focused its attention on the
158:Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine
5528:
5466:
5316:
4714:
4158:
3915:
3795:
3715:
3676:
3612:
3463:
3171:
3130:
3106:, Histoire & Collections (2004).
2649:
2355:
2112:
2028:
1824:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1391:1945 British victory parade in Berlin
1361:battle for the German city of Hamburg
782:The Italians had proven so weak that
497:. When tensions subsided, due to the
3652:7th Armoured Division (main article)
3604:7th Armoured Division Desert War.net
3118:Battle Zone Normandy: Villers Bocage
3052:
2064:
1959:
1800:
1428:
1198:, GOC 7th Armoured Division, enters
1174:
941:Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey)
396:, 170 mi (270 km) west of
311:After the war it formed part of the
3507:The Western Desert Campaign 1940–41
3292:Lindsay, Martin and Johnston, M.E.
3258:. Vol. I. London: Leo Cooper.
3157:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3120:. Sutton Publishing, London, 2004.
2835:. Imperial War Museum. 21 July 1945
985:Chief of the Imperial General Staff
664:
13:
2452:. The Desert Rats. 1 February 2018
2406:"The British Army in North Africa"
2241:, Chapter 1: The First Offensive;
2137:Slevin, Jennie (5 December 2014).
1941:. 30 September 1938. p. 6140.
1693:
1145:51st (Highland) Infantry Divisions
520:In the meantime, on 27 September,
14:
5630:
3570:
2937:Tobruk: The Great Siege 1941–1942
2891:"Fact file: 7th Armoured Brigade"
2181:, Chapter 1: The First Offensive.
1973:"The Monthly Army List, May 1939"
1381:, 7th Armoured Division, outside
1304:51st (Highland) Infantry Division
1183:and in April and May received 36
556:), and started to receive modern
269:, which was seen as vital to the
2935:Buckingham, William F. (2012) .
2127:, Chapter 2: The Western Desert.
1476:
1329:52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division
1161:5th Canadian (Armoured) Division
1153:invasion of North Western Europe
1075:169th (Queen's) Infantry Brigade
1063:Battle for the Salerno beachhead
921:in July 1942, which stopped the
901:, one of the major parts of the
827:Coast Force and Escarpment Force
733:, the division advanced on then
627:was similar to that used by the
229:
217:
90:
72:
3421:History of the Second World War
3398:History of the Second World War
3375:History of the Second World War
3017:. Men-At-Arms No. 187. Oxford:
2905:
2883:
2825:
2798:
2768:
2744:
2735:
2726:
2708:
2690:
2669:
2660:
2650:Ellis, Lionel Frederic (1968).
2643:
2634:
2625:
2616:
2607:
2559:
2532:
2498:
2476:
2442:
2420:
2398:
2389:
2373:
2333:
2290:. Wavell's Official Despatches.
2130:
1965:
1925:
1673:
1645:
1628:
1618:
1611:, which was only supplied with
1600:
1583:
1570:
1561:
1287:Ram Kangaroo personnel carriers
1079:56th (London) Infantry Division
955:and commanded by Major General
669:
482:different models of light tanks
470:1st Battalion, Royal Tank Corps
3254:Kennett, Brian Bishop (1970).
2917:The Thetford and Brandon Times
1552:
1534:
1331:) under command, took part in
702:On 13 September, the Italians
648:and sketched the first draft.
46:A jerboa had been used on the
1:
3775:6th (United Kingdom) Division
3770:3rd (United Kingdom) Division
3765:1st (United Kingdom) Division
3639:British 7th Armoured Division
3274:(2022). Forty, George (ed.).
2957:(2005) . Merriam, Ray (ed.).
2927:
2833:"Winston Churchill in Berlin"
2193:, pp. 100, 118–119, 205.
1232:Heavy SS-Panzer Battalion 101
1149:Mediterranean and Middle East
1121:4th County of London Yeomanry
402:Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936
326:
119:
3916:
1436:Michael Carver, Baron Carver
913:, including both battles of
882:, suffered one of the worst
654:intelligence officer (GSO 3)
433:
365:came into conflict with the
298:fought across western Europe
7:
3577:Battle of the Roer Triangle
3038:North-West Europe 1944–1946
2805:Delaforce, Patrick (2015).
1469:
1400:
1088:Then, it drove on and took
927:Second Battle of El Alamein
771:group, which was known as "
682:. The Italian border forts
610:
21:Desert rat (disambiguation)
10:
5635:
5609:British armoured divisions
5162:66th (2nd East Lancashire)
5117:57th (2nd West Lancashire)
3716:
3415:Playfair, I.S.O. (2004) .
3322:Porter, Whitworth (1958).
2996:Chadwick, Kenneth (1970).
1293:near Weske, 31 March 1945.
1106:crossed the river Volturno
947:, Libya, 18 November 1942.
919:First Battle of El Alamein
880:3rd The King's Own Hussars
719:launched its counterattack
548:(light tanks and obsolete
437:
420:German-dominated territory
351:Egypt was occupied in 1882
330:
284:, was then engaged in the
18:
5539:
5524:
5477:
5462:
5418:
5402:
5331:
5327:
5312:
5263:
5237:
5230:
5189:
5104:
5023:
5016:
4971:
4930:
4889:
4848:
4807:
4800:
4729:
4725:
4710:
4666:
4620:
4603:
4532:
4468:
4262:
4194:
4173:
4169:
4154:
4133:1st Commonwealth Division
4120:
4044:
3988:
3967:
3926:
3922:
3911:
3852:
3844:Scottish, Welsh and Irish
3806:
3802:
3791:
3757:
3726:
3722:
3711:
3644:
3194:Hughes, Matthew (2013) .
3104:British Tanks in Normandy
3073:, Sutton Publishing, 2003
2705:Buckley (2006), pp. 28–29
2384:Liddell-Hart, Basil Henry
1456:– chronicled by his wife
1252:Battle of the Falaise Gap
1000:Battle of the Mareth Line
652:, who was the division's
505:unit, the 1st Battalion,
313:British Army of the Rhine
225:
213:
208:
168:
163:
137:
129:
113:
103:
85:
67:
59:
39:
33:Armoured Division (Egypt)
30:
5167:67th (2nd Home Counties)
5137:61st (2nd South Midland)
5127:59th (2nd North Midland)
3524:Williams, E. R. (2007).
3342:; et al. (2004a) .
2613:Delaforce, 2003, pp. 1–2
2395:Playfair Volume IV, p.34
2348:Liddell Hart, Basil H..
2229:, pp. 208–211, 259.
2166:, pp. 100, 118–119.
2043:, pp. 19, 153, 158.
1522:
1236:Battle of Villers-Bocage
1151:, to participate in the
1025:
939:of the 1/6th Battalion,
542:25-pounder gun-howitzers
507:King's Royal Rifle Corps
5177:69th (2nd East Anglian)
5147:63rd (2nd Northumbrian)
4489:Durham and North Riding
3550:Zaloga, Steven (2015).
3505:Wahlert, Glenn (2011).
3235:Joslen, H. F. (2003) .
3153:French, David (2001) .
3013:Chappell, Mike (1987).
2998:The Royal Tank Regiment
1664:Bren light machine guns
1638:and the 2nd Battalion,
1609:2-pounder anti-tank gun
1383:Hamburg Dammtor station
1171:in early January 1944.
1034:, instead remaining in
953:131st Infantry Brigades
811:2-pounder anti-tank gun
786:was forced to send the
282:Western Desert campaign
259:Mobile Division (Egypt)
257:. It was formed as the
142:Western Desert campaign
5142:62nd (2nd West Riding)
5091:55th (West Lancashire)
5031:42nd (East Lancashire)
4415:55th (West Lancashire)
4350:42nd (East Lancashire)
3583:British Unit Histories
3000:. London: Leo Cooper.
2893:. BBC. 20 January 2003
2508:. Lancashire Fusiliers
2484:"The Italian Campaign"
1613:armour-piercing rounds
1386:
1325:155th Infantry Brigade
1294:
1207:
1204:Staghound armoured car
1181:Cromwell cruiser tanks
1128:
1102:
1071:Queen's Royal Regiment
977:British Prime Minister
948:
911:North African Campaign
907:Sir Bernard Montgomery
818:
699:
620:
596:Michael O'Moore Creagh
550:Vickers Medium Mark II
517:
371:Middle Eastern theatre
179:Michael O'Moore Creagh
4694:British Army in India
3645:7th Armoured Division
3053:Crow, Duncan (1971).
2539:Bowlby, Alex (1994).
2430:. Imperial War Museum
2271:Playfair et al. 2004a
2259:Playfair et al. 2004a
2243:Playfair et al. 2004a
2227:Playfair et al. 2004a
2215:Playfair et al. 2004a
2203:Playfair et al. 2004a
2191:Playfair et al. 2004a
2164:Playfair et al. 2004a
2077:Playfair et al. 2004a
1893:Playfair et al. 2004a
1849:Playfair et al. 2004a
1813:Playfair et al. 2004a
1784:Playfair et al. 2004a
1589:On 4 April 1939, the
1484:United Kingdom portal
1369:
1291:Durham Light Infantry
1285:
1193:
1137:8th Armoured Brigades
1114:
1098:
1016:6th Armoured Division
963:, taking part in the
935:
873:22nd Armoured Brigade
808:
777:2nd Armoured Division
697:
618:
577:Henry Maitland Wilson
515:
438:Further information:
375:Cairo Cavalry Brigade
331:Further information:
300:and ended the war in
244:7th Armoured Division
35:7th Armoured Division
5056:48th (South Midland)
5046:46th (North Midland)
5041:44th (Home Counties)
4425:59th (Staffordshire)
4380:48th (South Midland)
4360:44th (Home Counties)
4138:17th Gurkha Division
4092:44th (Home Counties)
3927:Administrative units
3807:Administrative units
3797:Post-Cold War period
3734:Guards and Parachute
3727:Administrative units
3464:Smart, Nick (2005).
3069:Delaforce, Patrick.
2764:– via YouTube.
2720:Decision in Normandy
2450:"Thomas Campbell RE"
2367:nzetc.victoria.ac.nz
2328:Playfair et al. 2004
1591:Royal Armoured Corps
1228:Panzer-Lehr-Division
1185:Sherman Vc Fireflies
965:Battle of El Agheila
835:21st Panzer Division
586:(Commander-in-Chief
570:Western Desert Force
554:4th Armoured Brigade
386:invasion of Ethiopia
317:7th Armoured Brigade
154:Invasion of Normandy
5152:64th (2nd Highland)
5132:60th (2/2nd London)
5122:58th (2/1st London)
5096:56th (1/1st London)
5086:54th (East Anglian)
5066:50th (Northumbrian)
5051:47th (1/2nd London)
4410:54th (East Anglian)
4390:50th (Northumbrian)
4335:23rd (Northumbrian)
4097:50th (Northumbrian)
3657:Commanding officers
3086:Pen and Sword Books
2856:, pp. 546–547.
2760:British Movietone.
2473:, pp. 148–152.
2292:first published in
2205:, pp. 208–211.
1827:, pp. 484–486.
1715:Imperial War Museum
1595:Royal Tank Regiment
1333:Operation Blackcock
1268:Gerald Lloyd-Verney
1206:, 8 September 1944.
1196:Gerald Lloyd-Verney
1157:British Second Army
1141:50th (Northumbrian)
1010:for the assault on
903:British Eighth Army
823:Operation Battleaxe
731:Bardia was captured
637:Imperial War Museum
625:divisional insignia
588:Middle East Command
428:was closely aligned
52:Imperial War Museum
48:divisional insignia
5197:63rd (Royal Naval)
5157:65th (2nd Lowland)
5061:49th (West Riding)
4658:82nd (West Africa)
4653:81st (West Africa)
4643:11th (East Africa)
4479:Devon and Cornwall
4471:"County Divisions"
4385:49th (West Riding)
4160:Second World War (
4128:Artillery Division
4031:49th (West Riding)
3340:Playfair, I. S. O.
3078:Delaforce, Patrick
2811:. Fonthill Media.
2786:on 30 October 2020
2640:Buckley, pp. 23–27
2313:The London Gazette
2300:The London Gazette
1995:, pp. 80, 82.
1958:, pp. 11–12;
1938:The London Gazette
1387:
1295:
1248:Operation Bluecoat
1220:Operation Goodwood
1208:
1129:
1069:battalions of the
1044:amphibious warfare
1032:invasion of Sicily
1008:British First Army
998:, followed by the
996:Battle of Medenine
949:
892:Vickers Wellington
863:, was awarded the
843:Lieutenant-General
831:Operation Crusader
819:
762:Lieutenant Colonel
758:Italian Tenth Army
700:
621:
574:Lieutenant-General
518:
294:Operation Overlord
5591:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5530:Napoleonic Wars (
5520:
5519:
5458:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5318:Second Boer War (
5308:
5307:
5304:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5185:
5184:
5112:45th (2nd Wessex)
5017:Territorial Force
5012:
5011:
4716:First World War (
4706:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4150:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4082:42nd (Lancashire)
3949:Prince of Wales's
3907:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3860:1st (UK) Armoured
3829:Prince of Wales's
3787:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3703:Divisions of the
3670:
3669:
3561:978-0-81171-437-2
3516:978-0-97576-692-7
3497:978-1-78438-410-4
3475:978-1-78346-036-6
3456:978-0-306-80157-0
3447:The Rommel Papers
3357:978-1-84574-065-8
3314:978-0-95085-360-4
3285:978-1-80399-047-7
3246:978-1-84342-474-1
3227:978-0-71901-717-9
3205:978-1-13632-388-1
3186:978-0-116-30181-9
3164:978-0-199-24630-4
3145:978-0-95769-155-1
3102:Fortin, Ludovic.
3028:978-0-85045-739-1
3019:Osprey Publishing
2968:978-1-57638-018-5
2946:978-0-75248-715-1
2545:. Pen and Sword.
2380:The Rommel Papers
2284:Wavell, Archibald
1962:, pp. 25–26.
1851:, pp. 17–19.
1640:The Rifle Brigade
1636:Coldstream Guards
1458:Hermione Ranfurly
1451:Second Lieutenant
1429:Notable personnel
1341:Operation Plunder
1175:North West Europe
973:Winston Churchill
961:Tunisian Campaign
925:advance, and the
861:7th Support Group
859:, commanding the
846:Willoughby Norrie
729:. In January, as
286:Tunisian campaign
237:
236:
146:Tunisian campaign
5626:
5526:
5525:
5464:
5463:
5329:
5328:
5314:
5313:
5235:
5234:
5172:68th (2nd Welsh)
5021:
5020:
4805:
4804:
4727:
4726:
4712:
4711:
4679:Beauman Division
4171:
4170:
4156:
4155:
3924:
3923:
3913:
3912:
3804:
3803:
3793:
3792:
3724:
3723:
3713:
3712:
3697:
3690:
3683:
3674:
3673:
3662:Orders of battle
3633:
3626:
3619:
3610:
3609:
3565:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3520:
3501:
3479:
3460:
3443:B H Liddell Hart
3434:
3411:
3388:
3367:Butler, J. R. M.
3361:
3344:Butler, J. R. M.
3335:
3318:
3301:Macksey, Kenneth
3289:
3267:
3250:
3231:
3209:
3190:
3168:
3149:
3099:
3066:
3049:
3032:
3009:
2992:
2972:
2950:
2921:
2920:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2887:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2782:. Archived from
2772:
2766:
2765:
2748:
2742:
2739:
2733:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2676:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2647:
2641:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2614:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2387:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2359:
2353:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2331:
2330:, p. 35–36.
2325:
2319:
2317:
2304:
2291:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1963:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1881:
1875:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1706:
1680:
1677:
1671:
1660:anti-tank rifles
1649:
1643:
1632:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1604:
1598:
1587:
1581:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1550:
1538:
1517:George Ward Gunn
1486:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1240:Operation Spring
1048:Italian campaign
1042:for training in
817:, 24 March 1942.
735:encircled Tobruk
665:Second World War
584:Archibald Wavell
566:Richard O'Connor
538:Light Tank Mk VI
499:Munich Agreement
491:Second World War
382:inter-war period
290:Italian campaign
233:
221:
150:Italian campaign
124:
121:
117:9,442–14,964 men
96:
94:
93:
78:
76:
75:
44:
28:
27:
5634:
5633:
5629:
5628:
5627:
5625:
5624:
5623:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5583:
5535:
5516:
5473:
5450:
5414:
5398:
5323:
5296:
5259:
5226:
5217:74th (Yeomanry)
5181:
5100:
5071:51st (Highland)
5008:
4967:
4926:
4885:
4866:17th (Northern)
4856:15th (Scottish)
4844:
4825:11th (Northern)
4796:
4721:
4698:
4662:
4616:
4599:
4528:
4464:
4395:51st (Highland)
4325:15th (Scottish)
4258:
4190:
4165:
4142:
4116:
4040:
3984:
3963:
3918:
3899:
3848:
3798:
3779:
3753:
3718:
3707:
3701:
3671:
3666:
3640:
3637:
3573:
3568:
3562:
3540:
3538:
3517:
3498:
3476:
3457:
3431:
3408:
3385:
3358:
3315:
3286:
3247:
3228:
3206:
3187:
3165:
3146:
3116:Forty, George.
3096:
3029:
2977:Carver, Michael
2969:
2947:
2930:
2925:
2924:
2919:. 24 June 2021.
2911:
2910:
2906:
2896:
2894:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2876:
2872:
2864:
2860:
2852:
2848:
2838:
2836:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2803:
2799:
2789:
2787:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2756:Wayback Machine
2749:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2594:
2586:
2582:
2572:
2570:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2553:
2537:
2533:
2525:
2521:
2511:
2509:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2489:
2487:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2469:
2465:
2455:
2453:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2431:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2411:
2409:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2378:
2374:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2281:
2277:
2269:
2265:
2257:
2253:
2245:, p. 190;
2237:
2233:
2225:
2221:
2213:
2209:
2201:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2177:
2170:
2162:
2158:
2148:
2146:
2135:
2131:
2123:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2075:
2071:
2063:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2015:
2011:
2005:Buckingham 2012
2003:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1978:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1950:
1946:
1930:
1926:
1918:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1891:
1884:
1876:
1855:
1847:
1843:
1835:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1815:, pp. 6–8.
1811:
1807:
1799:
1790:
1786:, pp. 1–3.
1782:
1778:
1770:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1746:
1742:
1734:
1730:
1720:
1718:
1708:
1707:
1694:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1668:anti-tank mines
1650:
1646:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1619:
1605:
1601:
1588:
1584:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1539:
1535:
1525:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1431:
1423:Thetford Forest
1408:Bad Rothenfelde
1403:
1375:Challenger tank
1244:Operation Cobra
1224:Battle for Caen
1216:Operation Perch
1177:
1028:
981:Sir Alan Brooke
888:Royal Air Force
837:. However, the
672:
667:
613:
487:Kenneth Macksey
442:
436:
359:First World War
335:
329:
240:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
170:
156:
152:
148:
144:
133:The Desert Rats
122:
118:
91:
89:
73:
71:
55:
34:
32:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5632:
5622:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5589:
5588:
5585:
5584:
5582:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5540:
5537:
5536:
5522:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5460:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5422:
5420:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5412:
5406:
5404:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5335:
5333:
5325:
5324:
5310:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5278:
5273:
5267:
5265:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5241:
5239:
5232:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5193:
5191:
5187:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5108:
5106:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5076:52nd (Lowland)
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5027:
5025:
5018:
5014:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4975:
4973:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4893:
4891:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4878:
4876:19th (Western)
4873:
4871:18th (Eastern)
4868:
4863:
4858:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4837:
4835:13th (Western)
4832:
4830:12th (Eastern)
4827:
4822:
4817:
4815:9th (Scottish)
4811:
4809:
4802:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4733:
4731:
4723:
4722:
4708:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4638:11th (African)
4635:
4630:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4607:
4605:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4536:
4534:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4514:Northumberland
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4475:
4473:
4469:Anti-Invasion
4466:
4465:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4400:52nd (Lowland)
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4320:12th (Eastern)
4317:
4315:9th (Highland)
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4200:
4198:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4177:
4175:
4167:
4166:
4152:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3930:
3928:
3920:
3919:
3909:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3810:
3808:
3800:
3799:
3789:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3730:
3728:
3720:
3719:
3709:
3708:
3700:
3699:
3692:
3685:
3677:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3635:
3628:
3621:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3601:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3572:
3571:External links
3569:
3567:
3566:
3560:
3547:
3521:
3515:
3502:
3496:
3480:
3474:
3461:
3455:
3435:
3429:
3412:
3406:
3389:
3383:
3362:
3356:
3336:
3319:
3313:
3297:
3290:
3284:
3268:
3251:
3245:
3232:
3226:
3214:Jeffery, Keith
3210:
3204:
3191:
3185:
3177:Grand Strategy
3169:
3163:
3150:
3144:
3128:
3114:
3100:
3095:978-1848840393
3094:
3074:
3067:
3050:
3033:
3027:
3010:
2993:
2973:
2967:
2955:Carver, R.M.P.
2951:
2945:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2904:
2882:
2880:, p. 425.
2870:
2868:, p. 244.
2858:
2846:
2824:
2818:978-1781554005
2817:
2797:
2767:
2743:
2741:Williams p. 90
2734:
2732:D'Este, p. 273
2725:
2707:
2698:
2696:Wilmot, p. 398
2689:
2677:
2668:
2659:
2642:
2633:
2624:
2615:
2606:
2592:
2590:, p. 183.
2588:Delaforce 2009
2580:
2558:
2552:978-0850524109
2551:
2531:
2529:, p. 179.
2527:Delaforce 2009
2519:
2497:
2475:
2471:Delaforce 2009
2463:
2441:
2419:
2397:
2388:
2372:
2354:
2341:
2332:
2320:
2275:
2263:
2261:, p. 190.
2251:
2231:
2219:
2217:, p. 206.
2207:
2195:
2183:
2168:
2156:
2143:Berkshire Live
2129:
2117:
2115:, p. 145.
2105:
2093:
2091:, p. 301.
2081:
2079:, p. 189.
2069:
2057:
2045:
2033:
2021:
2009:
1997:
1985:
1964:
1944:
1924:
1909:
1897:
1895:, p. 478.
1882:
1853:
1841:
1829:
1817:
1805:
1788:
1776:
1774:, p. 150.
1764:
1752:
1750:, p. 110.
1740:
1738:, p. 129.
1728:
1691:
1690:
1682:
1681:
1672:
1656:infantry tanks
1644:
1627:
1617:
1599:
1582:
1569:
1560:
1551:
1532:
1531:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1448:
1439:
1434:Field Marshal
1430:
1427:
1402:
1399:
1194:Major-General
1176:
1173:
1125:Volturno river
1059:counterattacks
1027:
1024:
992:George Erskine
979:, and General
943:marching into
865:Victoria Cross
671:
668:
666:
663:
612:
609:
594:Major-General
530:desert warfare
452:equipped with
435:
432:
424:Czechoslovakia
394:Western Desert
363:Ottoman Empire
343:British Empire
333:Italian Empire
328:
325:
271:British Empire
238:
235:
234:
227:
223:
222:
215:
211:
210:
206:
205:
199:George Erskine
191:Frank Messervy
172:
166:
165:
161:
160:
139:
135:
134:
131:
127:
126:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
87:
83:
82:
80:United Kingdom
69:
65:
64:
61:
57:
56:
45:
37:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5631:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5541:
5538:
5533:
5527:
5523:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5479:
5476:
5471:
5468:Crimean War (
5465:
5461:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5417:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5401:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5321:
5315:
5311:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5262:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5236:
5233:
5229:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5188:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5103:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5036:43rd (Wessex)
5034:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5019:
5015:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4979:36th (Ulster)
4977:
4976:
4974:
4970:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4929:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4888:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4851:
4847:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4803:
4799:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4719:
4713:
4709:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4684:Royal Marines
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4665:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4633:2nd (African)
4631:
4629:
4628:1st (African)
4626:
4625:
4623:
4619:
4613:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4533:Anti-Aircraft
4531:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4467:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4420:56th (London)
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4375:47th (London)
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4355:43rd (Wessex)
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4193:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4163:
4157:
4153:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4119:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4087:43rd (Wessex)
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4037:
4036:56th (London)
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3981:
3980:16th Airborne
3978:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3914:
3910:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3794:
3790:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3698:
3693:
3691:
3686:
3684:
3679:
3678:
3675:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3634:
3629:
3627:
3622:
3620:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3563:
3557:
3553:
3548:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3528:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3508:
3503:
3499:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3471:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3439:Rommel, Erwin
3436:
3432:
3430:1-84574-068-8
3426:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3407:1-84574-067-X
3403:
3399:
3395:
3390:
3386:
3384:1-84574-066-1
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3316:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3248:
3242:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3132:Forty, George
3129:
3127:
3126:0-7509-3012-8
3123:
3119:
3115:
3113:
3112:2-915239-33-9
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2932:
2918:
2914:
2908:
2892:
2886:
2879:
2874:
2867:
2866:Donnison 1961
2862:
2855:
2850:
2834:
2828:
2820:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2801:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2763:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2738:
2729:
2721:
2717:
2716:D'Este, Carlo
2711:
2702:
2693:
2687:Taylor, p. 84
2684:
2682:
2675:Forty, p. 104
2672:
2666:Fortin, p. 10
2663:
2655:
2654:
2646:
2637:
2628:
2619:
2610:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2589:
2584:
2568:
2562:
2554:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2535:
2528:
2523:
2507:
2501:
2485:
2479:
2472:
2467:
2451:
2445:
2429:
2423:
2407:
2401:
2392:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2351:
2345:
2336:
2329:
2324:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2272:
2267:
2260:
2255:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2228:
2223:
2216:
2211:
2204:
2199:
2192:
2187:
2180:
2175:
2173:
2165:
2160:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2121:
2114:
2109:
2103:, p. 13.
2102:
2101:Chappell 1987
2097:
2090:
2085:
2078:
2073:
2067:, p. 26.
2066:
2061:
2054:
2049:
2042:
2037:
2030:
2025:
2019:, p. 19.
2018:
2013:
2006:
2001:
1994:
1989:
1981:
1974:
1968:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1928:
1922:, p. 57.
1921:
1916:
1914:
1906:
1905:Chadwick 1970
1901:
1894:
1889:
1887:
1879:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1850:
1845:
1839:, p. 37.
1838:
1833:
1826:
1821:
1814:
1809:
1803:, p. 17.
1802:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1785:
1780:
1773:
1768:
1761:
1756:
1749:
1744:
1737:
1732:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1676:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1648:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1621:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1579:
1573:
1564:
1555:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1474:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1442:Major-General
1440:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1398:
1396:
1395:Field Marshal
1392:
1385:, 5 May 1945.
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1371:Cromwell tank
1368:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1337:Roer Triangle
1335:to clear the
1334:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1318:, liberating
1317:
1313:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1278:
1273:
1272:Daniel Taylor
1269:
1265:
1264:William Hinde
1259:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1104:The division
1101:
1097:
1095:
1094:Italian roads
1091:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:Medjez El Bab
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
988:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
895:
893:
889:
885:
884:friendly fire
881:
876:
874:
870:
869:combined arms
866:
862:
858:
857:Jock Campbell
855:
851:
847:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
816:
812:
807:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
780:
778:
774:
770:
766:
763:
759:
755:
752:
748:
744:
741:and captured
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
715:
713:
709:
705:
704:invaded Egypt
696:
692:
689:
685:
681:
677:
662:
660:
655:
651:
647:
641:
638:
634:
630:
626:
617:
608:
606:
605:Frontier Wire
601:
597:
592:
589:
585:
582:
578:
575:
571:
567:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
546:6th Battalion
543:
539:
533:
531:
526:
523:
522:Major-General
514:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
483:
479:
475:
472:, as well as
471:
467:
466:armoured cars
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
441:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
414:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
347:British India
344:
340:
334:
324:
322:
318:
314:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
249:
245:
239:Military unit
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
207:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
187:John Campbell
184:
180:
176:
173:
167:
162:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
140:
136:
132:
128:
116:
112:
109:
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102:
99:
88:
84:
81:
70:
66:
62:
58:
53:
49:
43:
38:
29:
26:
22:
5081:53rd (Welsh)
4989:38th (Welsh)
4972:5th New Army
4931:4th New Army
4890:3rd New Army
4881:20th (Light)
4861:16th (Irish)
4849:2nd New Army
4840:14th (Light)
4820:10th (Irish)
4808:1st New Army
4730:Regular Army
4504:Lincolnshire
4405:53rd (Welsh)
4345:38th (Welsh)
4223:
4186:6th Airborne
4181:1st Airborne
4112:53rd (Welsh)
4020:
3975:6th Airborne
3853:Combat units
3758:Combat units
3705:British Army
3651:
3579:January 1945
3551:
3539:. Retrieved
3526:
3506:
3487:
3484:Verney, G.L.
3465:
3446:
3416:
3393:
3370:
3347:
3323:
3304:
3293:
3275:
3255:
3236:
3217:
3195:
3176:
3173:Gibbs, N. H.
3154:
3135:
3117:
3103:
3081:
3070:
3054:
3037:
3014:
2997:
2980:
2958:
2936:
2916:
2907:
2895:. Retrieved
2885:
2878:Kennett 1970
2873:
2861:
2849:
2837:. Retrieved
2827:
2807:
2800:
2788:. Retrieved
2784:the original
2780:ww2today.com
2779:
2770:
2752:Ghostarchive
2750:Archived at
2746:
2737:
2728:
2719:
2710:
2701:
2692:
2671:
2662:
2652:
2645:
2636:
2631:Forty, p. 36
2627:
2622:Taylor, p. 6
2618:
2609:
2604:Fortin, p. 4
2583:
2571:. Retrieved
2561:
2541:
2534:
2522:
2510:. Retrieved
2500:
2488:. Retrieved
2478:
2466:
2454:. Retrieved
2444:
2432:. Retrieved
2422:
2410:. Retrieved
2400:
2391:
2379:
2375:
2366:
2357:
2349:
2344:
2335:
2323:
2311:
2305:, p. 2 (see
2298:
2287:
2278:
2266:
2254:
2247:Wahlert 2011
2234:
2222:
2210:
2198:
2186:
2159:
2147:. Retrieved
2142:
2132:
2120:
2108:
2096:
2084:
2072:
2060:
2055:, p. 4.
2048:
2036:
2024:
2012:
2000:
1988:
1967:
1954:, Prologue;
1947:
1936:
1927:
1920:Macksey 1983
1900:
1844:
1832:
1820:
1808:
1779:
1767:
1762:, p. 4.
1755:
1748:Jeffery 1984
1743:
1731:
1719:. Retrieved
1713:
1686:
1685:
1675:
1647:
1630:
1620:
1602:
1585:
1578:machine guns
1572:
1563:
1554:
1536:
1527:
1526:
1461:
1454:Dan Ranfurly
1416:
1412:5th Division
1404:
1388:
1309:
1296:
1277:Mungo Melvin
1260:
1209:
1178:
1130:
1123:fording the
1117:Sherman tank
1103:
1099:
1087:
1052:
1029:
989:
957:John Harding
950:
896:
877:
820:
792:Erwin Rommel
788:Afrika Korps
781:
768:
750:
739:Jebel Akhdar
716:
712:Sidi Barrani
708:a tank group
701:
673:
670:North Africa
659:George Forty
642:
629:7th Division
623:The initial
622:
593:
568:(commander,
562:
558:Cruiser Mk I
534:
532:principles.
525:Percy Hobart
519:
509:(1st KRRC).
462:11th Hussars
443:
390:Mersa Matruh
379:
355:protectorate
336:
310:
279:
258:
255:British Army
243:
241:
195:John Harding
183:William Gott
175:Percy Hobart
98:British Army
25:
5283:(later 3rd)
4674:1st Cavalry
4519:West Sussex
3272:Leakey, Rea
2854:Porter 1958
2790:18 February
2490:27 November
2308:"No. 38177"
2295:"No. 37638"
2239:Verney 2002
2179:Verney 2002
2125:Leakey 2022
2089:Verney 2002
2053:Joslen 2003
2041:Joslen 2003
2017:Joslen 2003
1993:Zaloga 2015
1956:Carver 2005
1952:Verney 2002
1933:"No. 34557"
1880:, Prologue.
1878:Verney 2002
1837:French 2001
1772:Hughes 2013
1760:Carver 1954
1736:Joslen 2003
1721:11 February
1512:John Beeley
1507:Jock column
1379:8th Hussars
1345:River Rhine
1316:Netherlands
1246:, and then
1067:Territorial
1061:during the
937:Infantrymen
850:Sidi Rezegh
841:commander,
773:Combe Force
745:, south of
458:8th Hussars
454:light tanks
450:7th Hussars
446:Axis Powers
426:. As Italy
380:During the
308:, Germany.
263:Axis powers
138:Engagements
130:Nickname(s)
5598:Categories
4689:Y Division
4648:12th (SDF)
4108:(Scottish)
3598:Journeyman
2928:References
2149:5 December
2113:Forty 2014
2029:Smart 2005
1825:Gibbs 1976
1653:Matilda II
1445:John Combe
1377:behind of
1357:Stalag 11B
1327:(from the
1212:Gold Beach
1139:, and the
1083:Lewis Lyne
915:El Alamein
899:XIII Corps
798:troops in
765:John Combe
650:Rea Leakey
600:War Office
398:Alexandria
339:Suez Canal
327:Background
267:Suez Canal
203:Lewis Lyne
171:commanders
164:Commanders
123: 350
4604:Deception
4524:Yorkshire
4499:Hampshire
3536:832005669
3486:(2002) .
3441:(1982) .
3063:471709669
3046:715877483
2145:. Reading
2065:Crow 1971
1960:Crow 1971
1801:Crow 1971
1687:Citations
1666:, 50,000
1528:Footnotes
1155:with the
854:Brigadier
839:XXX Corps
767:led this
743:Beda Fomm
688:Maddalena
680:prisoners
646:Cairo zoo
495:tankettes
478:engineers
474:artillery
434:Formation
406:divisions
63:1937–1958
5507:Highland
5394:Colonial
5332:Infantry
5292:Yeomanry
5105:2nd Line
5024:1st Line
4801:New Army
4263:Infantry
4196:Armoured
4174:Airborne
4045:Infantry
3989:Armoured
3968:Airborne
3959:Scottish
3917:Cold War
3839:Scottish
3303:(1983).
3216:(1984).
3175:(1976).
3134:(2014).
3080:(2009).
2989:35423747
2979:(1954).
2754:and the
2718:(1983).
2352:, pg. 90
2286:(1946).
1470:See also
1460:'s book
1401:Post war
1314:and the
1230:and the
1169:Scotland
1004:IX Corps
987:(CIGS).
790:, under
747:Benghazi
611:Insignia
503:infantry
251:division
248:armoured
209:Insignia
5502:Cavalry
5419:Mounted
5410:Cavalry
5403:Cavalry
5264:Mounted
5238:Cavalry
5231:Cavalry
4621:African
4509:Norfolk
3954:Queen's
3834:Queen's
3744:Queen's
3445:(ed.).
3369:(ed.).
3346:(ed.).
3332:4950855
3264:1033988
1625:Creagh.
1419:Brandon
1312:Belgium
1300:Dempsey
1234:in the
1202:in his
1165:Glasgow
1119:of the
1055:Salerno
1006:of the
969:Tripoli
754:brigade
684:Capuzzo
581:General
422:within
416:Austria
413:annexed
410:Germany
392:in the
367:Entente
306:Hamburg
253:of the
246:was an
169:Notable
68:Country
4737:Guards
4484:Dorset
4270:Guards
4204:Guards
3939:King's
3934:Guards
3819:King's
3814:Guards
3717:Active
3558:
3541:21 May
3534:
3513:
3494:
3472:
3453:
3427:
3404:
3381:
3354:
3330:
3311:
3282:
3262:
3243:
3224:
3202:
3183:
3161:
3142:
3124:
3110:
3092:
3061:
3044:
3025:
3006:102888
3004:
2987:
2965:
2943:
2897:23 May
2839:23 May
2815:
2573:23 May
2549:
2512:23 May
2456:23 May
2434:23 May
2412:23 May
1662:, 500
1438:– GS01
1349:Xanten
1090:Naples
983:, the
975:, the
945:Tobruk
890:(RAF)
800:Tobruk
796:Allied
784:Hitler
769:ad hoc
751:ad hoc
727:Bardia
723:Tobruk
676:Allies
633:Jerboa
456:, the
361:, the
353:and a
275:jerboa
108:Armour
95:
86:Branch
77:
60:Active
5579:Light
5512:Light
5281:2/2nd
5190:Other
4667:Other
4494:Essex
4121:Other
3944:Light
3824:Light
3749:Light
3739:Union
1523:Notes
1373:with
1353:Wesel
1347:near
1320:Ghent
1200:Ghent
1040:Syria
1026:Italy
1020:Tunis
917:(the
464:with
125:tanks
5532:list
5470:list
5389:11th
5384:10th
5320:list
5222:75th
5212:73rd
5207:72nd
5202:71st
5004:41st
4999:40th
4994:39th
4984:37th
4963:35th
4958:34th
4953:33rd
4948:32nd
4943:31st
4938:30th
4922:26th
4917:25th
4912:24th
4907:23rd
4902:22nd
4897:21st
4792:29th
4787:28th
4782:27th
4718:list
4610:See
4595:12th
4590:11th
4585:10th
4460:80th
4455:78th
4450:77th
4445:76th
4440:70th
4435:66th
4430:61st
4370:46th
4365:45th
4340:36th
4330:18th
4254:79th
4249:42nd
4244:11th
4239:10th
4162:list
4106:52nd
4102:51st
4077:40th
4072:13th
4026:11th
3556:ISBN
3543:2014
3532:OCLC
3511:ISBN
3492:ISBN
3470:ISBN
3451:ISBN
3425:ISBN
3402:ISBN
3379:ISBN
3352:ISBN
3328:OCLC
3309:ISBN
3280:ISBN
3260:OCLC
3241:ISBN
3222:ISBN
3200:ISBN
3181:ISBN
3159:ISBN
3140:ISBN
3122:ISBN
3108:ISBN
3090:ISBN
3059:OCLC
3042:OCLC
3023:ISBN
3002:OCLC
2985:OCLC
2963:ISBN
2941:ISBN
2899:2020
2841:2020
2813:ISBN
2792:2018
2575:2020
2547:ISBN
2514:2020
2492:2015
2458:2020
2436:2020
2414:2020
2151:2014
1977:and
1723:2023
1545:and
1351:and
1218:and
1143:and
1135:and
1036:Homs
923:Axis
725:and
686:and
337:The
304:and
302:Kiel
242:The
114:Size
104:Type
5574:7th
5569:6th
5564:5th
5559:4th
5554:3rd
5549:2nd
5544:1st
5497:4th
5492:3rd
5487:2nd
5482:1st
5446:5th
5441:4th
5436:3rd
5431:2nd
5426:1st
5379:9th
5374:8th
5369:7th
5364:6th
5359:5th
5354:4th
5349:3rd
5344:2nd
5339:1st
5287:4th
5276:2nd
5271:1st
5255:3rd
5250:2nd
5245:1st
4777:8th
4772:7th
4767:6th
4762:5th
4757:4th
4752:3rd
4747:2nd
4742:1st
4580:9th
4575:8th
4570:7th
4565:6th
4560:5th
4555:4th
4550:3rd
4545:2nd
4540:1st
4310:8th
4305:7th
4300:6th
4295:5th
4290:4th
4285:3rd
4280:2nd
4275:1st
4234:9th
4229:8th
4224:7th
4219:6th
4214:2nd
4209:1st
4067:5th
4062:3rd
4057:2nd
4052:1st
4021:7th
4016:6th
4011:4th
4006:3rd
4001:2nd
3996:1st
3885:6th
3880:5th
3875:4th
3870:3rd
3865:2nd
1421:in
1133:4th
875:).
5600::
3419:.
3396:.
3373:.
3088:.
3084:.
3021:.
2915:.
2778:.
2758::
2680:^
2595:^
2382:,
2365:.
2310:.
2297:.
2171:^
2141:.
1935:.
1912:^
1885:^
1856:^
1791:^
1712:.
1695:^
1363:.
1258:.
1167:,
1115:A
1096:.
1050:.
1038:,
809:A
760:.
476:,
377:.
323:.
120:c.
5534:)
5472:)
5322:)
4720:)
4164:)
4104:/
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3632:e
3625:t
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3564:.
3545:.
3519:.
3500:.
3478:.
3459:.
3433:.
3410:.
3387:.
3360:.
3334:.
3317:.
3288:.
3266:.
3249:.
3230:.
3208:.
3189:.
3167:.
3148:.
3098:.
3065:.
3048:.
3031:.
3008:.
2991:.
2971:.
2949:.
2901:.
2843:.
2821:.
2794:.
2577:.
2555:.
2516:.
2494:.
2460:.
2438:.
2416:.
2369:.
2318:)
2153:.
1907:.
1725:.
1642:.
1580:.
1549:.
23:.
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