562:/** * Control access to medical records */ policy accessMedicalRecord{ target clause actionId == "view" and objectType == "medical record" apply firstApplicable /** * Doctors can view medical records of patients they are assigned to */ rule allowRegularAccess{ target clause user.role == "doctor" condition patient.assignedDoctor == user.identifier permit } /** * Doctors can view any medical reason in the case of an emergency */ rule allowBreakTheGlassAccess{ target clause isEmergency == true permit on permit{ obligation auditLog{ message = "A doctor has gotten access to a medical record by breaking the glass" user.identifier = user.identifier record.identifier = record.identifier currentDateTime = currentDateTime } } } /** * Deny other accesses. If access is normally denied, tell doctors how * they can get access by "breaking the glass". */ rule denyAccess{ deny on deny{ obligation breakTheGlass{ message = "You do not have access to this medical record. To be granted access, set the isEmergency flag to true." record.identifier = record.identifier currentDateTime = currentDateTime } } } } }
543:"com.axiomatics.examples.user.role" type = string } attribute identifier{ category = subjectCat id = "com.axiomatics.examples.user.identifier" type = string } } namespace patient{ attribute assignedDoctor{ category = resourceCat id = "com.axiomatics.examples.user.assignedDoctor" type = string } } namespace record{ attribute identifier{ category = resourceCat id = "com.axiomatics.examples.record.identifier" type = string } } attribute actionId{ category = actionCat id = "com.axiomatics.examples.actionId" type = string } attribute objectType{ category = resourceCat id = "com.axiomatics.examples.objectType" type = string } attribute isEmergency{ category = environmentCat id = "com.axiomatics.examples.isEmergency" type = boolean } attribute message{ category = environmentCat id = "com.axiomatics.examples.message" type = string }
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between 9 and 5 */ rule denyOutsideHours{ target clause currentTime<"09:00:00":time or currentTime>"17:00:00":time deny on deny{ advice notify{ acme.obligations.message = "You cannot access this service outside office hours" } } } /** * This rule grants managers access */ rule allowManagers{ target clause acme.user.role=="manager" permit } /** * This rule catches anything else that might have fallen to this point */ rule failsafeDeny{ deny on deny{ advice notify{ acme.obligations.message = "Your request did not match the policy. Please try again" } } } } }
628:* Access to progress notes */ policy progressNotes{ target clause objectType=="progress note" apply firstApplicable /* * A primary physician can create a patient's progress note */ rule createNote{ target clause role=="physician" and action=="create" condition primaryPhysician==requestorId permit } /* * A physician can update a patient's progress note he/she wrote themselves */ rule updateNote{ target clause role=="physician" and action=="update" condition author==requestorId permit } /* * Safety rule to explicitly deny access unless one of the matching rules above has been matched */ rule safetyHarness{ deny } }
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220:, the eXtensible Access Control Markup Language, uses XML as its main encoding language. Writing XACML policies directly in XACML leads to bloated, human-unfriendly text, therefore a new, more lightweight, notation was necessary. Axiomatics researcher, Pablo Giambiagi, therefore designed ALFA, the Axiomatics Language for Authorization.
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namespace com.axiomatics{ namespace example{ /** * A policy about what managers can do. It is linked to from the * documents policy set. */ policy managers{ target clause role == "manager" apply firstApplicable rule allowSameDepartment{ condition user.department
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Like in XACML, a PolicySet can contain PolicySet and Policy elements. A Policy can contain Rule elements. A Rule contains a decision (either Permit or Deny). In addition, in ALFA, it's possible to add Rule elements to PolicySet and Policy elements. PolicySet, Policy, and Rule elements can be nested
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namespace example{ import
Attributes.* advice notify = "example.notify" policy readDocuments{ target clause actionId=="read" and objectType=="document" apply firstApplicable /** * This rule denies access if the time is not
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The following ALFA example represents a XACML policy which contains a single rule. The policy and rule both have a target. The rule also has a condition which is used to compare 2 attributes together to implement a relationship check (user ID must be equal to owner). Whenever one needs to check 2
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The following is an example of an ABAC policy implemented using ALFA. It uses time as attributes. It uses a XACML condition to compare the currentTime attribute to the value representing 5pm (expressed in 24-hour time). Note the use of :time to convert the String value to the right data type.
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Core
Specification. Some datatypes e.g. numerical (integer, double) and boolean map directly from ALFA to XACML. Others need to be converted such as date or time attributes. To convert an attribute into the relevant data type, use the "value":datatype notation. See below for examples
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namespace exampleTime{ policy checkTimeAccess { apply firstApplicable rule checkNightAccess { target clause role == "supervisor" and document == "medicalrecord" condition timeInRange(timeOneAndOnly(currentTime), "22:00:00":time,
515:== document.department permit } } } /** * The main policy. It references the managers policy */ policyset documents{ target clause resourceType == "document" apply firstApplicable // The following is a policy reference example.managers } }
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namespace com.axiomatics.examples{ import
Attributes.* obligation breakTheGlass = "com.axiomatics.examples.breakTheGlass" obligation auditLog = "com.axiomatics.examples.auditLog" namespace user{ attribute role{ category = subjectCat id =
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namespace exampleBoolean{ policy article{ target clause userRole == "editor" and actionId == "edit" and itemType=="article" apply firstApplicable rule publishedArticles{ target clause published == true permit } } }
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namespace example{ policy article{ target clause itemType=="article" apply firstApplicable rule editArticle{ target clause actionId == "edit" and userRole == "editor" permit condition userId == owner } } }
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https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081703/http://wiki.hl7.org/index.php?title=Security_and_Privacy_Ontology_Use_Cases#Access_Control_Based_on_Category_of_Action#Access_Control_Based_on_Category_of_Action
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Obligations and advice are statements in XACML that can be returned from the PDP to the PEP alongside the decision (Permit, Deny...). Obligations and advice are triggered on either Permit or Deny.
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The ALFA Plugin for
Eclipse is a tool that converts your Eclipse programming IDE to a dedicated editor of authorization policies using ALFA syntax. ALFA policies can then easily be converted into
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Insurance use case: an insurance agent can approve the claim of a user if the claim is in the same region as the agent and if the claim amount is less than the agent's approval amount.
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A free extension for the VS Code editor that supports code completion, syntax highlighting, refactoring, and go-to-definition navigation. It can also compile ALFA into
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In order to resolve conflicts between siblings, ALFA (as does XACML) uses combining algorithms. There are several combining algorithms that may be used.
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The words doctor, view, medical record, Singapore... are all examples of attribute values. Attributes make up the building blocks of policies in
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Financial use case: employees in
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String, integer, double, and boolean all map directly from ALFA to XACML. They do not need a conversion
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ALFA was consequently renamed
Abbreviated Language for Authorization and filed for standardization.
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ALFA can use policy (set) references. They are in fact used implicitly when doing the following.
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Medical use case: doctors can view the medical records of patients they have a relationship with.
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the third rule is the rule that triggers the obligation telling the user how to break the glass.
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the first rule is for normal access (doctors can view records of patients they are assigned to.
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target clause url == "http://<host>:<port>/profile/":anyURI
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https://www.identityserver.com/documentation/enforcer/alfa/QuickGuideToAlfa/
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the second rule is for special access because the glass has been broken.
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A Template-Based Policy
Generation Interface for RESTful Web Services
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XACML Technical
Committee in order to advance its standardization.
699:"Simplifying XACML – the Axiomatics ALFA plugin for Eclipse IDE"
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3.0 policies and loaded into your XACML policy management tool.
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In March 2014, Axiomatics announced it was donating ALFA to the
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The following attribute datatypes need an explicit conversion:
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https://www.linkedin.com/grp/post/3934718-5851696088934801412
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Native attribute values mapped directly from ALFA to XACML
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urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:data-type:xpathExpression
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ALFA maps directly into XACML. ALFA contains the same
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condition currentTime > "17:00:00":time
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used in the formulation of access-control policies.
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547:The policy can now be defined with 3 rules:
495:Using time in a XACML policy written in ALFA
606:defines a series of medical access control
480:A simple policy & rule with a condition
227:as XACML i.e. PolicySet, Policy, and Rule.
784:"How Can I Use Policy References in ALFA?"
619:Access control based on category of action
360:http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#hexBinary
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679:. Axiomatics
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18:ALFA (XACML)
708:2017-02-10
662:References
430:subjectCat
301:data types
295:Data types
175:Influenced
140:alfa.guide
118:2012-07-16
103:Axiomatics
608:use cases
599:Use cases
415:attribute
277:PolicySet
269:Structure
99:Developer
59:June 2023
815:Category
424:category
77:Paradigm
728:. OASIS
208:History
200:) is a
136:Website
116: (
683:31 May
584:permit
468:permit
448:string
280:Policy
213:Origin
146:Major
732:2 May
726:(PDF)
656:XACML
646:3.0.
644:XACML
305:XACML
237:OASIS
218:XACML
185:Cedar
169:XACML
131:.alfa
734:2021
685:2017
577:rule
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263:ABAC
198:ALFA
192:The
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