1324:
140:
37:
676:, Jakarta. They had previously met in December 1949. Westerling explained his purpose, and asked Hamid to become the leader of their movement. Hamid wanted to know details about Westerling's organisation. But he did not get a satisfactory answer from Westerling. The meeting that day did not produce any results. After that, the next meeting between Westerling and Hamid is unclear. In his autobiography, Mémoires, published in 1952, Westerling wrote that a Shadow Cabinet had been formed under the leadership of Sultan Hamid II of Pontianak, so he had to keep it a secret.
172:
161:
112:
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763:(RST), a combination of red berets and green berets, came too late. From some of his former men, Westerling heard about the plan, and before the deportation of RST troops to the Netherlands began, on 23 January 1950, Westerling launched his coup. Westerling's planned coup d’état involved the near-simultaneous capture of Bandung and Jakarta, followed by the capture of
835:
the attack had been aborted. The role of the
Pasundan government in the coup led to its dissolution by February 10, further undermining the federal structure. By then, the Pasundan Parliament's wishes of merger with the republic were fulfilled. By late March 1950, Hamid's West Kalimantan was one of the four remaining federal states in the United States of Indonesia.
573:. However, Westerling's forces in Jakarta were killed or captured by the Indonesian army and police forces. The APRA was forced out of Bandung, while Westerling escaped to Singapore. After a mopping up campaign the Legion of Ratu Adil had ceased to function in February 1950. The coup d'état led to the downfall of
838:
Hamid's role in the coup led to increased agitation in West
Kalimantan for its integration as part of the Republic of Indonesia. Following a fact-finding mission by the Government Commission, the RUSI House of Representatives voted, by a margin of fifty votes to one, to merge West Kalimantan into the
822:
at the Hotel Des Indes. Hamid, accompanied by his secretary, Dr J. Kiers, criticised
Westerling for his failure and blamed Westerling for making a big mistake in Bandung. There was no debate, and shortly afterwards Westerling left the hotel. Westerling escaped with the help of the Dutch government to
799:
However, the second phase of the coup d'état collapsed since the majority of the KNIL's commanders cooperated with the
Indonesian government and refused to support Westerling's actions. A Dutch officer discovered the unloading of ammunition from the Bandung arms depot into trucks of the APRA. Due to
790:
had telephoned
General Engles and reported: "A strong APRA force is moving along Jalan Pos Besar towards Bandung." A motorized unit was sent to intercept the Legion, but was quickly defeated. Advancing through Bandung, the APRA captured key locations including the TNI's headquarters and the Siliwangi
834:
By April 5, several key conspirators including Sultan Hamid II had been arrested by the
Republican authorities. On April 19, Hamid II confessed to his involvement in the botched Jakarta coup and to planning a second attack on Parliament scheduled for February 15. Due to the presence of RUSI troops,
742:
Between 08.00 and 09.00, he received a visit from RST commander
Lieutenant Colonel Borghouts, who was devastated by the desertion of his troops. At 9.00, Engles received a visit from Lt. Col. Sadikin. When a rally of the RST troops at Batujajar took place at noon, 140 men were absent. From the camp
629:, Westerling's old commando unit and several sympathetic Dutch nationals including two police inspectors. The Republican government attempted to negotiate with Westerling by offering to pay him US$ 100,000 in exchange for renouncing his revolutionary activities, but Westerling rejected the offer.
641:
and unconditional respect for the autonomy of the federal states. Westerling added that if the answer was not positive within 7 days, he could not be held responsible for the outbreak of large-scale fighting by the APRA. With no reply to his ultimatum, Westerling started the coup in the night of
804:
at 11 PM as planned. Westerling's Legion was unable to launch its scheduled attack at 5 AM on 23 January. There had been plans to seize the presidential palace, army barracks and to arrest
Republican politicians including Sukarno, Hatta, Hamengkubuwono IX and Ali Budiardjo. Unable to find any
805:
ammunition, Westerling was forced to abort his attack by 6 AM. With the coup attempt in tatters, the APRA retreated from
Bandung after negotiations with KNIL Major General Edu Engles. By 5 PM Republican forces under Sadikin had re-established control over Bandung.
795:
and 93 other
Indonesian soldiers and officers were killed. The majority of the TNI forces were taken by surprise and there were reports of soldiers discarding their uniforms and fleeing. TNI Colonel Erie Sudeweo sought refuge in the Dutch barracks.
775:(TNI). At 10 pm, they would seize ammunition stocks from the old KNIL arms depot in Bandung and then dispatch them to a rendezvous point 15 miles away for delivery to Djakarta by 11 pm. At 5 am on 23 January, APRA forces based in nearby
734:
that night was also going to desert and join the APRA in a coup, but was foiled by its own commander, Captain G.H.O. de Witt. Engles immediately raised the alarm. He contacted Lieutenant Colonel TNI Sadikin, Commander of the
857:
Roughly 125 men from the Special Troops Regiment were handed over to the Dutch troops still remaining on Java. A Dutch court-martial sentenced them to prison terms ranging from six to twelve months. All were transferred to
564:
Simultaneously, the APRA infiltrated Jakarta as part of a coup d’état to overthrow the RUSI Cabinet. Their plan was to arrest and assassinate several prominent Republican figures including the Defence Minister Sultan
817:
had ceased to function in February 1950. The attempted coup d'état increased public agitation for the dissolution of the federal system. Westerling himself left for Jakarta, and on 24 January 1950 met again with
813:
Following Bandung, most APRA units returned to their respective compounds. In the following weeks several small APRA units were defeated in a mopping up campaign by the Indonesian army and police. The
625:
The APRA comprised various Republican elements including defectors from the Indonesian army, Islamic and communist battle groups. The Legion was further augmented by elements of the KNIL,
273:
709:
653:(Dutch High Commissioner) who had just arrived in Indonesia. The RIS cabinet bombarded Hirschfeld with questions that made him very uncomfortable. The Dutch Minister of Home Affairs,
1097:
597:. Ultimately, this federal government was short-lived due to conflicting differences between the Republicans and the Federalists as well as growing popular support for a
1275:
266:
704:(RST) troops, which were seen as a risk factor, should be evacuated from Indonesia as soon as possible. Prior to this, a unit of RST troops had been evacuated to
854:, the federal United States of Indonesia was dissolved on 17 August 1950, turning Indonesia into a unitary state dominated by the central government in Jakarta.
719:
With no reply to his ultimatum, Westerling started the coup in the night of 22–23 January, a month after international recognition of the Republic of Indonesia.
604:
Growing tensions between the Republicans and Federalists prompted Hamid II to conspire with the former commander of the DST (Depot Special Forces) commando unit
622:; APRA) or 'Legion of Ratu Adil'. Raymond Westerling stated that the APRA counted 22,000 men. American historian George Kahin estimates it was about 2,000 men.
779:
would capture strategic locations like military bases, police stations, and government buildings and communications facilities throughout Bandung and Jakarta.
771:) where some minor government departments were based. On 22 January, Westerling's troops would infiltrate Bandung on board trucks, disguised as members of the
637:
On 5 January 1950, Westerling sent an ultimatum to the RIS government of Jakarta. His demands were the recognition of the APRA as the official army of the
1637:
259:
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On 22 January at 21.00 Westerling received a report that a number of heavily armed RST troops had deserted and left the military station in Batujajar.
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1004:"Risalah Sidang Perkara No. 006/puu-iv/2006 Perihal Pengujian UU No 27 Tahun 2004 Tentang Komisi Kebenaran dan Rekonsiliasi Terhadap UUD 1945"
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On 10 January 1950, Hatta informed Hirschfeld that the Indonesians had issued an arrest order against Westerling. Prior to that, when
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consisting of both Republican and Federalist members was formed on 17 December 1949. This Cabinet was headed by Prime Minister
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657:, instructed Hirschfeld to take action against all Dutch civil and military officials who were co-operating with Westerling.
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to serve their sentences there. After serving out their terms, the former APRA soldiers went sent back to the Netherlands.
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and various minority elements. Westerling's forces succeeded in capturing Bandung in the early hours of 23 January 1950.
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Mijn memoires / Raymond Paul Pierre Westerling; geautoriseerde vertaling door Rufus P. Vink Antwerpen, Belgium 1952
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barracks. Within an hour, they had secured the city center and eliminated all resistance. TNI Lieutenant Colonel
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28:
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meeting to be held in March 1950. Hatta told Maarseven that he had ordered the police to arrest Westerling.
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of the Crown of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, he had advised Hatta to charge Westerling with Article
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Westerling's ultimatum certainly caused anxiety not only in the RIS, but also on the Dutch side and Dr
554:
1323:
1087:(in French). Translated by Root sebagai –, Waverley (Challenge to terror ed.). London: W. Kimber.
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and arrived there on 17 January 1950. On 21 January, Hirschfeld informed Götzen that General
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827:. Despite attempts by the Indonesian government to extradite him, he lived in exile in the
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KNIL Major G.H. Christian and KNIL Captain J.H.W. Nix reported that the "Erik" company at
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Accelerated integration of federal states into the Republic of Indonesia by 17 August 1950
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In mid-January 1950, the Minister of UNI and Provincial Affairs Across the Seas, Mr.
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22–23 January, a month after international recognition of the Republic of Indonesia.
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this development, the ammunitions convoy did not arrive in the Republican capital
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979:"Sejarah 23 Januari: Pecahnya Kudeta Angkatan Perang Ratu Adil (APRA) di Bandung"
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and accelerated the integration of the RUSI into the Republic by 17 August 1950.
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During his visit to the Netherlands, on 20 January 1950, RIS Economic Minister,
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739:. Engles also reported the incident to General Buurman van Vreeden in Jakarta.
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Republic of Indonesia. Following clashes with demobilized KNIL troops under
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Summary of Dutch publications about Westerling and his actions in Indonesia
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1041:"Mengenang Sejarah, Tanggal 23 Januari: Kudeta Angkatan Perang Ratu Adil"
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and included 11 Republicans and five Federalists including the pro-Dutch
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to organize an anti-Republican coup d’état which would ensure a federal
1586:
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it was reported that 190 soldiers had deserted, and from the SOP in
612:. By January 1950, Westerling had built up a militia force known as
41:
Siliwangi Division headquarters occupied by the APRA during the coup
1566:
1191:
Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog, volume 12
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APRA troops run out of ammunition and retreat after negotiations
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At dawn, about 520 APRA soldiers entered Bandung. However, the
748:
716:, had been working on a plan for the evacuation of RST troops.
1172:– translated from the French to English by Waverley Root as –
1244:
Images of Westerling, his troops, his passport and gravestone
768:
87:
Coup succeeds initially and APRA temporarily occupies Bandung
585:
Prior to the transfer of sovereignty on 27 December 1949, a
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it was reported that 12 soldiers from Ambon had deserted.
546:. Westerling was a demobilised Dutch Captain of the KNIL (
672:. At that time Westerling visited Sultan Hamid II at the
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1354:United Nations Security Council Resolution 27
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1309:Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies
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1239:Westerling biography in the Dutch language
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1127:. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
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610:Republic of the United States of Indonesia
555:Republic of the United States of Indonesia
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260:
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1166:Westerling, Raymond Paul Pierre (1952).
1144:Westerling's Oorlog: Indonesië 1945-1950
1083:Raymond Paul Pierre, Westerling (1952).
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1369:Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference
1188:
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1125:Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia
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1011:Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia
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683:visited Indonesia to prepare for the
255:
1638:1950s coups d'état and coup attempts
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557:, which retained the support of the
755:Attacks against Bandung and Jakarta
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1514:Yogyakarta and Surakarta Offensive
1395:Royal Netherlands East Indies Army
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847:and the attempted secession of an
548:Royal Netherlands East Indies Army
14:
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1633:Events that led to courts-martial
1519:General Offensive of 1 March 1949
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759:But the attempt to evacuate the
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1123:Kahin, George McTurnan (1952).
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53:22–23 January 1950 (1 day)
1608:Indonesian National Revolution
1405:Kalimantan Physical Revolution
1285:Indonesian National Revolution
1039:aktual, redaksi (2015-01-23).
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550:), who sought to preserve the
285:Indonesian National Revolution
29:Indonesian National Revolution
1:
1304:Indonesian National Awakening
1116:
1024:Westerling, Raymond. (1952).
27:Part of the aftermath of the
1618:Attempted coups in Indonesia
1314:Proclamation of Independence
885:Westerling (1952), p. 180-81
722:
712:and Dutch Defence Minister,
651:Nederlandse Hoge Commissaris
535:, with the aim to overthrow
7:
1628:January 1950 events in Asia
10:
1654:
1210:Westerling: Guérilla Story
1208:Venner, Dominique (1977).
1168:Mes aventures en Indonesie
1098:Voormalige APRA-militairen
1085:Mes aventures en Indonesie
852:Republic of South Moluccas
773:Tentara Nasional Indonesia
166:Captain Raymond Westerling
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1364:Roem–Van Roijen Agreement
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1142:De Moor, Jaap A. (1999).
1073:De Moor (1999), p. 473-79
951:Westerling (1952), p. 198
901:Westerling (1952), p. 189
831:until his death in 1987.
761:Regiment Speciale Troepen
701:Regiment Speciale Troepen
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460:Yogyakarta and Surakarta
117:Legion of the Just Ruler
16:Coup d'état in Indonesia
1482:South Sulawesi campaign
1467:East Sumatra revolution
1189:De Jong, Louis (1988).
942:Kahin (1952), p. 448-48
933:Kahin (1952), p. 454-56
1390:Royal Netherlands Army
1013:(in Indonesian). 2006.
633:Westerling's Ultimatum
627:Royal Netherlands Army
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569:and Secretary-General
153:Commanders and leaders
1344:Linggadjati Agreement
1146:. Amsterdam: Balans.
963:De Moor (1999) 413-36
809:Aftermath of the coup
685:Indonesia-Dutch Union
664:was still serving as
544:Republic of Indonesia
239:Casualties and losses
198:Adolf Gustaaf Lembong
1542:Abdul Haris Nasution
1492:Dutch police actions
1177:. London: W. Kimber.
915:Kahin (1952), p. 456
692:Djuanda Kartawidjaja
188:Colonel Ali Sadikin
1477:Battle of Margarana
1472:Bandung Sea of Fire
1349:Denpasar Conference
1212:. Paris: Hachette.
1193:. Amsterdam: NIOD.
1175:Challenge to terror
710:Buurman van Vreeden
681:J.H. van Maarseveen
670:exorbitante rechten
666:High Representative
83:Indonesian victory
1557:Raymond Westerling
1524:Siege of Surakarta
1447:Battle of Surabaya
1442:Battle of Ambarawa
1437:Battle of Semarang
1427:Battle of Kotabaru
1359:Renville Agreement
1332:Diplomatic efforts
784:Siliwangi Division
737:Siliwangi Division
647:Hanz M. Hirschfeld
606:Raymond Westerling
527:(APRA) to capture
521:Raymond Westerling
220:Siliwangi Division
1623:Conflicts in 1950
1613:1950 in Indonesia
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1497:Operation Product
1462:Lengkong incident
1339:Malino Conference
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567:Hamengkubuwono IX
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1577:Sutan Sjahrir
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1509:Madiun Affair
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1049:. Retrieved
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987:. Retrieved
985:. 2021-01-23
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767:(modern-day
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374:East Sumatra
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122:
104:Belligerents
82:
1562:Simon Spoor
1535:Key figures
1400:Darul Islam
983:merdeka.com
829:Netherlands
559:Netherlands
517:coup d'état
490:coup d'état
246:≈100 killed
73:, Indonesia
1602:Categories
1587:Tan Malaka
1117:References
1051:2023-05-10
1045:Aktual.com
1028:. P. Vink.
989:2023-05-10
765:Buitenzorg
465:Yogyakarta
841:Andi Aziz
825:Singapore
723:Desertion
470:Surakarta
429:Mergosono
402:1947–1948
391:Margarana
132:Indonesia
1567:Sudirman
849:Ambonese
845:Makassar
788:T. Cassa
745:Purabaya
495:Makassar
422:Rawagede
369:Lengkong
330:Surabaya
325:Ambarawa
313:Semarang
308:Kotabaru
226:Strength
58:Location
1572:Sukarno
1422:Bersiap
1292:Prelude
802:Jakarta
777:Tjimahi
552:federal
541:unitary
537:Sukarno
533:Jakarta
529:Bandung
416:Product
409:3 March
379:Bandung
302:Bersiap
204:†
67:Jakarta
63:Bandung
1582:Sutomo
1223:
1216:
1197:
1157:
1150:
1131:
749:Cimahi
515:was a
446:Rengat
434:Madiun
385:3 July
345:Borneo
340:Cumbok
335:Kolaka
200:
129:
119:(APRA)
79:Result
1105:(via
1007:(PDF)
866:Notes
769:Bogor
706:Ambon
500:Ambon
478:Post-
440:Kraai
355:Kumai
320:Medan
1221:ISBN
1214:ISBN
1195:ISBN
1155:ISBN
1148:ISBN
1129:ISBN
531:and
511:The
488:APRA
454:1949
363:1946
296:1945
65:and
50:Date
843:in
743:in
539:'s
523:'s
519:by
480:RTC
145:TNI
1604::
1043:.
1009:.
981:.
968:^
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601:.
69:,
1277:e
1270:t
1263:v
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1161:.
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1109:)
1054:.
992:.
616:(
275:e
268:t
261:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
